1. THE PLACE OF TRANSPORT IN GEOGRAPHY Andrew R Goetz Dept of Geography and the Environment University of Denver Hoyle Lecture in Transport Geography 2013 RGS-IBG Annual International Conference London. August 29, 2013

2. THE PLACE OF TRANSPORT IN GEOGRAPHY 1. Brief history of transport geography 2. Progress in contemporary transport geography a. Productivity b. Centrality and analytical frameworks 3. Opportunities for further advancement 3. Brief history of transport geography Source: Taaffe and Gauthier (1973) Geography of Transportation, p. 13 4. The quantitative revolution, critical responses, and pluralism Late 1950s and 1960sQuantitative revolution and the rise of the spatial science approach 1970sBeginnings of criticism of positivist philosophy inherent in spatial science Post-1970s theoretical pluralism --Social theory and critical approaches (humanism, marxism, feminism, structuralism, st ructuration, realism, locality studies, poststructuralism, postcolonialism, post modernism) 5. Early transport geography Pre-1950spart of commercial (economic) geography Contribution to descriptive regional geog Ullman (& Mayer) (1954) Transportation Geography, in American Geography: Inventory & Prospect Transportation is a measure of the relations between areas and is therefore an essential part of geography Spatial interaction 6. Strong role in the quantitative revolution Garrison, Berry et al @Univ of Washington Transportation Center @Northwestern Univ Haggett (1965) Locational Analysis in Human Geography. Haggett & Chorley (1969) Network Analysis in Geography. 7. CHAPTERS 1. Transportation and Spatial Structure 2. Transportation and Spatial Processes 3. The Gravity Model 4. Structural Analysis of Transportation Networks: Aggregate Measures 5. Structural Analysis of Transportation Networks: Measures of Nodal Accessibility 6. Allocation Models Taaffe and Gauthier (1973) Geography of Transportation 8. Rumblings of dissent Eliot Hurst (1973) NAS/NRC (1965) report The Science of Geography raises the spectre of having to forcibly mould a study of say the evolution of Canadian railroad networks into the Committees procrustean bed of location theory or network analysis in order to gain their seal of good geography. Eliot Hurst (1974) Transportation Geography: Comments and Readings 9. Progress in Human Geography Reports--1970s and 80s Rimmer (1978) Redirections in Transport Geography Identity crisis Need new phase to repair the schism Toward a more humanistic transport geog Hay (1981); Rimmer (1988) 10. Post-70s Pluralism (Taaffe and Gauthier 1994) Majority of post-1970s research in transport geography has been positivist in orientation Regarding marxist-social theory approaches, the rate of turnover has been remarkable: isms have become wasms at an impressive clip! Source, Taaffe, Edward J. and Howard L. Gauthier. 1994. Transportation geography and geographic thought in the United States: an overview. Journal of Transport Geography 2(3), p. 159. 11. Hanson commentary on state of transport geography Transport geography has become a quiet, some might say moribund, corner of our discipline that has lost its disciplinary centrality, largely because it has remained within the analytical framework of the 1960s (Hanson 2003) 12. Re-examination in the 2000s 2006Series of viewpoints assessing research needs in transport geography Keeling (2007, 2008, 2009) Reports in Progress in Human Geography Preston (2001), Goetz et al (2004); Knowles (2006); Shaw, Knowles, & Docherty (2008); Preston & OConnor (2008); Schwanen & Kwan (2009); Goetz, Vowles, & Tierney (2009); Hall (2010); Shaw & Sidaway (2011) 13. Summary of Recent Suggestions for Transport Geography 1. needs to raise its profile 2. has been constrained for too long by its technocratic and positivist traditions 3. needs to better engage with the cultural and mobility turns within geography and related disciplines 4. needs to more explicitly embrace the (social) impacts of information and communication technologies (ICTs) 5. would benefit from greater inter- and intra-disciplinary collaboration Source: Hall 2010 14. Progress in contemporary transport geography Productivity Centrality and Analytical Frameworks 15. Productivity Journal of Transport Geography New textbooks and compilations Activities of transport geography groups in AAG, RGS-IBG, IGU, and other associations The Mobilities turn 16. Journal of Transport Geography (JTG) Sharp growth in quantity, impact, and ranking 1993 2003 2012 # of issues 4 4 6 # of papers 25 25 123 # of special issues 1 1 6 5-yr impact factor -- -- 2.52 Ranking in Geog -- -- 12/72 17. JTG Special Issues/Sections 1993:Transport in Canada 2003:Governance of corridors 2012:Child and youth mobility Social impacts and equity issues Rail transit systems and high-speed rail Time geography Climate change mitigation Accessibility & socio-economic activities 18. JTG most prevalent subjects/topics 1993: Air transport & airports, deregulation 2003: Air transport & airports, policy & governance 2012: Social equity & immobility, high-speed rail, environmental assessment & sustainability, public transit, air transport & airports, land use & TOD, time geography, pedestrians & bicycles, urban commuting, children & youth, car use, logistics & freight 19. Textbooks and Compilations Banister (2005). Unsustainable Transport: City Transport in the New Century. Black (2003) Transportation: A Geographical Analysis. Black (2010) Sustainable Transportation. Hanson and Giuliano, eds. (2004) The Geography of Urban Transportation, 3rd edition. Hanson and Kwan, eds. (2008) Transport: Critical Essays in Human Geography. Hensher, Button, Haynes, and Stopher, eds. (2004) Handbook of Transport Geography and Spatial Systems. Knowles, Shaw, and Docherty, eds. (2008) Transport Geographies: Mobilities, Flows and Spaces. Rodrigue, Comtois, and Slack. (2013) The Geography of Transport Systems, 3rd edition. Taaffe, Gauthier, and OKelly. (1996) Geography of Transportation, 2nd edition. 20. Activities of transport geography groups Transport Geography Specialty Group (TGSG) organized sessions at Association of American Geographers (AAG) annual meetings 1997 2007 2013 6 22 39 21. Number of Co-Organized Sessions with TGSG at AAG Meetings Specialty Group 1997 2007 2012 Urban -- 4 16 Economic -- 6 6 Energy & Environment -- 2 6 Spatial Analysis & Modeling -- 3 5 Global Urbanization -- -- 4 GI Science & Systems -- 3 3 Cyberinfrastructure -- -- 2 Asian -- -- 1 Climate -- -- 1 Cultural -- -- 1 Health & Medical -- -- 1 Recreation, Tourism & Sport 1 -- 1 Applied -- 3 -- Historical -- 3 -- Political -- 1 -- Regional Development & Planning -- 1 -- Russian, Central Asian, & East European -- 1 -- Total 1 24 47 22. The Mobilities turn Mobilities (2006- ) Interdisciplinary interface involving transport, communications, travel, tourism, migration The human experience of mobility Intersection of social science and transport science recasting societal studies, as transport comes out of the ghetto and enters mainstream social science (Grieco & Urry 23. Centrality and Analytical Frameworks Center and periphery in academic disciplines Geography in interdisciplinary transportation studies Transport in geography 24. Center and Periphery in Geography Source: Fenneman, Nevin. 1919. The Circumference of Geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 9(1), p.4. 25. Source: Taaffe, Edward J. 1974. The Spatial View in Context. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 64(1), p. 9. 26. TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY TRANSPORTATION 27. GEOGRAPHY IN TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY TRANSPORTATION CIVIL ENGINEERING ECONOMICS BUSINESS PLANNING POLICY ETC TRANSPORT IN SOCIETY TRANSPORT IN ACADEMIA TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY 28. TRANSPORT IN GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY HUMAN PHYSICAL PEOPLE-ENVIRONMENT GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SCIENCE ETC TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY To what extent is transport represented in mainstream geography? TRANSPORTATION 29. Transport-oriented research in top geography journals (1996-2006) Journal # of articles 1. Progress in Human Geog 7 2. Transactions, IBG 5 3. Environment & Planning D 6 4. Political Geog 5 5. Annals, AAG 13 6. Antipode 4 7. Economic Geog 14 8. Environment & Planning A 91 9. Area 13 10. Professional Geographer 30 11. Geoforum 18 12. Urban Geography 19 Total 225 (4.5% of capacity) Source: Goetz, Vowles, and Tierney (2009) 30. Qualitative/quantitative split in transport-oriented research in top geography journals (1996-2006) Journal Qual Quan 1. Progress in Human Geog 7 0 2. Transactions, IBG 5 0 3. Environment & Planning D 6 0 4. Political Geog 4 1 5. Annals, AAG 4 9 6. Antipode 4 0 7. Economic Geog 9 5 8. Environment & Planning A 22 69 9. Area 12 1 10. Professional Geographer 13 17 11. Geoforum 9 9 12. Urban Geography 7 12 Total 102 123Source: Goetz, Vowles, and Tierney (2009) 31. Opportunities for Further Advancement 32. Expansion of qualitative/critical approaches in transport geography* Increased interaction with other geographic subfields, especially urban, economic, cultural, historical, developme nt, and political The New Mobilities paradigm Relational geographies Environment and Sustainability Social and environmental justice Global health Impacts of information technology Public policy 33. Value of both qualitative & quantitative approaches Binary dualisms mask possible overlaps Becoming skilled in the practice of quantitative as well as qualitative geography can only strengthen the influence of critical thought, within the academy and without (Sheppard 2001) 34. Multiple identities of transport geographers Transport geographers tend to live double (triple, etc) academic lives Specialization in one or more other geographic subfields Specialization in one or more other transport areas 35. Questions and Discussion