the political construction of caste in south india
DESCRIPTION
The Political Construction of Caste in South India. Vijayendra Rao Development Research Group, The World Bank And Radu Ban London School of Economics and Development Research Group, The World Bank. The Trope. Abbé Dubois 1806 James Mill 1820 HH Risley 1915 Max Weber Karl Marx - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Political Construction of Caste in South India
Vijayendra RaoDevelopment Research Group, The World Bank
And
Radu BanLondon School of Economics
and Development Research Group, The World Bank
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The Trope
• Abbé Dubois 1806• James Mill 1820• HH Risley 1915• Max Weber• Karl Marx• “Homo Heirarchicus” – Louis Dumont
(1966) tr. 1980
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Trope in Economics
• Most papers that look at caste discrimination, e.g.:
• Akerlof (1976)• Frietas (2006)• Rao and Walton (2004)• Hoff and Pandey (2004)• Etc. etc. ……
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Trope in Policy
• Deepak Lal – Hindu Equilibrium• Mancur Olson – Rise and Decline of
Nations• Harrison and Huntington – Culture Matters
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CRITICS
Rudolph and Rudolph (1969)Veena Das (1981)Susan Bayly (1999)Nicholas Dirks (2002)
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Natural Experiment
• Bayly, Dirks – Political/Administrative History
• Land Reform History (Dharma Kumar, 1962)
• Jati – Language/Kinship• Geography
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Natural Experiment
• Reorganization of Indian States – 1956Old States: - Hyderabad – Mughal Governor (18th
Century), with much longer prior history (12th century
- Madras Presidency – 18th century, but again much longer prior history
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Natural Experiment
• New States• Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Kerala• “Mistakes” along the Border• Language Matching – Block• Language Matching- Village
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Natural Experiment
• Control for Administrative History• Control for Language Kinship Structures
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Data Collection (Nov. 2002)
• Village Level – Focus Group Discussion/PRA
• Test: Population is almost perfectly correlated (0.83) correlated with census population despite imperfections in overlap.
• Household Level – 20 households per village
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Table 7: Difference in difference in fraction landlesswithin state difference between states difference D in D
1951 0.1717 0.1757 0.0090(0.1438) (0.1337) (0.0304)
55 63
2002 0.1292 0.1975 0.0703(0.1119) (0.1460) (0.0340)**
55 63D in D in D 0.0642
(0.0342)*Note:1)Cell size indicated at bottom of each cell2) The D in D estimations include border f ixed effects, standard errors clustered by 2nd village in pair3) The D in D in D estimation includes village pair f ixed effects, standard errors clustered by village pair4) * 10% signif icance, ** 5% signif icance5) The one sided test, D in D in D < 0 can be rejected at 5% signif icance
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CASTE OVERLAP
Two measures:1) Overall Overlap: Ratio of population of overlapping caste names in both
villages to total population in both villages2) Top 5 Overlap: Ratio of population in overlapping caste names in five
most populous castes in both villages
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Table 8. Ethnic diversity measures : difference in difference based on best matched villageswithin state between states
a. Absolute differences in village level variablesNr castes 3.1818 6.0350 2.8531
(3.0573) (4.4995) (0.7467) ***Fractionalization (ELF) 0.1554 0.2280 0.0726
(0.1564) (0.2325) (0.0334) **Polarization (RQ) 0.1563 0.1906 0.0344
(0.1442) (0.1605) (0.0246)Fraction b/w caste inequality (GE 1) 0.1555 0.2332 0.0777
(0.1681) (0.1633) (0.0349) **Fraction b/w caste inequality (GE 2) 0.1617 0.2371 0.0754
(0.1795) (0.1488) (0.0315) **
b. Caste name matching metricCaste overlap (all castes) 0.6157 0.1945 -0.4212
(0.2991) (0.2204) (0.0439) ***Caste overlap (top 5 castes) 0.5015 0.1598 -0.3417
(0.3269) (0.2303) (0.0459) ***N 143 143 286Note:1) The D in D estimations include border f ixed effects2) D in D standard error clustered by 2nd village in the pair in parenthesis3) * 10% signif icance, ** 5% signif icance, *** 1% signif icance
D in D
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Caste “Broadening”
• Social Movements – “Dalit”, “Harijan”, “Adi-Karnataka”, “Lingayat”
• Affirmative Action – “Schedule Caste”, “OBC”
• Modernization – “Malayalee”, “Tenant”, “Muslim”
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Table 10: Correlates of individual broad caste name(1) (2) (3)
SC/ST 0.074 -0.038 0.073(0.050) (0.026) (0.048)
BC/OBC -0.022 0.162*** -0.018(0.034) (0.048) (0.034)
Fraction upper caste land -0.238*** -0.239*** -0.234***(0.053) (0.051) (0.053)
female 0.013 0.012 0.012(0.010) (0.010) (0.010)
politician -0.034 -0.023 -0.036(0.032) (0.030) (0.032)
Age 0.001* 0.001* 0.001*(0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Education 0.004* 0.003 0.004**(0.002) (0.002) (0.002)
Respondent landed -0.034* -0.025 -0.039(0.017) (0.016) (0.024)
Household size 0.007** 0.005** 0.007**(0.003) (0.003) (0.003)
AP -0.024 0.232*** -0.118**(0.053) (0.080) (0.054)
KA 0.126** 0.378*** 0.088*(0.049) (0.073) (0.052)
TN 0.043 0.053 0.071(0.038) (0.052) (0.045)
AP * SC/ST -0.118(0.084)
KA * SC/ST 0.010(0.084)
TN * SC/ST 0.441***(0.100)
AP * BC/OBC -0.385***(0.080)
KA * BC/OBC -0.466***(0.073)
TN * BC/OBC -0.151***(0.056)
AP * Respondent landed 0.122***(0.043)
KA * Respondent landed 0.053(0.045)
TN * Respondent landed -0.097*(0.055)
adjR-squared 0.077 0.186 0.085N 2950 2950 2950
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