AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL BOTANIC GARDENS

The Pomaderris Garden A Handbook for Guides

Glenys Bishop, Steve Galliford, Peter Heaume, Gillian Redmond

22-May-19

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Contents 1. Introduction to Pomaderris............................................................................................................. 2

Characteristics of the Genus ............................................................................................................... 2

Distribution of the Genus .................................................................................................................... 5

2. Establishing the Pomaderris Garden ................................................................................................... 5

Background ......................................................................................................................................... 5

Aims of the Pomaderris Garden .......................................................................................................... 5

Garden Layout ..................................................................................................................................... 6

The Pomaderris Project ....................................................................................................................... 6

3. Pomaderris Evolution, Genetics and Survival ..................................................................................... 7

How does the evolution of the Rhamnaceae compare to the Gymnosperms? ................................. 8

Why is Pomaderris found only in Australia and New Zealand? .......................................................... 8

Avoiding Extinction ............................................................................................................................. 8

4. It Makes You Wonder... ...................................................................................................................... 9

5. Pomaderris in the Home Garden ...................................................................................................... 11

6. Species List ........................................................................................................................................ 11

Species Descriptions ......................................................................................................................... 11

7. Pomaderris species growing in other sections of the garden ........................................................... 22

8. Protocol for Collecting Plant Material .............................................................................................. 22

9. References ........................................................................................................................................ 23

Appendix A: Section 338 Map Species Legend ..................................................................................... 25

Appendix B: map of section 338 indicating the location of plantings .................................................. 26

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The Garden in September 2018.

1. Introduction to Pomaderris

Pomaderris is a genus in the buckthorn family, Rhamnaceae – a cosmopolitan family of

dicotyledonous plants represented in Australia, America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Worldwide there

are about 58 genera containing about 925 species. The Rhamnaceae are among the 20 largest

families of flowering plants in Australia and are represented by over 160 species in 17 genera,

including Cryptandra, Discaria and Spyridium in south-eastern Australia.

Characteristics of the Genus

Pomaderris plants are characterised by their abundant and often spectacular cream-yellow flowers

produced in spring. They are shrubs or small trees with hairy young growth.

The name of the genus comes from the Greek poma, meaning lid, and derris, meaning skin or

leather, referring to the membrane-like cover of the capsule. See Figure 1.

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Figure 1. Capsules of P. elliptica showing the “lid” of the capsule

Leaves

The leaves are simple and alternate, i.e. each leaf has a single blade and leaves are arranged in a

spiral around the stem (in contrast to leaves that are held opposite to each other on a stem). The

stipules are brown and may be shed early. See Figure 2.

Figure 2. Illustration of a simple leaf with stipule and alternate leaf arrangement.

Simple leaf with stipule Alternate leaf arrangement

Source: [25].

The undersurface of each leaf bears stellate (star-shaped) hairs or a mixture of stellate and simple

(single unbranched) hairs.

The leaf shape depends on the species. Some of the common leaf shapes in Pomaderris are shown in

Figure 3.

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Figure 3. Leaf Shapes

Elliptical

Oval in outline,

symmetrical

and widest

about the

middle (like a

squashed

circle)

Ovate or lanceolate

Shaped like a longitudinal section through

an egg and broader below the middle.

Lanceolate leaves are narrowly ovate.

Obovate

Egg-shaped,

with the

narrow end at

the base

Rhombic

An oblique four

sided shape,

broadest about

the middle, with

approximately

equal sides and

lateral obtuse

angles

Sources: [26,27]

Flowers

The inflorescence is a small cyme (pronounced ‘sime’), mainly further grouped into terminal panicles

or corymbs, sometimes in tight clusters or solitary. (In a cyme, the terminal bud forms a terminal

flower and then dies out. Other flowers then grow from lateral buds, i.e. the terminal flower is the

oldest.) See Figure 4. The flowers are small, whitish to yellow. The sepals are often reflexed (bent

sharply downwards or backwards). There are five petals but they can be absent or shed early. The

fruit is a capsule, separating into three sections each containing a seed.

Figure 4. Three types of cymes.

Cyme maturing from the

bottom

Cyme maturing from the top

Cyme maturing from the

centre

Source: [28]

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Distribution of the Genus

As at February 2019, there is a total of about 70 species of Pomaderris. In Australia there are

approximately 65 species. The occurrence is mainly in the eastern states with the majority in NSW

and Victoria and as at February 2019, there are 13 species of Pomaderris found in the ACT. They

grow in heathland, shrubland, woodland and open forest from near sea-level to about 2200 m

altitude. Some species are also found in WA, SA, Queensland and Tasmania. In general, Pomaderris

species occur in areas that have some shade.

Species diversity is centred in south-eastern Australia with pockets of high diversity along the

Murrumbidgee corridor in the ACT, the Mulloon area of Tallaganda National Park and the Mayfield

area of the Shoalhaven. Several species may co-occur in such areas. They are very responsive to fire,

showing mass germination after bushfires; and to disturbance, often colonising roadsides after

roadbanks are constructed.

The only country, beyond Australia, where they are found is New Zealand, which has 10 species. Five

are endemic, four are native plants shared with Australia, and P. aspera has naturalised after being

introduced as a garden plant from Australia.

Sources: References 4, 8, 14, 17, 21.

2. Establishing the Pomaderris Garden

Background

In May 2016, it was thought that the existing collection of the Rhamnaceae family in section 31

looked tired and overgrown. The Living Collections and Horticulture Working group decided to

renovate this garden and create a new section 338 as the Pomaderris Garden.

Aims of the Pomaderris Garden

The ANBG has several aims for the Pomaderris Garden. The first is to focus on what is significant

about Pomaderris, as a genus, its rarity and distribution and, possibly, relatives in New Zealand. The

Pomaderris Garden does not, and is not planned to, have all Australian Pomaderris species but the

initial plantings were chosen to display an interesting collection of the genus and some of its

threatened species. There are additional species in other parts of the gardens, including the

Research and Conservation Garden, 189b, and these are listed in chapter 7.

Another aim of the Pomaderris Garden is to raise public awareness of the members of this little-

known genus and to inspire gardeners to grow them. The garden endeavours to make Pomaderris

attractive and interesting, tempting the visitor with the hardiest species that will afford greater

chance of success when grown. This aim has been addressed by showcasing a number of frost-

tolerant species from south-eastern Australia including several that are rare and endangered,

namely P. bodalla, P. brunnea, P. cotoneaster, P. delicata,P. pallida, P. reperta and P. walshii.

A third aim is to inspire visitors to grow Pomaderris by a display that is representative of home

gardens. In particular, Pomaderris provides a good alternative for hedging and screening, and, seeing

this, visitors may be encouraged to replace cotoneasters in their gardens with P. walshii or P.

delicata. Plants in this garden will be lightly pruned to demonstrate their use as garden plants.

A hedge has been planted along the Pomaderris Garden boundary to screen the intrusive view of the

boundary road. A number of species have been included in this hedge and this collection will be

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developed over time. These hedge plants will be pruned as they would be in a domestic garden to

encourage fresh growth and to maintain the hedge shape. Some may even be contoured into

sculptured forms for those who enjoy topiary. While a hedge is a departure from the Living

Collections policy of plantings having an informal natural setting, it will help to inspire the public to

include Pomaderris species in their gardens.

Garden Layout

A map of Section 338 and the location of plantings is provided at the end of this handbook.

This is a garden in progress. As research continues, more species will become available and there will

be periodic updates to the plantings. The policy is not to let the space become congested. If plants

die, replacements will be available in the nursery and any surplus will be provided to the Growing

Friends for sale.

The layout highlights attributes of Pomaderris species. Each grouping of plants will contain only one

or two species, making it easier for guides and the public to identify the plants. Paths allow visitors

to get close to the plants.

The garden has several microhabitats created by the landscaping. In the lower part of the garden

there are water-harvesting depressions, which fill after rain. From there the water slowly seeps into

the very heavy subsoil, thus keeping it damp and overcoming the water repellence of the clay.

Species that like moisture can be planted near the depressions and less irrigation will be required.

Note also that when the depressions have filled with water, they can also overflow into the drain.

In general, Pomaderris species occur in areas that have some shade. Some areas of this garden have

shady periods while others are in full sun.

The Pomaderris Project

Early Work

David Taylor of the ANBG was the Principal Investigator of a three-year project, Seed biology,

cytology and production of threatened Pomaderris, following work that had already begun on

Pomaderris delicata. Collaborators included representatives from the Office of Environment and

Heritage NSW, ACT Government Conservation Research, Centre for Australian National Biodiversity

Research, University of Wollongong, The Australian Botanic Garden, Mt Annan, CSIRO and

representatives from the South East Bioregion Regional Botanic Gardens Group1. This three-year

project was scheduled to end on 31 May 2019.

The project objectives were:

1. Source, collect, and secure seed and living plant material of a minimum of five Pomaderris

species selected largely from NSW and the ACT that were threatened or likely to become

threatened in the future, in quantities suitable for both long term storage, as ex situ

collections and available for active restoration opportunities, with the materials so collected

being maintained across institutions;

1 The South East NSW Bioregion working group consists of Australian National Botanic Gardens, Wollongong

Botanic Gardens, Booderee Botanic Gardens, Eurobodalla Regional Botanic Gardens, Australian Botanic Gardens Mt Annan, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, Illawarra Grevillea Park

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2. Enhance the methodology used to establish production areas and translocation programs by

investigating the biological traits (seed germination and cytology) that may affect the

reproductive success of Pomaderris species in the wild or in cultivation;

3. Produce threatened and at-risk Pomaderris plant material ready for translocation.

The Role of the ANBG Nursery in this Project

Collection from the wild was the first phase. Cuttings of Pomaderris delicata were taken in 2014

after attempts to collect seed in the field for propagation were unsuccessful because wild seeds

were rare and not viable [6].

The second phase entailed growing many plants of the same species together and collecting the

seeds produced. This is called a seed orchard. A seed orchard for Pomaderris delicata was

established in ANBG section 189a, which is caged.

In contrast to the collections from the wild, the plants in the seed orchard produced lots of seed and

it was planned that some of these would be used for translocation. A pilot seed orchard, with no

controls on cross-pollination, produced about 200,000 seeds whereas only about 100 seeds were

able to be collected from the wild. A trial translocation of some plants grown from seeds from the

orchard was made to the P. delicata population in the roadside verge on Cullulla Road west of

Nerriga. These translocated plants were growing well in late 2018 and the nursery planned to collect

further seeds and cuttings from them.

In May 2015, staff from the partnership agencies and local volunteers planted out over 500

additional shrubs near Tarago and Goulburn with the aim of improving the viability of the

populations at both sites [16].

In 2018, a further development was planned to use bee pollination in screen-meshed tents to

prevent cross-pollination and hybridisation. More information about hybridisation, and why it is

sometimes undesirable, is in chapter 3 of this handbook.

When collecting seeds or cuttings from the wild, it is important to identify suitable population

sources and ensure that any plants and seeds propagated from them have traceable links to

parentage for future research and use in species recovery. The protocol for collection is discussed in

chapter 8 of this handbook.

3. Pomaderris Evolution, Genetics and Survival

Pomaderris is a genus of flowering plants within the family Rhamnaceae. The Rhamnaceae first

evolved when Gondwana began to break up. The climate of Gondwana was very moist and cool. As

the parts of Gondwana broke off and drifted north the climate became drier and warmer. This

meant that only plants that could adapt to this changing environment would persist, a case of

“survival of the fittest”.

Those plants on the Australasian continent evolved into what we now know as several genera,

including Pomaderris. On the North American continent evolution took different paths and other

variants of the family evolved. On both continents some species have dwindling populations and

restricted distributions, compromising their long term survival; evolution continues.

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How does the evolution of the Rhamnaceae compare to the Gymnosperms?

The gymnosperms , such as the Araucariaceae, evolved long before the flowering plants and were

well established before Gondwana broke up. They provide a comprehensive fossil record over a

longer period of time than the more recently evolved flowering plants. Those fossils and surviving

species are evidence for the theory of continental drift. The Rhamnaceae (as part of the flowering

plants) originated sometime after the gymnosperms.

Why is Pomaderris found only in Australia and New Zealand?

The Rhamnaceae family originated as Gondwana broke up. The family was fragmented early in its

evolution. Once the genus Pomaderris evolved, and continental drift progressed, the Australian

environment became less tropical and much drier. The species with a wider range of climate

tolerance are now present in diverse habitats, while others are rare and have narrower ranges.

For all plants, not just Pomaderris, there is a catch to survival. Adaptation to a specific environment

can mean a narrowing of the genotypes; all individuals tend to be similar. They may no longer

possess the genetic ability to respond to subsequent changes in their environment. This amounts to

an evolutionary cul-de-sac. A changed environment may be inhospitable to the existing plants. It

would appear that this is happening to some of the rare Pomaderris species.

Work at the CSIRO up to 2018 has provided new insights into the genetics of Pomaderris. While most

plants and animals have two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, many species of

Pomaderris appear to have three or more sets of chromosomes. This is called polyploidy. The CSIRO

research indicates that some polyploid species of Pomaderris produce embryos asexually, meaning

offspring may be genetically identical. This strategy ensures that plants remain ideally suited for

present conditions but may make them vulnerable as conditions change, because they lack the

diversity to adapt.

Not all the Pomaderris species are rare and endangered. Perhaps these species have a more diverse

genetic make-up and so are not in a comparable evolutionary cul-de-sac.

Avoiding Extinction

So, what are the issues when collecting rare plants to help avoid extinction? How best to mess with

Nature!

As some species of Pomaderris are rare in the wild, botanists, seedbanks and horticulturists collect

and propagate them as an insurance policy against extinction. Collection from the wild follows

protocols to address issues to do with protecting and documenting genetic diversity.

The genotype of a plant determines its structure and function. A single characteristic may have

several forms (e.g. tall or short) and this is controlled, in part, by different alternative genes for a

given characteristic. Environmental factors also play a part.

Variation between plants is important, because some “versions” (phenotypes) of plants survive

better than others, especially when the environment changes. This is part of the mechanism of

evolution.

When plants are collected from the wild it is important to sample the entire genetic diversity of a

population and collect as many different phenotypes as possible. Protocols guide best practice.

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The collection of seeds is the ideal way to capture genetic diversity. Embryos are usually formed

sexually so genes have been mixed when the pollen and ovules combined. It is even better if the

seeds come from plants that have been cross-pollinated, i.e. the seeds have different parents.

However not all plants in the wild produce viable seeds.

If seeds cannot be collected, the alternative is to propagate from cuttings. All the plants grown this

way are genetically identical to the parent plants. This may be desirable as it gives predictable results

(e.g. for Canberra street trees or for a favourite orchid) but not when future-proofing a species

against extinction. Thus cuttings should be collected from many different plants, not just from a

couple of plants. The protocols ensure collections are as diverse as possible.

Once the cuttings are growing it may be possible to cross-pollinate and mix the different characters

of the species to recreate a diverse population; a step towards ensuring the survival of the species.

Some cuttings of Pomaderris species growing at the ANBG in 2018 were in “orchards” where, it is

hoped, they will produce viable seed.

Another advantage of seed over cuttings is they may be “banked” for long-term storage.

4. It Makes You Wonder... Stories may make it easier for visitors to engage with Pomaderris. These can compensate for the

plants’ lack of visual impact. They also provides an opportunity to explain more about the work of

the Gardens to propagate and conserve rare or endangered plants. Of course, telling stories about

the work on rare and endangered plants can be told anywhere in the gardens.

Here are some topics people may find engaging:

1. Why do some species of Pomaderris become rare?

A new climate may be hostile for that plant. The ancestors of present-day Pomaderris

species evolved before the break-up of Gondwana and travelled with the Australasian

continent as it drifted and became drier, a change from when the climate was more

tropical/moist. Species may have a limitations on their capacity to adapt to the changed

environment.

Land may be cleared which can lead to local extinction if the species has a restricted

distribution.

Fires: more frequent fire or less frequent fire, and intensity of fires may have an impact.

Insect pollinators of the species may be eliminated from their environment or may no longer

be present during flowering (as can happen in a changing climate).

Animals may graze the plants.

Fungal infections in the soil may affect the health of the plants.

2. Why is the Australian National Botanic Gardens trying to prevent extinctions?

It is part of the Gardens’ mission.

Plants can be useful to humans (they are often the source of useful chemicals, such as

aspirin from willows); plants saved from extinction may prove useful in the future.

The work done on one species will provide valuable experience and new knowledge. This

may ultimately be of benefit in unexpected ways, just as the space industry has had spin-offs

in useful non-space applications.

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Plants that are vulnerable to extinction may be useful indicators of shifts in climatic patterns.

Effects on their small populations will be easily observed. They can be thought of as the

canary in the coal mine.

3. Why have hairy leaves?

Pomaderris have hairs on their leaves, particularly on the lower surface. The hairs vary in

shape. Some are single hairs, others branch to form star shapes (so-called stellate hairs). The

hairs on Pomaderris are useful characters in species identification. The lower surface of

leaves have small openings (stomata) to take in carbon dioxide from the air. Plants use the

carbon dioxide to make sugar using the sun’s energy. When it is hot or windy, leaves will also

lose water through those stomata. That can dry the plant out and make it difficult to survive

dry periods.

Having hairs is like a coat; it helps to shade and insulate the leaf surface and so there is less

water loss. Various species of plants growing in hot or dry climates have hairs to reduce

water loss from the leaves. It can be said that the “hairs are an adaptation to minimise water

loss”.

Fallen leaves can be examined under the adjustable microscope in the Visitor Information

Centre to show the hairs.

4. What is the advantage of polyploidy?

Most plants have two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent.

When a plant reproduces sexually it results in a mixture of genetic material in the offspring.

In this way, new plants can differ from their parents.

Those plants that have different mixes of characteristics may have a greater chance of

survival. Hence the saying “survival of the fittest”.

However, plants in very demanding environments may have a combination of genes

optimised for survival. Variation may produce weaker offspring, which may not survive.

Variation may be undesirable.

We know that some Pomaderris species (and other plants) have produced offspring with

three or more sets of chromosomes. This is called polyploidy.

Polyploidy is a topic in itself (see Chapter 3). However, suffice to say, polyploidy can make it

difficult to mix and match genes to create variation. This can be an advantage if there is a

need to “lock in” a particular set of characteristics for a very narrow niche in the

environment. It is thought this is why some Pomaderris populations have remarkably

uniform genetic compositions.

Uniform genetic make-up means all progeny from the parent plants are ideally suited for the

demands of surviving in their narrow environmental niche.

If that niche changes in some way it is possible the Pomaderris species will lack a winning

new combination of characteristics and then they risk extinction. They are in an evolutionary

cul-de-sac.

Some Pomaderris species have ended up in this predicament.

Interestingly, some related genera in Rhamnaceae found in North America are in a similar

predicament.

The ANBG project to propagate rare and endangered plants takes this scenario into account

as it collects plants and attempts to propagate them.

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5. Pomaderris in the Home Garden

Home gardens along the coast and mountains of south eastern Australia are within the range of

many of the naturally occurring Pomaderris species and so plantings may be successful. Beyond

those regions more careful selection of plants may be necessary. Pomaderris species and advice can

be obtained from specialist nurseries. Pomaderris are useful for growing in shaded sites, especially

beneath established trees. Most species respond well to pruning from an early age and can be

formed into hedges.

Pomaderris generally prefer acidic soils and like to be in moist conditions year-round when young.

Established plants will tolerate extended dry periods. Most species will survive light frost while some

species are hardier and will tolerate heavy frosts. Pomaderris aspera, P. elliptica and P. ferruginea

are some of the frost-hardier species.

Pomaderris respond well to light applications of native (low phosphorus) fertiliser, but too much

fertiliser may result in the growth of foliage at the expense of roots, resulting in unstable plants.

Little is needed in terms of pest control; pests and diseases rarely cause problems.

Pomaderris may be cultivated from seeds or cuttings. Success has been achieved by heating seed to

150 degrees for 10 minutes before planting and also from immersing seed in boiling water for 15

seconds before planting. When collecting cuttings, the best strike rate results from firm young

growth. If the cuttings are too soft the plant tends to wilt and is not recoverable.

A comprehensive description of the cultivation of Pomaderris species can be found in [12].

6. Species List

Species Descriptions

The following species have all been planted in section 338. The first seven are rare species that are

part of the Pomaderris Project (see chapter 2). The remaining 17 are in alphabetical order.

A complete numbered list of references is shown in chapter 9.

Most of the material for the species in this chapter was compiled from references 8, 15, 17 but

where other sources were used they are indicated by the numbers in [ ].

1. Pomaderris bodalla

Pomaderris Project Plant

Conservation Status

Commonwealth: not listed, NSW: Vulnerable

Name Details

Meaning: Bodalla is a small town on the south coast of NSW in the shire of Eurobodalla, in an area

where this plant is found.

Common Name: Bodalla Pomaderris

Form of Plant

Bodalla Pomaderris is a shrub 2–4 m high. The young stems have spreading rusty simple hairs and

dense greyish star-shaped hairs. The leaves are elliptic, broad-elliptic, broad-obovate to rhombic,

mostly 2-3 cm long and 12-15 mm wide. The upper leaf surface is dark green with no hairs and the

lower surface has sparse spreading rusty hairs above short greyish star-shaped hairs. The flowers are

cream and held in loose, irregular clusters.

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Distribution

Bodalla Pomaderris is endemic to NSW and is currently known to occur on the south coast between

Bodalla and Merimbula, and in the upper Hunter Valley near Muswellbrook. There are ten

populations of Bodalla Pomaderris currently known, and a further two imprecisely described

locations from which the species was collected approximately 40 years ago. The majority of

populations are small, with seven of the populations having estimated sizes of less than a hundred

plants. All populations have locally restricted distributions. The largest known population is in

Wollemi National Park and is unlikely to include more than one thousand plants. Bodalla Pomaderris

is in the conservation reserves of Kooraban National Park on the south coast, and in Wollemi

National Park and Wingen Maid Nature Reserve in the north of its range. Other populations on the

south coast are located in State Forests and on private land. More research is required to locate new

populations. [Information current on 1 Dec 2017.]

Habitat

On the south coast Pomaderris bodalla occurs in moist open forest along sheltered gullies or

along stream banks. In the upper Hunter Valley, it occurs in open forest or woodland on open

slopes.

Miscellaneous

There is a video on the collection of cuttings of P. bodalla at Merimbula. See [1 and 2].

Threats [ 15a]:

Two populations are at immediate risk from road maintenance activities and residential

development.

Cool burns kill juvenile plants and are not hot enough to stimulate seed germination.

Two populations on private land are accessible to livestock and may be threatened by

trampling, grazing or small-scale clearing activities.

All populations may be threatened if fires recur at high frequencies in their habitat, which

may result in death of standing plants and depletion of seed banks.

Disturbance associated with logging operations on State Forest or private land may also be a

threat to some populations of the species.

Several populations of P. bodalla are small and therefore subject to declines or extinction

related to random events.

2. Pomaderris brunnea

Pomaderris Project Plant

Conservation Status

Commonwealth: Vulnerable, NSW: Endangered

Name Details

Meaning: from the Latin ‘brunneus’ meaning brown.

Common Name: Brown or Rufous Pomaderris

Form of Plant

Grows up to 3 m tall with distinctively hairy stems, long and brownish over a thick white hairy

undercoat. The leaves are up to 4 cm long and 1.5 cm wide with toothed margins. Upper surface is

hairless, the lower surface densely hairy like the stem. Small yellowish flowers have no petals and

form dense clusters at the ends of the branches.

Distribution

Found in limited area around Colo, Nepean and Hawkesbury rivers including Bargo area and near

Camden, also on New England tablelands near Walcha and in far eastern Gippsland in Victoria.

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Habitat

Occurs in moist woodland or forest on clay and alluvial soils of flood plains and creek lines.

3. Pomaderris cotoneaster

Pomaderris Project Plant

Conservation Status

Commonwealth: Endangered, NSW: Endangered

Name Details

Meaning: from the Latin ‘cotoneum’ meaning quince + ‘aster’ meaning resembling.

Common Name: Cotoneaster Pomaderris

Form of Plant

Shrub to 4 m. Leaves are similar in shape to those of the genus Cotoneaster, including an occasional

indent at the leaf tip. Another feature of P. cotoneaster is its hairs. They are white and star-shaped

and easily seen on new growth and the underside of leaves. Flowers are cream and appear in

October and November.

Distribution

NSW, western slopes and near the coast in south eastern NSW. Limited dsitribution in Victoria

(Genoa River). NSW has four management sites to try to preserve the species. They are:

Goobarragandra River (east of Tumut); Badgerys Lookout (Tallong); Bungonia National Park;

Tantawangalo Creek (Bega Valley).

Habitat

Pomaderris cotoneaster has been found in a range of habitats: forests in deep friable soil, amongst

rocks beside a creek, in steep gullies between sandstone cliffs.

Population sizes range from a few plants to several hundred and it is not obvious why they grow

where they do; local habitats vary but do not seem to influence the plants.

4. Pomaderris delicata

Pomaderris Project Plant

Conservation Status

Commonwealth: Critically Endangered, NSW: Critically Endangered

Name Details

Meaning: from the Latin ‘delicatus’ meaning dainty, charming.

Common Name: Delicate Pomaderris

Form of Plant

A shrub 1–2 m tall. Its leaves are elliptical (to 3 cm long and 1.5 cm wide). The undersurfaces of

leaves are covered with grey star-shaped hairs and a few simple hairs on the veins. The flowers

appear in spring, are golden yellow, and have petals (unlike some other Pomaderris species).

Distribution

This species is protected in Pomaderris Nature Reserve on Mountain Ash Drive to the east of

Goulburn. It also occurs in the roadside verge on Cullulla Road and in Nadgigomar Reserve (both to

the west of Nerriga). The last is a translocation site. [15 c and 15 d]

Habitat

At known sites, the Delicate Pomaderris grows in dry open forest dominated by Eucalyptus sieberi

with a dense she-oak understorey. Soils are shallow and derived from sandstone and siltstone.

Miscellaneous

This plant is Critically Endangered and threats include [ 15 b]:

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Habitat disturbance during road and infrastructure construction and maintenance.

As the area occupied by Delicate Pomaderris is so small, it is potentially threatened by any

disturbance.

The response of Delicate Pomaderris to fire and other disturbance is unknown.

Clearing of understorey may affect populations on private land.

There is potential for incursions from cattle, sheep, feral goats and various weeds from

private lands adjacent to suitable habitat.

A targeted strategy for managing this species has been developed under the NSW Office of

Environment & Heritage Saving Our Species program.

ANBG

For an interesting comment about this species, see The Pomaderris Project section in

chapter 2.

5. Pomaderris pallida

Pomaderris Project Plant

Conservation Status

Commonwealth: Vulnerable, NSW: Vulnerable

Name Details

Meaning: from the Latin ‘pallidus’ meaning pale.

Common Name: Pale Pomaderris

Form of Plant

Shrub 1–1.5 m high, narrow oblong leaves. Stellate hairs on the underside of the leaves are visible

under magnification; flowers pale yellow, no petals; protruding stamens.

Flowers September to December.

Distribution

Found along the Murrumbidgee near Canberra, various sites in ACT and possibly other sites to north

and south of ACT. [13, 29]

May occur in Victoria. [9]

Habitat

Found at numerous small sites along the elevated parts of river banks and very steep upper slopes

and cliffs of river valleys at 480–600 m above sea level

Miscellaneous

Probably does not have horticultural appeal. [9]

6. Pomaderris reperta

Pomaderris Project Plant

Conservation Status

Commonwealth: Critically Endangered, NSW: Critically Endangered

Name Details

Meaning: from the Latin ‘repertus’ meaning rediscovered (so named because it was first described

after a successful targeted search for the plants near Denman).

Common Name: Denman Pomaderris. Denman is on the Golden Highway between Muswellbrook

and Dubbo in the upper Hunter Valley.

Form of Plant

Shrub to 3 m with very hairy young stems. Leaves to 35 mm long and 20 mm wide.

Distribution

15

Recorded from a small number of sites along a single ridgeline near Denman in the upper Hunter

Valley.

Habitat

Woodlands in association with Eucalyptus species in sandy loam soils on sandstone or conglomerate.

Miscellaneous

This plant is Critically Endangered and threats include [ 15 e]:

A limited distribution and small total population size place the species at risk from demographic and environmental uncertainties, and natural catastrophes (e.g. fire).

Information on where the species occurs and relevant threatening processes is limiting its management at some locations.

7. Pomaderris walshii

Pomaderris Project Plant

Conservation Status

Commonwealth: Not listed, NSW: Critically Endangered

Name Details

Meaning: walshii after the botanist Neville Walsh, a prominent Pomaderris researcher from the

Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria.

Common Name: Carrington Falls Pomaderris

Form of Plant

Shrub or small tree up to 3 m. Leaves oval with pointy tip. Undersurface of leaves covered with

white hairs mixed with other rusty hairs. Mix of simple and stellate hairs.

Flowers cream to yellow in clusters of 100–200 from July to November

Distribution

Very restricted. Upper catchment of the Kangaroo River, near Robertson, above Carrington Falls,

NSW. There may be only about 40 plants in the wild.

Habitat

Near river in scrubland and open grassy forest. In association with Callicoma serratifolia,

Ceratopetalum apetalum, Grevillea rivularis, Eucalyptus fastigata.

Miscellaneous

Gardening Australia video about this species. [3]

Being cultivated at the Wollongong Botanic Garden.

Has been collected from Budderoo National Park near Robertson.

Most collections made when in flower.

See [15f] for threats

The following species are not part of the Pomaderris Research Project.

8. Pomaderris andromedifolia

Name Details

Meaning: Andromeda is the genus name for the northern hemisphere Bog Rosemary; folia is Latin

for leaves. The name refers to a perceived similarity between the leaves of this species and those of

the genus Andromeda.

Common Name: Andromeda Pomaderris

Form of Plant

Shrub 1–2 m. Leaves of variable shape and 1–5 cm long.

Distribution

16

Along the eastern side of Great Dividing Range Vic to Qld, including the ACT. [10]

Habitat

Widespread, in open forest especially along the escarpment in NSW.

9. Pomaderris aspera

Name Details

Meaning: from the Latin ‘asper’ meaning rough.

Common Name: Hazel Pomaderris, since its leaves and seeds resemble the European Hazel plant.

Form of Plant

Plant can grow as tall as 12 m.

Has rusty hairy new growth with large soft elliptic to lanceolate leaves with deeply-impressed veins;

dark green above, paler below.

Cream flowers appearing October to December, in large terminal bunches, lacking petals, hairy on

the outside.

Bark takes on interesting markings as lichens colonise it.

Distribution

Common throughout eastern ranges in forests on moister slopes in the ACT, NSW and Vic.

Habitat

Forests on moister slopes.

Aboriginal Uses

Aboriginal peoples used the wood for pegs for stretching skins.

Miscellaneous

Not especially good for attracting birds but provides food for caterpillars.

10. Pomaderris aurea

Name Details

Meaning: from the Latin ‘aureus’ meaning golden.

Common Name: Golden Pomaderris

Form of Plant

Compact shrub, 0.5–2 m. Leaves are elliptic to ovate and up to 30mm long, dark green on top. Silver

and rust coloured hairs coat the underside of leaves. Flowers golden yellow, September–October.

Distribution

Pomaderris aurea occurs mainly in eastern Victoria extending slightly into southeastern NSW.

Habitat

Scattered and dryish foothill forests and heathy woodlands ascending into wetter montane forests.

Miscellaneous

A photograph of Pomaderris aurea is shown on the front cover of the ANBG Living Collection Policy

2016 – 2022 (identified as Pomaderris humilis, a synonym).

11. Pomaderris. betulina subsp. betulina

Name Details

Meaning: from Betula, the generic name for Birch species.

Common Name: Birch Pomaderris

Form of Plant

A spreading, sometimes diffuse shrub up to 1 m high.

The upper surface of the leaves is glabrous (hairless) or sparsely hispid (bristly hairs); the

undersurface has prominent rusty star-shaped hairs. Leaves ovate to obovate or oblong, 10–20 mm

17

long, 4–7 mm wide. Flowers in compact terminal panicles. The floral tube and sepals have long, soft

hairs. Young branches are closely covered with short soft hairs which are only slightly brownish. It

flowers in spring.

Distribution

There are two subspecies. Pomaderris betulina. subsp. betulina occurs in eastern inland Victoria,

eastern NSW (where it grows chiefly in the ranges south from Torrington), and into southeastern

Qld. The second subspecies, P. betulina subsp. actensis, is restricted to rocky valleys of the ACT and

bordering parts of NSW.

The main differences between the two subspecies are that subsp. betulina sepals are shorter, the

secondary veins on the upper surface of the leaves are much more strongly impressed and the leaf

margins are more distinctly recurved than subsp. actensis. [22a]

Habitat

Open forest, woodland or shrubland; often in damp places.

12. Pomaderris cinerea

Name Details

Meaning: from the Latin ‘cinereus’ meaning ashen.

Common Name: Grey Pomaderris

Form of Plant

Small tree up to 5 m high or smaller shrub. Leaves 2–5 cm. Flowers in summer.

Distribution

South of Moruya, possibly into Vic.

Collected at Mount Imlay, NSW.

Habitat

Moist forests

13. Pomaderris elachophylla

Name Details

Meaning: from the Greek ‘elacho’ meaning small, short, and ‘phyllon’ meaning leaf.

Common Name: Lacy Pomaderris or Small-leaf Pomaderris

Form of Plant

Pomaderris elachophylla is a twiggy shrub up to 3 m tall with small round leaves about 5 mm long.

Flowers are small and cream-coloured, borne near the ends of branches in November and

December, without petals but with long stamens. The branches are densely covered with rusty star-

shaped hairs.

Distribution

This species is more coastal than P. cotoneaster, occurring towards the south of NSW. It also occurs

through central and coastal Victoria and in Tasmania.

Habitat

Pomaderris elachophylla is known to occur in dry sclerophyll forests of the NSW southern tablelands,

subalpine woodlands such as near Michelago and wet sclerophyll forests on southern escarpments,

such as Brown Mountain.

Miscellaneous

Listed as Endangered in NSW but no status listed by the Commonwealth.

14. Pomaderris elliptica

Name Details

18

Meaning: elliptica is derived from the Latin ‘ellipsis’, elliptical, referring to the shape of the leaves.

Common name: Smooth Pomaderris

Form of Plant

Tall erect or rounded shrub with densely creamy hairy branchlets, 1.5–4 m tall, 1–3 m wide. Mid

green ovate to elliptic leaves 3–9 cm x 15–45 mm, smooth on top, fine whitish mat of short star-

shaped hairs below; tip pointed or blunt, margins wavy; pale yellow flower clusters are

hemispherical or pyramidal up to 12 cm across, i.e. they form a corymb, held above the foliage. This

species is closely related to P. discolor but distinguished by the flat to wavy (not recurved) leaf

margins and the larger, brighter yellow flowers; more common than P. discolor. [8, 17, 24a]

Distribution

Widespread in open forest on the coast and tablelands south from Taree, and west to Rylstone in

NSW. From the NSW border to west of Port Philip Bay in Victoria and widespread in Tas.

Habitat

Sclerophyll forest.

Miscellaneous

Pomaderris multiflora is a synonym

15. Pomaderris eriocephala

Name Details

Meaning: Specific name is from the Greek ‘erio’ meaning woolly, and ‘cephalos’ meaning head.

Common Name: Woolly-headed Pomaderris

Form of Plant

Small to medium shrub with spreading habit 1–3 m tall with rusty young growth, leaves are elliptic

to almost round, 1.5–4 cm long, flattish, dark green with short stiff hairs above, underside greyish

with soft simple hairs. Flowers small, often profuse, petals narrow or absent.

Distribution

This plant is found from north-eastern NSW to eastern Victoria, (including the ACT, Namadgi etc.) at

300–870 m altitude.

Habitat

Open forest and woodland growing in rocky, shallow soils, often associated with waterways.

16. Pomaderris ferruginea

Name Details

Meaning: Species name from the Latin ‘ferrugineus’ meaning rust-coloured.

Common Name: Rusty Pomaderris

Form of Plant

Shrub or small tree up to 4 m high. Flowers late winter into spring. Flowers cream.

Distribution

Eastern Australian coast and coastal Vic.

Habitat

Open sclerophyll forests and stream banks.

Miscellaneous

Host plant for the Yellow Jewel Butterfly.

17. Pomaderris helianthemifolia subsp. hispida

Name Details

19

Meaning: Helianthemum is genus of northern hemisphere plants with saucer-shaped flowers; folia is

Latin for leaves. The species name helianthemifolia refers to a perceived resemblance between the

leaves of this plant and those of members of the genus Helianthemum.

The subspecies name is from the Latin hispidus, meaning “with stiff coarse hairs or bristles”. Plants

of this subspecies are described as having a hispid upper leaf surface.

Common Name: Blunt-leaf Pomaderris

Form of Plant

Small shrub to about 2 m. Flowers cream or yellow, appearing in October November. Leaves are

narrow, up to 45 mm long but only up to 10 mm wide.

Distribution

NSW and Vic. In Vic most sites are on the NSW border with a few others in Gippsland. In NSW it is

known in the northern tablelands, southern tablelands and the south west slopes. Pomaderris

helianthemifolia subsp. hispida is one of three known subspecies of P. helianthemifolia, all of which

occur in Victoria. Only this subspecies occurs in NSW.

Habitat

Scattered rocky sites mostly near watercourses.

Miscellaneous

Listed as rare in Vic.

One of many Australian native plants whose existence are threatened by the impact of deer in

NSW alpine regions.

18. Pomaderris intermedia

Name Details

Meaning: Species name from the Latin intermedius, to intervene, a term not explained in the original

publication.

Common Name: Lemon Dogwood

Form of Plant

Grows up to 3 m high, spreading to 2 m wide.

Distribution

Open forests of east coast and ranges of northern NSW & through woodlands and heaths of

southern-central Vic. Also, harder to find, in north-east Tas & Bass Strait islands. It occurs extensively

on the higher slopes of Black Mountain.

Habitat

Open forests, woodlands and heaths.

Miscellaneous

First grown in England in 1825.

19. Pomaderris paniculosa subsp. paralia

Name Details

Meaning: paniculosa means in panicles, referring to the flowers.

Common Name: Shining Dogwood, Shining Coast Pomaderris, Coast Pomaderris

Form of Plant

Compact but much-branched shrub, to 2 m tall, leaves rather thick, undersurface & leaf margins

covered by hairs, upper surface hairless & shining.

Once regarded as part of coastal Bassian Dogwood (Pomaderris oraria subsp. oraria), from which it is

distinguished by its hairless upper leaf surface.

20

Distribution

Along most of the coastline of Vic, also northeastern Tas (rare), King Island and Flinders Island, along

the SA coast from Ceduna to Mt Gambier, including Kangaroo Island, and near Esperance in WA.

Habitat

Coastal dunes, cliffs & estuary shorelines.

Miscellaneous

Rare – protected under the Threatened Species Protection Act, Tasmania 1995. [ 18, 19, 23]

20. Pomaderris pauciflora

Name Details

Meaning: ‘pauci’ Latin for ‘few’ or ‘sparse’, ‘flora’ Latin for flower, in reference to the relatively few-

flowered inflorescences.

Common Name: Mountain Pomaderris

Form of Plant

Shrub 1–3 m high. Leaves narrow-elliptic to obovate, 5–20 mm long, 2–8 mm wide. Simple or stellate

hairs on the undersurface of the leaves result in a grey appearance. Cream flowers.

Distribution

East Gippsland and the Snowy Mountains/Great Dividing Range [8]. Habitat

Riparian habitats.

Miscellaneous

Status is rare in Victoria.

21. Pomaderris phylicifolia subsp. ericoides

Name Details

The species name from ‘phylica’, a South African shrub and ‘folia’, leaf.

The name of the subspecies is derived from the Greek ‘ereike’ meaning heather or heath and ‘oides’

meaning similar to, i.e. looks like heath.

Common Name: Revolute Narrow-leaf Dogwood, Narrow-leaf Pomaderris

Form of Plant

Small, fine-leaved shrub. May grow to 2 m. Leaves are up to 1.25 mm wide and up to 8 mm long. The

edges of the leaves are rolled towards the underside. The upper surface is rough to touch with an

indented midrib. Flowers are yellow and occur in late spring.

Distribution

East and north coasts of Tas, eastern Vic and in NSW mainly in south eastern regions with some

outliers to the north. There are two subspecies of P. phylicifolia: subspecies ericoides and subspecies

phylicifolia. Generally subsp. ericoides occurs at higher altitudes than subsp. phylicifolia but they do

co-occur in some locations. The two subspecies also have different leaves, subsp. phylicifolia having

leaves longer (8–15 mm) and wider (1–6 mm). The lower part of the leaf blade is obscured by the

rolling under of the leaf margins in subsp. ericoides but not in subsp. phylicifolia. [19]

Habitat

This plant is a naturally short-lived, early coloniser of disturbed areas [14, 19].

Miscellaneous

Insects are the most likely pollination vector for this species (A. Hingston pers. comm.)

22. Pomaderris prunifolia var. prunifolia

Name Details

21

Meaning: prunifolia from the Latin prunus, plum, and folia, leaf, referreing to a perceived similarity

of leaves of this species to those of plum trees.

Common Name: Plum-leaf or Prunus Pomaderris

Form of Plant

Open rounded shrub, 1–4 m, with coarse rusty hairs covering branchlets. Rough dark green ovate to

oblong leaves, 12-80mm x 7-35mm, veins impressed, hairless to few hairs above, whitish below with

few long rusty hairs on veins, margins with slight depressions or teeth. Axillary or terminal clusters of

cream to yellow flowers to 8cm long, outer hairs rusty, both small and star-shaped and longer and

simple. Petals absent.

Distribution

Through eastern Australia, mainly east of the Dividing Range, from Stanthorpe in southeastern Qld,

south to the Grampians in western Vic. There are currently two recognised varieties of P. prunifolia:

var. prunifolia in Australia and var. edgerlyi, a prostrate shrub endemic to New Zealand [5].

Habitat

Moist well drained to drier shallow, rocky soils in dryish woodlands near to watercourses. Partial to

dappled shade.

[7, 17, 22b,24b]

23. Pomaderris racemosa

Name Details

Meaning: From Latin, racemosus, clustered or clustering, referring to the arrangement of the flowers

in racemes.

Common Name: Slender Pomaderris

Form of Plant

A shrub or sparsely branching small tree 2–5 m, with greyish or rusty hairy young growth, branches

spreading to erect, leaves smallish, thin, ovate, dark green above, pale greenish beneath. Flowers

yellow, in small racemes in axils on small branchlets, petals absent, sepals deciduous.

Distribution

Southern Vic, central and eastern Tas, and far southeastern SA.

Habitat

Moist forest and shrubland, often near watercourses at 30–850m altitude. [11, 12, 22]

24. Pomaderris velutina

Name Details

Meaning: Species name from the Latin ‘velutinus’, meaning velvety, in reference to the leaves.

Common Name: Velvety Pomaderris

Form of Plant

Small to medium shrub 1–3 m tall with greyish hairs and longer rusty hairs on young growth,

branches spreading to erect, branchlets densely hairy with long rusty hairs, leaves ovate, mid-green

and faintly velvety above, densely hairy below with longer rusty hairs. Flowers small, greyish in bud,

opening yellow, profuse and very conspicuous, petals present.

Distribution

South-eastern NSW and eastern Vic at 240–1000 m.

Habitat

Rocky sites beside waterways, in shrubland, woodland and open forest. [12]

22

7. Pomaderris species growing in other sections of the garden (not 338 or 189a)

If you are interested in what Pomaderris plants look like after several years’ growth then looking in

other parts of the ANBG can be illuminating. You can locate many plants within the Gardens using

Find A Plant: https://www.anbg.gov.au/fap.

The following table includes some of those plants; the plants from the Pomaderris Project are listed

first. This list is not comprehensive and was accurate in July 2018.

SPECIES SECTION NOTES

P. brunnea 191d,

189a

Pomaderris Project Plant. At least nine plants that are 4–5

m high in 191d. In 189a there are several plants that are 5

m high.

P. delicata 189a Pomaderris Project Plant. Several growing in an “orchard”,

about 50 cm high.

P. pallida 99,38 Pomaderris Project Plant. Several mature plants in section

38 about 1 m high.

P. andromedifolia 85 Plant 3 m high

P. eriocephala 175 Large specimen south side of section.

P. ferruginea 191q One very large plant 4–5 m high.

P. helianthemifolia 123, 128 Large spreading plant 1.5 m high.

P. intermedia 225, 166,

164

P. intermedia occurs naturally on Black Mountain. It occurs

in various sections of the Gardens in addition to these.

P. oraria 99 Spreading plant.

P. paniculosa 123 Several 2.5 m high.

P. phylicifolia 41, 4 One large spreading. 2 m high in 41. In section 4 there are

three plants growing in a very shaded section, 50 cm high.

P. racemosa 105 3 plants 3 m high.

P. velutina 126,53 Interesting to contrast these two plants as they show the

way habitat can influence growth.

There are other specimens and further species but be aware that several of the older specimens are

unlabelled and may be difficult to spot until you become familiar with the genus.

8. Protocol for Collecting Plant Material

The South East NSW Bioregion working group has pioneered much of the development, trial and

initial implementation of a method for collecting plant material from populations of threatened

plants.

It is critically important to be able to link ex situ individuals, e.g. those grown in the nursery, to

parentage or wild origin which identifies the population source and potential genetic diversity

available for research, plant production, seed orcharding and options for translocation or landscape

enhancement.

23

The Pomaderris Project is an example of a conservation project that requires adequate

representation of the genetic diversity found in the wild populations. The collection protocol enables

control of the genotypes when augmenting, re-establishing or translocating species in the wild.

The three key aims of the protocol that has been developed are standardising collection methods,

capturing key information and ensuring lineages are retained from sourced wild material. Two key

components of the protocol are:

The field collecting and sampling method has to consider the number and size of plants in

each population;

Each genotype collected needs to be traceable from the propagation and production phase

through to translocation readiness.

The protocol consists of a checklist, instructions for collecting and labelling vegetative material and

also seeds, advice about timing and frequency of collecting, and a detailed example of a field book

entry.

Material in this chapter was obtained from:

The South East NSW Bioregion Working Group, Martin Henery, Tom North, Lydia Guja, Caroline

Chong “Collecting Management—Documenting conservation collections using a Genotype collecting

method “(Personal communication).

A paper on this topic was presented by David Taylor at the Botanic Gardens Australia and New

Zealand Conference in October 2017.

9. References

Most of the material for the species was compiled from references 5, 12, 13 but where other

sources were used they are shown in this list.

Videos

1. https://vimeo.com/203028367

2. https://open.abc.net.au/explore/177074

3. Gardening Australia video about this species https://open.abc.net.au/explore/176029

Text and Graphical Documents

4. ACT Census of Vascular Plants

http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/ACT-census-2012/vascular-2012.html

5. Allan, H.H (1961) Flora of New Zealand, R.F Owen Government Printer: Wellington

6. ANBG field trips http://www.anbg.gov.au/gardens/living/collecting/field-trips.html

7. Andre Messina, Neville G. Walsh and Trevor Whiffin (2010) Recognition of a new species of

Pomaderris (Rhamnaceae) in eastern Victoria based on morphological and chemical data,

Muelleria: 28(2) https://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/documents/Muelleria_28(2),_Messina.pdf

8. Atlas of Living Australia https://www.ala.org.au/

9. Briggs, J.D. & J.H. Leigh (1996). Rare or Threatened Australian Plants - Revised Edition.

Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing ISBN 0 643 05798 6

10. Canberra Nature Map

https://canberra.naturemapr.org/Community/Species/6164

11. Costermans, Leon (ed) (2009) Native trees and shrubs of south eastern Australia

24

12. Elliott, W.R. & Jones, D.L. (1997) Encyclopaedia of Australian plants suitable for cultivation,

vol 7.

13. Department of Environment and Energy website

http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=13684

14. Flora of New Zealand

http://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/taxon/Pomaderris.html

15. NSW Office of Environment and Heritage

a. www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/profile.aspx?id=20031

b. www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/profile.aspx?id=10649

c. www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/parks-reserves-and-protected-areas/park-

management/documents/pomaderris-nature-reserve

d. www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/parks-reserves-and-protected-areas/park-

management/documents/nadgigomar-nature-reserve

e. https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/profile.aspx?id=10657

f. https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/profile.aspx?id=20054

16. Parks Australia, News from your Gardens

https://parksaustralia.gov.au/botanic-gardens/e-news/winter-2015.html#bf-jul15

17. PlantNet NSW Flora Online http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/

18. Seeds of South Australia http://saseedbank.com.au

19. Tasmanian Threatened Species Link http://www.threatenedspecieslink.tas.gov.au/

20. Threatened Species Section (2017). Notesheet for Pomaderris phylicifolia subsp. ericoides

(revolute narrowleaf dogwood) and Pomaderris phylicifolia subsp. phylicifolia (narrowleaf

dogwood). Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania.

http://www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au/threatenedspecieslists

21. The University of Auckland New Zealand Plants

http://www.nzplants.preview.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/seed-plants-

flowering/rhamnaceae/pomaderris-edgerleyi.html

22. VicFlora Flora of Victoria

a. https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/b9c9ddde-21f2-434c-a505-

a85796ed63c8ic

b. https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/key/2480

23. Victorian Resources Online vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au

24. Yarra Ranges Local Plant Directory

a. fe.yarraranges.vic.gov.au/Residents/Trees_Vegetation/Yarra_Ranges_Plant_Director

y/Yarra_Ranges_Local_Plant_Directory/Middle_Storey/Shrubs_1_12m_-

10m/Pomaderris_elliptica_var_elliptica

b. fe.yarraranges.vic.gov.au/Residents/Trees_Vegetation/Yarra_Ranges_Plant_Director

y/Yarra_Ranges_Local_Plant_Directory/Middle_Storey/Shrubs_1_12m_-

10m/Pomaderris_prunifolia_var_prunifolia

25. W.P. Armstrong (2017) Leaf terminology part 1, Wayne’s Word, Palomar College, California.

http://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmstrong/termlf1.htm

26. https://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/cd-

keys/peakey/key/The%20Pea%20Key/Media/Html/41_leaf_shape.html

27. UI Plants, Botanical Terminology: Leaf Shapes, University of Illinois

http://woodyplantstutorial.nres.illinois.edu/shape/index.html

25

28. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence

29. Farrow, Roger; Cornish, Ros; Walker, Jo (2014) A Plethora of Pomaderris: Our local diversity

hotspot, Journal Australian Native Plants Society. (Canberra Region)

Volume 17 Issue 9 (Mar)

Appendix A: Section 338 Map Species Legend

1 P. brunnea 13 P. ferruginea

2 P. helianthemifolia 14 P. eriocephala

3 P. walshii 15 P. elliptica

4 P. phylicifolia 16 P. racemosa

5 P. andromedifolia 17 P. aurea

6 P. paniculosa 18 P. aspera

7 P. cotoneaster 19 P. elachophylla

8 P. velutina 20 P. cinerea

9 P. bodalla 21 P. pallida

10 P. reperta 22 P. prunifolia

11 P. intermedia 23 P. delicata

12 Pomaderris sp. 24 P. adnata

26

Appendix B: map of section 338 indicating the location of plantings As at November 2018