the philosophy of socrates

8/2/2019 The Philosophy of Socrates

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The Philosophyof Socrates

By:Honey Kristy Umbac;

Agnes Gebone; andEmma Lorie Agudo


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Moral Philosophy is thecritical consideration of what

principles ought to govern peopleand of nature, source, and

justifications of these

principles.


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Ethic is just a set ofprinciples of conduct that

govern a person or a group.


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- lived in Athens. (496 399

B. C.)- was exceptionally adept inargumentation.

Socrates


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- spent his time enticingAthenians to philosophize with

him, mainly about supposedmoral virtues such as bravery,and piety.


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Socrates really wanted to knowthe truth. His primary interest

was to find the universal inethical matters. He was notcontent with the traditional and

accepted views of courage,


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justice, piety, virtue, and thegreatest good; instead, he

wanted to know the ultimatenature of these things.


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He insisted, in addition, that thecorrect understanding of ethical

concepts must rest on soundreasoning (rather than on, say,faith, or intuition or popularwisdom).


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His methodology emphasizeddialectic, the procedure by

which the truth is elicited fromthe mind itself and notthrough empirical study.


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Socrates changed the focus ofphilosophy from metaphysics tomoral philosophy. Socrates left

no writings.Justice is nothing other than the

advantage of the ruling party.


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The General NotionsSophists had turned their

attention to man, but they havestopped at sensitive impressions,

at empirical data.S

ocratesmoves in the same


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plane as the sophists but he doesnot stop at sensations, at

opiniative knowledge; hisinvestigations tended toscrutinize the more intimate

part of man, that by which man


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is man, his reason.Socrates, like the Sophists, was

not concerned with metaphysics,but executed himself by saying

that nature is under the direction

of gods. He concentrated on the


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search for moral concepts.The Doctrines of Socrates

- The doctrine ofSocrates hadtwo main points: the conceptand the morality ethics.


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Concept is that of which everyone

think when they speak of athing.


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T

heM

ethod of Elenchus(Socratic Method)

- Socrates used the inductivemethod of dialogue, the

principal parts of which were two:

irony and maieutics.


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T

he method includes thefollowing points:

interrogating a range ofquestions regarding a pivotalissue

providing answers to these


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questionsdefending certain points of view

the ideal method to achievetriumph is that if the opponentasserts something opposite to his

own statement, then this is an


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evidence that the inquirer iscorrect

- Elenchus is said to be the primetechnique of the Socratic Method.

- Socrates used this technique toexamine to nature of ethical


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concepts like virtue or justice.This was executed as follows:

an interlocutor makes astatement

Socrates may consider it aswrong and aim to cancel it


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Socrates makes anotherstatement

the interlocutor accedes thatthese statements arecontradictory to his statement


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Socrates asserts that theinterlocutors statement is false

and its opposite is trueone assessment can cause a

more refined assessment of theconcept under debate


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- The Socratic Method is tosearch for the assumptions

that shape ones sentiment.


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Morality / Ethics- is a social phenomenon or

institution, just as we studylegal practices and structuresand how they have evolved in aculture.


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- can be understood as a meansby which societies exert control

over their member to promotesuch ends, stability, security,

and general welfare.


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Minor Socratic Schools

- Socratic, because after theexample ofSocrates they were

interested in the knowledge ofmorality;


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Minor, because the thought ofSocrates was not expounded for

its own good but withinclinations toward formerpositions.


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The fourMinorSchools are:the Megarian, founded byEuclid ofMegara;

the Elian, founded by Phaedo;

the Cynic; and

the Cyrenaic.


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The Cynic School.- was opened by Antisthenes.

He taught in the Cynosargesof Athens, whence the name

Cynic.


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The Cyrenic School.- was founded by Cyrene, in

those times an enchantingcity of Libya, by Aristippuswho, before becoming adisciple ofSocrates,


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had heard the lectures ofProtagoras.

- regarding cognition, forAristippus only the subjective

sensations are knowable


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- For Aristippus no metaphysicsis possible, since the subject

remains closed up in sensations.- Regarding ethics, theCyrenians, in opposition to theCynics, affirm that


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virtue consists in pleasure, andvice in pain. Virtue is a pleasingsensation, vice is a painful one.

- Cyrenians have a theory ofsensations: there are three

species,


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pleasant, painful, and

indifferent.

- The wise man will keep awaythe painful or reduce them to

the least possible,


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while he will change theindifferent into pleasant

sensations.- Virtue consist in procuringfor oneself the greatest possiblequantity of tender emotions.


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RESOURCES

Moral Philosophy

(A Comprehensiveintroduction)

By Brooke Noel Moore and

Robert Michael Stewart

the philosophy of socrates

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