the program in neutrino factory r&d alan bross n u f a c t 0 9 from superbeams to neutrino...
Post on 19-Dec-2015
216 views
TRANSCRIPT
The Program in Neutrino Factory R&DAlan Bross
N u F a c t 0 9
From SuperBeams to Neutrino Factories
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
Pre-Ramble
Neutrino Factory means different things to different people Not so much for SuperBeams
I will be talking about a muon-based Neutrino Factory as opposed to a b-beam “Neutrino Factory” which has similar potential with respect to n oscillation physics This is my personal prejudice
I believe that the power of a facility that produces ultra-intense muon beams is unmatched and can lead us to the Energy Frontier via a Muon Collider
And this program can be staged, doing physics at each stage as Alain described on Monday
And (maybe) a proton source can be built that can drive all the programs simultaneously as Raja mentioned on Monday.
A b-beam facility cannot offer this
2
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
Pre-Ramble II – SuperBeams ® Neutrino Factory?
· When I talk with my colleagues who are currently running n experiments, building experiments or planning the next experiment, I often get a blank stare or …
3
Neutrino Factory, huh, yeahWhat is it good for?Absolutely nothing
Uh-huh*
* With Apologies to Edwin Starr
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
Pre-Ramble III – Why is this?
· Phenomenological prejudice?
4
arXiv:0905.3549v2
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
Experimental Prejudice?
5
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
No, Because it’s the Physics Stupid
· But all agree that the goal is not just to measure some numbers Gain knowledge/understanding of the underlying physics
Want to do the most precise experiments possible
6
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
NF: Superb Reach in 3n mixing model parameters &Maybe gives best chance to see something Unexpected (NSI)
Sin22q13 Hierarchy dCP
SPL: 4MW, 1MT H2OC, 130 km BLT2HK: 4 MW, 1MT H2OC, 295 km BLWBB: 2MW, 1MT H2OC, 1300 km BL
NF: 4MW, 100KT MIND, 4000 & 7500 BLBB350: g=350, 1MT H2OC, 730 km BL
ISS Physics Group Report: arXiv:0710.4947v23s contours shown
7
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
Neutrino Factory
8
7500 km baseline
4000 km base
line
25 GeV
So, Why Isn’t there a consensus from the Community to JUST get on with It
(NF)?
TimeExperimentalists worry about running out of it
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009 10
Neutrino Program Evolution
Technical Hurdles Þ More Time
$$$$ Û TIME
· The R&D Program for the Neutrino Factory aims to Define and validate the
required technologies Reduce risk Cost optimization. Deliver on specific time
scale
TIME Û $$$$
Adiabatic Approach
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
Outline
· R & D Program MERIT MuCool MICE Acceleration
EMMA Detector International Design Study
11
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
ISS2006ISS2006
Neutrino Factory Accelerator FacilityBaseline out of International Scoping Study
Proton Driver 4 MW, 2 ns bunch
Target, Capture, Drift (π→μ) & Phase Rotation Hg Jet 200 MHz train
Cooling 30 pmm ( ^ ) 150 pmm ( L )
Acceleration 103 MeV ® 25 GeV
Decay rings 7500 km L 4000 km L
Baseline is race-track design
Triangle interesting possibility (C. Prior)
12
ISS Accelerator WG report: RAL-2007-023
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
ISS baseline: Detectors
· Two baselines: 3000 – 5000 km 7000 – 8000 km
· Magnetised Iron Neutrino Detector (MIND) at each location
· Magnetised Emulsion Cloud Chamber at intermediate baseline for tau detection
ISS2006ISS2006
ISS2006ISS2006
13
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
R&D Program Overview
High Power Targetry (MERIT Experiment) Ionization Cooling – (MICE (4D Cooling)) 200 (& 805) MHz RF (MuCool and Muons Inc.)
Investigate RF cavities in presence of high magnetic fields
Obtain high accelerating gradients (~15MV/m) Investigate Gas-Filled RF cavities
Acceleration Linac for initial acceleration Multi-turn RLA’s FFAG’s – (EMMA)
Decay Ring(s)
Theoretical Studies Analytic Calculations Lattice Designs Numeric Simulations
14
Note: Almost all R&D Issuesfor a NF are currently under
theoretically and experimentally study
MERIT
Mercury Intense TargetLiquid-Hg Jet
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
MERITThe Experiment Reached 30TP @ 24 GeV
· Experiment Completed (CERN) Beam pulse energy = 115kJ B-field = 15T Jet Velocity = 20 m/s Measured Disruption Length = 28 cm Required “Refill” time is then 28cm/20m/s = 14ms
Rep rate of 70Hz
Proton beam power at that rate is 115kJ *70 = 8MW
16
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
MERIT Conclusions
· Jet surface instabilities reduced by high-magnetic fields
· Proton beam induced Hg jet disruption confined to jet/beam overlap region 20 m/s operations allows
for 70Hz operations 115kJ pulse containment
demonstrated 8 MW operations
demonstrated· Hg jet disruption
mitigated by magnetic field
· Hg ejection velocities reduced by magnetic field
· Pion production remains viable up to 350μs after previous beam impact
17
target in target out
target in target out
target out
target out
Probe -Probe
Pump -PumpRatio =
Probe
Pump
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
Target Station R&D
The Target Hall Infrastructure
V. Graves, ORNL
18
T. Davenne, RAL
Proton Hg Beam Dump
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009 19
Muon Ionization Cooling
MuCool and MICE
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
MuCool Component R&D and Cooling Experiment
21
MuCool201 MHz RF
Testing
42cm Æ Be RF window
MuCoolLH2 Absorber
Body
· MuCool Component testing: RF, Absorbers, Solenoids
With High-Intensity Proton Beam Uses Facility @Fermilab (MuCool Test Area –
MTA) Supports Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment
(MICE)MuCool Test Area
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
RF Test Program
MuCool has the primary responsibility to carry out the RF Test Program
· Study the limits on Accelerating Gradient in NCRF cavities in magnetic field
· Understand, in detail, the interaction of field emission currents with applied external magnetic field
· Fundamental Importance to both NF and MC – RF needed in Muon capture, bunching, phase rotation Muon Cooling Acceleration
Arguably the single most critical Technical challenge for the NF & MC
22
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
The Basic Problem – B Field Effect805 MHz Studies
· Max stable gradient degrades quickly with B field
Gra
die
nt
in M
V/m
Peak Magnetic Field in T at the Window
>2X Reduction @ required field
23
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
805 MHz Imaging
24
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
RF R&D – 201 MHz Cavity TestTreating NCRF cavities with SCRF processes
· The 201 MHz Cavity – 21 MV/m Gradient Achieved (Design – 16MV/m)
Treated at TNJLAB with SCRF processes – Did Not Condition· But exhibited Gradient fall-off with applied B
25
1.4m
Design Gradient
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
Facing the RF B Field Challenge
Approaches to a Solution Reduce/eliminate field emission
Process cavities utilizing SCRF techniques Surface coatings
Atomic Layer Deposition
Material StudiesNon-Cu bodies (Al, Be?)
Mitigate the effect of B field interaction on field emission currents Þ Breakdown
RF cavities filled with High-Pressure gas (H2) Utilize Paschen effect to stop breakdown
Magnetic Insulation Eliminate magnetic focusing
Not Yet Tested26
Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE)
http://mice.iit.edu/
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment
28
Measure transverse (4D) Muon Ionization Cooling 10% cooling – measure to 1% (10-3)
Single-Particle Experiment Build input & output emmittance from m ensemble
Tracking Spectrometer
RFCavities
FocusCoils
Magnetic
shield
LiquidHydrogenAbsorbersFiber Tracker
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
MICE Schedule
29
LiH
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
Progress on MICE
30
Spectrometer Solenoid being tested
Beam Line Complete First Beam 3/08
MICE target operated from Mar-Dec 2008.
PID Installed CKOV, TOF, EM Cal Beam registered in PID system
New target, decay solenoid and tracker
Ready in Fall First Spectrometer
Winter 09
Neutrino Factory Front-End and Acceleration
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
High-frequency Buncher and φ-E Rotator
Drift (π→μ) “Adiabatically” bunch beam first (weak
320 to 240 MHz rf) Φ-E rotate bunches – align bunches to
~equal energies 240 to 202 MHz, 12MV/m
Cool beam 201.25MHz
10 m ~60 m
FE Target
Solenoid Drift Buncher Rotator Cooler
~35m 35 m ~80 m
p
π→μ
32
Obtains ~0.085 μ/ 8 GeV p» 1.5 1021 μ/year
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
Acceleration - RLAsDevelop Engineering Design Foundation
33
0.6 GeV/pass
3.6 GeV
0.9 GeV
244 MeV 146 m
79 m
2 GeV/pass
264 m
12.6 GeV
Dogbone RLA - footprint
-5000
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000 11000 16000 21000 26000 31000
z [cm]
x [cm]
Define beamlines/lattices for all components
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
Final Acceleration - FFAG
Fixed Field Alternating Gradient FF – Fast (no ramping) AG – aperture under control
Large 6D acceptance Demonstration Experiment – EMMA
Electron Model for Many Applications One of those is: Model of 10-20 GeV muon accelerator
Hosted by Daresbury Lab International Collaboration Canada, France, UK, US
Goals Understand beam dynamics Map transverse and longitudinal acceptances Study injection and extraction
1st beams in to EMMA Nov 2009
34
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
EMMA
35
Energy range 10 – 20 MeV
Lattice F/D Doublet
Circumference 16.57 m
No of cells 42
Normalised transverse acceptance
3π mm-rad
Frequency (nominal)
1.3 GHz
No of RF cavities
19
Repetition rate 1 - 20 Hz
Bunch charge 16-32 pC single bunch
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
Production Status
· Beam in November
36
International Design Study for a Neutrino Factory (IDS-NF)
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
IDS-NF
Takes as starting point - International Scoping Study ν-Factory parameters ~4MW proton source producing muons, accelerate to 25 GeV,
Two baselines: 2500km & 7500km IDS Goals
Specify/compute physics performance of neutrino factory Define accelerator and detector systems Compute cost and schedule
Goal to understand the cost at the » 50% level Identify necessary R&D items
IDS Deliverables Interim design report (c. 2010)
Engineering designs for accelerator and detector systems Cost and schedule estimates Work plan to deliver Reference Design Report (RDR)
Report production itself Outstanding R&D required
Reference Design Report (c. 2012) Basis for a “request for resources” to get serious about building a
neutrino factory
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
Timeline - NF
Ph
ys
ics
Ph
ys
ics
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
15
20
14
20
13
20
12
20
19
20
18
20
17
20
16
Neutrino Factory roadmap
MICE
ISS
International Design Study
Neutrino Factory project
ISS
International Design Study
Neutrino Factory project
Interim Design ReportInterim Design Report
Reference Design ReportReference Design Report
MERIT
EMMA
Detector and diagnostic systems developmentDetector and diagnostic systems development
AspirationalNF timelinepresented in at NuFact07
39
ConsiderablySooner thanAdiabatic Approach
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
Status of IDS-NF with Respect to q13
Must Consider the case for a Neutrino Factory for the scenario where q13 is large(ish) Possibly measured before report is
deliveredLow-energy Neutrino Factory:
Interesting option, especially in this scenario and as a step in a possible staging scenario, but:
Physics reach for oscillation parameters ( 3n mixing) for small q13 approaching that for baselineNot for Hierarchy
40
IDS Option: 4 GeV ν-Factory
· Fermilab to DUSEL (South Dakota) baseline -1290km
· 4-5 GeV/c muons yield appropriate L/En
· Use a magnetized totally active scintillator detector
41
Ankenbrandt, Bogacz, Bross, Geer, Johnstone, Neuffer, PopovicFermilab-Pub-09-001-APC; Submitted to PRSTAB
Neutrino Detector R&D
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
Magnetized Iron Detector, MINDBaseline Neutrino Factory (25 GeV)
· Simulation effort (see A. Laing’s talk) addresses optimization Cell geometry, plate thickness
Technology Photodetector (SiPM) Magnetization
43
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009 44
Fine-Resolution Totally Active Segmented Detector
Low-Energy Neutrino Factory
Simulation of a Totally Active Scintillating Detector (TASD) using Nona and Minerna concepts with Geant4
3 cm
1.5 cm15 m
35 kT (total mass) 10,000 Modules (X and Y plane) Each plane contains 1000 cells Total: 10M channels
· Momenta between 100 MeV/c to 15 GeV/c· Magnetic field considered: 0.5 T· Reconstructed position resolution ~ 4.5 mm
15 m
15
m
150 m
B = 0.5T
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009 45
Very-Large-Magnetic Volume R&D
Production of very large magnetic volumes – expensive using conventional technology
For SC magnets – cost driven by cryostat
Use VLHC SC Transmission Line Concept
Wind around mandrel Carries its own cryostat No large vacuum loads
1 m iron wall thickness. ~2.4 T peak field in the iron.
Good field uniformity• Scaling Factor:
• Cost µ r ?
• Concept for 23 X 103 m3
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
SuperBeam Þ Neutrino Factory
46
· LAr concept is actively being considered for DUSEL Magnetization allows for natural SuperBeam Þ Neutrino
Factory
q13CP
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
LAr
47
· Active Programs in the Europe, Japan, Canada, UK and US Multiple implementation concepts being pursued Not part of the International R&D for a NF, per se.
Magnetization more difficult due toThe long drift
And gaseous detectors
Glacier
Conclusions
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
NF R&D Elevator Bullets
Proton Driver Someone build one
Need proper “hooks” to allow for upgrades if necessary
Targetry Facility Engineering Design
Front-end Solve the RF “problem”
Acceleration Linac/RLA – lattices and transfer lines designed
Complete tracking analysis Component engineering
FFAG Injection and extraction – design and engineering Design optimization Cost analysis
Decay Ring Continue lattice and aperture studies Optimization – is shorter ring viable?
49
Please see all the talks in WG 3 for the “Beef”
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
SuperBeams Neutrino Factory
The physics case for a Neutrino Factory is well established
How, When (if), Where we make the transition from superbeam experiments to experiments at a NF is not clear
The H,W, &W will depend on Physics Technical development Cost The landscape of the march to the Energy Frontier
If it involves a Muon Collider, then the NF may become a natural first step
The R&D program must Successfully address the technical challenges (RF!) Cost And delivery a detailed plan (IDS Reference Design
Report) On, what is now a now well-defined time scale
50
See You All at the FirstNF Users Meeting @
NuFact13
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank all my colleagues in the Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider
Collaboration and in MICE, MuCool and the IDS
Never a Dull Moment
BACKUP SLIDES
Alan Bross NuFact 09 July 23, 2009
NF COST ESTIMATES
Target Systems 110
Decay Channel 6
Drift, Ph. Rot, Bunch 112-186
Cooling Channel 234
Pre-Acceleration 114-180
Acceleration 108-150
Storage Ring 132
Site Utilities 66-156
TOTAL (FY08 M$) 881-1151
Unloaded estimate (M$)Start from Study 2 cost estimate scaled to account for post-study 2 improvements (ranges reflect uncertainties in scaling)
ILC analysis suggest loading coeff = 2.07 for accelerator systems and 1.32 for CFS.Labor assumed 1.2 M&S
Loaded estimate = 2120 - 2670 (FY08 M$)
4 GeV NF Cost Estimate (excluding 2 MW proton source)
As presented to P5 in February 2008:
Front-end systems (including transverse cooling channel) which might be common to a MC accounts for ~50% of this cost.
53