The Progress of War: 1861-The Progress of War: 1861-18651865

The Progress of War: 1861-The Progress of War: 1861-18651865

Lincoln’s Republican OpponentsLincoln’s Republican OpponentsLincoln had placed some of his Lincoln had placed some of his greatest Republican rivals within greatest Republican rivals within his cabinethis cabinetNevertheless many of his party Nevertheless many of his party criticized his war policies esp. criticized his war policies esp. his Sec. of the Treasury Salmon his Sec. of the Treasury Salmon P. ChaseP. ChaseIn addition the Congressional In addition the Congressional Committee on the Conduct hof Committee on the Conduct hof the War had been formed and the War had been formed and was dominated by “Radical” who was dominated by “Radical” who Republicans who resented Republicans who resented Lincoln’s expansion of Lincoln’s expansion of presidential power and pushed presidential power and pushed him for emancipationhim for emancipation

The Peace Movement: The Peace Movement: CopperheadsCopperheads

The Peace Movement: The Peace Movement: CopperheadsCopperheads

Clement Clement VallandighVallandigh

amam

Clement Clement VallandighVallandigh

amam

The Democratic Part was tainted by the fact that its southern members had left the country

Stephen Douglas (a unifier and Union proponent) died soon after the war began

Copperheads were Radical Peace Democrats who opposed the draft, and emancipation

Vallandigham was the worst and was tried by military Vallandigham was the worst and was tried by military court martial (Illegal since public courts were open) and court martial (Illegal since public courts were open) and was exiled to the Southwas exiled to the South

He made his way to Canada, eh and ran for governor of He made his way to Canada, eh and ran for governor of Ohio but lostOhio but lost

Vallandigham became the basis for Vallandigham became the basis for A Man Without a A Man Without a CountryCountry by Edward Everett Hale by Edward Everett Hale

1864 1864 Copperhead Copperhead

Campaign Campaign PosterPoster

1864 1864 Copperhead Copperhead

Campaign Campaign PosterPoster

1864 Election1864 Election1864 Election1864 Election

Pres. Lincoln Pres. Lincoln (Union Party)(Union Party)Pres. Lincoln Pres. Lincoln (Union Party)(Union Party)

George George McClellan (D)McClellan (D)

George George McClellan (D)McClellan (D)

Republicans re-nominated Abraham Lincoln but to get the support of War Democrats and Lincoln picked a new VP, Tennessee Gov. Andrew Johnson

Joining with War Democrats he formed a temporary new party—the Union Party

Lincoln’s motto was “Don’t Change Horses in the Middle of the River (Stream)”

Democrats nominated fired Gen. George McClellan

Gov. Andrew Johnson Gov. Andrew Johnson (D-TN)(D-TN)

Cartoon Lampoons Cartoon Lampoons Democratic Copperheads in Democratic Copperheads in

18641864

Cartoon Lampoons Cartoon Lampoons Democratic Copperheads in Democratic Copperheads in

18641864

1864 Presidential Election 1864 Presidential Election ResultsResults

1864 Presidential Election 1864 Presidential Election ResultsResults

Three events helped Lincoln:Three events helped Lincoln:1.1. Farragut took Mobile, Farragut took Mobile, 2.2. Sherman seized Atlanta Sherman seized Atlanta

and began his “March to and began his “March to the Sea” and the Sea” and

3.3. ““Little Phil” Sheridan took Little Phil” Sheridan took and burned Virginia’s and burned Virginia’s Shenandoah ValleyShenandoah Valley

Many Union soldiers were furloughed home to vote for Many Union soldiers were furloughed home to vote for Lincoln—the “bayonet vote”Lincoln—the “bayonet vote”With the results all Southern hope for a negotiated end to With the results all Southern hope for a negotiated end to the war and independence vanished!the war and independence vanished!

The Final Virginia The Final Virginia Campaign:Campaign:1864-18651864-1865

The Final Virginia The Final Virginia Campaign:Campaign:1864-18651864-1865

Cold Harbor

Battle of the CraterBattle of the Crater

Surrender at Surrender at Appomattox Court Appomattox Court

House House April 9, 1865April 9, 1865

Surrender at Surrender at Appomattox Court Appomattox Court

House House April 9, 1865April 9, 1865

Lee chose to meet Grant at Wilbur McClean’s House in ACH

Grant gave very generous terms and got Southerners to sign parole papers promising not to fight anymore and were fed

Grants would not let his army celebrate their victory and humilate the Confederates further

Instead they were saluted and national healing began…

Total WarTotal War

Original Andersonville PlanOriginal Andersonville Plan

Planned to hold 10,000 men.

Had over 32,000 at one time.

Planned to hold 10,000 men.

Had over 32,000 at one time.

Union Prison Campat Andersonville, GAUnion Prison Camp

at Andersonville, GA

Distributing “Rations”Distributing “Rations”

Burying Dead Union POWsBurying Dead Union POWs

Andersonville CemeteryAndersonville Cemetery

12,913 of the approximately 45,000 Union prisoners died here because of starvation, malnutrition, and disease

Union “Survivors”Union “Survivors”

The The SultanaSultana Disaster DisasterPaddle wheeler destroyed in an explosion on 27 April 1865. the greatest maritime disaster in United States history. 1,800 of the 2,400 passengers (most former Union Prisoners of war) were killed when one of the ship's four boilers exploded and the ship sank not far from Memphis, Tennessee. The disaster received diminished attention as it took place soon after the assassination of President Lincoln Some believe it was the victim of Confederate sabotage

Henry Wirz (Commandant of Andersonville)Henry Wirz (Commandant of Andersonville)

Only person executed in the Civil War for war crimes

The Lincoln The Lincoln ConspiracyConspiracy

Had wanted to just capture Lincoln and exchange him for Confederate POWs

When war ended the plan became more one of revenge

Ford’s Theater Ford’s Theater (April 14, (April 14, 1865)1865)

Ford’s Theater Ford’s Theater (April 14, (April 14, 1865)1865)

Ford’s Theatre InsideFord’s Theatre Inside

The Intended Targets (Besides The Intended Targets (Besides Lincoln)Lincoln)

VICE-PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON General Ulysses

Grant

SECRETARY OF STATEWILLIAM SEWARD

Lincoln’s Box and GuestsLincoln’s Box and Guests

His Wife (Mary Todd Lincoln)

Clara Harris Her Fiancé

Major Henry Rathbone

The Presidential Box

The Assassination (April 14, The Assassination (April 14, 1865)1865)

The Assassination (April 14, The Assassination (April 14, 1865)1865)

Lincoln’s Chair and DeathbedLincoln’s Chair and Deathbed

The Peterson House

““Now He Belongs to Now He Belongs to the Angels…I mean the Angels…I mean

Ages!”Ages!”

““Now He Belongs to Now He Belongs to the Angels…I mean the Angels…I mean

Ages!”Ages!”

Secretary of WarEDWIN

STANTON

The AssassinThe AssassinThe AssassinThe Assassin

John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth

Actor and Southern SympathizerActor and Southern Sympathizer

Father and brother were famous Father and brother were famous actorsactors

Lady’s man?Lady’s man?

After shooting Lincoln in the back of After shooting Lincoln in the back of the head, he stabbed Maj. Rathbone in the head, he stabbed Maj. Rathbone in the arm and jumped from the box to the arm and jumped from the box to the stagethe stage

He then shouted either He then shouted either “Sic Semper “Sic Semper Tyrannis!” Tyrannis!” (“Ever Thus To Tyrants!”) (“Ever Thus To Tyrants!”) or “The South is Avenged!”or “The South is Avenged!”

He then hopped on a horse and fled He then hopped on a horse and fled Washington, D.C. expecting to be Washington, D.C. expecting to be greeted as a herogreeted as a hero

Booth’s Flight and DeathBooth’s Flight and DeathBooth made his way from Washington to Maryland and on to Virginia

He had his broken leg attended to by Dr. Samuel Mudd

Eventually he was traced to Garrett’s farm

There he an fellow conspirator David Herold were called to surrender

Herold came out but Booth remained in the barn

The barn was set on fire

Booth was shot by Sgt. Boston Corbett

He died several hours later. His last words, holding up his hands, were “Useless! Useless!”

The TrialThe TrialThe surviving conspirators The surviving conspirators were tried and most of were tried and most of them condemned to deaththem condemned to deathMost controversial were Most controversial were the verdicts regarding the verdicts regarding Mary Surratt (who owned Mary Surratt (who owned the boarding house where the boarding house where the conspirators the conspirators frequently met) and Dr. frequently met) and Dr. Samuel MuddSamuel MuddMudd got life in prison but Mudd got life in prison but Surratt was given the Surratt was given the death penaltydeath penalty

The ExecutionThe ExecutionThe ExecutionThe Execution

Lincoln’s MartyrdomLincoln’s MartyrdomLincoln’s Body was taken back to Springfield by train

He was re-embalmed so many times that when his body was moved to his new tomb years later he was still preserved perfectly!

In death Lincoln acquired a popularity he never had in life

AND

Was spared the difficulty of trying to put the country back together again…

RECONSTRUCTION!

Casualties on Both Casualties on Both SidesSides

Casualties on Both Casualties on Both SidesSides

Civil War CasualtiesCivil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other in Comparison to Other

WarsWars

Civil War CasualtiesCivil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other in Comparison to Other

WarsWars

Failure of Cotton DiplomacyFailure of Cotton DiplomacyThe South’s attempt to “Whitemail” Europe into recognizing the Confederacy by denying them cotton failed for a couple of reasons:

Europe had stockpiled Southern cotton before the war

2. Europe began to replace Southern cotton with cotton from India and Egypt

3. Europe had a bad drought and needed Northern grain more than Southern cotton