The Origins of The Origins of ProgressivismProgressivism

Chapter 9 Section 1Chapter 9 Section 1The Americans: The Americans: Reconstruction through the 20Reconstruction through the 20thth Century Century

http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/biopictures.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Nation

Sources of Progressive Sources of Progressive ReformReform

A. Industrialization, with all its increase in productivity A. Industrialization, with all its increase in productivity and the number of consumer goods, created and the number of consumer goods, created 1) Unemployment and labor unrest 1) Unemployment and labor unrest

2) Wasteful use of natural resources 2) Wasteful use of natural resources 3) Abuses of corporate power 3) Abuses of corporate power

B. Growing cities magnified problems of poverty, B. Growing cities magnified problems of poverty, disease, crime, and corruptiondisease, crime, and corruption

C. Influx of immigrants and rise of new managerial C. Influx of immigrants and rise of new managerial class upset traditional class alignments class upset traditional class alignments

D. Massive depression (1893-1897) convinced many D. Massive depression (1893-1897) convinced many that equal opportunity was out of reach for many that equal opportunity was out of reach for many Americans.Americans.

http://home.earthlink.net/~gfeldmeth/lec.prog.html

Who Were the Who Were the Progressives? Progressives?

A. New middle class composed of young professionalsA. New middle class composed of young professionals

1. Sought to apply principles of professions (medicine, law, business, teaching) to problems of society1. Sought to apply principles of professions (medicine, law, business, teaching) to problems of society2. Strong faith in progress and the ability of educated people to overcome problems 2. Strong faith in progress and the ability of educated people to overcome problems 3. Rise in volunteer organizations organized to address issues (American Bar Association, U.S. 3. Rise in volunteer organizations organized to address issues (American Bar Association, U.S.

Chamber of Commerce, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Chamber of Commerce, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National National Municipal League, eg.)Municipal League, eg.)4. Mainly urban in residence and orientation 4. Mainly urban in residence and orientation

B. Muckraking journalists attacked corruption and scandal with a sense of moral outrage B. Muckraking journalists attacked corruption and scandal with a sense of moral outrage

1. Lincoln Steffens exposed city machines in The Shame of the Cities (1904)1. Lincoln Steffens exposed city machines in The Shame of the Cities (1904)2. Ida Tarbell exposed Standard Oil Trust abuses 2. Ida Tarbell exposed Standard Oil Trust abuses 3. Upton Sinclair's The Jungle (1906) attacked the meat-packing industry 3. Upton Sinclair's The Jungle (1906) attacked the meat-packing industry

C. Political reformers (many opposed to traditional party politics)C. Political reformers (many opposed to traditional party politics)

D. Socialists--frustrated workers who promised to destroy capitalism. Led by Eugene Debs D. Socialists--frustrated workers who promised to destroy capitalism. Led by Eugene Debs (who polled 900,000 votes for president in 1912), socialists were rejected by most (who polled 900,000 votes for president in 1912), socialists were rejected by most Progressives as too extreme in their goals and methods Progressives as too extreme in their goals and methods

http://home.earthlink.net/~gfeldmeth/lec.prog.html

Progressive MovementProgressive Movement

Aim was to return control of government Aim was to return control of government to the people, restore economic to the people, restore economic opportunities, and correct injustices in opportunities, and correct injustices in American Life.American Life.

Many different opinions on both the Many different opinions on both the problems of society and the solutions.problems of society and the solutions.

4 Goals of Progressivism4 Goals of Progressivism

Protect Social WelfareProtect Social Welfare Promote Moral ImprovementPromote Moral Improvement Create Economic ReformCreate Economic Reform Foster EfficiencyFoster Efficiency

Protecting Social WelfareProtecting Social Welfare

YMCA – Young Men’s Christian AssociationYMCA – Young Men’s Christian Association LibrariesLibraries ClassesClasses Swimming PoolsSwimming Pools Handball CourtsHandball Courts

Salvation ArmySalvation Army Soup KitchensSoup Kitchens DaycaresDaycares Slum Brigades to convert poor immigrants to middle-class values Slum Brigades to convert poor immigrants to middle-class values

and temperance.and temperance. Women Reformers (See Next Slide)Women Reformers (See Next Slide)

Florence KelleyFlorence Kelley Women Christian Temperance UnionWomen Christian Temperance Union

Florence KelleyFlorence Kelley

Advocate for improving the lives Advocate for improving the lives of women and childrenof women and children

Chief Inspector of Factories Chief Inspector of Factories (Illinois)(Illinois)

Won passage of Illinois Factory Won passage of Illinois Factory Act 1893Act 1893 Prohibited child labor and limited Prohibited child labor and limited

women’s working hourswomen’s working hours Model for other statesModel for other states

http://www.boisestate.edu/SOCWORK/DHUFF/history/extras/kelly.htm

Promoting Moral ReformPromoting Moral Reform

ProhibitionProhibition the banning of alcoholic beveragesthe banning of alcoholic beverages

Women Christian Temperance Women Christian Temperance UnionUnion Entered saloons – sang, prayed, and Entered saloons – sang, prayed, and

urged saloonkeepers to stop selling urged saloonkeepers to stop selling alcoholalcohol

Largest women’s group in nation’s Largest women’s group in nation’s historyhistory

Motto – “Do Everything”Motto – “Do Everything” Opened KindergartensOpened Kindergartens Visited inmates in prisonVisited inmates in prison Worked for suffrage for womenWorked for suffrage for women

Anti-Saloon LeagueAnti-Saloon League

http://www.wctu.org/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAsaloon.htm

Opposition to ProhibitionOpposition to Prohibition

Conflict with immigrant Conflict with immigrant groupsgroups

Saloons served several Saloons served several roles for immigrant groupsroles for immigrant groups Inexpensive mealsInexpensive meals Cashed paychecksCashed paychecks Provided rooms for Provided rooms for

meetings and gatherings meetings and gatherings

http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1110.html

Carrie NationCarrie Nation

Worked for prohibition by Worked for prohibition by walking into saloons, walking into saloons, scolding customers, and scolding customers, and using her hatchet to using her hatchet to destroy the bottles of destroy the bottles of liquor.liquor.

Lived in KansasLived in Kansas See link to the right for See link to the right for

more information.more information.http://www.kshs.org/exhibits/carry/carry1.htm

Creating Economic Creating Economic ReformReform

Laissez-Faire TheoryLaissez-Faire Theory Denounced Denounced Belief that the government should leave the Belief that the government should leave the

economy aloneeconomy alone

SocialismSocialism An economic system in which the government owns An economic system in which the government owns

most of the means of production. most of the means of production. Goal is for the government to reduce inequality.Goal is for the government to reduce inequality. Involves government regulation of business.Involves government regulation of business.

Problem: MonopoliesProblem: Monopolies

Socialism GrowsSocialism Grows

Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs ““Competition was natural enough at Competition was natural enough at

one time, but do you think you are one time, but do you think you are competing today? Many of you think competing today? Many of you think you are competing. Against whom? you are competing. Against whom? Against Rockefeller? About as I Against Rockefeller? About as I would if I had a wheelbarrow and would if I had a wheelbarrow and competed with the Santa Fe railroad competed with the Santa Fe railroad from here to Kansas City.”from here to Kansas City.” FROM - Debs: His Life, Writings and FROM - Debs: His Life, Writings and

SpeechesSpeecheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs

MuckrakersMuckrakers

Journalist who wrote about the corrupt Journalist who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in side of business and public life in mass circulation magazines.mass circulation magazines.

Ida M. TarbellIda M. Tarbell History of Standard Oil CompanyHistory of Standard Oil Company (see pg. (see pg.

326)326) Described the companies cut-throat Described the companies cut-throat

business practices.business practices. Upton Sinclair and Lincoln SteffensUpton Sinclair and Lincoln Steffens

See info on them later in sectionSee info on them later in section

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_M._Tarbell

Fostering EfficiencyFostering Efficiency

Fredrick Winslow TaylorFredrick Winslow Taylor Scientific ManagementScientific Management

(Taylorism)(Taylorism) Effort to improve efficiency in the Effort to improve efficiency in the

workplace by applying scientific workplace by applying scientific principles to make tasks simpler and principles to make tasks simpler and easier.easier.

Studied factory operations to see Studied factory operations to see how quickly each task could be how quickly each task could be performed.performed.

Assembly LineAssembly Line Ford Motor Company and Ford Motor Company and Henry FordHenry Ford

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordism

Henry FordHenry Ford

Assembly Line – huge increase in Assembly Line – huge increase in productionproduction

Problems with Assembly Line Problems with Assembly Line ProcessProcess Required people to work like machines, Required people to work like machines,

thus there was a high turn-over rate thus there was a high turn-over rate Injuries and worker exhaustion trying to Injuries and worker exhaustion trying to

keep up the pacekeep up the pace ““Five Dollar Day” and 8 hour work Five Dollar Day” and 8 hour work

day employed to keep workers day employed to keep workers happy and reduce strikes. (Unheard happy and reduce strikes. (Unheard of pay scale at that time.)of pay scale at that time.)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford

Clean Up GovernmentClean Up Government

Political Machine Politics / CorruptionPolitical Machine Politics / Corruption Inefficiency in GovernmentInefficiency in Government Government not responsive to the Government not responsive to the

electorateelectorate

Reforming Local Reforming Local GovernmentGovernment

Mayor / City Council FormMayor / City Council Form Commission FormCommission Form Council – City Manager FormCouncil – City Manager Form Reform MayorsReform Mayors

Hazen Pingree – DetroitHazen Pingree – Detroit Tom Johnson – ClevelandTom Johnson – Cleveland

Gas and Water Socialism – public Gas and Water Socialism – public ownership of utilitiesownership of utilities

Reform at the State LevelReform at the State Level

Reform GovernorsReform Governors Robert M. La FolletteRobert M. La Follette / attacked the railroads / attacked the railroads James S. HoggJames S. Hogg

Protecting WorkersProtecting Workers Keating – Owen Act 1916: prohibited the transportation of Keating – Owen Act 1916: prohibited the transportation of

goods produced with child labor across state lines. goods produced with child labor across state lines. (DECLARED UNCONSTITIONAL because it interfered with (DECLARED UNCONSTITIONAL because it interfered with interstate commerce.)interstate commerce.)

State level reforms suceeded in banning child labor and State level reforms suceeded in banning child labor and setting maximum hours in almost every state.setting maximum hours in almost every state.

Efforts to Limit Working HoursEfforts to Limit Working Hours Muller v. OregonMuller v. Oregon Bunting v. OregonBunting v. Oregon Workers CompensationWorkers Compensation

Reform at the State LevelReform at the State Level

Reform ElectionsReform Elections Secret BallotSecret Ballot (Australian Ballot) (Australian Ballot) InitiativeInitiative - bill originated by the people rather than - bill originated by the people rather than

lawmakers.lawmakers. ReferendumReferendum – vote on an initiative. – vote on an initiative. RecallRecall – enabled voters to remove public officials – enabled voters to remove public officials

from elected positions by forcing them to face from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term if another election before the end of their term if enough voters ask for it.enough voters ask for it.

Direct PrimaryDirect Primary – voters choose candidates for public – voters choose candidates for public office through special popular election.office through special popular election.

Direct Election of SenatorsDirect Election of Senators 1717thth Amendment Amendment (1913) – Popular election of U.S. (1913) – Popular election of U.S.

SenatorsSenators