the prosperina temple and the history of its chrestion inscriptionthe reh is rhe fmit of the...
TRANSCRIPT
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Fig. l The Ch restion Inscripnon: The sJiglu[ t· faded partS are rhe only origina l pam of dle inscription. The reH is rhe fmit of th e reconsrruction underraken on the initiarive of Count Gio. Antonio Cianrar. This inscription W~ .~
o riginall)'at theJcsufr College in Va lIeua. It go t' broken after this co ll ege was tako:n overby Grand Master Pinro in 17GB. (Photo: Daniel Ci lia)
The Proserpina Temple and the History of its Chrestion Inscription
Simon Mercieca lis['!' ~ln J cb rifi tS the in lclOnation \urrul,lnding chis fOimcd inscriprion
If there is one Roman remain found in Malca chac has
intrigued many scholars, chls is che C hrescion Inscdpcio n.
Interest in rhis inscription was prompred by the desire ro
know the exac t meaningofits Latin wordingand the legal
implications chat these words could have for the general
historyofMaica during Roman times.
A few monchs before he died on 1" April20 14, Rev.
DrJoseph Busurtil handed me some p'pers, which he had
written but never found the (ime to publish . For thls reason, I
have scarred editing them co make their publication pOSSible.
The Chresrion rnscription is the subject of one of them.
Busuttil had rranslated this inscription and dated it after
27BC. His English translarion is as follows, but the las[words
in the btackets ate my addition:
33· TreasuresofMalra 6 1,Chrisun:lS2014
Simon Mercieca isa Frenchtrained historian who specializ.csindem<>gGlphic and behavioural history. He isaSenioI Lecrurer at the Depanmemof Hisrorywirhin the Faculty ofArrs:lrme Un(versiry of Malta, and coordinator oft.he Contemporary Mediterr;'illean. Srudics Course;\( the same f.aculry.
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Chrestion the freedman of Augustus, procuracor of
rhe islands of Mel ira and Gaulos rescored the columns
together with the gables and the walls of the temple
ofProserpina which was in grave danger of collapsing
through old age; at the same time he also gilded the
pillar [of the statue].
Rev. Dr Busuttil had made this translation followed by a
etailed analysis, which is going co be the subject of a separare
:udy co be published in the next issue of this publication.
S A G I DI
DISSE TAZIO '.1 ACCADEMICHE
PuliblicaTnente ktfe NELLA
NOBILE ACCADEMIA ETRUSCA
Dell' antichiffima Citia di Cor tona.
I N ROMA MD CCXXXV. A fpefe de' 7'agliarini Mercanti-Librari a CPafquino.
• Nella Stamperia del EernabO. )( CO" JitC1Jza d~' SIJperJ6rl .
34 . Treasures ofMalca 61, Chrisrmas 2014
Fig. 2
The fromispicce of rhe book Saggi diDissertazioni AccademiclJe Pubblicamente LeLLe nella No bile
Accademia Etmsca (Rome, 1735), in which Giuseppe Claudio Guyor published rhe letrer of the Maltese sch.olar [Th.omas~·i[leJ Ignazio Consranzo.
This was written when he was still reaching Classics a[
the University of Malta. In the meantime, four important
publications about Roman Ivialca appeared which refer [Q
this inscription:
• The first is by Anthony Bonanno, Matta Romana,
published in 1992, wherein the author bemoans the
fragmentary state of chis inscription, 'dunque di non
Jude intopretazione'. J
• In che second, Anthony Pace reproduced a black
and white phocograph of this inscription in the
frontispiece ofhis book.Nlelit. & Gaul (1995) but
makes no reference [Q its his[Qry.
• In the third, Horace Vella translated for the first
time this inscriprion into Malrese.2
• In the fourth, Bonanno rewrns [Q che text in
his book.Nlatta, Phoenician) Punic andRoman
published in 2005. This rime, Bonanno places the
inscription within the wider framework of Roman
Nfalta but wi th great caution states [hat Chrestion
'seems to be an exam pIe' of a personal agent of
the Roman Emperor known as 'procurator'. Ie
commemorates a certain Chrestion's generosity
towards the temple ofProserpina. According to
Bonanno, the lasr sentenCe of this inscription is not
clear and has been read variously as 'at the same time
he gilded the pillar'. Bonanno righdy asks: 'which
pillar?' Bonanno thinks that the Larin word 'pita'
refers to [he fact char Chrestion 'also gilded the cult
starue'.3 In my opinion, [his word 'pila' could easily
refer to rhe statue's pedestaL
In the light of these observations, Busuttil's work assumes
great importance for [he history of Mal ca. Noc only does he
give us a learned opinion as to the correct interpretation of the
text but more importantly, he places [he inscription within
irs correct hisrorical context solving, in the process, riddles
re lared to the h isto r y 0 f M al ta during Ro man ti m es.
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Fig.3 Ludov;co MUTatori's transcription of rhe Chresdon Inscription.ltwas published in Volume 3 of his book, Novus Thesaurus Velerum (Milan. 1739).
According to a study carried oue in the second half of
the eighteenth century by GiuseppeJacopo Tescaferrata,
this inscription was discovered by Petro Budo. The first
person, however, to reproduce this cablet was Giorgio
Gualtieri in a publication that appeared in Rome. 4 It is
not dear in what condition itwas found. Most probably,
it was discovered shattered after peasants til! ing their land
scattered the fragments. s
Giovanni Francesco Abela speCifies [hat the inscription
was found on the Mtarfahill, a few metres away from where
other ruins of the temple ofProserpina were lying: these were
in [he precincts of me Church ofSt Michael next to the fief
known as 'al giardino ditto deL Re'.6 Abela also locates the exact
position of this Temple on the map ofMdina and its environs
that he included in his book. But he was far more interested in
the fragments of this inscription, which he picked up for his
museum-home at Marsa.
The next task was its transcription and to account
for [he words or letters that had gone missing by then.
The inscrip(ion had been transcribed by both Burlo and
Gualtieri, bUt Abela was not happy with these transcriptions
and interpretations and ended up seeking me advice of a
certain Don Pietro Carrera, reputed to be an outstanding
Latinisc.7 The inscription was in such a bad state mat there
were even problems deciphering a number of words. BUt as
Joseph Busuttil affirms, the work was good on the whole,
even if mere was a word or fragment missing and could not
be reconstituted. Instead the missingeextwas indicated by
Abela through a series of diacritic symbols. Another word was
speHed incorreccly: 'Fastidiis' (meaning loathing) should have
been 'fostigiis' (meaning gables) .
There was a debate whether the firsc words on the
inscription were one or two separate words. If read as one
word, it stood for a person, the subjecc of this paper, Chrescion
Augustus (as Gualtieri insisced), bur if they were separace, as
Carrera recommended, they stood for two separace persons;
Chrestion and the Emperor Augustus. Unfortunarely, none
of the original pares with the leners and/ onvords has come
down to us chat could help elucidaee furrher.
Abela's reproduction was to become che aUthoritative
eext regard ing this inscription for a II future scholars. Ie was at
this poine thac anomer important scholar of Maltese classical
history comes in; rhis was Tommaso Constanzo. Consrancius
restored che broken tablet and as was the custom at me time,
added a shore note stating that he, 'Thomas Conscancius
puc together rhe anciem fragmems which were broken in
many pieces and filled the missing words using old drafts for
I?as- MLVnL G BOGRA PH I·e A.
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35· TreasuresofMalra 61, Ch(istmas201 4
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fucure memory'. However, it is not clear whether Tommaso
Cons(anzo put the surviving marble pieces together before
or afte.r Abela published his work.8 LikeAbela, Constanzo
used [he diacritic signs ro indicate the missingpiece of (his
inscription. Ie is this restored inscription by Conscanzo, which
ends up at Abela's home at lvfarsa.
Tommaso Constanzowas born in Val1ectaon 1608,
(he son of che physician Giuseppe Costanzo and Speranza
Garibo.9 More imporcandy, he is the same Don Ignazio
Tommaso Constanzo, who later on in (he century appears
as Canon of the Cacl1edral Chapter of Malta and a.dviser to
the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Malta. Furthermore,
Ignazio Tommaso Constanzo was an important advocate,
became a Prelate, or to be more exacc, appointed co the
Prelatura di San Pancrazio in Rome. He had a personal
interest in arc and was che person who paid for the
decoration of the Cathedral vauh:. 10 Saverio Ignazio Mifsud
states chat chis Ignazio Conscanzo was the author of a
manuscript work. I I The final confirmation chat Ignazio
Constanzo and Tommaso Constanzo were one and the same
person. is given by Amonio Bulifon. Bulifon published a
letter by Canon Ignazio Cooscanzo, dated 1694, wherein
the la([er discusses his archaeological excavations at Ghar
Sarka 12 and the twO Cippi that were in Abela's collection.1.l
This confirms Ignazio Tommaso Constanzo's imerest in
:lassical antiquity.J4
36· TreasurtsofMa\r;). 61,Chrisrmas20l4
Fjg.4
The Cippus from rhe Temple ofTas-Silg.lr was published by Giuseppe Claudio Guyot in rhe
bookSaggi ... , p . 25 . The cippi were discovered at Marsaxlokkafter 1647 :wd Abela rook them to
decorare (he emrance corridor oEhis villa at Marsa.
It was this rescored tabler that Jacques Spon saw when,
accompanied by Monsieur Galland, they visited Malta a few
years after Abela's death. He was interested in gathering as much
information as possible on Malta's classical remains since he was
planninga publication. about ancient antiquities. Eventually, h.e
ended up publishing two books, both carrying references to rhis
inscription. In the first. he attested that some marble remains
dating back co Roman and Greek times could be seen in the
Grand lvlaster's garden. No doubr he must have been referring
to Abela's house, known as Casa di San Giacomo at Marsa. This
house with irs biggardens was bequeathed to the Order of Saint
John IS bur its 'usufruct' was passed to theJesuits. Nevertheless,
me Knights Hospitaller seem (Q have taken their time to
implement Abela's wishes. In all probability che Grand Master
must have been making use of this residence outside Valiecca
before handing it over to the Jesuits.
When reading these ancienc Greek and Roman
inscriptions, Spon relied on Abela's and Gualtieri's
publications but had also consulred a manuscript, which
contained inscriptions recorded by Abela and Gllaltieri. 16
In his next publication, Spon published the text of the
Chrestion inscription. I ?
This late seventeenth-century assiduous interest in
Chrescion's inscription caught the attention of Grand
Master Caraffa (ruled between ~680-1690) who ordered the
recycling of scone and marble from the Tern pIe ofProserpina
to be used for making baroque trophies and sculptUred coats
of arms for the embellishment of the fa~ade of the Auberge
d'ltalie. ls
Ac the turn of the eighteenth century, this inscription
was studied by two illustrious European scholars; Ludovico
Murarori 19 and Sebastiano Paoli. 20 Their main interest
was co reproduce the Latin text. Howeve(, Paoli goes (hree
seeps further:
• FirSt, he was interested in juxcaposing the
inscription wich the cype of admin istration Malca
had during Roman rule.
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Fig.S The Dissertnzione or study by Giuseppe Claudio GuyOt de Marne (1735).
Secondly, he furnished his imerpre[ation of the
Latin word which Abela or Carrera could not
account for in the inscription, and wrote that it
was 'cofiaps'.21
• Thirdly, Paoli informs [he readers as to its
whereabouts. In 1730, rhe inscription was
decorating the garden of Abela's vitia, which was
now in rhe hands of theJesujt Fathers?:?' This means
that in the meantime, the Jesuits had come inco
possession of Abela's house wirh all its coments of
anciem memorabilia.23 Paoli stated that what he
transcribed was what he had seen on inspecting the
Chrestion inscription. However, the wording of
the inscription was not reproduced correctly in his
publication, as a whole line was left our. 24
The fact that the Jesuits were in possession of Abela's
ancient artefacts is again reconfirmed by Giuseppe Claudio
Guyot in 1735. GuYOt reaffirmed what Constanzo had stated
to Bulifon abour the two famous cippiwith Greek and Punic
inscriprions and that these were in [he Jesuits' possession. 2)
The inscription was then stUdied by Jacques Philippe
d'Orville and Pietro Burmanno,26 Gabriele Lancillorco
Castelli,27Prancesco Agius De Soidanis2R and Giuseppe Jacopo
Testaferrata. Of all these scholars, Tesraferrata is rhe most
important. Ignazio Saverio Mifsud encouraged Testaferrata to
write about the history ofits discovery, bu t more importantly
to place itwithin the concen of Malta's Roman history besides
giving a full transcription, including the reconstiwrion of the
word not deciphered by Abela . In a letter sem to Testaferrata
by FrancescusAgius (De Soldanis) from hishome in Nadur,
one gets co know that Agius held the work ofTestaferrata in
highesteem.29 Moreover, Testaferrataadds that by his time,
the inscripcion was being housed at the J emit's college (presenr
day University) in Vallerca:'o This means that in between the
publication of Paoli and Testaferrata, the Jesuits had transferred
Abela's museum co Valletta.
2S
DISSER T AZIONE IIA. DEL COMMENDATORE
F. CIUSEPPE CLAUDIO GUYO'F DE MARNE LORENESE DELL' ORDlNE GERosqtlMlT ANO
S07JRA VN'INSCRIZIONE PVNICA, E G.RECA 4
i ss END 0 nell'l(ola. di Malta, \tcnnemi [aHa I orfervazione in lIna 'luaG fotterrata In(crizione ) che /lava oel Giardino-de1 Vicecancelliere Abela, dato poiin cullodia a'RR. PP. Ge(uiti, la qUlle elfcndo quafi tutta fepolta, tcnnemi il (uo fignificato per gran tempo in,agitazione, fino a tanto
5~~1 ~YI che, effendoli da me can nOI) poea [atiga del I~::::!~~:!!!~;:::::..': tutto (coperta, ritrov.:I.i effere u·n'Infcrizione '.. - Punica, e GreG!.; 1:2 qualc non credendo da altri
pubblicata, giache ne pure il ropradctto Abela della medelima polfeditore ne ha faua menz:ione'; benehc molte In(crizioni, Monumcnti 1
Medaglie , ed .lItre Antichit:\ concernenti quell' I (ola riporti 1 hollimato, che non t:1ra di[caro agli Eruditi ,~ (e io porro la medefrma (otto gli ocelli ,loro, e ipieghero intorno.ad e{[1 i miei [entimenti.
E' necclfario primieramente (;1perfi) che due filrono i Marmi nel (opudetto luogo ritrovati , :ul1beduc della mcddiOl:l forma, granden:l) ed Infcrizionc, il che mi £:1 giudicare, non clfere, queita memoria rcpolcraIe) rna piutofto Voto a <]ualche Tcmpio affilfo, overo Memoria per
. altm cagione polla in luogo pubbIico, in cui entrancloG, 0 nell' uleire) ,. 0 nelle par.ti laterali dell' ingrelro, 0 nel portico folfe quella memoria.
duplicata, accio phi f.1cilmente da' cmio{j leggere (j potelfc. In ognun.l a~unque ~i quefte In(criziolli ) di due forti o(fervanfi i caratteri, il ruperlore Punteo, e Greco I'in(eriore: oDde m'immaginai a prima villa 1
che quell' ultimo non folfe, che ulla tmduzione del Punico: ma confiderando eUcre troppo prolilla per contenerli nella /Tare Greca, tanto piu, dIe nelle lingue Orientali, nOll (crivevanfi Ie vocali; cd in fine, perche 1a pllrola l:APAnIONor nella Punica non vi f.<trebbe, che una volta, dove rcpetuto loabbiamo nella Grcca ; cangiata opinione, credo nOll poterti altro argomentare, a tenore di quelh'lccO'nda Infcriz.ione ,
'~ ~-
Unforrunately, the marble tablet passed through bad
times after the expulsion of the Jesuit Society from Malra in
1767. Gio. Francesco Ciancar offers dues about what had
happened. He affirms that by the time of the pu blication
of his book in 1772, th is inscription had very few original
pieces of marble. This means thar the reconstruction made by
Constanzo was smashed and a number of pieces went missing.
In fact, Ciantar informs his readers that very few marble pieces
were [recovered byus' and the whole reconstitution was only
possible [following the publication and the study made by
him [Abela): so that with the passage of time nothingis lost,
because it had the tragedy of having fallen into the wrong
hands who carelessly preserved it'.J' To protect the inscription
from further aC[s of vandalism, Ciantar states that it began to
behoused 'at our museum'.32
At the turn of the nineteenth cemury, interest in the
inscription was rekindled by Onorato Bres. Bres accounts for
the new place of this inscription, and in so dOing, indirectly
informs us where Abela's collection, after the suppression
of the Jesui tS, had ended. After 1812, these artefacts were
exhibited in a room at the National Library in Valletta.33
In the second half of the nineteemh century, A.A.
Caruana refers to this inscription in two of his publications. In
his report on Phoenician and Roman Antiques published in
1882, he states [hat there were no ruins left of the Proserpina
Temple in the Mtarfa area. 34 In Frammento Critico, Caruana
37 . Treasures ofMalra 61, Christmas 2014
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}. Gutedrale qnlill) RuoulJ ek' S Pubb!io. ~. Palazzo 'del . Usc<wo I). S(:m;nario . . Jf. ~nvmto; {' Chiesa clel all-mine. S'. UISO del i~fpgislr(lt{j. (i. Armai(l . ,. JVwnustero di s: Rdro. K Ittfaz1:0 del Prinript:.. 9· (i}rill.
reproduces the text of me inscription. while pointing ou t
that 'the marble, fixed to the wall of the museum of the Public
Ubrary lacks some ofits fragments : but the Commendatore
Abela, who for many years had it as a whole at his museum of
S. Giacomo, had transcribed it'. 35
The current state of the tablet confirms this and
Ciantar's StOry. The inscri prion now has only eight small
38 . Treasures of Malta 61 , Christmas 2014
.. ".-
. ... __ :...-:.::-.
10. Cntta d:' S. !bela 1/. Ot:r iJ S. Ap')Qjtclo prrd,cuuC/.
. If}: Temple cu {'h5trpinct I
I fl. CCl1rxnto . c Om:.H{' di .5: 19c;,lmr .
. ' 11,.. S ii-anus,'c l It. Chlt,W, e (C·m/cntc dl S IV •. d, L('.j·Jj
j l(j. ec.1J(f{"~fu'lr C~~i-'S(t fje- ff Pon1ll}lCW11
i Ii. Site ,ul! (1J)1ll:t\.]j.~nflO d 1~1t1,'11f: I
bits of original marble, the rest is the re~cast made under
Ciantar's supervision between 1767 and 1772, in line with
Constanzo's modeL
Despite the fact that very few original fragments
survived, Abela's work began to receive international
accreditation, and the Chrestion inscription was included in
the authori tative series of Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum
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opposite : Fig. 6
A reconstmcred site-map ofMdina and its environs as it was
supposed ro have appeared in Roman urnes. It was published by
Gio. Anconio Cianrar in his bookMaltaIlltutmta (I 772). (Photo: Danid Cilia)
(CIL) . These volumes scaned being published in 1862,
bringing together all [he inscriptions from the Classical
Age.::I6This inscription also found its place in cheseiection
made of the epigraphic corpus by Hermann Dessau in 1913.37
Busunil used ehese standard texts, as published in these two
authorieative works, as his source of analysis. These tWO latter
works however, did not include ehe woed 'coLLaps.' (which
Abela represented by diacritic symbols) proposed by Paoli and
Testaferrata amongorhers.
Thus, the study of this inscription is not only important
for ehe investigation ofMalra's classical period, but can ehrow
new lighc on what was happening in Malta both in [he field of
classical erudition and politics during early modern times.
Notes
Anthony Bonanno, Roman Malta, Malta Romllna: The Arthaeological Heritage o/the Maltese Islands (1992),69.
2 Horatio VclJa,Malta u Ghawdex fl-Era Klassika (Mal[a: PIN, 2002),70· 71. 3 Anrhony Bonanno. M,:;,/ta, Phoenician, Punic Ilnd Roman (MaJe:l. : Midsea
Books Lrd., 2005), 203. 4 Giorgio Gualcieri, Siciliae Obiacentit/Tn Insular[ um 1 et Bruttiorum
Antiqual' 7/zbulae cum AnimadverJi omib[ us 1 (Messina, 1624). 341. See
also G io. Francesco A bela, Della DesC1'ittione di .Maltalsola nel }.tIfiTe Siciliano: con Ie sue flntichita, I'd altre no/izie (Mab.: Paolo Bonacota.
1647),209. 5 JosephusJacobus Tesraferraca,De Epigraphe Templi ProJerpinae (Valletta.
1759),18. 6 Abela . op. cie., 209.
7 Ibid. , 207·208. 8 Tescaferraca. op. rir.. 17. 9 Parish Archives Vallecta, St Paul's, Baptismal Registm. Act 12, August 1608. 10 N(:uional ) L(ibrary oF) M(alra), Lib. 1142. no. 124. II Saverio 19nazio Mifsud, Bibiioteca Maltm (Mab, J 764), 412. 12 Anronio Bulifol1. Lettere j\1emombili, istor/che, Politiche, ed Erudite
(Napoli, 1697), Vol. 4,119. 13 Ibid ., J29. 14 NLM, Lib. 1142. no. 124. 15 Anrhony Bonanno. 'G iovanni Francesco Abela's Legacy co cheJesuit
J
College: Pl'occedingso/HL{/01J Week /983 (The Malea Historical Sociery,
1984), 27-38 . 16 Jacob Spon, Recherches Curieuses d'Anliquite Contmlles en P/WieuTS
Di.iurlatlOnJ sur de Medadles Bas-Relief statu.CJ, }.tIosaitjue.( et ImC/'iplions Antiques (Lyon: Thomas Amaulry, 1683),461-462.
17 Jacob Spon,Miscellanea Erudit;c AntiquiratiJ (Venice, 1679), 190-191. 18 Giovanni Antonio Cianrar,MttltalffllStrata (1772), Vol. 2. 570. 19 Ludovico Murarori. Novus Thesaurus Veterum fnscriptionllm in Pmecipius
earum tlem CoLlectionibllS Hl1e/tnus PmetermiSfal'llm, Vol . 3, MLVlII .
20 Sebastiano Paoli, Codice Diplomatico delSacro Militare arc/inc GerostJ/imitano (Lucca, 1737), 504.
21 Paoli wrore 'Fastoditiis' instead o ('ja.<tigiis , ; 'De' ins read of'Er' and
'lIl'tustatecollap.' inmad ofVET(ustate [in]) RViNAM. fN[min 1 ENTl[sl
22 Paoli, op. cic., 504. 23 Testaferrara. op. ciL, 16. 24 Unfo[(unaee/y, Paoli or his publisher skipped a line (minam
imminentibus) when reproducing rhe teX[ of [his inscription.
25 Giuseppe Claudio GuYOt. 'De Marne Dissercazione II ' in Saggi dt D issertazioniAaademichc Pubblicl1menle. Lette nellfl Nobile Accademia EtruSCI1 (Rome, 1735),25. The cippi were discovered at Marsaxlokk after
1647, and Abela [Oak them to decorate the enrrance corridorof his villa
aeMarsa.
26 Jacques Philippe d 'OrviJle and Pierro Burmanno, SiCIlIa: quibus Sidliae Vetel'is Rudera, AddiiisAntiquitatum Tabulis lflustl'lZntur: Edidit, ct Commentarium ad Numismata Siadtl (Amsterdam: Gerard Tidenberg), 492.
27 Gabriele Lancillorro Casce/Ii, Sidliac et Objflcentil~minsttlflmm J1:temm fnmiptitmumNova Collectio ProlegomeniJ (Palermo: T ipografia Regia, 1784).
28 Gio. Francesco Agius De. Soldanis, Chawdex bil.migjub ghall-Malti miYm Dun GUiepp Farrugia (Malta. 1936),83.
29 Testaferrac;}, op, cir., 5. 30 Ibid., 16. 31 Ciancar, op. ci[ .• 567. The follOwing te..xtwas added by Cianrar and is not
part of Abela's original texr: 'da not ricupcrtll dopo l'impresJione, e la memoria ehe'cgD nefice: I1ccioche' in progl'eJJO dt tempo aifato non pcrissero. poich'ebbere la di.<graziA d 'wert prima {apitllte aIle mani di dJi trascuro' di eomervflrfi'.
32 Ibid., 'ConserlJata nel iJostro mllSco '. 33 Onorato Bres,Malta Antica fllustrata (Rome, 1816),334. 34 A.A. Caruana, Report on the Phoeniciantltld Roman Antiques in the Croup
oJthe fslandsojMalta (Malta, 1882),88, 136. 3S A.A . Caruana, Frammento Critieo della Storin Fenicio-CartagineJc, Greco·
ROfI'Jana e Bisantina delle isole diMalta (Malta. 1899),289: 'il marmo, mltrato ne.llvfuseo dcLla PubblicaBibiioteca nJAnca di 1l1ctm~fi't1.mmenti: ma if comm. Abela chI' Fha avuto integro nei suo JvIuseo di S. Giacomo per molto tempo ciha tJ'tlSCritlv'.
36 CJL. 10, 7494.
37 Hermann Dessau.insaipliones Latinal'Seicctae, Vol. II (1 ) ( 1913), 122. No. 397 5.
39 . Treasures ofMa.lta 61. Chrisrmas 2014