THE PROGRESSIVE THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

1890 - 19201890 - 1920

ORIGINS OF ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVISMPROGRESSIVISM

As America entered into As America entered into the 20the 20thth century, middle century, middle class reformers addressed class reformers addressed many social problems many social problems

Work conditions, rights Work conditions, rights for women and children, for women and children, economic reform, economic reform, environmental issuesenvironmental issues and and social welfare were a few social welfare were a few of these issues of these issues

OBJECTIVES:OBJECTIVES: 1. Causes of the Progressive 1. Causes of the Progressive

MovementMovement 2. Analyze the role Journalists played 2. Analyze the role Journalists played

in the Progressive Movementin the Progressive Movement 3. What were some of the social 3. What were some of the social

reformsreforms 4. What were some of the political 4. What were some of the political

reformsreforms

FOUR GOALS OF FOUR GOALS OF REFORMERSREFORMERS

1) Protect Social 1) Protect Social WelfareWelfare

2) Promote Moral 2) Promote Moral ImprovementImprovement

3) Create Economic 3) Create Economic ReformReform

4) Foster Efficiency4) Foster Efficiency

1.PROTECT SOCIAL 1.PROTECT SOCIAL WELFAREWELFARE

Industrialization in the late Industrialization in the late 1919thth century was largely century was largely unregulatedunregulated

Employers felt little Employers felt little responsibility toward their responsibility toward their workersworkers

As a result Settlement As a result Settlement homes and churches served homes and churches served the communitythe community

Also the Also the YMCAYMCA and and Salvation Army took on Salvation Army took on service rolesservice roles

2. PROMOTE MORAL 2. PROMOTE MORAL DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

Some reformers felt that Some reformers felt that the answer to societies the answer to societies problems was personal problems was personal behaviorbehavior

They proposed such They proposed such reforms as prohibitionreforms as prohibition

Groups wishing to ban Groups wishing to ban alcohol included the alcohol included the Woman’s Christian Woman’s Christian Temperance UnionTemperance Union (WCTU) (WCTU)

3. CREATE ECONOMIC 3. CREATE ECONOMIC REFORMREFORM

The Panic of 1893 The Panic of 1893 prompted some prompted some Americans to question Americans to question the capitalist economic the capitalist economic systemsystem

As a result some As a result some workers embraced workers embraced socialismsocialism

Eugene DebsEugene Debs organized organized the American Socialist the American Socialist Party in 1901Party in 1901 Debs encouraged workers to reject

American Capitalism

4. FOSTERING 4. FOSTERING EFFICIENCYEFFICIENCY Many Progressive Many Progressive

leaders put their faith in leaders put their faith in scientific principles to scientific principles to make society bettermake society better

In Industry, Frederick In Industry, Frederick Taylor began using time Taylor began using time & motion studies to & motion studies to improve factory improve factory efficiencyefficiency

Taylorism became an Taylorism became an Industry fad as factories Industry fad as factories sought to complete each sought to complete each task quickly task quickly

Progressive EraProgressive Era

Expanding Government Expanding Government InterventionIntervention

When should the When should the government intervene?government intervene?

American Lifestyles at American Lifestyles at the turn of the Centurythe turn of the Century

Annual wage of American Annual wage of American workers: $400-$500workers: $400-$500Cook: $5/week or $260/yearCook: $5/week or $260/yearMaid: $3.50/week or Maid: $3.50/week or

$180/year$180/year

FACTORY WAGESFACTORY WAGES

MASSACHUSETTS MILL PAID 14 MASSACHUSETTS MILL PAID 14 CENTS/HOURCENTS/HOUR

NATION’S STEEL WORKERS NATION’S STEEL WORKERS less than 18 cents/hourless than 18 cents/hour

TOOK $800 /YEAR TO SUPPORT TOOK $800 /YEAR TO SUPPORT A FAMILY = 110 HOURS/WEEKA FAMILY = 110 HOURS/WEEK

MILLIONAIRESMILLIONAIRES

1900: 1% of population 1900: 1% of population owned over 80% of the owned over 80% of the wealthwealth

Andrew Carnegie earned over Andrew Carnegie earned over $23,000,000 (no income Tax )$23,000,000 (no income Tax )

Expenditures of the Expenditures of the wealthywealthy

Houses (mansions)Houses (mansions) ““Country” Houses: Newport, Country” Houses: Newport,

Rhode Island, Long IslandRhode Island, Long Island Art objectsArt objects Entertainment (lavish)Entertainment (lavish)

Breakers: RockefellerBreakers: Rockefeller

Carnegie MansionCarnegie Mansion

CAUSES OF PROGRESSIVE CAUSES OF PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

CORRUPT GOVERNMENTCORRUPT GOVERNMENT POLITICAL MACHINESPOLITICAL MACHINES MUCKRAKER WRITINGSMUCKRAKER WRITINGS GROWTH OF EDUCATED MIDDLE GROWTH OF EDUCATED MIDDLE

CLASSCLASS

Progressive Movement Progressive Movement sought to correct:sought to correct:

Problems of American Society Problems of American Society caused by:caused by:Expanding industrializationExpanding industrializationPractices of big businessPractices of big businessExpanding urbanizationExpanding urbanizationPolitical corruptionPolitical corruption

PROGRESSIVESPROGRESSIVES

Middle-class, white urban Middle-class, white urban dwellersdwellers

Political leadersPolitical leadersWritersWritersFormer PopulistsFormer Populists

Who were the Who were the progressives?progressives? Progressive leaders Progressive leaders

emerged from every walk of emerged from every walk of life including the poor, the life including the poor, the middle, and the wealthy that middle, and the wealthy that was acting for the good of was acting for the good of society.society.

These people believed that These people believed that industrialization and industrialization and urbanization had created urbanization had created terrible social and political terrible social and political problems.problems.

So who do they target to So who do they target to improve society?improve society?

The progressive movement The progressive movement sought to use modern ideas sought to use modern ideas to improve society.to improve society.

They realized that if they They realized that if they wanted society to improve, wanted society to improve, they would have to get help they would have to get help from the government.from the government.

The laissez-faire attitude of The laissez-faire attitude of the government would have the government would have to end.to end.

Change neededChange needed::

Government had to play a Government had to play a greater role in regulating greater role in regulating business, public health and business, public health and safetysafety

MUCKRAKERSMUCKRAKERS

Journalists whose writings Journalists whose writings began in the late 1800sbegan in the late 1800s

Exposed corruption in Exposed corruption in business and politicsbusiness and politics

MUCKRAKERS CRITICIZE BIG MUCKRAKERS CRITICIZE BIG BUSINESSBUSINESS

Though most progressives Though most progressives did not embrace socialism, did not embrace socialism, many writers saw the truth in many writers saw the truth in Debs’ criticismDebs’ criticism

Journalists known as Journalists known as “Muckrakers” exposed “Muckrakers” exposed corruption in businesscorruption in business

Ida TarbellIda Tarbell exposed exposed Standard Oil Company’s Standard Oil Company’s cut-throat methods of cut-throat methods of eliminating competitioneliminating competition

Ida Tarbell

Some view Michael Moore as a modern muckraker

THE JUNGLETHE JUNGLE

UPTON SINCLAIRUPTON SINCLAIR

Described in gory detail the Described in gory detail the unhealthy practices in unhealthy practices in meatpacking plantsmeatpacking plants

POPULAR MAGAZINESPOPULAR MAGAZINES

McClure’sMcClure’s CosmopolitanCosmopolitan

PROGRESSIVESPROGRESSIVES

Jacob RiisJacob Riis ExposedExposed

Tenement housingTenement housing

The Jungle; Upton The Jungle; Upton SinclairSinclair

THE JUNGLE

PROTECTING WORKING PROTECTING WORKING CHILDRENCHILDREN

As the number of child As the number of child workers rose, reformers workers rose, reformers worked to end worked to end child child laborlabor

Children were more Children were more prone to accidents prone to accidents caused by fatiguecaused by fatigue

Nearly every state Nearly every state limited or banned child limited or banned child labor by 1918labor by 1918

EFFORTS TO LIMIT EFFORTS TO LIMIT HOURSHOURS

The Supreme Court and The Supreme Court and the states enacted or the states enacted or strengthened laws strengthened laws reducing women’s reducing women’s hours of workhours of work

Progressives also Progressives also succeeded in winning succeeded in winning worker’s compensationworker’s compensation to aid families of injured to aid families of injured workersworkers

Settlement HousesSettlement Houses

Jane AddamsJane Addams

Social ReformsSocial Reforms

Social ReformsSocial Reforms Safer working conditionsSafer working conditions Shorter work daysShorter work days

Social Reforms:Social Reforms:

Social Gospel: Guides for Social Gospel: Guides for reformreform

Settlement HousesSettlement Houses Community CenterCommunity Center

Improvement in educationImprovement in education

FRANCES PERKINSFRANCES PERKINS

DAUGHTER OF FACTORY DAUGHTER OF FACTORY OWNEROWNER

PUSHED FOR SAFETY PUSHED FOR SAFETY MEASURES AFTER MEASURES AFTER TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST CO TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST CO FIREFIRE

RISE of SWEATSHOPSRISE of SWEATSHOPS

Violates 2 or more of the basic Violates 2 or more of the basic labor laws:labor laws:Child LaborChild LaborMinimum wage Minimum wage

abuse/overtimeabuse/overtimeFire safetyFire safety

Sweatshops Today?Sweatshops Today?

Department of Labor:Department of Labor:Over 50% of U.S. garment Over 50% of U.S. garment

factories are sweatshops. factories are sweatshops. NY,Ca, Dallas, Miami, NY,Ca, Dallas, Miami, AtlantaAtlanta

Nike, GapNike, Gap

Garment Sales controlled Garment Sales controlled by:by:

5 corporations:5 corporations: Wal-MartWal-Mart JC PenneyJC Penney SearsSears May Company: Lord & Taylor, HechtsMay Company: Lord & Taylor, Hechts Federated Dept Stores: Macy, Steins, Federated Dept Stores: Macy, Steins,

BloomingdalesBloomingdales

Nike Sweatshops

More ChangesMore Changes

state level,state level, minimum wage laws for women minimum wage laws for women

workers,workers, industrial accident insurance,industrial accident insurance,restricted child labor, restricted child labor, factory regulation factory regulation

National ChangesNational Changes

laws establishing federal laws establishing federal regulation of regulation of meat-packing, meat-packing,

DrugDrug railroad industriesrailroad industries anti-trust laws.anti-trust laws. lowered the tariff, lowered the tariff, legislation to improve legislation to improve working condition working condition

Progressive changesProgressive changes

local level, local level, expand high schools,expand high schools, construct playgrounds,construct playgrounds, municipal governmentmunicipal government. .

ELECTION REFORMELECTION REFORM Citizens fought for, and Citizens fought for, and

won, such measures as won, such measures as secret ballots, secret ballots, referendum votes, and referendum votes, and the the recallrecall

Citizens could petition Citizens could petition and get and get initiativesinitiatives onon the the ballotballot

In 1899, Minnesota In 1899, Minnesota passed the first statewide passed the first statewide primary systemprimary system

DIRECT ELECTION OF DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORSSENATORS Before 1913, each Before 1913, each

state’s legislature had state’s legislature had chosen its own U.S. chosen its own U.S. senatorssenators

To force senators to be To force senators to be more responsive to the more responsive to the public, progressives public, progressives pushed for the popular pushed for the popular election of senatorselection of senators

As a result, Congress As a result, Congress passed the passed the 1717thth Amendment Amendment (1913 (1913))

Constitutional Constitutional AmendmentsAmendments

Amendment 16: income tax (1913)Amendment 16: income tax (1913) Amendment 17: direct election of Amendment 17: direct election of

senators,senators, Amendment 18: Prohibition (1919)Amendment 18: Prohibition (1919) Amendment 19: Women’s Suffrage Amendment 19: Women’s Suffrage

(1920)(1920)

SECTION 2: WOMEN IN SECTION 2: WOMEN IN PUBLIC LIFEPUBLIC LIFE

Before the Civil War, Before the Civil War, American women were American women were expected to devote expected to devote their time to home and their time to home and familyfamily

By the late 19By the late 19thth and and early 20early 20thth century, century, women were visible in women were visible in the workforcethe workforce

DOMESTIC WORKERSDOMESTIC WORKERS Before the turn-of-Before the turn-of-

the-century women the-century women without formal without formal education contributed education contributed to the economic to the economic welfare of their welfare of their families by doing families by doing domestic workdomestic work

Altogether, 70% of Altogether, 70% of women employed in women employed in 1870 were servants1870 were servants

WOMEN IN THE WORK WOMEN IN THE WORK FORCEFORCE

Opportunities for Opportunities for women increased women increased especially in the citiesespecially in the cities

By 1900, one out of five By 1900, one out of five women workedwomen worked

The The garment tradegarment trade was was popular as was office popular as was office work, department stores work, department stores and classroomsand classrooms

WOMEN LEAD REFORMWOMEN LEAD REFORM Many of the leading Many of the leading

progressive reformers progressive reformers were womenwere women

Middle and upper class Middle and upper class women also entered the women also entered the public sphere as public sphere as reformersreformers

Many of these women Many of these women had graduated from new had graduated from new women’s collegeswomen’s colleges

Colleges like Vassar and Smith allowed women to excel

WOMEN AND REFORMWOMEN AND REFORM Women reformers strove Women reformers strove

to improve conditions at to improve conditions at work and homework and home

In 1896, black women In 1896, black women formed the National formed the National Association of Colored Association of Colored Women (NACW)Women (NACW)

Suffrage was another Suffrage was another important issue for womenimportant issue for women

SECTION 4: PROGRESSIVISM SECTION 4: PROGRESSIVISM UNDER PRESIDENT TAFTUNDER PRESIDENT TAFT

Republican William Republican William Howard TaftHoward Taft easily easily defeated Democrat William defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan to win the Jennings Bryan to win the 1908 presidential election1908 presidential election

Among his Among his accomplishments, Taft accomplishments, Taft “busted” 90 trusts during “busted” 90 trusts during his 4 years in officehis 4 years in office Taft, right, was Roosevelt’s

War Secretary

TAFT LOSES POWERTAFT LOSES POWER

Taft was not popular Taft was not popular with the American with the American public nor reform public nor reform minded Republicansminded Republicans

By 1910, Democrats By 1910, Democrats had regained control had regained control of the House of of the House of RepresentativesRepresentatives

Taft called the Presidency, “The lonesomest job in the world”

1912 ELECTION 1912 ELECTION Republicans split in 1912 Republicans split in 1912

between Taft and Teddy between Taft and Teddy Roosevelt (who returned Roosevelt (who returned after a long trip to Africa)after a long trip to Africa)

Convention delegates Convention delegates nominated Taft nominated Taft

Some Republicans formed Some Republicans formed a third party – a third party – The Bull The Bull Moose PartyMoose Party and and nominated Rooseveltnominated Roosevelt

The Democrats put forward The Democrats put forward a reform - minded New a reform - minded New Jersey Governor, Jersey Governor, Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson Republicans split in 1912

WILSON’S NEW WILSON’S NEW FREEDOMFREEDOM

As America’s newly As America’s newly elected president, elected president, Wilson moved to enact Wilson moved to enact his program, his program, the “New the “New Freedom”Freedom”

He planned his attack on He planned his attack on what he called the triple what he called the triple wall of privilege: wall of privilege: trusts, trusts, tariffs, and high financetariffs, and high finance

W. Wilson U.S. President 1912-1920

CLAYTON ANTITRUST CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACTACT

In 1914 Congress In 1914 Congress enacted the Clayton enacted the Clayton Antitrust Act which Antitrust Act which strengthened the strengthened the Sherman ActSherman Act

The Clayton Act The Clayton Act prevented companies prevented companies from acquiring stock from acquiring stock from another company from another company (Anti-monopoly)(Anti-monopoly)

The Act also supported The Act also supported workers unionsworkers unions

FEDERAL TRADE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION FORMEDCOMMISSION FORMED

The FTC was formed The FTC was formed in 1914 to serve as a in 1914 to serve as a “watchdog” agency “watchdog” agency to end to end unfair unfair business practicesbusiness practices

The FTC protects The FTC protects consumers from consumers from business fraud business fraud Today the FTC has been working on

protecting consumers from ID theft

FEDERAL INCOME TAX FEDERAL INCOME TAX ARRIVESARRIVES

Wilson worked hard to Wilson worked hard to lower tariffs, however lower tariffs, however that lost revenue had that lost revenue had to be made up to be made up

Ratified in 1916, the Ratified in 1916, the 1616thth Amendment Amendment legalized a graduated legalized a graduated federal income taxfederal income tax

WOMEN WIN SUFFRAGEWOMEN WIN SUFFRAGE Native-born, educated, Native-born, educated,

middle-class women grew middle-class women grew more and more impatient more and more impatient

Through local, state and Through local, state and national organization, national organization, vigorous protests and vigorous protests and World War I, women finally World War I, women finally realized their dream in realized their dream in 19201920

The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote in 1920

LIMITS OF LIMITS OF PROGRESSIVISMPROGRESSIVISM

While the While the Progressive era was Progressive era was responsible for many responsible for many important reforms, it important reforms, it failed to make gains failed to make gains for African for African AmericansAmericans

Like Roosevelt and Like Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson retreated Taft, Wilson retreated on Civil Rights once on Civil Rights once in officein office

The KKK reached a membership of 4.5 million in the 1920s