the peripheral nervous system chapter 13. divisions of the nervous system
TRANSCRIPT
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The Peripheral Nervous System
Chapter 13
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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Classification of Sensory Receptors
By Stimulus Type– Mechanoreceptors– Thermoreceptors– Photoreceptors– Chemoreceptors– Baroreceptors– Nociceptors
By Location– Exteroceptors– Interoceptors– Proprioceptors
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Unencapsulated Nerves
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Encapsulated Nerves
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Encapsulated Nerves
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Connective Tissues of a Nerve
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Types of Nerves
Sensory (afferent) Nerves
Motor (efferent) Nerves
Mixed Nerve (both)
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Regeneration of an Injured Nerve
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Cranial Nerves
- 12 pairs
- Classified as sensory, motor or mixed
- First two pairs attach to the forebrain
- Remaining ten pairs attach to the brainstem
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Cranial Nerves
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Cranial Nerves
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Olfactory Nerve (I)
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Olfactory Nerve (I)
- Sensory only- Sense of smell- Olfactory bulbs that terminate into filaments
piercing the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.
- Anosmia: loss of smell
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Optic Nerve (II)
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Optic Nerve (II)
- Sensory only- Vision- Begins at the retina, converges at the optic
chiasma, partial crossing over of the fibers to enter the thalamus. Optic radiations take impulse to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe.
- Anopsias= loss of vision
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Oculomotor Nerve (III)
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Oculomotor Nerve (III)
- Motor only- Controls 4 of the six eye muscles for eyeball
movement and pupil constriction:- Superior rectus- Medial rectus- Inferior rectus- Inferior oblique
External Strabismus=eye rotates laterally
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Oculomotor Nerve (III)
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Trochlear Nerve (IV)
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Trochlear Nerve (IV)
- Motor only- Movement of one eye muscle: superior
oblique muscle- Downward and lateral movement of the
eyeball.- Damage to this nerve can cause double
vision and the inability to rotate the eye inferolaterally
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Trigeminal Nerve (V)
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Trigeminal Nerve (V)
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Trigeminal Nerve (V)
- Mixed nerve- Largest cranial nerve- Sensory=somatic sensations of the face- Motor=controls muscles of mastication - Three divisions: V1- Ophthalmic division
V2- Maxillary division
V3- Mandibular division- Tic douloureux=inflammation of the trigeminal
nerve
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Abducens Nerve (VI)
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Abducens Nerve (VI)
- Motor only- Innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the
eye- Moves eyeball laterally - Internal Strabismus=eye rotates medially
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Abducens Nerve (VI)
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Facial Nerve (VII)
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Facial Nerve (VII)
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Facial Nerve (VII)
- Mixed nerve- Motor=Controls muscles of facial expression- Motor=Controls lacrimal and two of the three
types of salivary glands (sublingual and submandibular glands)
- Sensory=Taste of anterior 2/3 of tongue- Bell’s palsy=unilateral facial paralysis
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Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)
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Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII)
- Sensory only- Vestibulo branch: equilibrium- Cochlear branch: hearing- Travels through the internal acoustic meatus- Nerve deafness caused by damage to the
cochlear branch while dizziness and vertigo are caused by damage to the vestibular branch
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
- Mixed nerve- Motor=muscle innervations to part of the
tongue and pharynx- Sensory=Taste for bitter on the posterior 1/3
of the tongue - Swallowing and gag reflex
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Vagus Nerve (X)
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Vagus Nerve (X)
- Mixed nerve- Motor=heart rate, breathing, and digestive
function, muscles of the voicebox.- Sensory=taste from the posterior portions of
the tongue and pharynx (taste), abdominal and thoracic viscera
- Destruction of the vagus nerve is incompatible with life
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Accessory Nerve (XI)
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Accessory Nerve (XI)
- Motor (primarily)- Innervates trapezius and
sternocleidomastoid muscle Damage would result in the inability to shrug
the shoulders and turn the head
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Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
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Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
- Motor (primarily)- Tongue movements: swallowing and speech
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Spinal Nerves
- Mixed nerves- 31 pairs of spinal nerves total- (8) Cervical - cervical and brachial plexus - (12) Thoracic - intercostal nerves and
cervical and lumbosacral enlargement - (5) Lumbar - lumbar plexus - (5) Sacral - sacral plexus - (1) Coccygeal
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Distribution of Spinal Nerves
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Formation of Spinal Nerves
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Formation of Spinal Nerves
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Cervical Plexus
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Cervical Plexus
Most branches are cutaneous nerves that supply sensory impulses from the skin of the neck, ear, back of the head and shoulders
Other branches innervate the muscles of the anterior neck
Phrenic nerve = sole motor nerve supply to the diaphragm for breathing
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Brachial Plexus
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Brachial Plexus
Median nerve: Flexor muscles of the anterior forearm and intrinsic muscles in palm; pronates the forearm, flex the wrist and fingers, and oppose the thumb
Radial nerve: largest branch; posterior muscles of the arm and forearm; innervates all the extensor muscles for elbow, wrist, and finger extension, forearm supination, and thumb abduction
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Brachial Plexus
Ulnar nerve: produces wrist and finger flexion and adduction as well as abduction of the medial fingers
Suprascapular nerve: innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles for movement of the shoulder
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Brachial Plexus
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Thoracic Nerves
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Lumbar Plexus
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Lumbar Plexus
Femoral nerve: the largest terminal nerve of this plexus and innervates the anterior muscles of the thigh (thigh flexors and knee extensors). Branches to form the saphenous nerve on the medial thigh and knee.
Obturator nerve: innervates the adductor muscles of the leg.
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Lumbar Plexus
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Sacral Plexus
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Sacral Plexus
Sciatic nerve: which supplies the entire lower limb (leg) except the anteromedial thigh.
The sciatic nerve is also the thickest and longest nerve in the body and branches to form the 1- tibial nerve (which further branches to form the sural nerve and plantar nerves) and the 2- common fibular nerve
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Reflexes
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Reflex Activity
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Reflex Activity
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Types of Reflexes
Somatic Reflexes– Stretch reflexes– Golgi tendon reflexes– Flexor reflexes (withdrawal)– Crossed extensor reflexes– Superficial reflexes
Autonomic Reflexes
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Stretch Reflex
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Golgi Tendon Organ
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Flexor reflex and Crossed Extensor Reflex
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Superficial Reflex