the poststructuralist approaches lesson 2012 (1)

8/2/2019 The Poststructuralist Approaches Lesson 2012 (1)

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THE POST APPROACHES:

With focus on the thoughts of

Michel Foucault

SWP 331


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-Announcements (exam in KHE321 B; April 25th, 8am)

-Exam review & outline?

-Open class agenda

-How shall we do today's class?

-The post approaches (focus on Foucault)

-Videos & discussion


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Open class on grand theories: core principles & differences

How each of them help us see human difference (focusing on race)...

Mirrors of privilege video series (select footage)

'Blue eyes, Brown eyes' video (Jane Elliott)

What I am doing to understand issues of race: personal reflection

Open class agenda:

March 29th


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Making theory more fun!

More group work, pics, videos?

More practice?

More guest speakers?

Distinction between the grand theories still not

clearLet's start with a refresher (the theory diagram)

Rather than remembering the heavy duty words, try to hangon to the concepts...

More in our open class

How shall we do this class?


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Refresher: grandtheories

STRUCTURALISM

(POWER, who has it, who does not, what can we do about it

)

Modernism

(answers, worldis knowable,science, logic,technology,linearity,progress,sameness, the

universal)

Post-conventionalism

(questions, worldconstructed throughlanguage, powerrelations; blurredboundaries, focus on

difference, the local)

Social work, nursing, public

health, psychology...

--overlapssometimescauseconfusion inpractice...

--Why/how doyou think theyoverlap?

--nostraightforward

theory toimplement...

--Theory = lens

--Use as

many...


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Post theories-Healy (or Post-conventionalism)

The following theories are collectively referred to as post-theories orpost-conventionalism

--Post-modernism questions the reason, linearity, binaries andprogress at the heart of modernism (origin: art, architecture)

***--Post-structuralism questions all of this PLUS language, powerrelations and specifically discourse (origin: linguistics; later on

social theory; thinkers: Foucault)***

--Post-colonialism questions all of this PLUS notions such as thirdworld nation and the binaries that follow; they seek to re-member,re-write local narratives, languages, practices long excluded by

colonization (origin: literature)


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Key ideas shared by post

practitioners/thinkers

Subject & Subjectivity: We all have multiple selves/subjects that may

change, conflict and be under construction at the same time (as opposed to

identity which is fixed).

Power: We can be powerful and powerless at the same time.

Discourse: Ideas, practices & rules (some dominant,some subjugated) that circulate, & have effects

Discourse analysis (social sciences) & Deconstruction (humanities)

Post-structural methods

How to identify/deconstruct a discourse


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More on subject/subjectification & object/objectification...

Different use of the term 'subject' in social theories...

1. Modernity's universal human subject: e.g., the white, western, rational manwho everyone has to measure up to (those who did not became sub-human).

2. A human being becomes a 'subject', i.e., an area of knowledge throughprocesses of objectification (post-structural thought, e.g., 'mad', 'criminal' etc)

Note: a human being becomes an object by finding oneself on the wrong side of

a normative division (male/female; hetero/queer; White/Black). E.g., women

becoming subjects of psychiatry through being objectified as 'irrational'

3. A subject is also a human being with political agency & dignity

Identity: fixedSubjectivity: fluid, in constant flux


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French post-structuralist philosopher-historian. Massive influence on avariety of academic disciplines (history, sociology, legal studies,anthropology, psychology, women's studies, management & organizationalstudies etc)

Emphasis on language, ideas, concepts, & what they do; rejection ofuniversals (always held them against light for investigation)

Major works on: madness & reason; medical practices; discipline &punishment (the prison system); history of sexuality, ethics of care, howhuman body in health & disease became a subject of attention etc, how weregulate ourselves etc...(pioneer in queer studies...)

Post-structuralism: power, discourse & discourse analysis throughMichel Foucault


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He argues that madness in the middle ages occupied a grand and tragicplace, quite unlike what it does today. Although madness was deeply

feared, it was also regarded as a source of truth, wisdom anddissent...mad men and women...regarded as awe-inspiring individuals

gifted with strange and mystical powers... (Prasad, 2005, p. 245)

So, what changed between the middle ages and 19th century whenmadness came to be an illness?

Can you guess?

--The rise of modernism, modern medicine, rational thought: madness becameillness & a field of study

-- Same with many other regular human conditions; human body & mind became

objects of intense medical attention...

Post-structuralism through Foucault: let's see an example of hiswork...


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Google images & Toronto

Star


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Google images

-- remember that being on thewrong side of the 'norm'makes us objects ofstudy/scrutiny

--for fear of being punishedwe (often) disciplineourselves into fitting the'norm'

--flattening of differences

--this brings us to the first 'bigidea' of Foucault:normalization


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Major Foucauldian concepts 1: Panopticon

--Discipline & Punish, (1977); book on modern criminal justice system

The panopticon was an architectural form envisioned by British Utilitarian thinkerJeremy Bentham to solve the problem of monitoring prison inmates.

"A building circular... The prisoners in their cells, occupying the circumferenceTheofficers in the centre. By blinds and other contrivances, the Inspectors concealed...

from the observation of the prisoners: hence the sentiment of a sort ofomnipresenceThe whole circuit reviewable with little, or... without any, change of

place. One station in the inspection part affording the most perfect view of every cell---Bentham. Proposal for a New and Less Expensive mode of Employing &

Reforming Convicts (London, 1798).


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---Not sure when they arebeing watched, prisoners self-correct, monitor theirbehaviours...

---Panoptic power hasinvaded much ofcontemporary society

---Everyone watching

everyone; mechanism ofsocial control

---'normalization'

---disciplinary gaze that

normalizes...

Panopticon(Google images)


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His notion of a panopticon society is one in which extensive andsystematic record keeping merges with incessant surveillance toproduce a disciplinary gaze that spans across most of society. Bymaking individuals aware of the possibility of being monitored, a

panoptic society encourages them to regulate their own conduct inkeeping with desired social and institutional norms (Prasad, 2005, p.249).

E.g., Surveillance cameras, schools, home, internet, work plans, annual

reports, tax filing...

Think about why we behave according to norms handed down to us

Panoptic society...


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Google images

Panoptic society...


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Are we free subjects?


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How is this relevant tosocial work?

--Panopticon: surveillance mechanism

--As social workers we often work within/for the state (think

statutory child protection, welfare system, mental health, schooletc...)

--We are sometimes legally obligated to discipline people intofitting 'norms'

--Jobs involve intense documentation (to the extent that clientcare is compromised)


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Is social work a surveillance system? Why? Or,why not?

Something to think about...


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Major Foucauldian concepts 2: Power

--Traditional definition of power turned upside down: power

is not something to possess/have; power is not necessarilypower 'over'...

So what is power according to Foucault?How can we have it & not have it at the same time?


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Principles of Foucauldian notion of power (Sawicki, in

Healy, 2005):

--Power is a relation--Power is exercised than possessed--Power is productive; produces resistance & in turn,power again

--Power (also) comes from bottom up

How is it different from the notion of 'empowerment'?

Major Foucauldian concepts 2: Power(contd)


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Pause & think: the difference from structuralism (e.g., who

has power, who doesn't and all that)?

--Structuralism believes in roots of power/oppression,finding it & doing something about it

--Post-structuralists (influenced by Foucault) believe power

is everywhere, no definite source

--His notion of 'power/knowledge' explains it further...

Structural & Post-structural power


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Major Foucauldian concepts 3: Power/knowledge (nexus)

Power/knowledge nexus: Interdependent nature of power &

knowledge. Not separate entities.

The exercise of power is responsible for the emergence of new

objects of knowledge, while, conversely, knowledgedevelopments mediate the ways in which power is exercised

(Prasad, 2005, p. 253).

E.g., Think biomedicine & natural medicine; psychiatry &survivor movement; DSM & queer theorizing; patriarchy &feminism; feminism & Black/women of colour feminism & soon...

Cycle of power/knowledge is ongoing...


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Major Foucauldian concepts 4:Discourse

Discourse: A collection of words, practices and rules that are considered'true', 'right' etc (e.g., 'all women love to be mothers', 'Black people areviolent', 'women invite rape if they don't cover themselves', 'queer people areperverts', 'immigrants don't measure up to Canadians' etc...).

Characteristics:

--Pervasive, travels (through micro & macro practices)

--Has a history (not straightforward)

--Productive (e.g., disciplined, 'normal' subjects)

--Some dominant, some subjugated, create power and new knowledge

Examples of subjugated discourses?

Why are they subjugated?


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--Subjugated discourses are subjugated/subordinated because they donot have institutional homes. While Foucault does not answer how to dealwith this...his own works demonstrate that

--One way to forefront subjugated discourses is to historicize & namethem (what Foucault did with madness and sexuality)

--His method was Discourse Analysis

Discourse analysis:

Think how mad/sane, queer/hetero, criminal/civil, able/disabled,civilized/barbaric etc. are understood...Foucault asked:

1. Where did it come from, 2. what is sustaining it, & 3. what is itproducing.

Major Foucauldian concepts 4:Discourse (contd)


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Practice timeDiscourse analysis (with Judith Butler)

--Panopticon, power, power/knowledge & discourse are allied conceptsFoucault developed to understand the nature of modern society

--Labelled apolitical for his circular, notion of power that may make one feel

hopeless (i.e., moving in circle)

--However, very active himself in contemporary political movements

--Let's see (with Judith Butler) if discourse analysis has political potential.

Note the use of production, performance, normalization, practices,conformity, norms etc...

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bo7o2LYATDc

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qE
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bo7o2LYATDchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bo7o2LYATDchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bo7o2LYATDc


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--Critical/Structural social workers challenge the fluid notions of 'subject'& 'subjectivity' as opposed to the stable notion of 'identity': E.g., if there isno such 'identity' called 'woman' how do we do violence against womenwork?

Or, if race is all a construct what does that mean for anti-racist work?

--Post-structural social workers adopt a 'both/and' lens

--E.g., the identities we have are roots of our oppression in the first place.How can we acknowledge this & use those very identity categories toshare experience & voice concerns? E.g.?

Implications for Social Work
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qE


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--Post-structural focus on language/concepts draw

attention away from structural issues?

--Post-structural does not mean negating the influenceof structures; it means looking beyond structures,binaries

--Post-structural notion of power as relation offers amore nuanced way of looking at/working with serviceusers

Implications for Social Work
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qE


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INTRODUCING

NARRATIVE THERAPY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qE


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Narrative therapy: Four steps

Externalize the problem (i.e. bad marks)Personalize the problem, visualize and minimize

it.

Tell alternate/good storiesWhat else is happening? What are you proud of?

Build a supportive teamWho sees this other you? Who can witness this

good stuff? Thicken the threadBuild a log/box of evidence that you and your life

are more than the problem
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qE


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Doing narrative therapy

Find a partner.

Choose a problem that has been in your life for a while.

Taking turns as therapist and client, try out the steps of:

Externalizing it (naming it, visually moving it out of your life)

Telling a good story about your life that has been overshadowedby the problem.

Sharing who is on your team (who sees this other you).

Building a case (what evidence do you have of this other you?)

F db k ti
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qE


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Feedback on narrativetherapy

What was that like?

What was easier or harder about it?

Where and when might you use it?

Why is it a post approach to you?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qE


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1. On academic writing: The Technical

Sentences: No more than two major thoughts. i.e. I came to schooltoday wearing my sassy brown boots, but I forgot my shirt was oninside out.

In a formal assignment, try not to use slang (get) and contractions(i.e. dont, cant, wont).

Punctuation: Periods go afterthe page number i.e. Fook (2002)says that none of us are all good (p.223). Commas go before

conjunctions or linking words that join ideas in a sentence (i.e.

David wrote a song for his client, andhe performed it on video.)Semi-colons are way too populartry not to use as a simplecomma will often suffice.

Spelling: Please use your spell check (especially when you aretired) AND read over your work as much as possible.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qE


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On paragraphs

Think about tightening up your paragraphs andlimiting them to one major idea each (thehistory of critical social work is.).

Try to use no more than 5 sentences perparagraph to explain that major idea.

Either indent your paragraphs or add an extra

space between them
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qE


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On Referencing

If it is not your idea or your choice of word, reference it immediately.For example, For critical social workers a critique of positivism iscentral (Fook, 2002).

Direct quotes need page numbers and double quotation marks.Foucault (2000) wrote that its not that everything is bad, but it is

dangerous (p. 192).

Big or long quotes (more than a couple of sentences) need to beindented and single spaced.

APA referencing at the end is always alphabetical

Full referencing for books includes author, date, name of the text,the location and the publisher

For journals it includes, author, date, title, name of journal, volume,number and page numbers.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qE


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Pull out your first assignment and read thefirst page.what common issues did you

find?

First exercise
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How to write a better paper

Use sections in the assignment as subheadings for your paper. Thiswill help to organize your writing, thinking and research. Profs lovethis.

Under each subheading, jot down your ideas, go back to thecourse and additional texts to add in arguments, quotes, texts etc.Then write it up.

If you dont know how to find an article, go to the Ryerson library,choose indexes, then go to the social work index, type in your key

words and then read the abstracts that come up. If you are notfinding anything, play with your key words. If you are still not findinganything, find a librarian.

Think long and hard about a title that will get your profs attention.

Make the first line stand out, draw your reader in...
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0HZaPkF6qE


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More on papers

As you write, READ YOUR WORK OUT LOUD TO YOURSELF. If itdoesnt sound like you, change it.

Use I as in I think, I argue, I have found whenever appropriate(i.e. most social work courses)

When you finish a section or a draft, sleep on it and read it again inthe morning.

Add in questions that cannot be answered from time to time. Profslike these.

Always include an intro and a conclusion. The intro is a taste of

what you will focusing on and what you will not. The conclusionsummarizes your major points and leaves us with a few additionalquestions that you just did not have time or space to address.

When you are finished, print it out and read it over in natural light(preferably out loud). Find someone else to read it.
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the poststructuralist approaches lesson 2012 (1)

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