the politics of legitimacy and force: vitoria and rawls on the 'law of peoples' and the recourse to...

7/27/2019 The Politics of Legitimacy and Force: Vitoria and Rawls on the 'Law of Peoples' and the Recourse to War

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revista de ciencia pOLtica / vOLumen 32 / n 2 / 2012 / 449 478

* i wh o hk h wo oou w fo h ghful co obo o h

.

The PoliTicsof legiTimacyand forcein

inTernaTional relaTions: ViToriaand rawlsonThe

lawof PeoPles andThe recourseTo war*

La poltica de la legitimidad y la fuerza en las relacionesinternacionales: Vitoria y Rawls sobre el Derecho de Gentes

y el recurso de la guerra

LUIS VALENZUELA-VERMEHREN

Universidad Catlica de Temuco

AbStRAct

th l ofo wo hloohl oo h f h of olo og lg h jfo fo h oo w. th f oo, foh b Fo vo h xh ,f lg h of fo wh h ol, ch l lwoo of j. Lg ho h hol l lof j, o h oll l of l g fo, whl h o

o w lkw jf b h o of h ius ad bellum h iusin bello. B o, rwl Law of Peoples, whh o lf o h chl lw o, l ohl l lbl oo of jh f lgc wholl olcl . i o, l o ho-ll g xo h rwl Lw of pol wh cucl c of h ol ius in bello h ohb h gg ofl olo, xol fo fg oog lblol o. i g h h ologll b w of o o o-l oo of j lll olll wol, h, og ofl, f bw lbl o-lbl, gh o go bo h lbl zo of .a o ol o w, hl b t n oo of oo

ol, l o vo ol oo of o olll olj-b o x oo hl lgg h l of h o of h lw of w foh b vo hlf.

Key words: no ol ho, Joh rwl, Fcco vo,ol ol, ol lw.

Resumen

Este artculo compara dos posturas filosficas que definen la naturaleza del orden internacionalen materia de legitimidad estatal y las justificaciones para el recurso a la guerra. La primera

posicin, establecida por Francisco de Vitoria en el siglo XVI, plantea los marcos de legitimidady el uso de la fuerza dentro de la concepcin tradicional cristiana del derecho natural y lajusticia. Legtimos son aquellos estados que respetan los principios universales de justicia, sin


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Luis vaLenZueLa-vermeHren

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importar el rgimen especfico de stos. Asimismo, el recurso a la guerra slo encuentra sujustificacin en los principios constitutivos del bll y el bllo. El dho G rwl, que se compara con la tradicin del derecho natural cristiano, articula,por el contrario, una particular concepcin liberal de la justicia que define la legitimidad en

trminos enteramente polticos. Adems, en su adhesin a la llamada exencin de emergenciasuprema Rawls desecha un aspecto crucial del bllo, que prohbe los ataques contrala poblacin civil, como medio excepcional para la defensa y la promocin de un orden liberalinternacional. Se argumenta que esta visin ideolgica del orden postula una concepcinexcluyente de la justicia en un mundo cultural y polticamente diverso y, por lo tanto, alientael conflicto, la resistencia y la lucha entre los Estados liberales y no liberales, e incluso fortalecela autocracia ms all de la zona liberal de la paz. Una visin ms tolerante, expresada porTerry Nardin en su concepcin de moral comn, es parecida a la de Vitoria en el sentidode concebir el orden como algo emanado no de principios polticos, sino de principios justos,y expresa, mediante un lenguaje tico contemporneo, los principios fundamentales de latradicin de la guerra justa establecidos por el propio Vitoria.

Palabra clav: Teora normativa de las relaciones internacionales, John Rawls, Franciscode Vitoria, poltica internacional, derecho internacional.

th l xlo wo oh o h of ol lg, o h o o w. th f hk bk o h bgg of h o - ol ol. Fo vo (1483-1546) h o-holollg, h o-ll holog-j of h School of Salamanca, fho k of

lgl hloohl hkg whh ol b o olol wh ol, tho, fwok of j. th wok ol lw o of fo l o oll ho, o gl of h o of lgl hlooh (iusnaturalism), o oh lo of ol lw wh l hl o fooll o h o gog h o of w.1 Fo h hk, hlg of of ol o w o b oll o,, lgo olxo, b b h x o whh h o of hoo goo o h of j. eqll, h j l

gog h o of w, og o h lw of ol o h ius gentium, wo b h o l h w o l h h of j .2 a k of j-b w of ol o, voo of o fo b of l h oo o wh K Boohh z o-l l o l whh lg ow

1 O h, e n, . Francisci De Victoria: De Indis et de Iure Belli Relectiones , th cl of iol

Lw, ol. 7 (Whgo: cg io of Whgo, 1917); J. B. so, The Spanish Origin of InternationalLaw: Francisco De Vitoria and His Law of Nations (1934); J Bow so, The Catholic Conception of InternationalLaw (Whgo: 1934). a oo ollo of h wg b fo a. r. pg J

Lw, ., Francisco De Vitoria. Political Writings, cbg tx h Ho of poll thogh

(cbg: cbg u p, 1991).2 s Fo vo, O h Lw of W (De Iure Belli), Political Writings, . a. r. pg J

Lw, cbg tx h Ho of poll thogh (cbg: cbg u p,

1991).


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tHe pOLitics OF LeGitimacy and FOrce in internatiOnaL reLatiOns:

451

o ol3 b h x of ow bg b l of l gh.

F l, Joh rwl o owl lbl oo of j

h h lg of o-lbl political , xoll( o b o hoogh o) x lf fo oq of h lw of w. d lf-l l o h hgh, j, o, inter alia, h g of l lw o of o boll wol o b ghg h of Joh rwlLaw of Peoples og h of fo bw lbl zo of oh o-lbl ol. th rwl Lw of pol , h , olloo of gh j h l o h l o of ollw.4 How, i g h h l o h h

x h lw of w , bo , h l of og ql lf-o. th f rwl h b lg o h gxo, whh o h of fo h l of h ius in bello.th o, h h b blhg lbl l g fo ollo ol ff. B rwl oo bo o x wholh, i l wh o fo o h b o: h oo of o fo of h xo of lbl o l hogho h ol, oo of lg, h l o xol ho

of fo h h of o .to h ff, i gg h f of h o eo - hol lo h b olo o Hol W, v ,5h gl f of oo ol ff h b h , W oll l, of lbl o ho h h k lgo whh lg o lf g l o k o bhlf of h wholof ol o.6 th , clk , h ologl ol of xlob o of olo.7 th o, how, h rwl bf o of h g xo hloohll b g h jf

w b w of, fo , wh Goo w -b gol.8 i o, h l of og h fo g fog hog o fo o o o wh h lw of w.9 alo, h oo

3 K Booh, th t, Human Rights in Global Politics, . t d nhol J. Whl

(cbg: cbg u p, 2001; , 1999), 61.4 Joh rwl, The Law of Peoples: With the Idea of Public Reason Revisited (cbg, mh: H

u p, 1999; , 2003), 3.5 rJ v, th Fo of cl h Globl iol O, Yearbook of World Affairs 34 (1980):

256.6 i clk, do iol so: pooo o exlo?,Millennium: Journal of InternationalStudies 37, n 3 (2009): 575.

7 Ibid., 581.8 s r Goo, coollg h ro o W b mofgJus in Bello, 2009 Yearbook of International

Humanitarian Law (2009).9 s d J. Lb, Og o of h Lw of W: co o Whwg fo iol co,

Yale Law Journal 120 (2010).


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452

fo b h rwl o of h lw of ol ofl h of j wh olll of jg h ol lg fo o of o j, b ll of g fo. th o o lw of ol o w go b o a o of hwhl eo of lzo wogh b . i , h wol o of hogh b ffll xlo h fo h followg o:

) Boh w g fo oll h jo xo qol o h of h lgo o oll o. Whl ls wogh o hogh ho h l h g loof fo b o lgo jg, h wok of o-hol h Fo vo, whl wg o h j w o, fol l o h ogh h g of lo wh

fwok of j j h of fo. th hkg, f, loob o h lo of ol lw k l b hk h Go, Gl, pfof oh.10 rwl oo, b o, ol h blh o b lg g o ol hlw b g lbl o l b whh o jgo-lbl ol.

b) th g of xg h bw o wolw oh o of q h llow o x h obl oq gfo wholl oll oh o ol ff h, wh ,

g lw lf. i g h h rwl oh, l o hogh xol ( ll o-lho of o), ll o o o ofl. vo ol oh, wll t n oo ol oo, o ol kb h g h lo of fo.

) Fll, rwl hlf o o h lw of ol wh h chl lw o og h o o fo. i og o, hj o of h o lw.

to b l, h g i wh o lo o o o o fo lgoo b fo j wol o. rh, j boh lgo ollolog11 b fo - lo. sll, h h q of hlbl hloohl o o of lbl . i l of

10 mlol n. shw, International Law, 5h . (cbg: cbg u p, 2003), 22-31.11 B olog i fg o blf h k o h o og o l

oo of oll, oo, ol ogzo, wll h l, oll o ohw, h

h. vo l o of ow, whh w k of o, ol,

lbl o oh, l ll h olog. sll, h l of h ol, lk-o (h h lbl o g of h u s eo), o ol

h h of h ol hogh lo, oo, of ow, o l fo.

(Fo bo ow of h bj, h blh , L. vlzl-vh, iolog

poll O: a sho illl Ho wh ilo fo h iol. 2011.) i qll h

h olog, o hol o, h olk o of h o .

s mk L. H The Ideological Origins of Great Power Politics 1789-1989 coll s s aff,

e b rob J. a, rob J sh m. Wl. ih: coll u p, 2005.


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particular xo of lbl ol h Law of Peoples, whh h ho o lf boh b whh o jg oh o, hloohlooo hg h wol g. H, h foh

h h qo of , whh o wh h h of w, wll h bl bl of olg ol o og o l f oll l. m g, hfo, o o g h hl o h l ogh h rwl oo, whh, , ooll b l o l lll wol.th h h l g lbl o h g ho gwhh, kg o bhlf, gg h b gf o h wol hoghho h o h llgl lo of fo.

af bf xo of h o of lg, h f o wll o boh

oh w of g h fl ql ff bwh. th o o xlo h rwl vo ow h holo h o of w. th h o wll x t n oo olzo of j l o h of oo ollo. n oo l o h vo ow lo bw o l oo bo h loh bwo j h l of h ol.

tHE poLItIcS of LEgItIMAcy

s w of lg ogo o f of oll wof . Wgh f lg h oll jg of ol o boh ghfl bh of h fl of o.12 th , lg olo h gl b b olll b ologl oog o . H, Kg o, o who b ll jo ow lg.13 sll, clk hlf o h lg o log bo h j of l o b ol bo h g of o

wh whh g b l .14 aog o Bkok, lg o l o o b oo of gh b, h, o h o of fl g 15 h o wh ll blf of hoo og h lg of l.16 th h h g of

Lkw, h h bg o h lll hloohl o h of o h o h rwl o of h wol bo h lbl zo olblo , ho, ol h o W .

12

m Wgh, iol Lg, Systems of States, . Hl Bll (L: L u.p. oo wh h Loo shool of eoo poll s, 1977), 153.

13 H a. Kg,A World Restored: The Politics of Conservatism in a Revolutionary Era (Loo: vo Gllz,1977), 145.

14 i clk, Lg Globl O, Review of International Studies 29 (2003): 84.15 ml Bkok, Legitimacy and Power Politics: The American and French Revolutions in International Political

Culture (po: po u p, 2009), 24.16 clk, Lg Globl O, 80-81.


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454

ffo o oo o h h l olzooll wll ooo hogh h of fo. i, f w look bko h w o, whl h Lg co o k f f

o o, ll Wooow Wlo gg h o bo h fo h o of Lg of do. th obl , how, h ho-l of h Lg, w bo o fl b g fo oh. th l o w bl of ow h ll g oh ofl of h so Wol W.17 B h of h col W , h ol b l of lg h v dlo (1993),h ch of p (1990), h i-a ch (2001). mo l,oll o o h 2008 us l h gg h o of co of do ghg ooo og lbl

o . th g ho of h w o h h co l o of ho fo oll o o o qolkl o h un s col. 18 th l h lo offo. W h h lg lol lk o oo of owol fl h ql ff, of gl bl, bwo h of h b of h ol . ikb hw g h k of ow oll ol whh o bo hfo of h o w of o lf h g oo o obl.19 Lg lg o, i g, hol b fo of

j lo of h o of h h h 1970 dloof h pl of Lw. th l o ol h of , og o-o (blh o of h fl gh of ) blo h ooll o h h h h gh fl o hoo lo oll, ol, oo ll . Lkw, h h h o h ol of oh .20 Wh h l, h oll, bo f h hlooh wll. a oll ow a oll hlooh h h oo h lll o of ho wh w o g oll lll h o o xo of l of o. B how o rwl ffo ll k o olh h wh b gg o l?

RAwLS ANd tHE LIbERAL wELtANScHAUUNg IN tHE LAw of pEopLES

H i wh o h rwl l o o of h hol of h x b of h bl of h h hloohl o of ol-

17 clk, do iol so, 564-565.18 Fo o ol o of h o, ibid., 573-577.19 s G. Joh ikb,After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars

(po: po u p, 2000).20 shw, 193.


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kg gll kg. th lbl wolw gll ol, of o, o h g, b h holl o lf-o, l ol olozo h, of g o lb, oo -

gowg h gh l. i h, o h bo, mll , g of o.21 How, h ogo of hol o o o fo col W ol of o o o of l ogg hlg of o ,22 of lbl lebensraum wh hloohlll hoog fo h lbl o ow. th hl l of FkEnd of History rwl oo of wol o xl of o boh xol h of lbl hogh o wll wholh ffoo fo h lbl ll l o l of ol.

rwl o of j h ol w o h wll-kow

fo of j f h Theory of Justice (1971). a kof oo of ol ol o ho, h o of j lob rwl ol h oo of hohl of whh ol obl l bl o g o h b l of j (gh ) gog l o. th g o ol o, obl hoghh f of h l of go, wh h f o h ogloo. r of l o o h of j whbfl ol goo (lb, wlh, o, .) lbl qll o ll

l ql llo of h goo o o go fo h lfo of l o. th Law of Peoples o oo h oo ofj o h l of ol lo.

rwl wok ll xo of h ol o ho, hTheory of Justice, o h ol o. th o lf h k ol ollfo h ro ius gentium. B h g o o ff h ow o oho l l fo glg h l oll lo bw ol[].23 to h x, , Bow o, o of lo bw lbl o-lbl ol [].24 rwl h blh l oll o,

lbl, fwok hogh whh lo bw ol b ghfllh, jg, o of o, h o, l. to h ff,rwl g of h wol k b h of obl lbl ol, ol, olw , o b b fobl oo ,fll, bol bol.25 a Bz w ofThe Law of Peoples gg, l qo h wol h of g wh oll o wolh o b lk o o fo ooo bw ol. th o fo ol lo wol o log b o whh ooo

21 J mll, do iol so, International Affairs 76, n 1 (2000): 65.22 Ibid., 61.23 Joh rwl, The Law of Peoples (cbg, m.: H u p, 1999), 3.24 ch Bow, Sovereignty, Rights and Justice: International Political Theory Today (cbg: pol p, 2002),

174.25 rwl, The Law of Peoples, 4.


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obl.26 th o ogl oo k o h h of h ololl o wh, b o , of ol hohll h l bl of og lo bw . rwl

g of ol lo o, fho, of kg l obw lbl ol (who wol o o o h gh lol h x), oh o h o o obl h o h. tho fo h b, o h raison dtre, of fog ol obj. i bogl , how, h h w o og ll fwok (how) ool g of lg wh h lof ol ol. i h ow wo: o o h h Law of Peoples lo wh oll lbl xo of lbl oo ofj fo o g o so of pol.27 Lbl ol,

lk oh, fo h xl so of pol whh oh o o fo. i h , Bz o g h lw of ol ol,28 fo o b o b goo g hh olw , o ol b who ll h h o o h h of h lgh lbl o.

i woh og h rwl o bw obl lbl ol whh g ol. sh ol b o foo of oll gh j l ol o hoo obl j lw fo h so of pol.29 th olbl o h ogz

ql o b goo g of h so of pol [].30d o b oll , b lgo o l. sho, rwl g, o gg h fog ol objhogh lo oh w of . th lo h gho, hol h l of j, h l of lw o olohh wll fo ol lg, og oh .31 sh o tolerated goo g b of h k h l olbl ol. rwl h ogz g of h ol o h, whlo wholl lbl, hl bj o olo oo ol of o

xg oll o l, oo, o lo o k olhg h w.32 to h x, h x, l, h k of h

26 chl r. Bz, rwl Lw of pol, Ethics 110, n 4 (2000): 672. rwl foh h followg l h l of j og f o ol: 1. pol f , hfo o b b oh; 2. pol o ob kg;

3. pol ql o h g h b h; 4. pol o ob of

o-o; 5. pol h h gh o lf-f b o gh o g w fo o oh h

lf-f; 6. pol o hoo h gh; 7. pol o ob f o

h o of w; 8. pol h o oh ol lg oo h hhg j o oll ol g. rwl, The Law of Peoples, 37.

27 rwl, The Law of Peoples, 9.28 Bz, 676.29 rwl, The Law of Peoples, 60.30 Ibid., 59.31 Ibid., 64-7.32 Ibid., 59.


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lbl o o h lk- o bj o h obj of h bol olo. rwl o o w ohol xl of ol b o oj ml g h

g Kz.Bz l h h lw of ol o l, how, o o l hobl of l, whh ll k. rwl o o h h h g o ol h l of fog ol of j lbl ol, whhogz h h x olbl o of w. B, How f olbl ol o b ol, h w lgl, l qo of lbl fogol.33 H, h gg l of lbl fog ol gll o hll o lbl o lbl o, l ll ( h l ) llo lbl.34

th , how, f h of lg off b vo bh l o ol wh whh h wol g (.g. fo flh gh),35 b lo l f ol oll g (wll ol obl lbl ) h ll hz hwoh of o o oh. th lbl fog ol of h w lwof ol, oo, wol o l o wh m Wgh h ow h h of ol fo wh h -.36 i ogzh ol x o oo fo o b ohg,

fo h bg, o b ol oo fo ll ogh wol ow g.

th oll obj h rwl lw of ol bol b hoo o h of bl bw , whh lk o h lo mhl dol ool w of h o . th b of wbw jo blh o, h w, lo hg w kow o l l gl lo og o.37 B h o h llh , h , h o o o fl. dwg o h

xl of o o Gl, chl i, rwl g, holo o o h o g of wk o,lg ho xhbg o of o, o h h hol gg

33 rwl, The Law of Peoples, 10.34 Ibid., 59-60.35 ao o how rwl g h oo h h l of j q obl wh

lgo o: to how h h o wol o h l of j, rwl

w ow oblg o g h ll jo lgo o ol o obl wh h. i th Lw of

pol, h wo l of g g. ul h gh bl fo h ho h ol, ow h wh ffg fh, wol k f bl ogh ogl oo.

s h fo ow h h fll g of lbl gh, wll o o wll

l h; oll, rwl xl of h fo ol ml. p ao,

a rgh, New Left Review 31 (2005): 16-17.36 Gbl Wgh B po, ., International Theory: The Three Traditions (nw yok: Hol & m,

1991), 41.37 rwl, The Law of Peoples, 52-53.


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w fo xo o.38 B o g h oo o fw l fh o: thogh o ol o xo, h o fh , o go l ok h

o o o o [].39

i h rwl h o og who h kowlg of bl oo ( o h hogl), h h ol of j b l o whh h hol, , o b hbl.

th g ohl o o ol h obo qo bo wh h wolhol h o l fo h ofo fh b h of lblo ol o . no o ol h of h ho offog ol, whh b o boh ol wll llgl. th , h, oh w o h o of lbl o. Fz n qo

o h ol of h lbl ho off gfl ff o of hqo of o o ol ol.

th lbl h lw b og h oll ol o h of o . i h o wf h k;wh h hl of og h o , wh h hl ofog h f x bo, wh h hl of hol h o o. i h b og l hoh whh h o b og whh w o b og. th ,

whh lw b o w o l (h aglo-a fol).., hrh (h G fol)h o fo lw, o og fo. so q og o o lol l fo,o h h hh o of ol ff, o blh f o j, o o bo o o w, o f h xoof ll h k. poll lb h b o o o fo hfgg of oo fo. Boh l bl. th o o ho of lw , whh o o boh fo lw f h h o o h of h oo, h o

wh h hol o.40

th l w gg h h h o hoh, h hof - ol, o l h o ollg qo k. mo h h l h qo of h means b whh h o bh wh h h l o h of fo. n h w hlbl o o fo wh ( rwl h lo ol ob) h, oql, l o h of h o b bl o jfh lo of fo fo o oh h lf-oglo w of lf.

38 Ibid., 53.39 Ibid., . 53.40 Fz n, th chg h Fo of Lw mo so, The Democratic and the Authoritarian

State: Essays in Political and Legal Theory, . Hb m(Glo, illo: th F p, 1957), 22-23.


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vo, h , ogz h o of og o ff b - ff: h l of j ql, whh hol go lobw , of oll lgo olxo. a h of h

lgo jfo fo xo h vo , h o go o, of lf, ol j l of jg, o b o whh o go - ff olll lll ol o. Fo vo, h l , b o, w h g of , b o h oll ol l o of h oh l o o whh blog. Q ooll, vo g h xh h h eo o po w of h glob.41no w h h lgo ff ol fo h b of sh oofo h go o l o oo bfo h l of h

s.42 nh w h h h ol b fo o h chfh fo h hg fo whh h o b fh wh oof bl og.43 i h w, h ff of oll o ol o, ol h ff of lgo, jf w o h xo of oll zo of K- l .

th rwl oo, ohl, l fo o h o o foh b dol, o whh rwl l h. th l h bl of ow ol ow o-lbl of f, o o

gg ol of xo b ho, whh l fo.

44

Wh fo h o k, h , , oo xo ofh l of ol lg ol ff bo of h Fh olox l fo of go. Wgh h oh gl ologl h of ol lg h of h WolW.45 i of rwl o o o oo, Wgh fo

41 pg Lw, ., 253, 260.42

Ibid., 251.43 Ibid., 263.44 dol f o h o, go, o. t d, Lbl,

The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, . Joh Bl s

sh(Oxfo, nw yok: Oxfo u p, 2005), 172.45 th qo of lg b of l o o a ol lw. i ol lw h

of lg o h lgl l of ogo of . th wg of oll lgl g h -w o h qo of ogo o h obj of h

l. ph h o o qo of fog ol ofog h og o,

wo ao s. Hh 1921, wll b h of g o ( obl lo) lo wh

so r, ao s. Hh, rogo of nw Go,American Journal of International Law

15, n 1 (1921): 59. Hh gl g o h lgl ( fo h h

) fog h ogo of h Bolhk go b h u s. i h lgl xooh o h b o h fo ogo o h b of r flfllg h jq o go. a l olo h b 1932 b p.m. Bow whog h h gg o whholg of ogo hol o bo fo of oll oo,phl mhll Bow, th rogo of nw Go,American Journal of International Law 26, n 2(1932): 338. i g o o, hll, h cz r o og h w a

rbl of 1776 l 1809, o look o h ol go wh fobl . a oof h b fo chl p. ao, rogo of r,American Journal of International


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h w o o b hogh-ookg ox: h o ol h b , h l h l o l ol olo.46 i , g o follow Wgh b fh o h . th l, h o,

q ll fofl ooo o h oo of h vll .i Oob 1918 p Wlo h ol oo of kg h o of b l G, b whh h h l p oo. no, o b lgz, G o h h gof lf-o. sh o b g of ho G who h olh l of lz o. sh w o b h all wh h o,og oh, of og h nz p, g nz o, -g h G ol h l of o.47

Obol, Wgh lg h (o l of nol sol owhg)o fl hfg of ol o gg h og of b h q fo h ghfl bh. ag ko f of h hf h lg of b ho ow of ol o o h b of oll ; woh of o h h oo of o ( oo ologl lf-of) l, , h obl of jg of whh o oo ow , , b o b wk ghfl bof ol o o l, b lo fll ologl go.

i fg o h log o h olloql gh k gh; h h of lg of ol o gl , h , oo l l of j, h ho bo vo ius gentium, b ooll l o b h owhlg h of fo. th o oh of ll owl h of w o l of ollw objg o h jg og o. th h lb h objo h of ob noh-soh lo hogho h oof a o L a g h col W . th hg of

l whh ho hogh of h l o o hblf h G pow f h l oll ff o ologlgo o llg o g h oo of og lf-o, whh h G pow, lg h so , lfo hl b o fo oh. a rwl hlf , lbl ol o k o h g f h g lw. io h o h o L a o, h , o b kgxl of h ol of fobl ol, of g lo bo h oo of o xo of l l of fh o olbl

Law 28, n 1 (1934).a hllg hol o of r-a lo lo b fo mlbo W. Gh, r-a rlo, 1917-1933: a io, The American Political

Science Review 28, n 3 (1934): 387-409.46 Wgh, iol Lg, 165.47 Ibid., 166.


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o. sh ol o llow o l h h o ol o wh h wol hol o h b so o ch o ml( ho) h h lbl, g h ow o h h o. i of

h hohl lg wol h b qo o of j l, vo oo h, b of j oo l ologl .

i De iure belli, vo o h oo of xo b gNon est iusta causa belli amplificatio imperii (lg of o b ofj w), whh w b h o causa iusti belli non est diversitas religionis(ff of lgo o b of j w).48

th lk bw olog ow bo o obo h lgh. th xoof o wll h bo fo of ow o, Wlz rl, bl

wh h of h ol . pow, h w, o fo g o o o h o h llg of oh wh h o.49Lkw, h h oll g of lk- og o , hw, h h q of lg, whh h h hbow o o whw fo hogho ol o.50 Wgh h o l .

[i h wol] h l of foo [of h -] wll blhhl f, o wh h lw of lo, gl o,whh gf - lk h G o G powlk ghh F o wh r. th bo hb xl of h w o, lo wh h g oof wll o h lo of h chh l wh h l flwol. th follow o gl o l oo of ol lw. O of blf go b h h h whol o o h , h h g lh l, h o ogh o b bo o h ol o.51

th of obl lbl ol fogg o of ol (ll of g wol ow g) b o lll f oll

o l o h l w of lo wh h fl whh vo ogool . H w h fofl xo of ch ho hl o h o of o ol. a hf h of vo hogh wo h l o of (h o of lgo o blf whh o l ho) fo h l o (h o of l l h l of j lbl o ll l). Blf ch, vo

48 pg Lw, ., 302-303.49

ikb, 4.50 O ll h h l of h sh oqo who lo h Requerimiento olg h

of ch sh l whl hg h go olo (llg h w)

wh ol f h o ol wh .51 m Wgh, W vl iol rlo, Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of

International Politics, . Hb Bfl m Wgh(Loo: Gog all uw, 1966), 94.

rlgl, o ol lw ll f o h o of w h olog of h chol

j w o ( bllo).


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gg, ol ol fo ol oo of h ol lo. e f h fh h b o obbl ffl h ll q o fo ggg w g h o;

aol h how, blf of h wll, b f obl h hfo of h wll.52 vo w g o o h ho of ol o w o o fo hg oo o h fh; h howho o w g o of lf-, b o h of Go. coo hfo wh l oo h hw f wll. H, vohl, h bb o b o b w o bl h ch fh,b ol o o bl h h h ch fh, h oo lgo. 53 i wol h h l l of og qll lblo l oll l.

Gll o, rwl lw of ol w h of lbl o(ll h h ol oll g o o ofol oo) wh fll oll . How, ol fwokwho l bo h boo of o o of olllg o h oo of ol o, fho bvo oh, whh g fo h g h o of b h of fol ql bw . io bo h o fo h f of h fl gh of l o gh

b fo h of l oll o, whh l hgh, b whh lo k o o h h of ol ho o hh h oll l of l o. i wh n h llbl oo w hll blow. i h lgh, rwl gl w ofh lw of ol o of rolo oo of ol o bo ll W oll hlooh.54

tHE RAwLSIAN LAw of pEopLES ANd cHRIStIAN NAtURAL LAw:

tHE JUSt wAR IN LIbERAL pARLANcE

rwl o o h lw of ol ch l lw. th l, h g, h boh h obl h og o bob. th l ff l h w h o o. th l

52 pg Lw, ., 272.53 Ibid.54 th o , of cou, o ol. Blk h o sug w of h eglh school W-

; ow h of h eozo of h wol, h l lk

of gg wh o-W l, o h og of h l of W lzo h lg f h oh l ol h l. sll, h lo o o OHg

w h eglh shool hol o lg h W x l b g h

g o jg oh o. rol Blk, O do Wol pol,

International Society and Its Critics, . alx J. Bll(Oxfo: Oxfo u p, 2004), 187. s lo,

J OHg, Conceptualizing the West in International Relations (Holl: plg mll, 2002),

115; H sg, Bo h eglh shool, Annual Convention of the International Studies Association(u of Bgh: 2003), 12.


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lw, rwl , hogh o b of h lw of Go h b kow hoghh l ow of o b o of h of h wol. 55 th lw ofol, how, whl holl obl wh l lw, ohl of

l x oll of oll oo oll l.

56

a o l oo bw h wo o fohog h l rwl o o wh fog o wh h lbl h g xo h o of w. rwl blh h boh h w o b o lf-f, h, l; l o b g ofl. How, h o l o h l.

y h [h ch j w o h lw of ol] ff hh l fo h o of w h ol o oo lh g xo [] poll lbl llow h

g xo; h chol o j , g h w hfh h o Go o. th llgbl o b o oh of h oll lbl.57

th xo llow h lbl o l h of l g ooll o b h ch j w o58, o hol ob, oo ol h lw. rwl h, h , o h g xo b -g h ooof g WlzJust and Unjust Wars. i, hhol xl b rwl o jf h xo l h o b Wlz b whh, lk Wlz, h f o ogl. th h l o hll lol of h nz g ol wh h l foof h Bh fo h lf B wh o oh o bk Go ow. thfo, h bobg of G w gbl jfbl.59

Wlz o owh o ob. th bobg of d oh G h o 300,000 h 780,000 wo. Wlz o how hfg h b h l of oo o 1942 b Lo chwll chhll who o ol of bobg (ool o,

Wlz ) xll og G wokg-l l foh l of lowg l ol.60 th fwok fo jfo olh lo of wholl l ll. th wll- of h lo (h f of G f) h ohow o h gh of l(o h l gh, vo gh h g). B h w jf b olgh h wol bg o oo h ll o l hho f. Wlz k woh bg h.

55

rwl, The Law of Peoples, 104.56 Ibid.57 Ibid., 104-105.58 a hoogh ol of h ohbo b fo shw, h 21.59 rwl, The Law of Peoples, 98.60 mchl Wlz, Just and Unjust Wars, 3 . (nwyok: Bc Book, 1977), 256. accog o Wlz,

h G bobg of co, whh o jf Bh bobg, h b

lbl ook b chhll l k o Bl.


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[] h llo o b o ol wh h o of lf. th h l w gh lbl w o : h ql of o l, fo xl,o lzo ol, o oll bho of , wh , lw o, o o o. th h lb lgh of o wo o b jf l b h l of oh wo. i o obl o g o wh h l ogh o obl fo l , wh h b of olol ll, h ooo gh, h h fo h bl , o o. phlooh lgh g h o o o olo [] l ool oo [] og h bzog h k h (oll) obl. W ogz h hoo olwh w h kowlg h ol l of h wo wo og h. i h kowlg of gh h o oh llo fo o lz h h o of h o, wh o, k of blh g o ol o. (th g, wh w o o hg l).61

vo h b ll l o h De iure belli (1539). H g h lwfl o fl h o h o l o h l,whh blh h j w ol b wg wh j h b ol.62 W o b wg g ho who h o o h. H fhg h h w wh h oowlh lwfl o kll h o

fo h l o b oh, qll lwfl o kll o bof [] olo fo h j o b h wk og h.63 if h w l, oo o wol wh h w wol b jo boh , fo h o wol h h gh o f hl. B hvo g ffl o l o Wlz rwl so Wol Wxl. Wol b l o k go o ow kowg h o ol h? th ol ooll bl, h g, wh hl obj qo of h o o ob o h oof j w. th o b h g lo b rwl, b

wh b of o l qlfo. th xl off b vob o whh f ow jl k jl f, bl o f ll oh ojl h bgg ,hogh h b hl o o-ob og h.64 vo jf k o go o ow ol f h b bj o j loff. i lo g h, lk rwl g xo,o o jf h of fo g fl olo wh ob o . B h wh h l , b

k o o g l b of h o f hogh h

61 Ibid., 262.62 pg Lw, ., 303.63 Ibid., 315.64 Ibid., . 315., fooo 38.


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466

th l of h o h, l b lf-of,q ol fo h o of g w wol. Wh h o b o,og o h o of h Virginia Company okhol Loo, w o bg

h fl g lg ho o h o l q go,70 h wol b olh b fo o. th,of o, w o lgl g b oll o b o olog lgo o.

nh ol lw, o vo oo of h lw of o, o oh b.71 th bl of w o l xo wll o o holl olxo of l , o o h loo o of h xg xo, b o h olo of h gh of (.g. og lf-o) whh ol lw h ogz g o ll. i h

wol, o gl o h o ghfll jg oh, l hjg ol h bkg of ll lw of h o of o.io, o j w, wll lo bo of f of fl gh,whh ogo o of h of g oll o ,b of h h woh of l gl of h g whhh l. to h x lbl g, l, lo b bj o ljg wh f h ol ol h lw o wh f hoo, o o oh, h gh olo. rwl wok, of o,

o o lbl o bg bj o h o b h o of of h book h h olo , l, o lkl o o of k of ol o o o lg h.

i lo h h rwl oo of h gh lbl g o b ho of gh whh vo wol o l gh, h , gh whhf h l g of . How, h l o o oolgo o72 og of ho l h gh ko oo gh (.. oll oo), whh, vo hogh, wol b. rwl oo o o, fo xl, q obl

( h of h hogh b o K hlooh) b K oloh h oo of o lf ol lw b ll. i h w, rwlooo, whh l o h k of l (h) gh l oll oo g, b lll f of hl h of , w o of fo jgg oho. sh , fo h of vo oo of l gh,h o bg o h l gh of l h l -oll h ll og fo of ol ogzo. th hfl ol ql of l gh vo hogh wll, b o, b x

70 c ibid., 12.71 th un H rgh dlo o blh h lol o gh of ol h hoog

of go , b h o h g foh lbl ool go, h oo hlooh h bl o , wol of lg.

72 rwl, The Law of Peoples, 65.


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gl, b o f, . a n gg, wh nl Lwo lbo wh oll ol ol (whh b o o ol) h b h o l. 73

to h ff, o hol ll h tho l of l lw whh hgoo o b o l o b o. th l of j, fo hl lw, o ql o og ol g o of o h o ow h oo goo. th l gh olbg h hgh ll of gl h obol of lo. a j ol g o whh ql bw g who og h ol oo, tho oo ofj o lgl o . i oh wo, j o o whhl, b o h ll f o l of g, bogh o fo.

i o o o h h of l gh vo tho, bolo, lo l o gl w of h. Fo xl, h wll bof b b gl o h h gh o lf, lb, o hg fl ooo whh fo h flohg. Bh l o o o k h oog f ol gl. pl h of f-wll o lb h bl of ffo o l ho, h , h w h hll b go, wh oll ol oo, b who. Whh h hoo o b go

b o oll l of oh of o oq o h w of j.O h qo of h fbl of o g fo o oh, vo De potestatecivili (1528) g, h o l lb oh h oo o.74 shol lk pg h k h o ol h vo llfo oh (whh w ol f). B h l h o. vo w ll kg oo o h o ol of oll ow o. H w oll ow l hoo ( h aol )g fo h o of fg o of llg ow h oo goo

j. th ow, h , h whh b x b o, o b whol o o oowlh, o b h obl; h ll og lb bg bj o h h o h o o kg.75 th b h lg of h g , h w, o h lzo of j oo g fo.

th lg of g wll b jg, h, b h x o whh wh l h gl l (bogh fo o o b olw), o b oll h, whh ll, o ogh o b, h xoof oo of lf-o (lo o l gh) l

wh h lgl of h l g. th oo l o h tho

73 Ibid., 90.74 pg Lw, ., 19.75 Ibid., 20.


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oo of o lw h xo o ozo of h l of j.th l of j l gh wll o ; b h o lgl o wll, h o oz h l o

wh h l h of ll hol l. i h, tho o o h of lgl of ol lf, l o h lzo of h l of j.

i wol g h fo h o h Fo t k h followg l o h h of rwl lw of ol: rwl ol lw lo o hoz of lbl o o bll (h , ol fo h h u no) z h o-lbl []Fo rwl ol lbl ol o g fo ollw o k h [bl] . th ol o o ol f h hhl o

fl o ob wh rwl ll b h gh, h f h bl kllo o ol o f bl offl ol h ow oo of j. 76 th l ff bw h rwl lw of ol, l lw ollw. th l wo o wh fl h gh, h ghof , h oog ol lglo og h, h jgg o h l-lgl b. vo oo of l gh ol lw, wll h l bg o l oll olof h ol gh xl ohb b lw o hl o, b o of

h lbl-o, ol, o ho. rwl lw of ol l oll ooo, h h lgl owh h hol lo of lgl o, ow.

Fll, vo lo h h wol ol o ol g lw fo lfo h b of jo o, b ol qll l l (.. l of go).77 B h w o b k, g, o olo jo b, o b h oll wll of l . th -ol, oql holl, hoo lbl o go oll, b h wol b h oo of ol ho o h x h

h oo of ch h nw Wol h o b h xo of hf-wll. Fho, h w h go o bg lf-ff (communitas perfecta h og), oo of l, g lw. i wfo h o, h bbo o of of h o, hh ol o b fofll o o ch, of h oo, ojl w o l h l o g j g h ol.78

i , fo vo , h ahll hl of rwl Law of Peoples wol b l xl oll fog ol h whh x

76 Fo to, th rwl tho of iol Lw, Ethics and International Affairs 9, n 1 (1995).

c Kok-cho t, Lbl tolo rwl Lw of pol, Ethics 108, n 2 (1998): 282.77 i De potestate civili (1528) : th h , h , o h h ow of lg

gl , h bgg bfo h o [of ]; hfo, h ow w

of l lw, ll x. pg Lw, ., 31-32.78 O h qo vo De Indis (1539) ibid.


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lf fo h q of h ch j w o ( rwl hlf ,lb q ll). Boh ol o h ll wh hl of ql bw , lll fho, wllg, wh ,

o f h gh of h o h of hgh . i hw, h hklg of ow fo hl , whh o wh ho of l gh ol lw, wol o hlo boh h ch l oo of j. J lf, bo goof ho , wol q, rwl olzo of h j w, wholl olz fo.

oRdER ANd JUStIcE REVISItEd

th l o ol ff off o o of j; ffl fo h o o f hg l o vo tho o.a obl xo o h, how, n o of j. H oof ol hz h o gg o hl (fg o wh h ghfll ol oh) ho wh i w fl qo g o h fl of ol q ol ff: Whh [ol] l jf oo? Whh o oh h hol b o fobl lw?79 th w of fg h qo of

j b o h h oll lbo, n , h h o of ho ol l, of ho gh , bgb of ol o; l whh b qll o fllgwh h o o of ol lw.80 i h , n xg hvo h h o of o h gh, f o , o blh lwfo lf fo h of j o.

B w fh wh j wh h fwok of olbl o g lw of go og , wh h o. n ooog ow of j lg gh o oo

whh lw o o h bo f h oo. th thooo of j l h ow of h bg bo bf l b o o fg h gl of o,o of h l h o . th, ow (ll oll ow) wll b wo w: ) ol fl o go, lg h h ow f o go x fo h bf of o, b o fo ow bf; b) , h, bo b f l of j (iustitia).81 i h f , l gh h o o gog ol; h o , bo b whh oblg o l ow oll bl fho.

79 t n, J coo, International Society and Its Critics, . alx J. Bll(Oxfo: Oxfou p, 2004), 249.

80 Ibid.81 n ll l a j o h fog ol o lw hfo

of o o h o lw h o o ol. Ibid., 250-251.


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now, j h o o fo j, o h olo oo o fo l o o o fo goh ol fo h ow . n h fg o K: a o

of h o , oo jf wh h o h of fo.82

th h l l og boh n vo hogho h h hz h h of oll lf: ow, j, . tho of lf, h l woh, b w h b o whhw o h oo of h oh wo l. th gl g wol bh b loh wh boh h o fo h j, o hfllow , o o l o j f h gh h .J, how, who ow (o oo, n wol ), lfl,

Hobb w of lw h of . a ow bo ol f b ooo o j. J, h, ll boh ow wh hol b o foh o of gh .83 i h w, wh ow w fo o ol, oh ow jfbl oo l bk ooh o h.

n ghfll h h h o of j ol h l.th f, lk tho, ol h of h l of , whh lol ol, h h oo o h ll ol h

bg kow . sol, j ohg ol o l o lohbw l o. tho o ll k of j h of l lw (lex naturalis) g o h ol o. th, j h fwh . to b j o oh o g h h h , wh oll o h hfo wh w h ol o o (o o og) o o fo h.J bo o h oh h gh o x fo , o l ho hwol lk o fo, o h wol b goo o bl h w fo.84 thfo ll l o h o hJustinian Digest whh aq vo k h ow: h l o wll o o h o h

gh.85 th x bw j oo h l, n hol l o wh i gg h gh bo, o h h h boof jf h of o o o fo ol. i hll ffl, how, o ol h l g bl bl oo b of h o ol, h w,obl of jg of l . th obl l

82

Ibid., 249.83 i o fl , j lw g , whh w k of ow o of , fo

h ll wl ow. pow h fol go o g h off of h

og l o g h o k o o bw ho who go

ho o, vo gh , oll o.84 n, 250.85 s, st ii-ii, q.58 . 1; Fo vo, La Justicia, . aoo tol s, ., L Fl

dlgo, clo po 147 (m: eol to, s.a., 2001), 35.


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o h o o b chol l lw lf. th g b wh hqo of g g fo gl ooo. th oof kowg wh h ol o ol o h b lo low

o of lg l o hogh x , ohgl o h qlfo fo j of hgh k jl o.

i , n o h h of h k of ol, whl l o ohl l. th f o l h o o l oogg h bl of oh g (o lll f) goo. th qllgh fo oh oo of j fog o h fo oo ql fo oh l oo h lk j o h.86 coo ol ho fo o o o h l oo of j, foh wol g o l of ol ol ho. th o h

wh o oo of . Lk vo w of j, o o wh whw wol ll fl h gh lbl o ogzbl b ll hbg.87 Wh h ol o fo b lo. n hb of h g h followg .

J, h, l h gh o oo. a h ol b of h ghhol b ow b l. H bg hkg, hoog bg g, h jgo of hlooh f h o x h g h ob o g f wh h x. th h h gh o f

hl g fo f. th lo h h gh o l lwh o h fo bg , g h wll, o f h wh of ohh bg. i l o h gh o oo o f o gh o hgh of oh fo o h ho of h o f l(l o h) gh. coo b h , hogh h of ff lw, oll jf o o ho gh. Fll, wh h l, wh lw j, ol b jf ol fghl oh g olo of h gh. th q owok o h lo of h l l o l

olx o. B, kg hloohll h h ll, h h ol log of j h ff.88

n g of h wol, wh vo, oo of boh h ; hfo o of h bg wh h gh of whog gh.89 th lg of wll h b b h x o whh

86 n, 257; ibid. aq h gh j fo h: th phlooh (eh. ) o o

h fh , b ff h h o wh . Fo w gh h ol bo wok o of oh o, b ff fo j. Fo

j bo wok o of oh o, h of h lgl , wh fho h of fl ol , o h h of go fo, h phlooh

xl (eh. , 13). (st ii-ii, Q. 23 . 1).87 Ibid., 251; ibid.88 Ibid., 255.89 Ibid., 256.


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h hol f h l gh of l. io wll h bfohog, h l of o-o og fof, wh hgh ol. th g lkw o h o, vo o

h qo of h f h go o of h nw Wol, o b fo. i oh wo, n , h o-o l,whh fo h of og of h ol of h -, h g w bfo h l of o ho who of o who o .90 th l of j lqll o lo bw hb hol h o of h ius ad bellum h ius in bello. Wh bll o h, h, h vo ooof h wol oo ll of l who h, hl, ogzhl o o. th oll h o, how,

ol h l l hl x. a h x, x j(h fwok of gh og l o), whh h ow o hoz h of fo of j.

n olo h wholl obl wh h vo oo ofj: 1) h boh ol oo of l h bg oll o obl b ll. th o h o ol hol h ll ol h; b h o o k o h go bo bo h ol l of h o. pol hoo o l

ch lf, fo xl, b oo ol o o q h h k hho;91 2) fo h follow h boh oh ob h wh l l of l (h h j l l fol h l jo of h ql og l l ); 3) hlo j h h ol ol ol ol hloo. th h wh h oh rl l h h l of olo b l o h hl ol wol of ol ol. i l h, b g, wh h l hol b l; 4) h bohg h lgl fo ol ho lw o l g o

h oo of j.mo g ol , n , b fo loll ol who h oll ho o b b of h l o.a h l o vo l h ho o lgl o chwol fll h jo of ch , b of log, h chh;925) o h x, boh w o h o l of ol o,fo h o o h of h h l l wh of ; h boh l l o whh lo fo h flohg wh fol of og o.93

90 Ibid., 259.91 Ibid., 263.92 s O lw (1537) pg Lw, ., 222.93 n, 262-263.


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n h ghl o, th l o ol o o bwo j b bw j j o o.94 th o og, h, h o bl k of o o o oll fo

of b h o h l of h l of j g .Blk oo ll o hzg h h of o olol l oo of ow-oll g h xl of h l of ol lw o.95 th h o wll h o o of ff whh ow obfl l of ox o o olo l w of h wol b j o . th wll b oof l x l ; l of l of lgg of l. B o, vo o h oo

hl b n, o fo of h x o whh h ow of h Lh ghfll o lo, gh f. th h j b fo of o h lol ow l ow l ooll h oo goo h ofl oll h flohg. th , og o h w, fh l o, h obj of, ol oll . ro o h ko f. i oh wo, h o bg lg boh fo h o l k of fl

j o o ol h flfll. a lg ol o,fll, b lll olll o of j holg fog j boh wh h of of o o h l lo. pol, h w, oll fll h of j.

JUStIcE IN tHE REAL woRLd?

th lo of h k of j wol ll q h o of

l wo globl ol o. F, h gl o of ho (o ofho) wh ff jol ow o k j ob. th l k l . s o, b gg h oo, how h l h g of ow o. B h b o lo o h wol of obl, hloohll oo how ffl lzo . th of j, l Wghwh fg o ch f, log-g ol.96 i ohg h lowl h b h lg olo, b o g. th q of ho l o h of ll xg ow glg ol lf,

94 Ibid., 263.95 Blk, 182.96 m Wgh, ch pf, Theology: A Monthly Journal of Historic Christianity XXXiii, n 193 (1936):

21.


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474

h tho aol ho of h . th b of gog gwh h l of h , vo , wol l o h wll of log g o, g h fb of ol lf. a n

, o l fo olg o g wll.97

th l w of h who of l, b fo b gog ho, bllh hl w of h - k b h o of h hl o hl bl, h b of j. Whl vo o kof ol ho l hoo, w l o h h h totusorbis ol l hgh ho lo lw fo lf. i h bo h o h ol o, o hol o, h glo ow o ol oo q.98 th , og oh w, obl h o bo fo of gowg oll l h

log h g of j99 whh ol o lkwb xo of gowg h of globlzo.100

Fll, fo h follow h oll l hg h l hgh j q o h , o tho olog,o h l o l o, ro g.101 th kg hk h Hobb g of h wol h b whh ol fol, bg o h g h o h l of hl, l ho, h o o whh oll o, ol

o ol, jf.

coNcLUSIoN

s h of o ologl ol, ol lo h b hollh b ffg w bo h l h hol olo. iolog l o o f h of h o hlgg of oll f. Whh w k of h b F o bh lo o ol l l, o of h o-w ggl fo hgo

bw so o lbl, h o-col W olo h f of ol w oll o, whh oo g h o lg h b fo of l W wbo h bl of ow (.. bo h of lo) bo hl oll olxo of o of h o h bl o qo of ow lo g o ho. to h x, lgl o

97

n, 254.98 aw Hll, O J iol rlo: Wh i sk?, Order and Justice in

International Relations, . ro Foo, Joh G, aw Hll(Oxfo: Oxfo u p,2003), 32.

99 Ibid., 41.100 Blk, 182.101 t d nhol J. Whl, .,Human Rights in Global Politics (cbg: cbg u

p, 2001; , 1999), 9.


27/30


475

lw, whh o gl o, h lo of b bj o ohb ologl blf wh G nol sol j h ol b bj of ol lw, o wh, ll, lbl ol lw

bl h ho of h o o l og.102

eh h ogh o lw o o bj o oll h fg o lg h .

th fogog o h ll g h h of olll lg, ho, fo oo of o-oo ofl-o lo, whh lo wk h ol lgl fwokg ol lo. so h oq ofolzo bw W o-W wll h g ofo obl o o fo of o ooo ll

l xo of W ow, w of xlog gh bl of ow h h of h col W h g.103 Bk bho h lgz h g w fo o lgl o, h obo, , fo h go of lw b h q of ollx. th w h ll bg mhll olook hof h il o of ro of s, boh of whh h, llch h, o g fo f hol, ow l. thsh cow, oo, l, , o h o ogh o lgo

o of lg (hogh h lg w o ) ollfo. th wok of o-l holog h J G sl, who o jf h of fo o h b, how, wh h ooo ofh holog-j. th hl b h o h sh lllobo o ol lw, whh ogh o lo o j ool g o h lo o o.104 J h lgo of w fl .105

Lkw, h o h hloohl g h ll rl o g o h fo olll b

o of . th g fo h xo of o l h bogl g. th o h o h ow, f, gl of ol lw h of of h o o ofglobl bl.106th f of h gh wol h bo fo ol of lgl o b obol of oll g fo o o h f.

102 Fz nu, Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism 1933-1944 (nw yok: Oxfo

u p, 1944), 167.103

clk 2009, 579, 581104 Fo ow of h hl b s, ro, do. La tica en la Conquista de Amrica: Franciscode Vitoria y la Escuela de Salamanca. co Ho p. m: cojo so igocf, 1984.

105 Hk, Lw ul, a Hol aoo. The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of

America. phllh: u of pl p, 1949.106 Bghl, t., th no iol eolo of iol H rgh,Human Rights

Quarterly 19, n 4 (1977): 714-15, clk (2009): 571.


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476

th h lo b o b ol o hogh, fo xl, uno o of h gh ( h o of h gh oh o) b h fobl oo of ow of h u s, whh ol obl

h l of h o.107

th rwl oo, i g, k of hloohl f of h who obl o , how, b l o h gxo h k hloohl olook bl oh. ublb ol of globl foo ll wh globl g. th lh of h ol h h lbl x owh x wll ol o-lbl ol ol wh bk oo, xolo o x-lgl of o ol. th qo h whh olll o of h k fbl o o l oo

of o h o o l oll l o w of wol .

ioh b w of o, whl o wh h h ghoo, l o o lf b llowg fo h lo of ho h gh bl k o hol. i o h b og h of ol g h o b bg h l of ol ho o o of h k of go o whh l o b l.th qo whh olll h ol of bo, , o l ho, foo fo ol ff.

i gg h vo n l w of j o o of lg o o o b h l, boo, o boh hg o h x of l oll f wll of ol.th o o fo o ol b h olo of h fl ghwhl h lw of w ll h go h o of w lf. to hx h qll o l ol oo of h o of ol o b h, lkw, l o log g l of ollf h h b h o fo oll lgl hlooh o bl

h flohg. ulk of ho hlooh, how, h o o, o o, l oll fo o lg h xoof olog oo of o. th o, b h hol h of h g, whl h l h gh g o h g jg h l o of lg oll h raison dtre of h ,wh fo ow bo ho.

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the politics of legitimacy and force: vitoria and rawls on the 'law of peoples' and the recourse to...

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