the process of [social research theory/model/framework conceptual relationships hypotheses working...
Post on 24-Jan-2016
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The process of [social research• theory/model/framework
• conceptual relationships
• hypotheses
• working hypotheses and measurement
• research design
• data collection
• data analysis
• interpretation of results given hypotheses
• revision of theory
Measure concepts in order to:
• describe attributes, patterns, variation (univariate analysis)
• determine existence of relationships (association, causal)
• determine nature of the relationship(s) (direction, linear, non-linear, bivariate, multivariate, etc.)
population
processes characteristics
fertility sizemortality growthmobility composition
population
processes characteristics
fertility sizemortality growthmobility composition
SO
CIE
TY
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
population
processes characteristics
fertility sizemortality growthmobility composition
SO
CIE
TY
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
SO
CIE
TY
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
Units of analysis:
• individuals
• groups/communities
• organizations
• artifacts (technology, texts)
primary data collection or field studies
• observation/participant observation
• interviews
• survey research
• self-administered (mail)
• face-to face administered
• phone
secondary data collection
• tabulations
• archives
• other “texts”
public use data files; micro-data analysis:
analysis of raw data collected by others straddles primary and secondary data analysis
combination of primary and secondary data analysis
Categories of population attributeswith implications for data collection
• Stock– size
– growth
– composition
– distribution
• Flow– components of
change• fertility
• mortality
• mobility
• boundary change
Primary sources of population data:
• Censuses– Coverage error
• reliability
– Measurement of error• Post enumeration surveys
• Dual system estimation
• Demographic analysis
– Content error• Validity and reliability
• Surveys
U.S. Bureau of the Census
• Decennial census– Content
• Short form
• Long form
• Current Population Survey
• American Community Survey
• Business Surveys
Geographic Hierarchy
Census Regions and Divisions of the United States
Metropolitan Areas
• Defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
• Made up of a county or counties (or equivalent entities)
• Contain large population nucleus
• High socioeconomic integration
• MSA, CMSA, PMSA
Urbanized Areas• Densely settled areas with population of at
least 50,000
• Geographic core of block groups or blocks that have a population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile – Urban Cluster
Counties
• Counties in 48 States• Independent Cities in 4 States• Parishes in Louisiana• Cities and Boroughs in Alaska
Small-Area Geography Overview
Census Tracts
• For the first time for Census 2000: Cover the nation
• Relatively homogenous population characteristics
• 65,000 Census tracts across U.S.
• Size: optimally 4,000 people, range between 1,000 and 8,000
Blocks
• Smallest units of data tabulation
• Cover the entire nation
• Do not cross census tracts or counties
• Generally bounded by visible features and legal boundaries
• Block numbers completely different from 1990
• Size: average about 100 people
Census Block Map
Block Groups
• Groups of blocks sharing the same first digit
• Smallest areas for which sample data available
• Size: optimally 1,500 people, range between 300 to 3,000
Primary sources of event data:
• Registration of demographic events (vital statistics– Vital registration systems– Population registration systems
• US: – National Center for Health Statistics
• County registration of vital events• National Health Surveys
– prevalence– Centers for Disease Control
• Reporting of disease – Incidence
• New York State Department of Health
RatesEvents per population at risk of event
Usually standardized (per k population)k = 1,000, or 10,000, or 100,000
Ratios
Comparison of values
Crude Death Rate (CDR):
CDR = deaths during year
per mid-year population ( x 1,000)
CDR = (d / P ) x 1,000
where
d = deaths occurring during the year
P = mid-year population
Age Standardized rates