QA

'I't.IE PALE,S I'INE MANDATEInvolid arttl lnrpracticable

(l,olrl,r'ibutrrlrr of Argrrrr,*nts and l)ocurrrrnlrtowrrrrlu the nolutlorr ol' the l'alegtinr

I',,,lrtetn

t,\,

w l" B()us'l'ANY, [1.A.Itel,r,'settlalrr, ol tltt: .'\r,rl' (.lrrltivrrlt'r* itt lltc

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.r,,il t,,rtr',rrrrll,,l 1,, I lr', N4,rl,.lr'r l'rity ll,"l lit'r r''t'rrv "l lit"tr

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l'"lr L r' 'rtrrl r\1'1 'r r"lr"'u 'r'l'l''rl

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-.-1- . .o.

THE PA,LESTINE MA'NDATEInvalid and ImPracticable

A Contribution of Arguments and Documentstowards the solution of the Palestine

Problem

bv . .,.,,,rr\

W. F. BOUSTANY, B.A.

Representative o[ the Arab Cultivators in the

"""' ii,i;J;;ru- Lund, Agreement withthe Palestine Government

Mernl:er of the Third Palestine Arab^' ^-'-'- -b.t"eation to London

):

PresentedtoF{isExcelleneytheHighComrrissionerforPalestineinJune

and transmitted to His Maiesty's Principal secretary of state

for the Colonies in JulY' 1936

Part Ten and APPendices added

and Arabic vereion presented to the Supreme Arab Committee

in Augugt, 1936

'a#"

Printcd rt the Amorican Proo' Boirut

l9t6

:1-0 ttr ),, l-''j l ,' 2

/:', (,' \

nv \TlIr: AUTrIoR(in Arabic)

l,ord Atsahury's :

. 'I'lur Use of l,ifc0rr l't'ttt:c anrl I'[ltpPincss'l'ltr. l'lt'ltstttt'.s of I,if(r'l'lre llcitrttics of Naturc

Slr Arrlon llcrtrtttt's l{cport on thc (lrrxll< Ortltotlrx l)ltlt'iltrt:ltitlc ol.Jcrusnlent

Slr l{rrlrirrrlrittttillr'l'irgot'c's :'l'he Gartlcncr(Jrrrrllrrltrs of ()tttitr Klrlry;trtrn

arl':)

FORE'S/ORD

The present six months "political strike" with its "outragesand guerilla warfare" "of aims inconsistent with the Mandate",has been rcgarded as a "direct challenge to the authority of theBritish Government in Palestine". The Arabs have been seekingthe introduction "by the British Government of fundamentalchanges in their policy with regard ro Palestine". The BritishGovernment ate "convinced" that the object of "establishingmore cordial and peaceful relations" is "attainable within theframework of the Mandate which they have no intention ofabandoning". In the investigdtion by the Royal Commission,"of the underlying causes of the disturbances" the "funda-mental terms of the Mandate" are not to be brought intoquestion. Such is the British Policy in lralestine which wasstated at tlte end of the first week of this month. The deadtrockcontinues.

The Palestine Arabs stand on Pledges made by GrearBritain, duly confirmed by other Powers, and entirely consistentwith the Covenant of the League of Nations to which theMandate is traceable. They oppose a policy which, thoughentfuely contraty to such Pledges and Covenant, has been em-bodied in the fundamental terms of the Mandate. By them"British position" in, and "British policy with regard to",Palestine, as "purely British" are not necessarily brought intoquestion except in so far as the Mandate itself is invalid orimpracticable. British policy trcats them as "mere economicunits." It was laicl down in tgzz, before the Mandate wasdefinc

r

as a "community formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire"

to bc rccogn ized as "an indepenr1ent nation" is not implemented'

l1 its fundamental terms the Mandate gives recognition tot hc historical connection of the Jewish people with Palestine and

to a National Home therein for them' This is the PalestineProblem.

-fhe object of the following pages is to show to all con-

ccmcd, the Jews, the Arabs, the Mandatory, and the League

ol l\ations, how and hov,' far, this problem' to which a solution

on all sides is earnestly sought, cannot be envisaged without

qucstioning the fundamental tertns of this international insffu-

rurrnl wltich, contrary to the Covenant of the League of Nations'

;rs it u,.rs whcn {irst drafted, and when confirmed, has, after soln;lny yc:Il's of trial, proved to be impracticable and not only

in va litl..|-hcJcwislrAspect,theArabAspect,theBritishAspect,

,rr,r,rll rliscussccl. Copics of the lirst nine Parts, in the form of a

.r(.rlt()t.;lt1(l r1.ll, wcrc duly transltitted to His Majesty's Frincipal

St'cr.t'lrry o{' Statc for the Colonies' Part X' the Appendices',rrrtl lrrcliccs c;[ ]:vents, Documcnts and Arguments, haVe since

lrecu .rtlrlccl; and tlrc ISnglish and Arabic versions of this modest

r onlt ibttlion Jrc l.low appcaring together' only a few days after

tlrt,syri,rrr'l'rclty was co,ncludcd as a further instance of the

l,rlc ol M,rlttlatcs.

W. F. Boustany.Sr'1rtt'tttlrt'r' :'7, r q16'

CONTENTS

Indices ;Pa&r

3-rorr-r5Index of Documents and

Index of Eventsoo.

ff Arguments

Parts :

I Present Mandate: Invalid; May be revoked; May bereceded fronr; Ifay lle raciically modified 17_37

I I l)alcslinc ll'errit-ory : Within the boundaries of countrieslvherein Recognition and Support of Arab Indepenclanceby Great tsritain was'pledged 3g-47

T II The Palestine Mandate : Compared with the two otherMandates (-for Iraq and Syria and the l,ebanon) 4g-Ss

lV The Jewish National Home : Interpretatio,; Jewish State 56-66V The Palestine Mandate : A,,E and C,,mandate, not in

conformity with the relative provision made in theCovenant of the League of }[ations 67-7r

Vl lleport of the Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry :l)crrrorrstrates Conflicts and Difficulties inherent in theMandate 7z-Bg

V I I Cornplexity and Conflict of fnterests in the palestineMandate observed by the Permanent MandatesCt>mmission

Vlll Sir -John Hope Simpson's Report supports the Parlia-nrcntary Corrnrissionls Report and demonstrates thelnrpracticability of the PaJestine Mandate involvingOonrplexity and Conllict of Interests 94-ro9

lX 'l'he r9.3o Statement of Ilritish Policy in l)ir,lcstinercilr:r;rlcs iht rclzz Stalcntent ;rn

-t

lffx'ttllt'r,t :I (hvnttrtlrl ol lhn l,r,rr1ilrr, of Nrrliorrs :

(Arl hltx l4, r(,, )) ...ll 'l'ltn 'l'truly ol Silvlr,* ( rr;:ro) :

(Atllllnr o4-t)7, t,tllll 'l'lto Mnttthlr for lrrrl (r9zr)lV 'l'ltt Mttttrlrrlr fol lhlt,sl.ine (r9zr)V Slrrltnrerrl of lho llritish l'olicy in Palestine (ryzz) ....

Vl 'l'lrr Mrrttrhrlr. for' l'irk:slirre and Transjordan :

Vll 'l'ht. Mtrrrlnte for Syria and the lebanon:ns t:onlirmed (rgzz)

Vlll ll'hc il'reaty of Lausanne (rgz3):(Arl"icles 16, 25, 27> . .

Mlp,of Syria .

Pege

I39-I4r

r4r-t42r43-r47r48-r5zr53-r57

r 58-r6a

r6z-r65

r65-r66I6

-3-NNDEX OF EVENt'S

N.E. Figures to the ri,glat d.enote numbers oJ parograplts ond pre'ededby "p" denote pages.

.Iewry and the ltroly Land.r. Palestine-*o.,Jews, I,and of promise : ro7.2. NIo restoratibn; jerusaiern a City in Heaven : rog.3. Restoration of-the Ternpie on its ancient site: ro9, r5r, rrr.4. Christianized jews versus Jews : rro.s. Jerusalem : First "Kibla" of rsrarnl A new shrine of the new creed

(Islam) on the site of the Itroly Temple : rrr.

Ernancipation and Renaissance.

6. 1796: concordat betrveen jervs of France and French Republic: rrz.l. rTgg: Napoleon,s invitation to Jews to settle again ,,under his aegis,,

in Jerusalem : rr4.8. r815: Congress of Vienna and ,,civil and political rights,, for

Jewish comrnunitles cf Central Europe: rzg.g. r8r7: An English Je'r negotiates with Ibrahim son of Mohammed

',A,li Fasha a Jer,vish coXonization in palestine : r:5.ro. r846: "'rranquiliisation of syria and the East by the Establishment

of Jewish Coionies in palestine,,-an English rvork : 116.r r. r85z: "jev;s in Falestine,, (re-establishment of a Jewish Statet

under Eritish protection as a means of securing overlandroute to India) an English work : 116.

12, r86o: with the R.enaissance of itaty the Resurrection of Judea: rr7.

Politieal Zionisrn.

13. t8g7:. Herzl's plan: "establishment in palestine of a publicly-secured and legally-guaranteeil Horne for the Jewish people,,;inunediate objectives (a) a charter from the Sultan backedby the Great Powers for autonomous jewish colonizationand (b) financial institutions. (

r4, : Zangrvill's plan : Autonomous Jewish settlernent outsidel'alestine : r23-r25.

IH

l)

tl

ll,

-'.t.

r{

_ r_

r()l.l: I{ernarkable number of leaders in Jervry visit I'irlcstiue:rz6, tz7,

r()r4: I)r. Weizmann introduced to ]Ir. Lloyd George: 299.

Alirb Movcment : Arab Independenee.r()r5: .frrl_v 14: the Shereef of l{ecca (to Sir Henry },IcMahon)

rk'lirrr,s boundaries of territories n-herein Arab Independenceis lo lrc lccognized : 6r. 62,.

,: Atrgrrsl .io: Sir N{cN{ahon confirms Lord Kitchener's messagelrrr"'llrt, inrlcpendence of the Arabs and the Arab countries"irrrrl lroslporrcs rliscussir:n of t'bounclaries": 63.

: $r,; rlr,rrrlrr,r' 9 : 'l hc Shereef stands for his "boundaries" :{r4, ri.5.

. : ()r'lr,lrr,r' :i: Sir ^\[t'fllrlt,rn rnndiflies ''blrundaries" by pro-lrosirrg lo r,xllrtrlt. tlrt riistricts ol llersina and Alexandretta

' lrtrrl pr lllirln:i ol Sl'r'irr l-l'irrg lo lhc rvcst of the districts ofI)ltrrr:rsr us, llotrrs, llrrru;r, lrrrrl ,\lr'Pllo; un(l with these modi-lir irliorr.i "w(' l( ( ('l)1 " llrt. lrottttrllrrics rlesired by the Shereef :(r(r.

. Novt'rrrlrcl s: 'l'lrr. Slrt'rt:t'i ir{rr('s to c\clude the vilayet oiNll'r'sirrlr irrrrl Atl;rtur: llrt'qrrovitrt'es of i\leppo and Beyroutltt'r' At;tlr pt'ovitrt'r's : 67.

: l)r'r't'nrlrlr t,1 : ltttt'r't'sts of liutuce are iuvolved: 68.

Alrglo-A t'trb (hvcnunl, Cloncluded.Zionlxl Schenre l'r'csented.r) r (): .f rrnrurr'-v- r : 'l'lrc Arllrs 1lt'oi isi,'null-v avcrt tlteir e)'es f rorn

ra,lrlrl llrr,y lcrrvt,to Iirance ut llevrottt and its coasts; and' lrrrrl I,lrr, Anglo-Arirlr (lrvetrattt is conclttrled : 69, 7o.

: l)ivisiorr oI Syriu irrLo lhrt'e S1.'hc'res oI Inllttence (one British). lrrrrl lrrlcrn;r{ionrtlisalion oi I'}irlesline. (Sykes-l'icot negotia-

liorrs): ().1, 95.: ".llwislr Nrrtionirl I'Ionre" antl "liritislr l)ositiol"r" in l'alesl.ine:

r,1.1, t;(r.

: Oclolrt'r : Zionisl Scht't'tttt' Ir'r' "Ittlltr(' go\'('l'ltl'l1t'tlt of l'}ltlcs-' lirrr.'': .Jclvish t:ltirt'lt'tt'rl (r,tlll)illl\'; .llrvislr torrtttlttttily in

l';rlt'slinr, ir rlislirrr'l tutliotrlrlilr, lo lrl t't'r'ogttizt'rl l,t' Sttzt'r;tittils it s('l):lt'ill('llllli(tlllll 1111i1 0l lt ttttli0tritlill' : ''r)(),,loo'

27,

28.

*5-

tsalfour Declaration.rgr?: Zionist "Politicar committee" at London to prosecute Zionist

plan : 3or.: British Arrny a,d ,,Arab Officers and soldiers,, in palestine :

164, 165.: July r8: Lord Rothschild forwards to Mr. Balfour the

"Balfour Deciaration" knou,n to president wiison, sir NlarkSykes, and Earon Edmond de Rothschild : 3or.: tsalfour Declaration formula oppcsed and modified : 3o2, 3o3.: November z : Balfour Declaration issue.J, a personal *"aarguhaving bee, sent by president wilson to British Govern-nrent: 3o.3. r?6, :,77.

I]:rlfour l)eclalation,lpplied..Anglo-Ar.ab Covenant Confirmerl.

.i,:' rgrli: .'\pril 4 : zionist Commission in palestine with,,official terms,f reference". \\:ith the commission NIr. Ormsby_Gore(the present Secretary of State for the Colonies): 3o4, 3,o5.,tt. : -ftrrre: Recrr-riting parestine Arabs for the liberation of Arabcountries still proceeding : r56.

i r' : -\rvcrrher : The Turks propose a Turco-.\rab treaty re-cognizing the Inclependence of the Arab countries : 7r.

( 5. : N,ve,lrer : "Britisrr Government, in agreement \ryith the.,\llicrl lb*,,cr-s, confirnrs its previous pledges respecting the't.rrg,i1i.rr .f the inclepe,dence of the Aratr countries,,: 7r.{(r' : N.r'crnlrcr : -Jtiint -\ng}o-French procramation : ,,definiteIr'r'ci,( " [r.rrr the 'furiis and "estab]ishment of nationar( iovcrnnrcnis and Administraiions,, : 3ob,

'!'hr, llt'sila1ion.,\ Novcl l,olilical Experirnent,,,Mandates,,.

(i rqrr): .\llir.s: I{r'srlvcrl Ilrirt,\rab territories should not be handedlo'l'rrrlir,y : r.j:.

l'r'irrr'i1rlr' : \o lrnnt'x;rtion : r.33..lr u: : ;r lr;lli()nitlily lrnrl to rcturr.l lo thcir historic home as;t I)( r)l)l(, : t.t().\r'rrlrs : Irrrlr,lrr,rrrlt'rrt r,: frrllllrrrerrl of ltlcrlgcs : r.74, 6r-7o.Slt i;rlisl rrrrrl 'l'rrrlt' Iirriorr lllrrlit's: Intr:rnatirmal Govern-trrt'rrl rrl (lr'r'rllrrr r,rl,rrics ltrrrl .f lt'rrit.rics rlclacherl frotn'l'rtllir'1' r;,r.

29.

3c.

.3r.

{i,

t,,

lr

45.

4lt,

47.

-6-,lz. : Wilson ; Interests of the peopnes ttrre prinoary consideration :

r36.

43. : I)ecetnber 3o : t'Mandate" idea.lOovenant of League of Nations provides for Mandates'Mnndettes for Arab Territories in an Abortive Treaty.

44. t()2o: Mandate System laid down in Article zz, Covenant ofl,cirguc of Nations : r7r, P. r39.

Alrlil : Sttprcme Alliecl Council allotted Nlanclates : 138'Aplil : l(iots in Jertrsalern : .io7'Alrlil : Zionists' Arrrtgance; denlancl only a "National Horne"lrrrl wilI lrc slrlislrt'rl rvith nothinq less thau a "Jewish State";

Siltlrl iorr lrttolcritlllc; abDlirsllnrent tt[ "Zionist Commission"rccrrruntctrrle

69.

7o.

?t.

7r.

7,1.

74,

7H,

7e.

{lo.

7 {t,

77,

I'ulostine Mnndate : Complexity and Conflictof Inl,ercsls,

tt)?4i .f irnrrirry rz: I)alestine Arabs presented to King Hussein at- Arrrrrrirn tht'ir final dernands: adherence tn pledges made'

rrrrrl lcftrsll of Jewish National Home policy : roo.

--8-

luly z4: Lausanne Treaty of Peace with Turkey (signed):p. 165.

August : Third Palestine Arab Delegation at London opposingsaid Anglo-Arab treaty as implying Jewish National Homepolicy : ,96-roo; King Hussein announces in palestine thathe would not endorse such policy : roo.September z9 : Palestine Mandate and Mandate for Syriaand the Lebanon come into lorce: z6z, (and page zo3,Arabic version).October : Palestine Arabs refuse formation of an ArabAgency ancl reconstitution of a nominated Advisory Council :26?.

October 3o : Protocol to Iraquian treaty : zz.I)ecember : Advisory Council reconstituted of Official UIem;bers only (with two additional official members): 267.Ily l)ecenrlrcr negotiations for Anglo-Arab treaty were saidlo dcllenrl rrprln acccptance by King Hr.rssein of a provisionfor lhe csttblislrrnerrt of a national representative govern-ntent whit:h-qould recognize llalfour l)eclaration as inter-llrcted in the lgzz Statcnrent of Ilritish Policy : roo."l)aily l\{ail" Incluiry publislred as a book supporting Pales-tine Arabs on ground of British pledges made to Arabs and-criticising Jewish Home Policy : 58-83, 2gg-3o7, gS.

N'lrrlch 2.5 : Liour Agreernents relating to Iraquian treaty : zz..Se;tterrrber z7: Council of League approved British Govern-rrrclrt's surlrmary of said Protocol and Agreements relating toIraq as givirrg effect to Article ee of Covenant zz.

Novenrber : I.'irst Report on I'alestine Mandate considered,lry I'ernranent Mandales Commission; "Complexity" and"Conflir:t of ln(cresls": 208-2r3, 288, 289.

I.nuslnnc'.1'rtrtly rtlilicrl : r39.ttr.

82.

83.

8+.

8.S.

-9-

National Home a Jewish State.rg21: Revisionists declare Jewish State to be the aim of the

National Home : r53-r58.19z6: December ro : Moderates as well as Extremists consider

Jewish State as goal of National Home : t5g, 176.

Outbreak.

rg2g: June : High Commissioner puts forward proposals for con'stitutional developrnent : 267.

: August : Disturbances ; Constitutional Development heldup; Inquiries instituted : 267.

Palestine Mandate proves Impracticable.86: rg3o: March: Parliamentary Commission's Report on Palestine

Disturbances of August r9z9 presented to Parliament : Out-break not against British authority as such: result ofdisregard to legitimate Arab demands relating to Constitu-tional Government, Immigration, and Sales of Land, and ofdepartures by Palestine Government, Jewish Agency and

, other Jewish bodies, from the resolution of the Zionist Con-gress ( tgzr), the Statement of British Policy ( rgzz), utdthe provisions of the Mandate which involve c

90,

-_ IO -

bodies from Resolution of Zionist Congress (r9zr), State-nrent of British Policy (rgzz), and certain provisions ofN{andate : zfi-248.

: October z4: Statement of British Policy in Palestine : Basedon and reiterating the rgzz Statement and National Homeprovisions in Mandate on vital questions of constitutionalGovernment, Immigration, and Jewish Agency; Mandatory

rillrl:, oI rroil-.f('wirll lr.r'liorrr : rr{o, .fr,rvs rlr,;xrr.l fr.orrr llr.ilislr l\rli1r, :.r\r,'rr,i; ''l'lrl Nrrlionlrl llorrrr, lrrlily is rlrr, r.rrrrsc of Ar.irrr rlisrrppoilrt-rrrr'rrl : rl'k;, rrlr: lnrtrigritliorr ;lrrrl slrlr,s of lrtrrrl rr rl:rrtgt,r 16 .\rit[s : r9l,.'rrr; l'lrl.slirrc Alirlrs rrrril.rl irr rlt'nr:rrrrlirrg sclf-grvcrrrnrent: r 72, r67-rl()i 'l'lrr,.y irrt,rrol r,rrcnrics lo (ir.clrt llritlrin : rgz.

(.t ) .,Sn' .lolut, lloftr" Simpsort's llt:port: Cultivated lancl available'lr.c.i ll'rrr

'r,rlrrircrl irr l,;rk:stine Arabs : 2r7-2tg, 23r-234; Settlement

,l .flrls irr lrt't,r'rl:rrrcc wilh thc constitution of the Jewish Agency passed;rl /,tnich ( r),,{t'css ( rgzg) scver.s Arabs from use of land anclorr:ls Ar';rlr lrrlrorrl rrrrrl irnrounls to a dtparture lrom the provisions of theAl;rrrrlrrlt, : .'.r r-.,.t(); .f crvish lntlrrstry improper basis for immigrationf,rllrrrvirrll r'r',rrrrrricirl rrlrsollrlivc callacity:23s-24r; Jewish immigrationfollou'.r pr,r'st'crrlion of Jcy,li in llurope: 247; A social and economic ex-

.1rt r irrrr,rrl oI t;trcstiorurlllc vtrltrc a 243-21\.

(S) Alttttrlrtlt' ,S.vr/r'lr (;r l,r,irgLtc ol Nations publication):('rrvr,trr,rr;tl rrI l,r,;rgrrl r,rnlrorlit,s lr;rsit. princilrlcs governing mandates ,'l'r,t trrs .l l\l;rrrrllrlt, rlr,lirrt. llrr. NI;rrrrllrlory's trtrthor.ity; He may recedel'rotrr lrr:i rrr;rrrrl;tloly olrlillirlions; Ilc rrriry have thent modified; Leaguenur\, rr,\'rl\r. rr rrlrrtrllrlr,rrrrrl rrurv agrt't,to nro

* 14-.-

ment transforrns lands into Jewish inaiienable domains and ousts Arablabqur: 275. (g) Conduct of Jewish Agency contrary to Ziunist Con-gresb resolution that Jews should iive with Arabs on friendship and mutualrespect, and takes no account of provisions of Article 6 of Mandate i 275.(h) witho,t effecting a more methodical agricuitural deveropment noadditional agricultural settlement possible consistently with conditionsIaid down in Article 6 of Mandate; and the result desired will not beobtained except by years of work ; 27g, z8o. (i) Tenant fellaheen notprotected and not securerd against ejectment : z8r. (j) Ascertainmentof title and work of settlement need to be accelerated z8z, (li) Fales-tine should be self-supporting : 284. (l) Weaknesses in existing system ofregulating immigration revealed; no effective control in regard to selectionof immigrants. Illicit immigration has been going on : z86. (m) hn-migration under influence of a powerfui lewish Federation whose policyis to introduce in Palestine a new social order. Although the PalestineGovernment is the deciding authority a modus vivendi is required to beestablisherl ltctivcen (iovernnrent and Jer,vish Agency : z86-288.

f,egal Aspect : I,Iandate system a novel political experiment : r"e, 136; Sovereignty over mandated territories not settled i 2, 13: r3g;System laid down in Article zz, League's Covenant, and no sanctionprovided:. z, 4) r37; Recession from and modification of rnandatoryobligations possible i 4, S, r45, 18-25; League can revoke a mandateand can modify its ternis : 5, r45; Paragraph + of Article zz onlyprovision governing territories detached from Turkey : t4r-r44; Fales-tine Mandate not. in accordance with said paragraph i 6-8,2615, 147;Neither San Remo Conference decision (April, rgzo) nor Sdvres Treaty(August, rgzo) could defeat provisions of Article zz,League's Covenant :r3g, p.r3g, r4r; Sdvres Treaty which purported to give effect to SanRerno decision regarding re-affirmation of Balfour Dpclaration and allot-ment of mandates was never ratifled b,.rt proved abortive and its contentsinvalid : B-ro, p. r54; Only treaty of peace with Turkey Treaty ofLausanne (signed lu[y 24, r9z3) ratified in rgz4 r rr-16, p. 165; Thistreaty said noihing about Mandates : r4o; Neither by A,rticle 16 norby any other provision in this treaty did Turkey renounce in favour ofI,caguc, High Parties contracting or any specific Power her sovereignty overIt:r'r'itrrrils lir'1lt orrtside boundaries defined : r39, p. r65. Article r6 of thisln':r1.,'lr'Il ftr{rrrt'oI thcsc territorics, including Palestine, for settlement bv"itrllllslr'rl p:r lils", lort.rrrosl oI lvlrollt wotr]

- rfi --

Map showing the iallacy of the plea that Palestinefrom the British Pledges of r9r5' See Para. 5e

Paras. 7z-83 (Part II)"

was t'excludedt'

(Part I) and

PART

tr-he Falestine Mandate is inualid in the presence of Articlet 5 af the Treatg of Lausanne, cnd, Article 2.., and. the f ourthparuEraph af Article zz of the Couenant of the League ofllotians. It is not formulated Gs cn ,,A', Mandate, GreatBritoin ds q parta ta the couensnt of the League should hauepr

\a

_ rg _

T'urkish provinces of the Ottomair Empire were still undermilitary occupation and administtation.

It is not a system of internationai responsibility but oneof national responsibility subject to international supervision.

Princilrles Governing Mandates"

3. The well-bcing and development of the peoples ofmandated territories constitute a fundamental principle of themandatory system,

This is explicitly laid down in the first paragraph ofArticle zz of the Covenant of the League of Nations'

The acceptance by an "advanced nation" to undertake theresponsibility of a mandatory is one of the conditions expresslylaid down in the second paragraph of the said Article of theCovenant.

"The character of the rmatdate must differ according tothe stage of the developrnent of the people, the geographicalsituation of the territory, its economic conditions and othersimiiar circumstances." This is the third paragraph of thesaid Article.

In thc casc of "A" Mandates the wishes of the comrnunityol'tlrc nr.rrrtl.rlcrl lcrritory urust bc a principal consideration inllrt'stlt'etion ol llrc rrr.rntl.rtory'. 'l'lris is cxpressly laid downirt llrc loru tlr 1>.rr.rgr.rplr ol' Iltc saicl Article.

'l'lrc rlcgrcc t"rf .rutlrority, control, or adminisftattor- in ar-nandated tcrritory is defined by the Council of the League ofNations.

The Communities of "A" i\,landates are to be recogntzedas independent nations subject to the rendering of administrativeadvice and assistance by a I\4andatory. This is an explicirprovision in the fourth paragraph of the said Article.

- t9-

Mandatory Otrligations : Recession from-.4. Based on the above principles the follorving conclusions

stand :

(a) A Mandatory Power can without undergoing anypenalty recede from ail or any of its obligatioirs under amandate.

(b) Such recession is not oniy possible but entirelyjustifiable, if not imperative, in the case of a mandatcwhich does not comply with principles set out in Articlezz af the Covenant of the League of Nations.fhe position is not altered by the fact that the tcrms o[.r

M.rndate have been defined by the the Council of the League orItrrrrrulated by the Mandatory and confirmedby such Council.

Terrns of a Mandate : Alteration of-.5. As rn alternative to an entire recession from the obliga-

liorrs o1' a Mandate such obiigations can be altered by tlrc( orrncil cspecially if the alteration is desired by the Mandatr.rry.n tlrc lincs of the principles laid down in Article zz ol'tlrc( 'ovcn,lrrt ol' thc League of Nations.

'l'lris urnst be all the more possible in the case of .r nr;rnrlrtcl()r'nrul.rtccl by the Mandatory Power itself and only conlirnrccllry tlrc (.ouncil.

'l'lris possibility must coincide u,ith imperativcncss in tlrc(,r:,(, ()l .r nr"tndatc which as formulated by tlrc Manciatt>ry,'rrrlr.,tlicrl oblig.rtions which arc not conrprtiblc witlt tlrr,f ,rt,r'ir;i,,rrs ol Articlc zz of the Covcu;rut ol'thc Lr.rguc.

l):rlesl,inc N'Ianrlirl,c Conlr':rr'.r' lrr(lovenanl ol' l,c:rgtre ol' Nirl.iorrs.

ll. l'lris is tlrc c.rsc ol llrc l).rlcstirtc lt{.rrttl,rlc vr,lrcrcitt lltcli,rllorl I)r't l,rr',rtiort ll.rlicy tottstitut('s .ltt o[rviotts Pt'ovisiott ittl,r\'(rur ol tltt"',lr'wislr l't',rple" rtl lltc n,t,tltl tt, llo otl tlrr' :.1tlr

-2a-

of July, rgz2, u.hen this rrrandate was confirmed by the Councilaf the League, urerc not the "community formerly belongingro the Turkish Empirc" and were in no sense a communitg cithe territorg o{ Palestine.

This provisioir, itself ulua uires a*d entire\y foreign tothe principies laid down in Article zz of the Covenant of theLeagwe eannot supply any justification of any depafiures frorntirose pririciples, narnely : (a) the well-being and devetropmentof the people of thc rnandar-ed area, and (b) the recognition ofthe community, of the territory of an "A" mandate as an""independent nation".

7. The situation is not in the least altereri by the fact thatthe confirmation of the Palestine Mandate cr:nstituted a recogni-rion by thc Prirrcip.rl Allicrl l)orvers of the "lristoricatr connection,,1'tl:c Jcwislr I't'oplc u'itlr Palestinc arrd of the grounds forrt'cons(itutin1q tlrcir nationaI lrollc in this country."

'l'his statcurcr-rt vriricir occurs in the preamble of thel)alestine Mandarc, as con{irrncd in l g22, was itself a part ofthc "linal draf.t" of tgzr fou"nulated by the Mandatory himself.'lhe Covenant of the League of Nations had fully come intofcrce on the roth of Janriary, rgzo,

Article 95 of Sevres ?reaty eontrary to Covenant.

B. Nor can the situation be said to have been altercd by thefact that in Section VII of the Treaty of SEvres differentiationr\ras made as between Syria, Iraq and Palestine. Thatdifferentiation itseif was a flagrant violation of the Covenantcf the League of Nations.

This abortive Treaty r,vas signed on the r oth of August,rg2a, viz. several months after the Covenant of ttrre League hadccme into force.

Ttrus Article 94 of this Treaty refers to Syria and Iraqirr terms entirely conrprtibtc witll the fourth 'p;rragraplr of

,'\rticle zz of the CovenanL and recognizes thern as "independentlitates." This Articie expressly states tkraf [his recognition is"in accordance with the fourth paragraplt of Articte zz of tba(.ovenant of the League of Nations."

It is only this fourth parugraph of Articie zz of tha(.ovenant that refers to "communities formerly belonging tor lre Turkish Empire" and this automaticatrly covers and includcs''Palestine." It must then foltrow that any provision in thc'l'reaty of Sdvres not explicitly based on this fourrh paragraph,,[ this Article cannot be claimed to be "in accordance with" or' in application of" the provisions of Article zz of the Covenant'

Article 95 of this Treaty is not at all based on the fottrtltl',rragraph of Article zz of, the Covenant, but explicitly claimsr,r lrc an "application of the provisions of Art. zz" althoughl'.rlcstine, being a teftLtory "formerly belonging to the Turkishlirrrpirc" is not in any way excluded frorn the scope of thcl,lrrth paragraph of this Article which alone deals with the' ronrnrunities formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire."

'l'lrus while in Article g4 of this Treaty the parties "agrect lr.rt Syr i.r and I:.aq shall in accordance with the fourtltl,,rr.rl,ir.,rlrf r oI Article zz be recognized as independcnt Statcs",llrl r;,rrrrc partics in Article 95 only "agrcc to cn(r'ttsl , tly.rl,grlit,rtion of the provisions of Article zz, tbc adrrinistmlion,,1 l),rlr'slirtt: tcl a fulandatoty"

I\lrrrrlrrlor'.y :rdnrits : I)alestine "nol. icqs advanccd" thlrrrS),1'ia or Iraq.

:1. 'l'lris viol;rtion oI tllc fourtlr prr.rgr';rplt oI Articlc r; isr, rrrh'r'r'rl ,rll tlrc nrtlrc fl;rgr.rnt. by tllc rtlnrissi()n ()lr tltc 1r.tt't .ltlrr'/\l.rntl,rtot'y lor I)llcstinc tlrr[ [).tlcstills c()nsl itutccl jl c()nt,,rrrrril y irr rro w,ry tlillcrcnl to Iltlt ol' lt.tr1 r,t' Syl'i.t. 'l'lus.',lrnr:,:iion ir; clc.rlll'rrr.rtle lrl,tlre M,utrl.tt,,r1'ltlr I),tlcs( ittt irttlrr'lottt'llr p,tt',r11r',r1llr,rl ,r lct(t'r',trl

State for the Colonies to the Palestine Arab Delegation dated'the rst of March, rg22, wherein the foregoing Articles of theTreaty of Sdvres are specifically discussed. The admissiontherein made was the considered and reasoned opinion of theBritish Government. trt occurs on page 6 of the "Correspon-dence with the Palestine Arab Delegation and the Zionistarganization" presented to the British Parliament in June,rg22, as Cornmand Paper No. lToo :

Tlrrrt: is rro rlrrsslion r,I lrc:rting tlrt: pcoplc of Palestinc ts less advancedthen ilrcir nt:iglilrours in Irrrrl anrl Sylia; the position is that ltris Majesty's(]o.,,rrnr.rrcnt lrlu bound to rr lllctige r,vhich is atrt,-'ccdent to the Covenant ofthe l,ca,:uc of Nation-s lnd tirey caunot allow a constittttional position torlevelop ili a country {or rvhich they have accepted lesponsibility to thePrincipal Allierl Forvers, lvhich rnay make it impracticable to carry into effecta solemn unciertaking given by thcmselves and their Allies.

Article 16 of Ltrttsanne Treaty suceeeded Artielest)5 and lil? of Abortive Ifreaty of Sevres'

10. '[hc "solcnrtr tindertaking" was none but the "declara-tion originally nrade by the British Government, and adoptedby the other Allied Porvers in favour of the establishment inPalestine of a national horne for the Jewish people", as explicitlystated in the abovesaid Article 95 of the Treaty of Slvres.

11. It should, however, be rernembered that Article i6 oftbeTreaiy of Lausanne which was signed on the z4th of Jaly,rg23, abrogated the r,vhole of Section VII (including Articlesg4-gi as well as Articie r3z of theTrcaty of SEvres.

12. By Article r6 of the Lausanne Trcatry Turkey simplyrenounced all her rights and title to Syria, Iraq and Palestinewithout specifying the party or parties in favour of whom suchrenunciation \ ras made.

Special attention is invited to the concluding clause of thefirst paragraph of this Article which refers to the "future ofthese territories" as "being settled or to be settled by the pa(tiesconcerned."

'l'lrc u,r>r'tls " prrrtit':; ('(t1cct'nc(1" in this Articlc c.trtrtot bE

construed to refer exclusively to the Powcrs rtllkirlfi l)r',tt c wtllt'l'urkey.

The French text of this expression is "lcs ittttitt's';rrs" rvtlltrrt> mcntion whatever of the term "parties".

This argument gains strength when we ttlrll to Atlrtlrl 7.rrrrl [] of the Lausanne Treaty urhich speak ol'"lltc v,tliottr\t,l(cs concerned" and "the various States intercst ctl" ( "lt':r l'l,tlnrrrtlrcsses") anC to Article z8 where we read of " l'lre lliylr( ( )nl r;lcting Parties" ( "Les Hautes Parties contr.lct,tttlcs" ) ,

In [hc last ciause of Articie 5 we read of "llrc p,tt'lirr r.ttr r'r rrr'rl" rvbich in the French text is explicitly Irrotrlilrt r rttl 'lr'l ,',, l ',r r I ics in( 6rcss6es."

l:i. 'l'o cor-nplete this argument attention is rrrvitctl tl lltr'l.rt I tlr.tt tIlc term "intdresstis" as occuring irr Articlt' r (r ol tltr'I rt'rrt lr 'l'cxt, is in the rnasculin gender. 'I'llc woltl "p,ttltr"'rrr I rt'rrt lr is fcrrrir-rine in gender.

I irrrit.rtion to "parties" to the Trcaty is, tlrt'rr'lolr', r'tllitllyI'r,', ltttlr'tl.

.\r'( iclc l6 of Lausannc 'I'reaty rescrvcrl llill'ltlol' scll' I)etermination to l)eo;lltls ol' 'l'r't't'ilot'ioxrlt'luchetl I'rorn Tut'key.'l'his'l't't'ttl.v lcrrrll!'

precetled l'alest,ine Nlltlttlttlr'.

ll. Articlc r6 oI thc'l'rc.rty of l.,ttts,tttrtt'liivt's lo lllr'tolllnnlnrl),,r1'llrc tcrritory of l)"rlcst inc tllc rililrt ol lrciltll tr'r,,y,ttiz,'tl.r'..ur lrrtlr'prrtrlct.tt Iratiol'l in accordrrttcc witlt tlrt'lotttllt;l.tt,ti,r,r1,lr ol Alliclc zz ol'the (.ovcrt,tttt ol lltt'l.t',r;1tt,'r,l N,tltott'r

15. 'llrt',rrrly tilltcr 1tr.,-,visiorts ol tltt"l'r(',lly ()l l,tttr,tttttr'rvlrr, lr,,,rrltl Irr'irtvokctl .ts t'clct,.tttI irt ,ttry w.ty ln lltn rlttr lltrhlrrllrr,,rrlrl lrr' Atliclcs :.r ;rrttl :7.

I lrlrc is, lttrtt't't't't', rtotlrirtp, irt lllt'st' ltt'o Atlrt lr'r tlt.tl,,,rrl,l l,r' (()nsllue(l l().(()rlflict rvitlt, tottlr,rrlitl, ()l lll .llly \\'.lyrr,.rrr(l. lltt' lr)r((, ()l llrl l.rst,l,rns,',,1 lltc lrr'tl l).ll,tt1l.rltlr,tl

Article r6 to the effect thar : ,,.[e sor[ de ces territoires,,"6tant 16916 ou d 6tre r6gl6par tres int6ress6s,,.16' w'hen this. Treaty was signed, ttre Mandate for patrestinehad not yet come into f orce. Tilis[rlana ate catr,e into force o^the zgth of September, rg23.

Recognition of Community as an ..XndependentNation', is F.irst Esseniial Requisite in an"A" Mandate.

17. It is, moreover, an established principle that in respecrof "comrnuniries formertry belonging ro rhe Turkish Empire,,the formuration of a mand'ate ro"u.'.onnrrned by the councilof the League of Nations is a matter of auxiliiary significance.The essenriar provision in the fourch paragraph of Articrezz of the Covena nt is the recognition of tirn ,o**rrir,, o, ooindependent nation.That is why in the case of trraq the ,,community,, rrasfirst recognized, as an ,,independenf State,,, by Great Britain,herself a pafiy to rhe abortive *rurr.f S}lrrur.That recognition was borne out by the preamble to rhergzr Final Dtaft of the t.rq ntrrrauru. But instead of havingsuch rnandate confirmed.by the Couricitr of the L.ugo.,-, Tru^rr,and ceftain agreements were conctruded lvith the "nation,, whoseindependen ce had. been so ,roofn;*a, and such treaty arcd,agreemenrs were subrnitted by dle Mandarory ro ," ;;;r";;;

lr,l. council ,s :'giving.ff..t to arolrr- zz of thecovenantr ofthe League of Nations.,,

Terrns of a Mandate SuNrject, to &Iodification.

18' Tirc principle of thc rrodinc.rrion of a lv{anclare is clearlysef ou( irr Ar{icrr' r g trr'trlc IV{.rrrd.r(., 1'or syria and'trrc l-cbarron

* 25 -_and,in Article z7 0f the Manda

'- for palesrine. Both articrcrread as follows :

,,"0fr1i,,.""J;ird:t.|:#:?.il,x,ffih?:ue of Nations is requirccr for nrry

"A,, Mandates rnay be substituted by a Treaty.19. The duly

-recagnized independent State of Iraq h.rrbeen admitted', at the request or the-British Mandatory rrirnsctfas a member of the League of Nations.

Likewise the Mandatory for Syria is now negoriating wittthe "independent nation" constitu;ing the community of trristerdtory a ueaty on the lines of the Anglo_Iracli.rn Trcrly.lVlandatory's desire only rnain requisite fotreeession from or alteration and modification

of terrns of mandate.20' The only main requisite for a comprete rcccssi.rr r-ronrthe obligations undertrk.r, i., a mandate or for a partiar r.(,ccssionf;:orn, ar alteration and modification, of suclr obligatiorrs is t.cdesire of the party which chose to acceptsuch obligations.2L. In tlre case of Iraq, this desire on rhc parr ol. r hcI4andatory was first expressed and acted upon in rg.rr, thusame year in which the Finar Draft of trrc Mancrate I..-r. r.r,1had been formulated and presented to the British parliarrrcnt.

fraq is. a Conclusive precedent.22. This precendent is cletailed on pages r3_r4 of a p;rm-phtret issued by the Lcaguc of Nations in February, rg27,entitled "The Mandatc Sy$rcm,, fron.r wl:ich thc lbll.rrr,,in1;quotations are made :

J'he I}.itislr (lo. ,r rrr; fr n,irrrrr, rr, n,,'il,lli'""l,,"ill,l: ;?,::,:llill;]'il;,j,1:1,,]J;,ll],il,:l

lrislrcr, irrf,rrrr.rr rrrt. (',rrrrr.ir trurt trrt, ,,v..rwrr,,rrrrirrg rrr,sirr, ,I r.ru.lrlr4rlt.oI lr.trrl [or. llrr, l.or.rrurliorr ol.;r rurliorr;rl (iovr,rrrrrrr.rrl. trrrrllr irrr.\r.;rlr r.rth,r.lt;rrl h.rl lri:; (iovr,r.rrntr,rrl l,r llrl r.,rrrr.lu:iiorr llltl il.i olrlig.r.

li.rr. ri :'r-r,i:; llrr, l,r,;r1..irrr, (.()u'l(l lx,ril lir, rli,;r.lrlrr.gr.rl il tlrr, ;rlirrr i;rlt.:;0tr ulriilr tlrt'.y n'slcrl w('r'('('nrl)r)(li('(l in ir rrt,lrry o[-Allilrrrtc lrt,rwt,r,rr(irt'irt I.jritain and IriLtl. 'l'his 'l'r.t:lrt_1, rvtrs t.ont.lrrtlt.rl on Or:toltcr ro,r922, and communicated to the l,t,ague. It r,vas later completed bya Protocol signed on October 3c., tg231 ancl four subsidiary agreementsdated Nlarch 25) 1924. These Documents rvere summarised by theBritish Goyernment in a communication to the Council def,ning ii;sobligations to the League in respect of the applical-ion of Article zzof the Covenant. This communication was approved by the CouncilGn Septernber 27, 1924, as giving effect to Article zz of theCovenant.

I,'ifteen months later, or.r Deceirber 16, r925, the Council havingnndertaken to settle the questiot.r of the frontier between Turkey andfraq, took a decision giving to Iraq the greater part of the territoryin dispute. It invited the British Government, in accordance withthe recommendation of a Special Commissiorl of Enquiry known a$the ]Iosul Cor.itmission-to subrnit a new tleaty with lraq, ensuringiire continuation r>f the ntanclatory regimc for twenty-live vears, unlesslritrl becanre iL Mernber of thc I,eague i1t an eariier date. The British(lovernment, as Mar.rdatory, was lurther invited to lay before theCouncil the measures to be taken u,ith a view to providing the Kurdishpopulation with the guarantees of locai adr:rinistration recommendedby the Commission of Enquiry.

On March 2T rg2S) the British Government communicated to theCouncil the text of a new Anglo-Iraq Treaty and intimated that itconsidered itself as bound by its engagement ol rgz4, so long as thenerry treaty remained in force. On N,Iarch rr, the Council approvedthis communication and pronounced definitive its decision ofDecember r6, r925.

On November 8, 1926, the Permanent Mandates Commissionconsidered the first report of the British Government on theadrninistration of Iraq in the presence oI Sir Henry Dobbs, HighCommissioner for that territory.

IlXandatory's desire to recede or alter andmodify may originate in desire of peopleof mandated territory or in nature of

obtrigations.

23. Ttrre expression of the desire should not necessarily be

.r risirrg ol rt'\'tllttliort irt tlrt' rtt.tttrl,tlt'rl lt't t'ilot'y',2,1. lt lr,rs .tlrc.ttly lrrt'tt ptovcrl (Vitle l',tt,t. ,,p ltclr'.tltot't')

tlr.rt tllc []ritisll (lovcrrrnrcnt .ls l'.rr [l.tck,ts tltc t(rllr ol M,ttrlt,r r,1 : z, ,rtl nrittcd th"rt tllc 1re oplc ol' l).rlcst inc wct'e ltol llrl ,ttlv.rncccl tlrrn thcir ncigbbours in lrrtl ;rrrrl Syri.t,tttrl tlr,rt lltlytlcnr.rnclcd a (lonstitutional (iovcrull'rcnl,

25. 'l'his desire moreove r, lnay wcll ;trisc ltottt lltl t'r't ynature of the mandatory obligations irntl 1l,trl it'ttl,tt'ly wllrttsuch obiigations are, on impartial scrutirry, Iotttttl lo lrr'rr]ttl,'.ttyto the Covenant of the Leagtte of Natittns ot', lol ()tl(' t'(',tfrotl (rtthe other, rrnpractlcabTe.

Palestine Mandate evades I'ourllt l)lnqllllthof article 22 of Covcnlnl,,

26. By way of illustrating how thc I);rles(irtc M.tttrl,tlr'actually embodies obligations entirely repugnant lo lltr'( ovltt,tttlof the League of Nations, refererlce may bc tttrrlc lo tltc M,tttrl,tlrfor Syria and the Lebanon to ascertain tlre markcrl tlifl crctttr,llr()nmade as between Palestine and the said neighbourinl,, lt't'tilottr"rnotwithstanding the admission of the British Covcrrrrrtt'rrl llt,rlthe "people of Palestine are fiot.less advanced".

Thus whereas such Articles as 5, 8, 9, t o, l 2, r (), r(), ,r r,24,26,27, and zB of the Palestine Mandate are, to thc lcttcr',identical with Articles 4, 5, 6,7, ), tz, 13, t4, 17, zo, rtl ,rrrtlr9 of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, a markctl rlistinction is observed between the two mandates as regartls lltt:application of the provisions of the fourth paragraph of Articlc22 af the Covenant of the League of Nations.

27. The preamble to the Palestine Mandate claims only togive effect to the provisions of Article zz of the Covenant byentrusting to a Mandatory the administration of the territoryof Palestine without afly specific refercnce to the fourtlrparagrapt) of this Artictre.

_29_

But on the other hand we find that the preamble to theMandate for syria and the Lebanon entrusts the territories ofsyria and the Lebanon to a Mandatory power which is requiredto advise, assist, and guide the populations of these territoriesin their own administration in accordance with the terms ofparagraph 4 of Article zz of. the Covenant of the League ofNations; the text being as follows :

whereas the Principar Ailicd powcrs have agrced that the territory ofSyria and the I,cbanori, which lormcrly bclonged tc the Turkish- U*iriru,shall, within such bou,cla'ics as may be fixed by ihe said powers, l"

"niru'iteato a Mandatory charged with the duty of rendering administrative advice andassistance to the population, in accordance u,ith t-he provisions of Article 22(paragraph 4) of the Covenant of the league of Nitions.

Falestine Mandate sXlecifies Paragraph I butdoes not specify Paragraph 4 of Articne 22

of Covenant.28. Amcntion is cspccially irrvited to the specific mention of

the fourth paragraph of Article zz of the Covenant.In this connection it may be mentioned that the above

cnumerated identical Articles of tl:e two mandates may be saidto be an application of paragraph 8 of the said Artictre zz ofthe Covenant as actuaily indicated in each of tire two respectivepreambles.

29. This observation cefiainly supports the inference thatthe Palestine Mar:,dare in failing to specify the fourth paragraphof Articie zz of the covenant made it impossible for any intel-ligent reader to claim that the provisions of the fourth paragraphof Article zz of the covenant have been given eflect to or inany way applied.

No State in Palestine : only a Bfandatory.

30. Article r of the Palestine Ivlandate confers upon theMrnclatory full powcrs of legislation and of administration totlre cxclusi,rrr, i, this Articlc, a'cl thronghout the whole of theotltct ,tt'l rt lt':;, ,,1 ,tlty l('t'nl ()l l)l)t,1,,(, ,,t' r.xpr.e.;si., clpablc of

_ :.1 .-

being construed as a recogrlition of the community of palcstirreas am "independent nation,,.

This is not at ar the case with the mandate for syri,r ,rrrrrtlre Lebanon the rst Articie of which crearry rcquircs rrrcJ\4andatory to estabtrish within three years time a "consr.itur i.rr,,for these territories in which the rights, interests and wisrrcs,r,all the population of syria and the Lebanon are s.rfcgu^rttr,trand u'hich should faciritate the progressive deveropmcnr .rr syrr.,and the Lebanon as ,'Independent States,,; thc tcxt bcirrg .rIollows :

The l4andatcr], sh3,Jl fr.unrc, u,iilrin ir lrt.r.iorl ol. llrr.r.r. \.r i,t,1 lr,,tn llr,cru,ing into force of ti:is,:r:rdr:tc, il, ,r';,;111i,'r;rrv r,,r.s'ri,r .r,rr rrr. r,,.rr,rrrrrr- 'Ihis organic lar,' shall i:e fr"amccl in agrr.enrcnl rvillr llrr. nrrli'r. rrrllr,rllI rir'd sirail ta-he into arccuilt trLe- rigirts,' r.,i,1,,,.tr, :rrrr u.i rr.ri .r rril rrr,,ll.pulation i'habiting the saicl territorr,. Thc M;LnrLrl,rr. :.1,:rli l,,,it 1,,.,1 u,,,,, tirlcir.sures to facilitatr the pr.cgressive ilevr.lopnrcnt oi Sliirr ,,,,,1 ri,,i i,,.1,,,,,,,,,;r:r independer,t state-s..penarng trrc corni,g irrr. cfft.r.r ,I rlrr.r,rlirrrrir rrrrr,,llrc Govcrnmei;t cf Syria and the l,et.,anor'itutt bc r:rrrtlrrr.lerl i,, ,,,,,,,,1,,,,,,,u,ith the spirit of this mandate.The Mandaioiy shail, as I:rr as circrrnrst:rnr.t.s;rt.rrrril, r.rrrolt,rlir, l,rll;rrrtortomy,

;il' The same conclusion is also war';rrl('(r rry lrrr,r,xpri.itr',,'r'l the expression "the Administrati.n .f l).rlr,,,r irr,," irr nrrtlrt,,f rt,i of the Palestine Mandate as Articlcs 6, 7, t t, t,/, rll, r0,',).,(l 23. Read in the light of Articlc r, tlrr,:r,rrrl .rrtir,lr.r

, rrti'cly negate, and conflict with, thc I.ur.l lt 1,,,.,rgr..r;rlr ,1,i\ r ticlc zz of the Covenant of the Lcaguc ol' N.rtions,

'l'hey constitute tlre.l\4a,ciatory Pr>wcr irst,l[.rs tlrt, ( r,r,cr.rrrrrr,111 11f the mandated territory.

'l'lris is defi,itely pro'ecl by llr. [;rct rlr,rt rlrr. s, r,rllr.rl( r,r:ili(rti.n of Pirlcstine is ,or !rirrg [rrrt ,r l,r\r, rr,lrlr. .rrrrl r,rr.rr rrrll,r I lis Majcsry thc I(ing of Cre.tt IJrit.rin ;lrrrl st ylr.tl tlrc' I'.rlr'sI inc Or

-30-

infringement of the principles set out in the fourth paragraph

of Article zz of the Covenant'

Palest'ine Mandate : a contrivance for gradual

creation"t.lu*iut.State;doesnotprovideforaConstitut'ion'

g2. Instead of a constitution for the Palestine territory doing

honour ro the *irr,*?irre people of palestine and estabtishing

them as u, "irrdupl'it"t Stattl' this Order-in-Council simply

iurposed on this "to*rn""i'y formerly belonging "'::-l:t*ttn

Empire" a policy for the u"ubli'h""nt in its owfl territory of

a ,,comrnunity", u-'lnurron", "a people" to be irnported from

abroad and to be assisted to constitu@ a "national home"' a

State of their own'

33. The reference is to the "Jewish

which, in the Mandate for Palestine' is

""J *.* essential provision for which

nr**Of. and Articles 2' 4' 6' lr' zz and

and consecrated'

These articles overflow with "Jewish National Home"'

"Je\Ars", "Jewish ngut"y"' "Jewish, Immigration" "'Settlementof Jews", "'lu*i'i il'gnage" '

"Jewish Holidays"-al1 in

giving "recognitio"^ to tf" hlstorical connection of the Jewish

people with Paiestine and to the grounds for reconstituting their

national home in this country"' as explicitly provided in the

preamble.

34. Nolvhere in the Palestine Mandate is a place allowed for

the word " Arab" '" if 'f" rcrrttoty of Palestine did not contain

on the z4th of m}"-''-i)'' when this mandate was confirmecl

by tlrc (lotrncil of-tit itogue' an Arab "community formerly

bclorrging to the Turkish L-pi'u"' which like the sister com-

ntttttitit's ol'Syri'l;rrrtl tltc l'cbanon' was uudcr the fotrrth

p.rr'.t11t',t1rIr t'l Articlc " 'l ol tlte ('trvcnlttt oI thc I'c;rgue of

national home PolicY"made to be the basic

two paragraPhs of the

21 are whollY devoted

_- 3r -Nations to be recogntzed. as an "tndependent natiou" lravirtg egovernment of its own.

Falestine to rernain without Government untilterrninal,ion of IVIandate.

35. This anamoly which pervades the whole of thc I),rlcstirtcl\4andate in contrast with the Mandate for Syri;r ;rntl tlrcl.cbanoir reaches a climax in Article zB, which, dcaling,ts it tlot.rrvith the termination of the Ivlandate, speaks for tltc fir'st tinrr'twhickr is the very last) of such a thing as "tl-rc (iovcltttttctll oll)rlestine" in distinction from "tl-re Administt',ttiort ol I),tlt'slitrr,luring the period of the mand.rtc."

This is very clear and plain to scc. 'l'lrc otr.it'et ,ttttl ttttcrrticn are that in Falestine a Governncnl ()l I).rlcst inr lxtttrltltt Couernment of the Jewish Natiortctl lltctl [ry tlre l)o\,t,t'ts totlsl tltlllllP. tllr( ()untii ol tlrc [-c.rgtrc O1'N.rtittns, t:,trr lry ll(] lll('.lllri (r]ll\l lltlll',11rr:;lrlrt.rticln or.r lcg.rli;:.rtiort ol',rrt ittlrittgt'tll('tll ,llttl ,t vtol,tliott',,; lor)!1 .rs tlrc prtlvisiorts ol lltc l'ottrtlt 1l.tr',tpir,t1llr ol Atltrlt' rt.rrr,l tlr,,st' ol Atlie lt' :o ol tltc (.ovcrl.llll ol tltc I ,',r;'itt,' .ltr. ltol.rlrolislrcrl ot'.tntt'tttlctl ttl cxcltrtle l).rlcstilte ot'ltt ttt,tht'llrr',1,,', r,tl ('\(('l)lit,l't t,l ,t lrt,lir y itt l,tvrtttt'ttl t .r t (r rlrilli,,rrs ttl ,lr'u'l

in ttrre presenceChriscians.

_:_ r2 --

of hundreds of millions of Moslerns and_-.ij-_-

lllrrffi.signed iong before r}:e &4andate for patcsrint, wrr

,-"'j,'r.;rT*r:i'orrnation of the Patestine Ma,ctrrc l,y rlrr,I :.:, # .T" jl :i tfi: i"' +;'i' il,::*J i,,:i],,, I i;l:*tr*j[r,.i,;1, lili,, T, :il1:il:,,i: ;l; . ;,,11 I l, n l, ::;,

42. Article z

: : ;ir*f ffi ;;.::.,k;;,1.,..;,:;, ;t : I l::j,, 1,,;, 1,1, .,,,;j,:, :1, : llI. The }feml

:iccepted ,, .bl;;;.',:' t'l.ti'r I'r;',jrr' '. \t r;rllv..:rirr,. rlr.rt rtrr r,,,\,,,,,rrt r,;,:ronsistcni ;;;;'i.j,']'l^:.:: urrir'::rri,,,.,r. ur:r

rroi hercaltcr .rt,, ll, icrnts thr ranf. ,,,,)i ("''r('l5l;rlrrlllr]f irrlr t 'r' \r hl, lr ,rr,

2. lr .o,* ^n,.itt?

any ungaremt.,,,l ,;,;';;"'1"' tttrrlt tl'tl'r' llr,rl tt,,,l rr ril

,,r ,i,. r..,*r.. fi/_.1:i,u'.'..; in. i,,,,,.,""-',l,lli]'i,lll,,]1,,,,,,,11i;;,,,,1,i,:l,JJ::;ll,l,,"r r ut d"t!-, * ;'"';

t"''' T'd:tti lten' anv obl i'illt i(

, ,, p,o",.. 'iii ';;,;',ll'11.3,i ,1,,1.t{;i]illlj'lll,,lLl'i;;'li:;::i ,lllili ,l,I, ,:;,:;:

;

British Gr_* _,lli"l tTi

..li""ff;,, : ;' ; ::n:iil

r i,,,,,'1j]' But instead of procuring trr.i; rcre;rsc rr.,r rrris trr.t.tal.,r.tr., w'ich u,as norhing but ,;r;;;;r. .r ,r ;rlt,rlp1r. ,rrrrl try rr,rlrc,ns an inrernarionatr .,obligation,

"; ^,,;,,i:;:,:::;,..:lli:i,,

' (,, gagemen r,,, riuBrirish ".r?rr..", :i,, ",' ;]l::, I ;: ::: 1:, l:': ;ltlrcir best endeavours,, to caruy"rr-ri,,,,.licy r, tlrr. tr.r.ltt,1,

:]il,:...r:::ril."j.f. League ", r.,rt,"r., h.rvc .1il;,.,,g,,r,.r,.,1 .,,,,rri,,,s by ,r,.,, ,,-,i?tie.T:i;.:li,:il;.i';:;,

'lI :* l*l;lr'rr,ony and perfec, _.u,r.ir,rn.r" -,,,, tllc lrrrvisi()r$ ()r. rtrfI,ourth paragraph of Articlc ,r'.,n.,',

rrre Covenart or tn. Lcaguc of Nrtior*.v('ry ()lltt'r' rrr.vi:,(la r)r

4'l' Thc rcfcrcnce" cre'rrry, is to thc rfrici.rr (.(),llllrrit,rri.rrrr'.r.t l, rgctl'ct wcc, t'c Ilrit,r,, i,,,".r,, ;;:::; ":,,,:;,I:::]:,tl.,,,.r,rr r. rrr* .j.i,r Arr11r. rircrrcrr ,,,,,.,,]]]llli a,rl l(irrg l trrss.irr

:'|s'|'11'1r ,rrtr 11u,rr,r,r.t,rf r.,r. ,r,. n",i, ,-li]lll':lll ,ilil-,::i_ IrJi,,,l,]

Adoption by LeaguepoXiey cannot

Council of Mandatory,sdefeat Covenant.

37. It is, rnoreover, clear that the adoption, of the JervishNational Horne policy, by the Powers constituting the Councilof thc League of Nations , may welr have been the resuit of the"'best endeavours" uscd by the British Governme,t itself in futrfil-urenr of the B;lfour Declaration which reads as follows :His Maie.tv's Government view wirrt. Jaaour the estabrishnrent inl-:tc'iir'e of a i'iationar i:,o*" io. ii,."l.t:ri.'ri JJopr., una wi, use iheir Desi(itit itours to faciiitate the achieveie;;'oi i#' obJect...,......

Balfour Declaration raot an Obtrigation.38. But these words, embodying and expressing a policythcy do, fall very short from u*or"rti.rg to an .,obligation,,

am international character. At the most they constitutepromise or a pledge.

as

ofd

39. There was, however, no.ching rhat compelled rhe Bririshthe terms of ttr;e Mandate rvhich *ru f"r*irrr*I'i,lr.

F'lor was there anyt.hing to con-rpel the council of thernL..::::::

Nations. to conflrm such a provision in the tuiandate.Gate.$:".,r",-ai

so oniy in response to those .,besr encleavours,, of rheBritish Gol,emment.

tsalfslur Dectraration potricy : contrary to:{rticte ZZ af. the Coven;"; ,;- i,;;tl".40. If, neverrheiess, this Declaration be construed or iln anyway regarded to amount to an oblisati.,., i

r h e " o' ury o r the r #il L:",ffi:::i:l} j i,#111, f ff ::rhe "l:.::i:

tr)_rctease from such

-J4-_

r,,rr,r irt

,,1,,,,f llrrr,,l,rrh t)r,l.lrrlirrrtr,rr'' rrr,,,,,,, "llr,t"t ;tt'.r'r'tl l';tlt'slirrc'

;:r. ,r . rrrr l'!l'rlr.x

"' "i': l';:l'::"'"" l't',,t'

\t',r.\ .r', lr,ll1,1r,., lltr'r'';'lt ttt'ttlt'l'l' tlrr'l)'tlt'slirt,'Arab

Dclcgarionr ().r., ) \ r'|l'' l),rl'('(; -',, .,/) ,,1 rlrt, ,..,;,t wiit. ,apet,

1,,,,.',11',1]'li:.',;',"'",',,1'','1,,' ,,j,,,,11i,,,r,,, r,,,,, ,,r rrrr,rrrrrr*r,:, sivr.,,

:i,;r,r,ll:i,',;l,i':', ]i,i': iiili rilrrl,;r ii:' *,i;;ui:i {i'iiiT*r,,,ir,,,\ ,,, ,:,,,,",,,,i.,11i];l;J,,,, ,,,lli;ll, )i]:;,i1, ,,,,,i,1i1:li,.i;l,,lJllil,r,,r u,.;,:l;,,,,,,,,:,r;ril l,,,,,,, i,',

^,,'ii,,),il,1l;,,lii;,;1,; 'll;l' ;' i;ili:llllliiillJiilt;:lf*i**

'lir liri, rr,. r,r.lrlrl;l lll ,l:1,,1;,;;:,:,,lJ,l.r):,il:1,,;,li;l;ij;,1,,,,:r,,,,.,;,,,

lvJl,rv,r.rv;,s,,secl.j1i,

,;il i l:;l; ,r:::l il; rit ij;:li

:l,triri;;ilii 'y1',,: :,'t;,;1i::,i:i;,;l#,;;;:,r

.,t,t,,,lil, ,,,, ,lll,lll,:,::,, r,, r11,.1,11,,,, ,,1J,1,',,'.1,',,,,,,,rr.rrr

rtrt, Vit;rvt.r or Svr.ia,

. 1t'rtr''rt.r'. rlrr' (ll';r';rr:;lilli'

'r"';''iiti''it"rrr(l"ll;llrl;t'! slrr'r'illr';rllv ii lhe

'' "';','uli.,',,,,.'i, t 'l;l ;;;. ";;ll 'l,,J':':i:'ii';: ;:t i- l;:ir,':l i:l*i;*;'llr.rr. ir, ,,,, ,,,tt'l'lt''-tt"lritr

llt. sc.lrc of tllo l)r()nlisc

;r*-,,*l;rilfi,$-ffi,,,,,,1;ll ,1,.1,/

,,,,,,,,," , :ij,;il:ii;

il:l;ll,,llill,;l,,ll, ?i.*::,*,oo1:;I".,n.(l') Sirrrr.llrr.rr,, rl,,.i,,r,l,l,l,,r,' ,',i",,:,il,i,illl,,,i,rrt

(.lrcat Irrilain is Ircc to act without detriment(! , 'l'lrr. Slrr.r.iil

,,t,,,,',' u,,,'ri,,,,;;i";'t'i:,.i:'"t.rl.lris 1igl11 l' tlrc I,r,r,r.rr. r.*.,,,,,,,,,ii,i',.

i,,

l i;;ji:lt;: ffi;; ;t"",::."J;"0;lr:,.l|rol'llilion of lrr,r irrdtlrcltlt:rrr... . -:dges and is entitled to thellr.il.ish Government failcd I

, ,n,,.. r rr s rc1,ry .,,;:;t*'Lii'f: Prove PIea;

It'tl11r'rl (1,,r1ir, 1. ,rrhc Whire i;, ,|o

,,lfru,rT;: l_:j,::X;

_37_Office in aletter d,ated z3td, Jane, rgzz, of which the fotlowingis an exrract (Vide p^g, ,g_3 ;;;. said W.hire paper) :fn continuatioi

rv r*i. -s..,"i,;;t1,:i#,{,',ij,:;.l:#:j'll"--:i:l: ,'l:, ... - .. r am rrirc.r,:rl

;:ffi|,;:,:Trj:[.X *;u,lr,"'zi",i,l,o.i!ii,]ro,-u,;on or you,'D.i.to,rinn

i n Fa r esr i n e ^,

; li:T :: i 1,.*;:i 1 i::,i"^,i.r:'q'ijl i?li::i ;i'H,T?il,::ito vou orr the Joi h trt-v, .ra jtl'r;;r'i;fi"".ttatement was communicctedwith vour Detegation ;; il* i"i ;:i:':i:.t:t,suDsequentlv discussed in clctailsen r a r i v e

"r, r,. ?"i31;,"r"#:. I *rl#:"*r_

;1i^ 1.yp.jt i'";;ilffi 'J' .1r." -l:.:"fl:l upon the prooor.a"iiii.r.""riil'ill'"'X"

whlch vou wcre sood cnouarrhave since beeu recapituiate6 in ,.^,,. ,-*,^- ^.o,t]""_9I. that interview (ri.hic6considered bv tho Secrerrri'"t'"Sir,.l"'iololt T..17th June) were careiullvauthorities .in...n.I- uir.*r,u"", j,-1j_., _w1ro decidcd, atrer consultinc il,;,McMahon and rhc ;:,^yill lht- jr.ltv'corrcspondence,.berween sir frs,;1yon a poin{ of Iact.

r\tng ol the rredjaz, to mil'e a moa;ncation ;,i'itr.'i.,,it

Re-affirmation of Balfour Declarationpersistence but no justification.

54' The determinate and deriberate persistence in trris arbi-trary conduct \4/as demonstrat ed, by the slight alteration in trrcphraseology of this part of the "statement of poricy,, without,in the leasr' afie*ing the formularion of the policy itserf whicrrcontinued to be based whoily and soleiy on the Balfour Dcclar,rtion as if the predges to the Arabs rr r.go..r, parcstinc (wrrit.rrhad actaalty preceded, that Declaratt;;i ;;,r;:;l;::; n,Lu.55. Thus on the zgth of June, r et2z, t1-tesccr.ct;rry o[ Slalefor the col0nies sent to the oficer Acrnrirrist,.ing rrrc (i,vt,rrrment of Parestine a kregram of which fhe 1'orlt.lr,ving is .rl cxr r,lcr(Vide page 3o-3 r of the said V/hite pr,r.., rgzz) :^^.

A wfile paper wjll bc Iairl on Srtrrr.,l,correspondence b.r*".,' ll;:, :ri.;.-,i:. ti;i:i.;fi'i llrt' Ist -.Itth c,r'r'r'irrrDelcgation and Zicrrisr o.",,,;*.,,i1],'1j.."-- \'.o)'':1"]"'ttl ;r'ttl l';tlt'tlit;1' ,11,;,

r;,,::lnim:','l,iJfl:l':;;ll;ll li:l'i,,',.lil l;'; ;l;;l;1,,;i;;ixi',lliit Ii;:,(1) His Majcsr'y's (l,v.rrrnrcnt

'r:-lrfrir.r r)r.r rrr,rrirrrr ,r. Nrrr.rrrrrr rI9r7, u.lrir.rr is rror strst.t1rrir,l",rr.j,,,,,^,1.,,,',, r'(rr,il';rrr,rr {rr \,,\r,rrrr(r.

^ (2)- r\.Jcwish N;rlionlrl llorrrc r,l,ill lrr, l.r,rrrrrn.upr"

",;ii't,,, i,,'t,,,t".ti,,,,,s oI r.irtrt ,i,,;i ;,,:;1,:l],,,;,,i,,',1,,,,,'rr, .tr,u,,tr

PART II

Detsiled Arguments, bA a British Inquirer, thatPalestine LDqs not excluded from the British

Gooernntent's pledges to the Arabs.

f^-a,rn?*2/rr,"'""r

56. The nature and the seriousness of the unwarruntedattitude and action taken by the British Government towardsthe Balfour Declaration on the one hand and towards the shareof Palestine in the pledges made to the Arabs, on the other, areably and honestly set our in an inquiry made by an Engtrishman,Mr. J. M. N. Jefrries, in the year, rg23. The inquiry waspublished as a book entitled "The Palestine Deception". Thefollowing extracts occur on pages Z8-q6 inclusive. Theaccompanying map is also a reproduction of page r o of thesaid book. (The headings are nor in the original)

Balfour Declaration .. f.ar 2 years notpublished in Falestime.

57. You have seen hov,, the Declaration of all the Balfours was coltl-.posed and how the tsritish Army in Palestine for over tvro years didnot publish it, and vhat happened in Palestine as a result. Now letus descend into the real clepths and watch how the British Governmentoriginally broke its rvords.

fndependenee of, Palesl,ine : previouslyguaranteed.

58. It did so by publishing thal I)r't'lirrrrliorr:rl rrll. It had givcnpletlges to the Arabs prcvirrtrsl.v rlrr;rr':rrrlccinll llrc irrrlt'pt'rrrlence of thl

-

an

-

country ilr rvhich it now scught to establish the Zionist "NaticntrlEtome". So that the "Natioriatr Home" was preceded and followed bybroken pledges; this pled-re and the Anglo-French pleclge of rgr8.

Consideratien for Pledges made to Arabs.

59. These pledges are contained in the letters rvhich were sent tothe Shereef of X{ecca (now K,ing Hussein of the Hedjaz) by SirIlenry },IcMahon, rvhen the entry of the Arabs into the \ryar ou orrrside against the Turks u,as negotiated. Sir Henry },IcMahon wasHigh Commissioner in Egypt at the time, and was acting in the nameof Great Britain.

60. It shoulcl be understood that the Shereef Ifussein wus ar:ting orrbehalf of the Arab people. It wiii be seen he lvas:r gorlr'l llargtrinr.r'and, indeed, the Arabs lvere no less anxious to be subsidiscrl bytsritain than they lvere to be set free by Britain. But if he bargained,lve macle an agreement and are obliged to keep it, having drawn orintended to dralv our ciwn aCvantages from it. The Shereef sloodout for his boundaries from the start, and was rryell advisetl, in viewof the tsalfour Declaration mentality of our Goverttttteltt.

Eounctraries of Arab eountries to berecognized "Indepentlent".

61. Oli July r4th, rgr5, the Shereef serrt a forrrral letlcr to Sir llr,nt'vNfclfahon, dectraring:

Whereas the rvhole of the.{rarb nation without any t'xcr:pliorr lr;rs rk'r'irlrrlin these last years to live, and to accomplislr thcir frcttkrrn lurrl grir:ip l.lu:reins of their administratiol both ir.r theory and pnrctit:c.... for llrt'st: rt:;rsorrsthe Arab natior sees fit to limit itself, as time is short, to rrskiuil llrt: (lovt'rtr-ment of Great Britain, if it should thinli fit, for tlte altprovirl lhrottglr ilstleputy or representative of thc following funrlanrrllal propositiotts".,....

Firstly, Great Britain uiil aclinorvlcrlgc thc itttlcllctttlcttcc oI l]rt' Artlrcorrntries, in exery sense o.l lltt: ic,ord ittdefutdtntt, lo lte ltttttntltrl orr lltr:norlhby Mersina-Acianil ul) to 111(' .i7lh tk'grcr: oI lrrtiltrrlt', ott ultir'lt rlt'p1ttr'fa'lls Biridiik, Oulia, )\llrtlin, i\litliirt, r\nrtrlirL lsl;trttl, trl lrt llt,'ltrrrtltrt olPer::ia:

','hc Shcrcci I{ussein l,r,as much too practisecl and shrewd to be""'"^1,,11.l;, l,:l::: :,:::':r:"jions' te ..pri.,i on s.;ffiilLlNt'r.r.rllrr.lt,..s. \'.rrr I,lrct.llcncv r,,.ili parrl,,;r ,ra ,,,' "'""'rr,t t yLrl.lh:rt.llre r.lrlrrt.s',,,,,r"i,,.rii,,r,on rvhir:h vn,, ,,.,,,. ,,.^ll-.ll"r:nit,to ..ay ciearlyii,,,'rr',,,iii:i';,li'il:,,1,1.i,ll:l'!li':lr]'#,I#i,,1,ffi.*:yl:r:l ll"i:;"_r:*1. ,iLll .r,:. discussion.of iiruru ut present is;ll ll,,lfli,iiIX, ,) 1,,1,:::i

iii.;;",.;;: ;fi;,i;. ffi::,|J,:i.:i.i..:l.H;:.*:i;or sonrt'lhirrg of llro sort.(;5. lrr lr,rrglh-v Oricnlal phrases the Sherecf stuck out for his

l:]ll:::l,l:,i":.rrrt,srrirl rh,r ii unv,rr.r,.;".;;';;;;',,,;,;il;:: ;::J;r'rh'r'rr ir r1';rs r)rrl.\'| rrt'r';rrrr;t',I lrrc rrclay in the prescnt negotiations.

l)r,l'inil ion ol' territories(iovcr.nment to

(;(;. Irr r,1rl1, lrc r.r.r.t,ivcrl fronr Sir HcnrvoI llrl rrlrrto:ll. inrllorllurcc, t for llrt'rh'lcrnrirr:rlictrI scc in llrc Atirhs lo:rllrrin tlrc:ic olljt:cls, I shoulrl ltirvt'prclclrt'rl lrr rlrlrtrh:mysclf ttpott rr rtrotrnlrriu lrr,iglrl; lrut thcy, llu,Arirlrr, hrrvc irrsislcrl tlrnl Isltottkl gtrirk'llrr,trrovr,rnr.rrl lo llri,r r,rrrl. Mrrv (irrl kt.r,p volt,ilrft,irnrlvit'lttrittur, rrr rvc rh'vrltlll ltopr lrtrrl rh'rritr'.

rrrrrrri.i'ns to trre '\rahs, fixing trre duration of the proposecl treatylx,twcen Erirain and the Arails to ;i;;;'.,,tiut wtrar matters ;n tr,;u il;;;ffi ,;1";rlluj[.:*:T;t:onlains the boundaries of the proposed Arab State.(;3.

64.

ltont loilt.l;rsl lr.lllr I rt,;rlist,rl ltr:tl vorr rr.l{;rril llris rlttt:stion,::rrl urr1r.nl, ir.rl,i,rlinrrr.,;rrrrl lrrrr,. ll;,,;.,f,,;.f"i;^r",,u rirr,,i,,l.,r\r'llrltr.ttl rrl' (irr,.rl llrrt,rirr rrl ll,(, (,o11r,11,,,i ,j,,,,, t,.ff,,,.

* Aa _

French mandated territor.y (not palestine)intended to be excluded from Anglo-Arab

Covenant.

'Glt- 'l'hc irccur

-4.+-Declaraticn has and has haci absolutely no value nor binding forcelvhatsoever, formeriy, now, or hereafter.

I-iniess Falestine be proved to fall rvithin"rnodifications", all is up with Baifour

Declaration.

74. The claim is lumir.rous in its simplicity. In the Shereef's letterhe proposes among the boundaries of the r\r'ab kingclom, independentin every sense of the word indcpazd.cnt, tlte Persian lrantier on theeast and tlte Mediierraneait. o,u tlte zaest. Withitt tltese limits liesPalesti,nc. Sir ilenry MoMalt.an in his second letler sa1,5, "l[/'eacc ep t t kes e b outad arie s uit h mo tli ft cati.cns."

Couid anything be clearer ? Unless Paiestine fails within thesphere of the modifications, all is up with the Declaration of all theBallours and thc lcgitimac5, frtlm any point of view of the NationalHonrr. f'herc is antl t:an be no bias in this statement.

Consult an Atlas.

75. Now the mcdificaticns r'.rith equal clarity specify that '(portionsof Syria lying to the rvest of the districts of Damascus, Horns, Hama,and Aleppo cannot be saicl to be purel3r Arab and tl:rerefore should treexcluded" from the i\iab boundaries.

Get an ailas of your o\i/n out, if you iike, to find what are theseportions of Syria. It is as easy as possible.

Find Dastascus firs|: it is the key place. There it is in thecentre of Syria; ror,ighlv tpeaking, the French mandatory area isnorth, the British south. The French overlaps a little.

Where is the next place, no-w flotir,s ? I orth.Where is Hama ? North again.Where is Aieppo ? Northernmost of all.'Ihe four towns form a line, as it were, on the desert's edge.What are the excluded portions lying rvest oi them ? Approxi-

mately it is the country facing Cyprus, comprising thc lowns of Sidon,Beylou{, Tripoli, Lataliia, Antioch as wc go ttll lowitrtls Alcxanclretta,.l\'lt'rsirrir, urr

.ltt

7ll. N,rv, il rlri:i ('lrrl.hilli,, rirr. w('r'c gerluine the rvho e of syrian',rtrLl llrvr, lrr,r,n r,rr lrrrlr,rl, sirrrr. ll.rrrs, I{arna, and AIep, _r would have, r.lrrrh'rl ll.r rr,r'llr.r'rr llrr'1. lr slltnrls to reason that if the BritishIriglr r,rrllrr'lin1i;lrrlir':i lr;rrl rrrt,lrrrt to exclude all Syria they wouldIrrrvr. rr;rr,r'ilrr,rl "Sy'i;r". 'l'lrr. lrhrirscology imputed by Mr. Churchilllo lrirr*ir,ll rrrrrl lris t.ollclrgtrcs is preposterous.

ll yorr ol I ol' rrrr-y orrlinary man in his senses wished tor,rt lrtrlr, l,lrrgllrrrrl ltrrrr sor.lrt' convention, should we sav, ,,We excludellrr, r ourrlr'.y lyirrg lo llrc r.r,est of the districts of Dover, London,l1r:nvillr, Skr.grrlss, IIrrll, Srrnrlcrland, and Berwich',? Of course not;u,r. :rlrorrlrl slrv "\\'r. r,rclrrrlc l,lngland."

l'10. llul llrcrc is rvorse tlran this to come-far \,vorse. In order togivr.rt slrow o[ [ir.t:t to his 1tlc.a, n{r. Churchill spoke of "the vilayet ofl)lrrurscrrs." 'l'lrc vilirye(s ot' provinces of Syria were those of Aleppo,li'vrorrl , lrrrrl Srrriv;[ (orn' word Syria is a co,rruption of this).I fr,il r.s Zor', llrr, l,r,lxrrrorr, :rtrrl .f t'rrrsirlcut were self-sufficing sanjaksi)t r ounlilr, orrlsirlr, llrr, r,'illryt,ls; llrc l,clrirnrrn had a special autonomousrr,p,irrrr,. 'l'lrr,,ir, rtr,r, llrr, orrl.\, tlivisiotrs oI tlre country. There is nor rl;r!'r,l ol I )lrrrr;ru us; il rlrx's lrot cxisl. I

tll. Nrrlrrrrrll.y, il is rrol lo hc fouud in lhc NIcNIahon text; if yoult,irrl yorr rvill scc llrrr worrl usc

PART III

The Palestine Mandate-os ssnfivrnsfl-Compuredtuith its " tgzt Final Draft" and with the " rgzrFinsl Draft of the Mandate for lraq" as presented

to the British Pqrliamertt.

84. trn the flood of light given by the ext(acts contained inthe preceding Part, the following brlef references are rnade tothe Iraq Mandate and to the Palestine Mandate itself in theirrespective forms as "Final Drafts" presented to Parliament byCommand of His Majesty in August, rg2r. These "FinalDrafts" had been formulated (as explicitly stated on the firstpage of Command Paper No. r5oo) "for the approvai of theCouncil of the League of Nations."

Mandate for Iraq explicitly specified fourthparagraph of Artiele 22 of Covenant of League.

85. As regards the Maqdate for trraq it is sufficient to observe( r ) that the preamble thereto explicitly specifies the fourthparugraph of Article zz of the Covenant of the League ofNations, and (z) that the whole of its zo Articles entfuelyagreed with the zo Articles composing the Mandate for Syriaand the Lebanon alrnost letter by letter with the exception ofArticle r 6 which in the trraq I\{andate spoke of local autonomyfor Kurdish areas while the corresponding article in the Mandatefor Syria and the Lebanon dealt with the use of the Frenchlanguagc in addition to Arabic.

- -43

_ 49_[[ow the trgZl Draft of palestine MantXatetallies rvith Mandate as Confirmed by Council.

86' The terms of the Farestine Mandate, as contained in thesaid v/hite Paper of tTzr, were identical with its terms asconfirrned by the Council of the League on the z4th of Jaly,r922, except for certuin rnaterial alterations in the preamble andin Articles l, 8, g, rr, 17, 25, zZ, arrd zg apafi from certainimmaterial amendments in construction in some other articlesincluding Articles t5, tg, and zo.

Alteration in Preamble.87' As regards the preambre the important difference is that

in the rgzr draft specific reriance is made on Articles t3z and95 of the abortive Treaty of sdvres. These articres were reliedupon by the British Governrnent in the correspondence exchang-ed with the Paiestine Arab Deiegation.

Attention, however, is invited towhich, as hereabove shown, (in partArticle t6 c,f the Lausanne Treaty.

the value of these articlestr), were substituted by

Alteration in Article 1.88. Another very important alteration is the substitution of

the whole of Article r by an enrirely different version. In thetgzr draft, Article r stood as follows :His tsritannic 1\fajesty shaii hal,c the right to exercise as Mandatory u,the powers inirerent t" trie Go"e.n;;-"i';'"S;;.r.rd'it;i.;'r"il"il'irr.,

rnay be limited by the terms of the prescnt lianOate.As confirmed this Article reads as follows :

The Mandatory shall }ravc full porvers of lcgislation trrtl of urlnrinittnttlon,save as they rnay be rimitcd by tric tcrms,[ irris nrurrtrrrr(.. '-

Alteration in Article 22.89. without stopping at akerations such as those in Articles

8 and 9 (dealing with Capitularions ancl Judicature), let uc

-- .5o -'l),r','; t(, Arliclcs z7 antl zB in eaclr of which the alterations rnade

,l rt' r il ,t lt t:s1'lt'ci,tl t'clcv,tncc ancl importance'

Itt tlrt' ttl .', "liirr.rl t)raft" Article 27 rlfls as follows :,l,lr, r,,rrr,rrl rrl tlrr.('(,11il(.il ,,f tlrc l,cagrrc 0f Nations is rcquired {or any

lr,rrllrr, rlr,,rr .l 1,,, ,,1"" "i f t"' p'''"'"1 nnrtnl't!t' ltr-ot'idrtl thut in tlte -case

'tl t,,t t':,',ltlt,'tl|'tt l't'tltrtxr'rl l't'lltt Xltnittirtrt''ttrtlt ronstill ntoj be gluen

l,t tt r,t,t,, trl y ll lltt ('ttlllttil'lltl it',rttl "7rtt'scttt" is rcplaced by "this"' The rest of

'llrr'r!ilttlr; (tll il,llirs) ll.tvc llcctr omittcd'

I lrr', r,'r';r()ll lttlly sttpports thc obicct oI this tnemorandum

.r', r( tl.rttl:' llrr.' (,rl),lcity ol thc llrirish Covcrnment_-if they

.rrl1' u'i'ill ,rrltl cllot>sc so to do-to secure at least such modifica-

ti()r)s,ls slrottltl rll;rkc thc Palestine Mandate identical with that

trl Syri,t.ttrtl lr.rt1, i.r:,, "in rccordance with the fourth patagtaplt

ol Arliclt' .'.'. ol tltc ( 'ovttlatrt clf thc l-eague of Nations" but

rvilltottl ,tll)' l)r()visiotr lr tlrc Jcwish National Home' because'

lol t,',ts,,rrri.tlt.t',ttly st'rtccl, no such provision would be corn-

p,rtilrlt' tt'itlr sttclt "l'ourtb paragraph"'

Altcrittiott in Article 28

t)ll. l,rsl Irttl troI lcrst, corlles the alteration in Article z8''llr.'.rltt't',ttiott lrcre mainly consists in the substitution of the

\\'"r(ls . "ltt lltt tt't'rtl ttf tha lerninttliotl of the mandate heteb(l

l rtttlt'tr,'rl trltrtrt lltt' ll'lttntlul

- 52-

early pafi of rg 17, the Atrlied Powets, inctruding France, wetenot finaily agreedas to the future of the "teffttory of Falestine".

It is therefore open for any body to imagine that with theBritish pledges in existence which recognrzed (Vide theMcMahon-King Flussein correspondence hereabove quoted)

a cefiain portion of northern Syria in favour of France leaving

Palestine as a territory wherein the "independence of the Arabs"

was "to be recognized and supported by Great Btita7n", France

and even Italy would have favoured the scherne of an rfiterna'tionatrisation of Palestine as an outlet from the British pledges.

But w-hen matters took that shape it may have occurred toBritish potricy to utilize rhe support of the Allied Powers asagainst the force of the Palestine share in those pledges as anoccasion to oust the claims of other Allies by bringing out into

the field a policy in favour of a National Home for the Jewish

people whch in rhose days of a Turkish caliphate, then likely

to be transforrned into an Arab caiiphate, natatally arnounted

to a challenge which would not be ventured by any power other

than the greatest Moslem Wortrd Power of Great Britain'

95, These remarks, however, are not mere imagination' 'L'he

internationatrisation of Palestine was seriously discussed. This

is evidenced by the following extracts from Mt. J. M. i\. Jeffries"Inquiry "The Palestine Deception" (page r 5-t7) :

Our mistakes began early. But the earliest of them, strangelyenough, is one for which there is most degree of excuse, since in making

it we were tied by 4rrangements with our Allies. This was the agree-ment negotiated in 1916 between Sir Mark Sykes on behalf of GreatBritain and M. Picot on behalf of France, under which British andFrench spheres of influence in the Near and Middle East were sodivicled that syria was separated into three sections-British, French,

iut

Iltlfour I)eclaration poXicy clramaticallyf ruslllttes Anglo Arab Treaty negotiated

itt 1ll2:\-24

ll:). 'l'ltis rcsttttti'w;ts published in Palestine in order tollr()(ulr llrt'.rc

PART XV

'l'he Jetuish National Home; Its Officisl

Inte{pretation; A Jewish Stste in irsOriqinal Desiqn.

-'-"r/+*/'2^'--'

l0l. An honest disclosure of the facts upon which the JewishN;rtionirl Flome policy was cvenrually adopted and declarcdby

ttlc Britisb (i6vcrnmcnt would be incomplete if it were not toc0mprisc ccrtain salicnt cvcnts and circumstances without which

t,lrc cnrboclintcttt of this policy in Article 95 of the Treat)r ofSlvrcs, i1 tftc clraft Mandate of Ig2I, and in the final draft oft q22, its con[irmcd, to warrant international recognition, would

bc too cliflicult to con.iecture.

It is not the policy itself alone that supplies a Gordianknot in tl-ris world problem. The insistence by its prornoters.rnd a{trcrcnts on a formal "recognition" is andther Gotdiankrrot lly I1() rllcal'ls of less importance.

Ancl to tiay that thc "rccognition" is the main element in

tIis p6licy scclls to makc it all the more complex and incapableof solution,

llritish (iovernment's Interpret'ation of.Iewish National Home.

lll2. llclorc procccding to sct ottt thc matcri"rl events andcircrlnlslilllccs bcaring ort lhis issttc, it trtly bc convcnicnt to givethc tlrit islt ( iovcrtrntcttl's i ntcrprct ;tt iotr ol' t lrc Balfour Declara-

- 5l) -

- 57 -tion as contained in the "White Pa2ter of tgzz', (i:ut notwithout the rcmark that the Arabs of palestine have, neverthe-less, continued to reject this policy without any hesitation andwith no hope for a compromise on its grounds).

The British Governm ent, again voicing Jewish opinion,officially stated on the zgth of. June, r gzz :

- . His Majesty's Government re-affrrm the Declaration of November, 1917,which is not susceptible of change. A Jewish National Home wiil te iound-ed in Palestine as of right and not on sufferance. (See page 30, White Faper,1922, Statement of Folicy).

103. The interpretation hereabove alluded to is given onpage 19 of the said "White Papef' of t9zz, and runs asfollows :

- - During the last two or three generations the Jews harre recreated in

Palestine a community, now numbeiing 80,000, of whom about one_fourthare farmers or workers upon the land. This community has its own politicalorgans; an elected assembly for the direction of its domestic concerns;elected councils in the towns; and an organisation for ttrre control of itsschools. rt has its elected chief Rabbinate and Rabbinical council for thedirection of its religious affairs.

Its business is conducted in Hebrew as a vernacular language, and aHebrew press servea its needs.

It has its distinctive intellectual life and displays considerable economicactivity.

This community, then, with its town and country population, its political,religious and social organisations, its own Ianguage, its own customs, its owniife, has in fact "national" char.acteristics.

When it is asked what is meant by the development of the JewishI{ational Ifome in Palestine, it may be answered that it is not the impositionof a jewish nationality upon the inhabitants of Palestine as a whotre, but tlrefurther development of the existing Jewish community, with the assistance ofJervs in other parts o{ the 'lvorld, in order that it may become a centre inrvhich the Jewish people as a whole may take, on grounds of religion and race,an interest and a pride.

But in order that this community should have the best prospect of freedevelopment and provide a full opportunity for the Jewish people to displayits capacities, it is essential that it should know that it is in Palestine as ofright and not on suf{erance.

That is the reason whir it is necessary that thc cxistencc of a JcwislrNational Home in Palestinc rihould be internationally guarantccd, anrl thatit should be formally recognised to rest upon ancicnt historic connccl.ion.

This, then, is the interpretation which His Majcsty's Govcrnmcrrt plu

--58-

Mandate for Palestine was not yet conflrmed must be regardedas a matter of very secondary irnportance.

TIre interpretation was to dispell the alarm of the PalestineArats. This was the object. -fhis object was not achieved.

Story of a Jewish National }Iorne InternationalfyGuaranteed : accol'ding to. 1\{r. Norrnan

Ilentwitch.

105. Let us therefore survey the reasons and the motivesunderlying a "Jewish Home" in Palestine "by right and not onsufferance" "internationally guaranteed" "and formally recog-nized to rest upon ancient historic connection."

106. To do this no better source of honesty and authoritycan be resorted to than the book en-titled "Palestine of the Jews"by Mr. Norman Bentwitch, published in the yeat rgrg, (itbeing always remembered tlrat the abortive Treaty of Slvreswas signed on the roth of August, tgzo).

The following extracts from this book shouldbe adequate.The world fame of Mr. Norman Bentwitch as an authority onfnternationalLaw must warrant the importance of these quota-tions from his book. (The headings and italics are not in theoriginal. )

,, Palestine to Jews "tr,and of Prormise."107. To the tr{ebrews, sirrung Irom tritres of Arab nomads and

delivered from the slavery of Egypt, Canaan rvas the land of promise,flowing with milh and honey, the cirosen place for the chosen people.

Christian ltreresy Wrong.

I08. The Christian heresy taught that the iollowels of 1he true fail"hha

- 6o-

Irrench Revolution and Concoldat of 17g6.ll2. 'l'lrc l,'rr'rt'h ltt"v'.lulirxr, which heralded a new era for humanity,

us111.11'11 itr lrlso :r n(,w orit for l.he Jew.lVhiL, llrr, (it'ntilc pcoples were proclaiming Liberty, Equality

irttrl llrirlt.rrrily, Ir'orrr iinr()r'r,!,{ thc Jews a cry was raised,,Out of theIt'llxrl, irrlrr lltt'hrrrrrirrr." I'hat rvas the idea implicit in the Mendels-rrrlrrrirrrr "r.rrliglrlcrrrrrt,rrl ", ltrrrl it guirlecl the Paris Sanhedrin ol r796tvltlllr qr,lrlr,rl llrr.('orrlot'rllrl lxrtnct:n the Jelvs of France and thel,'rr.ttt lr ltr.lrrrlrlit .

lrronl (hsmopolitanisrn to Nationalisrn.

ll:1. lrr llrr. rrrrcit:rrt rvr>rlcl they had been national when all others\.v('r'r. ( r)sr)rollolil;rn : rrolv thcv becanre cosrnopoiitan when all otherswt'tt'tt;tIi,rtt;tl.

Nir;lolcolt'ri ilrvit:rtion in 1799.I !.1. ll r., trol r.uol'llr.y, lrolvt'r'r.r', tlrtrt Napoleon, who) as First Consul,

1rt'r',u'rl lul llrr.('otrt:otrllrt. r,f .icrvr'_v "vith tl-re I,'rcnch $tate, on invading

l,l,iypl irrr,l S.r'rirr irr r7r19 r'c;rlist'rI the unclying appeal of Palestine, andi:r:irrcrl iru itrvil;rliott t,r lltr:.lt'rls of r\sia and Africa to settle againurrrh,r' lri, ,r, rli- irr .llltt:rrrllttt. llc ptrblishcd a political manifesto tollrr, r,rrrl iu tlrr' 'Ilottiltttt t'rtivclr;cllc' (No. 243).

Itrrl lri.;rllr''nlll to lrt'1hc nrrxlcru CyiLrs had even less fruitionllurrr llrr';rlllrr)!)l oi llrt' l'irrtlteror Jttliirn r,5oo yeals previously. Hisl,lrrrlr,r'rr r':rrrrllrirru r'rrlllllslrl llcfot"c .\t'rc. and I'alcstine remained underllrr, trti.pi,,rrrtttttt'trl rtf lltt"l'tttli:i.

A prollosrrl l'or' :r .Icwish Commonwealthin 1827.

lll-r \\ illrirr ;r slrorl lirrrt', ittrlt't:rl, l'alcstinc w&s coDqtlcred byllrlrrlrinr llrr' ;,'rr oi IIt'ltrtttct Ali, thc l'lLsha o[ Irlgypt, wl.ro ]rad madelrirrr',r'l l srrllrrrr. lrttritr ltis slron( t ttlt' tltt'rc wits a prontisc oI l:etterI lrirrfl,.

\\lr,rr lir \1,,.r': i\lottlt'li,rrt'lrltirl lris lrlsl visil lo llrr: lloly I,attdirr rli.'7 lrl rrr, llrrrrlrirrr lttttl ttt';oli;rlcrl rvillt Irittt lt'i lo lllr'.lt'wis.hrrrloni,,rliorr ol Ilrr,rlr,,r.tlr,rl lrlrrrrr lttttl rilllttlt':i oI tltt'tottlttt'-r'.

-6r-The noble-hearted Jewish philanthropist entertailred, in comrnon'with the best of the ema.ncipated Jeivs of ihe time, a profound feeling,in idealised form, for the country of Israel,s prir, *f*.f, ;;;;.._

. pression with him in the effort to re_establish there a -Tewish Common_wealth.Jerusalem was inscribed on his coat of arms, and the desire ofhis heart rvas to see Falestine again peopled by Jeu,s.But before his pia^ of cotronisation co*rd be started Mehemet AIihad been cornpeiied by the European powers to renounce his sway

over Syria and to restore the country to Turkey.

A Jewish state in Farestime unctrer British Frotectionto secure R,oute to Inalia : proposed ln 1g82.

116. English Christians as rvell as Engiish -[ews cherished the ideaof Jewish re-settlement in the Holy Larcl as a step torvards the furfir-meret of prophecy; and in rg46 colonel George claivler sent to theQueen and to the leading rnen of the country, a book entittred (TheTranquiliisation of syria and tire East by the Estabtishment oiJewishColonies in Palestine.,

Similar in tendency was the work of Hollingsrvorth, who in his'Jews in Palestine' (rg5z)urged the re-establishment of a Jewish stateunder British protection as a means of securing the overrand route toIndia.

Liberation of ltaly : a pretrude to re_triirthof .Iewish Nation (1960).

717. rt was in the "Rorne and Jerusarern" of a German sociarist,Moses Fless, published in 186o, that the revival which had beengenerated by these external facts obtained its first clear literaryexpression.

As the title of his work suggested, Hess saw in the triberation ofrtaly the prelude to the retrirth of the Jewish nation. with thefreeing of the Eternal city on the Tiber began that of the Eternalcity on Mount Moriah : with the renaissance of Itary the resurrectionof ludea.

Lord fJeaconsfield should have restored.Iews to Holy Land.

Il8. Ilcrrlinlrntl I,irsslr'llc, rrlr,rrl. lhc sanrc tiurc rrs r)israeli was conr-

-$2--l)r),ilrr, ,\it'r)\', \l'ol(, in his rliarS,: ,,i krr,e to picture mysclf sword inIr;irrrl lt.;rrlirrg lr;rt.li lltl ltilrts rri Islucl to their l:ome.,,

li.l lr rv.r'r'rli't'r'l.rl i.rrrr llrt'irlcar ambitions of their youth toolll't r rl1:ir.-, lr(,,;l1rr. irr 1lrt,it. rllr-r,, there Seetxer:l to be 1O JewiSlfl\lor, tttlttl l, lr.;rrl.

\ r,t ,rr, .l llrr, iitr(,st irl.g;rls .l li.;1iish public opinion, thefi;r.r l;rlrrr , rli,r l;r'r,ri. "ll l,rrr.rl lit,lrr.rr,slleltl (lrt the Congress of Berlin)Irrrl lrr','rl llr. ll.l1' l,;rrrrl;rrrrl rt.irrrt,tl rlrt:.fcivs, insteacl of potteringjrlrl111 lyitlr li,rrrrrrr,li;r ;rrrrl ,\l:,lrrrtri,;llrrr, lrc tvotrlrl have r.liecl Dictator,r,

l,lr,l;rlrlisitrrrr.nl in lrirle;tinr,r'crs, for inrloponrols Jewishr,'lotri:ilrliorr irr lltl ll,rly l,lrrrrl; ;rrrrl tlrt'r'rrt.;rns to tlurt end were, flrstllrr.rrrrr.rrr,;rrrrl,;lltrrlqllrr,lrirrri 'rl tltt,.fr,lvislr rlrlion;rl fr:glint: in everyl.rvi,rlr 'rnrnrrnil\, :rrrrl llrt' ,r'g;rrrisrrli,rr ,f lhe .fcwish per_rple inter-rr,rli'rr;rllr l,r (.nllril(,(l ;rcli,rr, trrrtl sccorrrlly thc cstablishment of arr.rli,rutl 'l'r rr ,l , irr llrt, Iorrrr ol lr. ltlrnliing ('()ntl)iuty., for the purchaseol lrrtrl rrtrrl lltr,tvolli of r'olorrislrliorr-

Nrrlionirl IIontc in l':rlcstinc; nlt,naco to politir:lliutrl civiI cnrirnti;l:rlion.

l:J0 Illrtl lorrrrtl lris lrrr';-qr'.1 lollorrirrq lirst irr llrr,.ft'lvislr;lrolclirri:ttrrl l'l,r',llrrr l,rrr,,1rr.:rrrrl llrl l'l;rsl l'lrrrl ol l,rrtrrlorr, lrtrrl sr,tortrlly ltntorrgI lrr' .fr'rr i lr .l ttrllrrl ' ol I lrl l'ttit lt .rl it' ,.

-63-He was at once joined by several of the Jervish inteilectual leaclers,

.among them Max Nordau and Barnard Lazare, the Charnpion ofDreyfus, in France, and Israel Zangwill in England.

But he was atrmost immecliately opposed and savagely attacliedbv the communal leaders in Western Europe, u'ho regarded his crt' asa nlenace to the tranquil enjoyment of the political and civil enr-an-cipation which the preceding generation had won.

F irst practical rneasure : Jewish EnglishCompanies to acquire land in Palestine

as a nrind of, "national domain".

121. The irnmediate objective of a Charter for Jewish colonisation$/as not attained, though Flerzl by his personal magnetism andcliplomatic genius was altle to -secure the support of sevelal of therilonarchs and chancelleries of Europe.

But the 'financial instrument' was established as an EnglishCornpany-the Jewish Colonial Trust-with a nominal capital oftwo rnillions, towards uhich a quarter of a million was subscribed inthe first year. In addition a "Jelvish National Fund" lvas incorporat'ed,also in England, to acquire land for public prirposes as a hind ofnational domain.

Jewish Ianrnigration in hundreds of thousanclsto begin with thousanrls.

122. Herztr v,,as opposed at first to tire support of the small colonisingenterplises lvhich had been started during the preceding twenty years

by the "Lovers ol Zion" l he wanted the Jews to come in by the opendoor, in a iarge body, and not to siink in by little groups' The little,he thought, was the enemy of the big.

But lvhen the hope of the charter rvas disappointed he recognised

the necessity oi organising and cleveloping the Jervish life in thecountry ancl uiving it a more inilepcnclent ancl representatirre character

than it yet Possessed.Ii the inintigration 0l hundrecls o[ thottsancls was imilossi]:le for

ilte tirue, lrt least the thousancls who entered ancl tl.re thousands who

u,t,rc thcrr: c0ul

- 64-_

cultural colonies, a branch of the Jewish Colonial Trust, the Anglo-Palestine Bank, was founded with a paid-up capital of f roo,ooo, andat the outbreak of the war this Zionist Bank had become one of thechief financial institutions in southern syria; the deposits amountedto fe5o,ooo, and its total operations for the year r9r3 rose to fivemillion pounds sterling.

A Jewish National Home, but notnecessarily in Falestine.

12:1. Aftt,r'Ilcrzl's deetth the cleavage in the ranks induced by theUganda projcct became pronounced, and a srnall section, under thei.:ulership .f Zangwill, split off from the main body and forrned theJcwish Territorial Organisation (the I.T.O.).

Ilver sinr:c that ti,re this Organisation has chased, from continent1. t'onlin.rrl, tlrc will of the wisp of an autonornous Jewish settlementoulsirh, l';rlr.slinr., und lorrnd no resting-place.

'lthe ('ortrnlission that went to Uganda reported unfavo,urably onllrr. :rrea rvhich lvas in the end proffered.

Ihc I.1'.O. looked to Tripoli, which was still under the Ottomansway, a,nrl scnt unother Commission, which also reported adversely.A.s il. wiis ptrt by the President of the Organisation himself, thatst ltctrte wotrld "not hold water".

'l'hcn the gaze was clirected towards another part of the Ottomanl,)rnllirt'; nlcsopotamia was helcl out as the La"nd of Promise. Therr,1rort. lrs lo lhc possibilities here wiu more brilliant, and the land hadlrlitrrulltrrt Jcn'ish rssot:i;rl.ions, but nothing carne of the proposal except;rnolJrr,r'stlit's of scintillating spceches from the erratic LT.O. leader.

',|'ht. l;rtr,r' ventures of the I.T.O. quest were less happy in con-ctlll ion, ;rurl no rnore Iruitful in result. Angola, Nicaragua, andWt.slr:rlia, wcnc looliecl at in vain; and finally the grand project of a-Jclvish auturrontous territory petered out in a movement for therlil'ftrsiorr of .lcwish enrigr:rtion in the Unitecl Statcs.

'l'o-rllr.v lht'rcrrrrrirnt of 'li.rriloriir.lisls arc rearly to ntcrge with theTiorrilrl.i in llrt, e lroitc of l'itlt'slittt' its lltt' .f t'wish llntl.

-65-. Recognition of a Jewish National ltrorne :

a Ilanggr to Rights and political Status ofJews out of Palestine.

124. Not a few r.vho had supported Falestinian colonisation in thcda.ys preceding Herzl's arlvent rvere perturbed by his larger and morqradical appeal, which they fea.red rvould imperil their adoptecl citi-zenship.

The iron of the Ghetto bars and bolts had entered into their souls,ar:d survived the destruction of the Ghetto walls.

Emancipated and received as equals in civil life, these Jews ofthe West could not feel secure, and they feared that their rights might