the physical examination cattle - ii. procedures
TRANSCRIPT
The Physical ExaminationThe Physical ExaminationCattle - IICattle - II
Procedures Procedures
Equipment Equipment
• • HalterHalter
• • WatchWatch
• • StethoscopeStethoscope
• • Large animal Large animal thermometerthermometer
• • Black plateBlack plate
• • CMT paddle & solutionCMT paddle & solution
Equipment cont.Equipment cont.
• • FlashlightFlashlight
• • Rectal sleeveRectal sleeve
• • Betadine & lubeBetadine & lube
• • Ketone powder/stickKetone powder/stick
• • 18-16g 1 inch needle 18-16g 1 inch needle AlcoholAlcohol
Equipment cont.Equipment cont.
• • Mouth gagMouth gag
• • Frick speculumFrick speculum
• • Stomach tubeStomach tube
• • Funnel/pumpFunnel/pump
• • RopeRope
Equipment cont.Equipment cont.
New methylene blueNew methylene blue
• • SlidesSlides
• • Blood collection vialsBlood collection vials
• • Balling gunBalling gun
• • Nose leadNose lead
BasicsBasics
• • Begins before touching animalBegins before touching animal
– – Don’t get focused on one abnormalityDon’t get focused on one abnormality
• • Consistent routine
– – Avoid becoming sidetrackedAvoid becoming sidetracked
– – Miss other abnormalitiesMiss other abnormalities
• • Done by regions, not systemsDone by regions, not systems
• • Modified if no restraint & fractious animalModified if no restraint & fractious animal
Physical Examination (PE)• • Proper restraint !Proper restraint !
• • Tail tone & perineal reflex
• Rectal temperature
• Pulse (coccygeal artery)
• • Skin & hair coatSkin & hair coat
• • Vulva mucous membranesVulva mucous membranes
• • Urine sampleUrine sample
Urine sample
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2526123288783033228
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=2965268262150259000
Normal ValuesNormal Values
Rectal TemperatureRectal Temperature
°F °F °C °C Beef cow Beef cow 101 101 38.338.3 Dairy cow Dairy cow 101.5 101.5 38.638.6
• Young calfYoung calf 101.8–102.2101.8–102.2 38.8–3938.8–39
• Young cattle1yrYoung cattle1yr 101.3 – 104.9101.3 – 104.9 38.5–38.5–40.540.5
• Cattle > 1 yearCattle > 1 year 101.3–104101.3–104 38.5–4038.5–40
Normal ValuesNormal Values
Heart rate: Heart rate: 40-80/min40-80/min• Calf: first days of birthCalf: first days of birth 116 – 141116 – 141• Calf: 8-14 days oldCalf: 8-14 days old 108108• Calf: 1 month oldCalf: 1 month old 105105• Calf: 2 monthsCalf: 2 months 101101• Calf: 3 monthsCalf: 3 months 9999• Calf: 6 monthsCalf: 6 months 9696• Young cattle ~ 1 yrYoung cattle ~ 1 yr 9191• Cow/ Ox: AdultCow/ Ox: Adult 70-9070-90
Normal Values
Respiratory Rate: 10–30/ min• Calf: 4 days 56• Calf: 14 days 50• Calf: 5 weeks 37• Young cattle: 6 months 30• Young cattle: 1 yr 27• Cattle adult 12-16
Left neckLeft neck
• • Skin – hydrationSkin – hydration
Edema: bottle jaw/ brisket edema
• • Left jugular vein/mammary Left jugular vein/mammary vein: distended?vein: distended?
• • Trachea & LarynxTrachea & Larynx– – Auscult & compressAuscult & compress• • Thyroid glandsThyroid glands– – Not normally palpableNot normally palpable• • Left superficialLeft superficialcervical lymph nodecervical lymph node
Left thorax
Heart (3Heart (3rdrd – 6 – 6thth ICS) ICS)– – Apex: caudal to the elbow, 6th ICSBase: cranial elbow
– – auscult – note intensity, location, auscult – note intensity, location, thrillsthrills
– – rate (40-80/min)rate (40-80/min)– – compare heart with pulse ratecompare heart with pulse rate– – cardiac rhythmcardiac rhythm– – valve locationsvalve locations
• PAM: 3rd, 4th (shoulder), 5th ICS
CVS - Disease Tachycardia: Infectious disease Bradycardia: Vagal indigestion Muffled heart sounds: pericardial and pleural effusion Fevers: Bacterial endocarditis and some cases of
lymphosarcoma Murmurs: most common cause is bacterial endocarditis:
primarily in tricuspid valve than mitral valve on the left. Secondary to GI diseases such as "hardware", traumatic
reticulopericarditis: Muffled heart sounds with or without a washing machine-like murmur, distended jugular veins, jugular pulse and brisket edema
Atrial fibrillation causes a irregularly, irregular heart beat, and is generally associated with a GI problem such as an LDA.
Left thorax Respiratory systemRespiratory system
• Auscult: smaller area 11Auscult: smaller area 11thth rib rib• Normal lung sounds: louder on Normal lung sounds: louder on
inspiration than expiration (loudest in inspiration than expiration (loudest in the ventral lung fields). the ventral lung fields).
• Hold nostrils for better auscultHold nostrils for better auscult• Pneumonia (consolidated lung): (consolidated lung):
increased sounds in ventral lung field. increased sounds in ventral lung field. • Crackles and wheezes are abnormal Crackles and wheezes are abnormal
lung sounds. lung sounds. • Palpate the tracheal to try and induce Palpate the tracheal to try and induce
a cough. a cough.
Left forelegLeft foreleg
• • Inspection & palpationInspection & palpation
• • Note if any evidenceNote if any evidence
of:of:
– – heatheat
– – painpain
– – swellingswelling
– – rednessredness
– – skin temperatureskin temperature
Left Abdominal areaLeft Abdominal area
RumenRumen• inspection, palpationinspection, palpation
• auscult – frequency & auscult – frequency & charactercharacter
Ping (fluid-gas)• Abomasum: LDA
• Rumen: normal unless Rumen: normal unless otherwise (palpate for rumen)otherwise (palpate for rumen)
• 1-3/minute 1º rumen/reticulum1º rumen/reticulum 2º rumen only2º rumen only
Pinch and Grunt Tests
Withers scootch test (Pinch)• Normal: flex back ventrally when her withers are
pinched as seen above. • Abnormal: not flex ventrally – GI pain
hardware, abomasal ulcers, or distention of the small intestine with gas
Grunt test• Plank/ hand and knee on xiphoid• Pain: cow grunts (auscult trachea inspiration),
kicks, or acts uncomfortable
BackBack Mammary lymph nodesMammary lymph nodes Shape & symmetry ofShape & symmetry ofabdomen/thoraxabdomen/thorax
Pear; Abnormal: apple/papplePear; Abnormal: apple/papple FecesFeces Mammary glandsMammary glands Milk samplesMilk samples Subcutaneous abdominalSubcutaneous abdominalveinsveins
Black cup
CMT results
•Subclinical mastitis: contagious organisms:Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactia, Mycoplasma bovis•Clinical mastitis:
•Environmental organisms: Strep. nonag. Group:50%•Coliform organisms (Eschericia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter sp., etc.)
90% of the time
•Foul smell and necrotic odor •Arcanobacterium pyogenes
(another)anaerobe •Watery milk, swollen udder
•Coliforms•Watery and red, sick cow
•Staph aureus: poor prognosis
Right ThoraxRight Thorax
Heart (apex 6th ICS)• Triscuspid: 3rd ICS
Respiratory system
Right neck
•Superficial prescapularlymph node•Pre-femoral
Jugular veinJugular vein
Jugular RefillJugular Refill
Right AbdomenRight Abdomen GIGI PingsPings
• Normal: cecum, spiral colon, Normal: cecum, spiral colon, small intestine, duodenum, small intestine, duodenum, uterus (after calving), uterus (after calving), peritoneum, rectumperitoneum, rectum
• Abnormal: distended or displaced
cecum RDA and RTA (right
abomasal torsion) cranial to the 8th to 10th rib
LiverLiver Fatty liverFatty liver
Right Foreleg Right Foreleg
• Inspection & palpation
• Note if any evidence of:
– heat
– pain
– swelling
– redness
– skin temperature
HeadHead
• Posture of head & ears
– Neurological dz
• Symmetry
• Facial expression
• Eye movements
• Nostrils
– Discharge, odor, ulcers
Rectal ExaminationRectal Examination
• Last to avoid pneumorectum
• Presence & consistency of manure
• Pressure
• Pelvic bones Left
• Rumen – size, position,
• Left Kidney – size, position, pain
Rectal cont. Rectal cont. • Females - cervix, vagina, uterus,
ovariesMales – base of penis, accessory sex glands,internal inguinal rings
Urolithiasis – size of ureters? Pulsations?
• Right - abnormal vicera, distended spiral colon, cecum, small intestines
Vaginal Examination Vaginal Examination
• Pre-calving• Post calving• Before rectal examination• Wash• Note for any evidence of:– Tears – vaginal & cervical– Retained fetal membranes– Metritis
Palpation pregnant cowPalpation pregnant cow
Palpation pregnant cowPalpation pregnant cow
Palpation pregnant cowPalpation pregnant cow
Vaginal Exam Cervix predominantly pelvic and freely movable
• Normal nonpregnant uterus • Pregnancies up to 60 to 70 days • Postparturient involution more than 14 days after parturition • Pyometra and hydrometra with exudates or secretion <2 liters • Chronic metritis without appreciable accumulation of exudates
Cervix abdominal and fixed• Pregnancies after 70 days • Uninvoluted postpartum tract • Pyometra and hydrometra with exudates >2 liters • Extensive adhesions • Tumors (Lymphosarcoma)