the ocean and climate change_executive summary

8/10/2019 The Ocean and Climate Change_Executive Summary

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The Ocean and Climate ChangeTools and Guidelines for Action

Climate change is severely and rapidly impacting species, ecosystems andpeople around the globe. As both international and national mitigation andadaptation strategies are being discussed, the impacts of climate change andocean acidication, as well as the oceans role in mitigation and adaptationstrategies, have largely been overlooked.

Over 70% of the planet is covered by the ocean. The ocean is the majorregulating force in the earths climate system and represents the largest carbonsink on the planet. Healthy marine and coastal ecosystems, and their services,are essential to maintain the earths life support system. Climate change andocean acidication are jeopardizing food security, shoreline protection, theprovision of income, livelihood sources and sustainable economic development.

Rapid and signicant action is needed now. This brochure highlightsthe most pressing climate change issues with respect to the ocean andpresents a set of tools and guidelines for the implementation of marineclimate change mitigation and adaptation strategies.

Action Recommendationsfor Mitigation Strategies

Action Recommendations forEcosystem-based Adaptation

The Impacts of Climate Changeand Ocean Acidication

A Changing Ocean A Changing Land

The Need for Immediate Action

E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y


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Climate change and oceanacidification continue tohave serious, adverse

impacts on the marineenvironment with significantimplications for people.

Several mitigation approachesare being developed andimplemented in order toachieve a signicant andrapid decrease in GreenhouseGas (GHG) emissions.Such mitigation portfolios

should include responsible,well-researched marine andcoastal strategies.

QUICK FACTSThe ocean absorbs nearly one thirdof all the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) weemit each year.

Increased levels of CO 2 in the oceancause ocean acidication.

The oceans capacity to store carbonemissions is decreasing, thus moresignicant CO 2 mitigation actions areneeded in order to lower the impactsof climate change.

Vital coastal carbon sinks are beingdamaged and lost at a dangerous rate.

Healthy ecosystems support climatechange mitigation strategies.

ACTION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MITIGATION STRATEGIES

SIGNIFICANTLY ANDRAPIDLY CUT CO2 EMISSIONS Set stabilization targets for atmospheric

CO2 which adequately reect theimpacts of ocean acidication.

Include the environmental and socialcosts of ocean acidication in climatechange mitigation actions.

Utilize ocean expertise in climatechange mitigation decision makingand revision processes.

RETAIN, MAINTAIN AND RESTORENATURAL CARBON SINKS Effectively apply marine and coastal

management, conservation andrestoration strategies, including marineprotected areas and integrated coastalmanagement, to increase the worldsnatural carbon sinks.

Build and improve upon simulationmodels, in collaboration with eldstudies, to develop tools for improvingand enhancing management plans,including optimal scenarios for carbonallocation, CO 2 uptake and carbonmanagement schemes.

PROMOTE RESEARCH AND MONITORING OF THEOCEANS ROLE IN THE

GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE Recognize the role of marine and

coastal ecosystems as vital globalcarbon sinks.

Develop adequate carbon managementand possibly offset schemes formarine and coastal ecosystems.

Enhance long-term monitoring ofcarbon in the ocean and supportefforts to quantify the oceans role inthe global carbon cycle.

SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCEOTHER HUMAN STRESSORS Maintain healthy marine and coastal

ecosystems and restore those thathave been degraded.

Apply an integrated, ecosystem-based coastal and oceanmanagement approach.

Revise and strengthen existing marineresource management plans.

Drastically reduce land-based andmarine pollution.


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INCLUDE THE SHIPPING INDUSTRY IN CO2 EMISSIONS REDUCTION STRATEGIES Regulate CO 2 emissions generated by oceanic shipping.

Implement technical and operational measures for reducedemissions and management improvements.

Support and implement longer-term measures of fuel andenergy efcient design (e.g. slow-steaming engines or theuse of sail- or kite-assisted propulsion).

Create market-based incentives, as well as mandatoryregulations, for management plans, efciency strategies anddesign indices.

Increase the availability and use of green energy resources foruse as shore-based power.

PROMOTE AND INVEST IN ENVIRONMENTALLYSOUND RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS Signicantly reduce energy consumption.

Make informed decisions regarding the deployment andimpacts of marine renewable energy projects.

Use best available information regarding environmentalimpact assessments.

Facilitate the development of marine renewable energyresources through regional cooperation (e.g. grid-sharingbetween nations).

Support renewable energy markets (e.g. guaranteed prices,feed-in tariffs or renewable energy payments).

APPROACH LARGE-SCALE OCEAN FERTILIZATION ACTIVITIES WITH EXTREME CAUTION Prohibit large-scale ocean fertilization activities until there is

sufcient scientic basis on which to justify such activities.

Refrain from selling or offering carbon credits or offsets forocean fertilization or other geo-engineering projects unlesstheir safety, long-term effectiveness and net environmentalbenets have been established.

Develop and implement a transparent and effectiveregulatory mechanism for geo-engineering relatedresearch to ensure that these activities are subject toappropriate control and consultation.

APPROACH CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE(CCS) WITH EXTREME CAUTION Refrain from directly altering ocean chemistry by injecting

CO2 into the water column or the deep-sea.

Refrain from setting investment incentives that could divertattention from the development and deployment of othermore environmentally friendly mitigation strategies.

Adopt effective measures and regulations, on global, regionaland national scales, to ensure that potential risks of CCSschemes have been carefully considered.

Introduce permits for CCS projects based on priorenvironmental impact assessments, advanced noticationand consultation, and use of independent scientic reviews.

Require continuous monitoring, reporting and inspectionof CCS sites.


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Mitigation is absolutely essentialto avoid long-term climatechange and ocean acidication,

the impacts of which are alreadyseen and felt by humans andnatural ecosystems in manyregions of the world. Dueto geophysical time-lags,the consequences of oceanwarming and ocean acidicationwill continue to become morepronounced for decades tocome. Ecosystem-based

Adaptation (EbA), as part oflarger climate change adaptationportfolios, can support and helppeople adapt to climate change.

WHAT IS EbA?Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA)is the sustainable management,conservation and restoration ofecosystems in order to assure thecontinued provision of vital servicesthat help people adapt to the adverseeffects of climate change.

EbA increases ecosystem resilience to

reduce human vulnerability in the faceof climate change and can be appliedto coastal and marine ecosystems toensure that they are able to continueto provide vital services (e.g. stormprotection) on which people rely.

EbA strategies can be more cost-effective than physical infrastructuresand engineering projects and are oftenmore accessible to the rural poor.

EbA should be considered part ofa broader set of climate changeadaptation solutions.

ACTION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ECOSYSTEM-BASED AD AP

USE EbA TO HELP PEOPLE ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE Maintain and restore key marine and

coastal ecosystems in order to reducesocial and economic vulnerabilities.

Identify priority areas for protection,restoration, and management byusing regional marine assessments,spatial mapping tools and othervisualization tools.

Increase ecosystem resilienceand ensure continued provision ofecosystem services by reducingother human stressors on the marineenvironment, including: pollution,destructive fishing practices, habitatdestruction and unsustainablecoastal development.

Protect natural buffers and plan forinward migration of coastal ecosystemssuch as mangroves and wetlands.

Integrate the full suite of EbA actionsinto poverty reduction and sustainabledevelopment plans, whenever possible.

CONDUCT VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS Obtain information regarding the relative

magnitude of social and environmentalcosts of climate change, and determine

the urgency with which EbA strategiesshould be implemented.

Develop EbA plans with properly targetedscenarios and strategies, and preparefor adaptive management responses.

INCLUDE EbA STRATEGIES INRISK MANAGEMENT PLANS Maintain and restore essential natural

infrastructures, such as mangroveforests, coral reefs and sand dunes,to reduce human vulnerability (e.g. tostorm events).

Introduce benets for risk managementprojects that utilize ecosystem-basedcoastal protection measures to reectthe true value of ecosystem-services.

Eliminate subsidized insurance andother benets for developmentprojects that alter natural systems toan extent that increases risk.

Integrate EbA strategies into thepolicies of regional and internationaldevelopment banks to ensure adequateimplementation and funding of EbA.



DEVELOP ADEQUATEFINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR EbA Eliminate subsidies and other incentives for

unsustainable coastal and marine developmentprojects and replace them with economic rewards

for projects that undertake EbA and a widerecosystem-based approach to development.

Manage climate related socio-economic issueswith traditional development goals to ensure thatboth can be achieved without competing for limitedhuman and nancial resources.

CREATE COMPREHENSIVE NETWORKSOF MARINE PROTECTED AREAS (MPA S ) Signicantly increase the size and number of fully protected

areas to allow ecosystems to recover their full suite of services.

Increase effectiveness of existing MPAs and ensure properimplementation of new MPAs.

Encourage connectivity synergies between coastal andmarine ecosystems by protecting ecological corridors.

Establish Predictive Protected Areas, which provide somelevel of protection for areas expected to provide futurerefugia and areas that have demonstrated some resilience tothe effects of climate change.

Develop and implement new, creative enforcementmechanisms (e.g. locally empowered enforcement processes).

RESTORE FRAGMENTED ORDEGRADED ECOSYSTEMS, ANDREESTABLISH CRITICAL PROCESSES Undertake marine ecosystem restoration projects (e.g.

seeding, transplanting, or assisting colonization ofcoastal and marine plants, eliminating invasive species,demolishing unnecessary or unused structures, etc.)where appropriate.

Develop and strengthen community-basedrestoration programs.

Include sustainable use of ecosystem services as partof the design, implementation and management ofrestoration projects and sites.

STRENGTHEN AND DEVELOP LONG-TERMMONITORING AND RESEARCH PROGRAMS Ensure long-term monitoring to allow for adaptive

management actions.

Incorporate socioeconomics into environmentalmonitoring projects.

Determine top research priorities and support the mostappropriate existing institutions in their implementation.

Support local and regional scientic institutions so thatlow-resolution, global ndings can be applied to local andregional stakeholders.

ATION


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THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND OCEAN ACIDIFICATION

OCEAN ACIDIFICATION Atmospheric CO 2 dissolves in the

ocean and reduce its pH level

CLIMATE REGULATION

The ocean plays a critical role in the global carbon

cycle, especially in helping regulate the amount ofCO 2 in the atmosphere.

Impact:- The continued uptake of CO 2 by the ocean leads to a

reduced global capacity of the ocean to absorb carbon

ECOSYSTEMS

Ocean acidication has a negative impact on many marineorganisms and ecosystems.

Impacts include:

- Reduced ability of many key marine organisms, such ascorals, plankton and shellsh, to build their shells andskeletal structures

- Increased physiological stress (e.g. growth,respiration, reproduction)

- Reduced growth and survival of early life stagesof some species

ECOSYSTEM DEGRADATION =REDUCED ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

As atmospheric CO 2 increases

Ocean acidity increases

The ocean and its ecosystems sustain life onEarth by cycling oxygen and CO 2, regulatingclimate and temperature, and providing millionsof people with food and income. However,

these benets and services are in jeopardy.

Sea-level rise, increased intensity ofstorms, changes in ocean productivity andresource availability, disruption of seasonalweather patterns, loss of sea ice, alteredfreshwater supply and quality are impactinglocal livelihoods, global economies, foodsecurity and human health. Due to signicantgeophysical time lags, anthropogenic effectson these natural processes will continue

to affect the state of the worlds ocean formillennia to come.

WHY DOES OCEAN ACIDIFICATION MATTER? A reduced capacity of the ocean to store carbon

leaves more CO 2 in the atmosphere. This requires moresignicant CO 2 emission reductions in order to lowerthe impacts of climate change.

As calcication rates of corals decrease, it is likely thatreefs will erode at a faster rate than they are created.This loss has negative effects on the reproduction andlife cycle of organisms that depend on reefs, as well assevere implications for the people who rely on them forshore protection, food and income.

Ocean acidication has direct effects oncommercially viable species by reducing thecalcication rates of shellsh such as mussels andoysters. Impacts on planktonic primary producerscan be expected to resonate throughout entirefood webs and marine ecosystems and jeopardize

commercial species by reducing their food supply.

SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS

Ocean acidication and climate change do not operatein isolation but are impacting the marine environment inmultiple interactive ways. Ocean acidication, for example,increases the sensitivity of corals to thermal stress, withcoral bleaching occurring at lower temperatures whenexposed to lower pH.

C



OCEAN WARMINGThe ocean interacts with the atmosphere

by exchanging and storing heat.

WHY DOES OCEAN WARMING MATTER? An increase in extreme weather events endanger

coastal populations and damage coastal infrastructure.

Instabilities in ocean currents could lead to shifts inregional climate and weather patterns and triggerhuman migration.

Ocean stratication impedes the mixing of oceanlayers and prevents valuable nutrients from reachingsurface waters.

Permanent migration of species to higher latitudesand deeper depths could cause changes in localavailability, endangering food supply and alteringtraditional shing grounds and rights.

Impacts on primary producers such as phytoplanktoncause changes in species composition and biomass inpelagic communities. These changes could affect alllevels of the marine food web.

Some marine organisms could approach physiologicalthresholds in temperature (e.g. coral bleaching).

Rising sea levels increase beach erosion and saltwaterintrusion jeopardizing shore protection and coastalinfrastructure, impacting human health, and riskinghuman displacement.

CLIMATE REGULATION

The ocean plays an integral part in inuencing the

global climate.Impacts include:- Increased intensity of extreme weather events- Changes in ocean currents

ECOSYSTEMS

Ocean warming has a negative impact on many marineorganisms and ecosystems.

Impacts include:- Increased ocean stratication; decreased ocean mixing

- Changes in the geographical ranges of marine species- Changes in diversity and abundance of certain marineorganisms

- Exceeding thermal thresholds (e.g. coral bleaching)

SEA-LEVEL RISE

As seawater warms, it expands, and the ocean surface rises.

The melting of inland glaciers and ice, due to highatmospheric temperatures, accelerates sea-level rise.

Impacts include:

- Beach erosion- Saltwater intrusion- Habitat destruction

As atmospheric temperature increases

Ocean surface temperature increases

Healthy and well functioning ecosystemsare extremely valuable for climate changemitigation and adaptation strategies. Healthymarine ecosystems sequester more carbonthan degraded systems and help people adaptto a changing climate. These ecosystemsprovide services and exhibit higher resilienceto other problems. Therefore, it is essential toactively reduce destructive coastal and marinepractices and implement conservation initiativesthat focus on maintaining a functioningenvironment for future generations.

OTHER HUMAN STRESSORS

Climate change and ocean acidication also interactwith other human stressors exacerbating ecosystemdegradation. Coastal and marine ecosystems are subject tostress from local and regional factors, such as overshing,pollution, declining water quality and habitat destruction,and are more likely to exhibit diminished resilience in theface of climate change and ocean acidication.

Other

GHG2


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A CHANGING OCEAN A CHANGING LAND

People, the ocean and theclimate are inextricably linked:the circulation patterns ofocean currents make ourplanet inhabitable; abouthalf of the oxygen in theatmosphere is derived fromoceanic sources; and largesectors of the global economydepend on ocean-relatedcommerce, including sheries,tourism and shipping. Peopleall over the world rely on the

ocean for their basic caloricneeds, and some coastalpeople obtain 100% of theiranimal protein from its waters.Regardless of where wereside, we depend on healthyocean ecosystems and theservices that they provide.

The ocean is the life support

system forour planet.

CHANGING OCEAN CHANGING CLIMATEThe ocean plays an integral part in inuencing the global climate. Both regionaland global climate patterns depend on long-term interactions between the oceanand the atmosphere: heat storage, transportation of heat around the globe, wind,evaporation and precipitation patterns, freezing and thawing in polar regions, andgas storage and exchange (including CO

2 ).

The ocean naturally buffers and equilibrates with the atmosphere. Changes in theocean-atmosphere coupled climate system could have signicant impacts onregional climate systems, including new current, wind, and precipitation patterns,affecting various local and regional processes on land.

The consistency of ocean currents keeps regions around the globe from experiencinglarge climatic and seasonal swings that they might otherwise experience. Instabilitiesin ocean currents caused by climate change could lead to major shifts in regionalclimate and weather patterns and potential human displacement.

Changing precipitation patterns will leave dry regions with even less rainfall,

impede the replenishment of mountain glaciers and snow, and lead tointermittent destructive flooding interspersed with long, dry periods.

CLIMATE CHANGE INDUCED MIGRATIONPeople are already losing their homes to climate change. Sea-level rise andincreased storm intensity will continue to force hundreds of millions of peopleto ee from low-lying delta areas and coastal and island nations. Some entiresovereign nations may become uninhabitable within the next 50 years. Smallisland states such as Tuvalu, Kiribati, and the Maldives lie less than one or twometers above current sea level. Increasing sea level and extreme weather eventscause saltwater intrusion of soils and shallow freshwater supplies, triggeringpotentially severe health issues, rendering cultivation almost impossible and

leading to considerable loss of property. In extreme weather events, someislanders are left with nowhere to hide. The relocation of entire communitiesis also occurring in the Arctic. Sea-level rise, reduced ice sheets, thawingpermafrost, and increased coastal erosion are altering Arctic shorelines.



CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTHThe impacts of climate change on human health are a primaryconcern. Direct stressors such as storm events, ooding,and severe winds can result in damage of private property,malfunctioning public sanitation systems, and saltwaterintrusion into fresh water supplies. Furthermore, malnutritionand alterations to food habits can be expected when marineecosystems and biodiversity change, especially in developingcountries which rely on the ocean for basic caloric needs.

Ecosystem-based Adaption (EbA) is a strategy for reducingclimate change impacts on human health. It is important toenhance the capacity of ecosystems to act as natural riskreduction mechanisms by restoring disturbed ecosystems,protecting natural buffers and reducing other human stressors.For example, protecting and restoring mangroves and coralreefs help reduce the impacts of storm events on coastalcommunities, and managing watersheds and wetlands

supports natural water ltration.

More evidence is emerging that climate change has an impacton the frequency, duration and geographical range of infectiousdisease patterns and harmful algal blooms (HABs). Humanexposure to toxins produced by HABs cause illness and canbe fatal. Toxic algal incidents also negatively impact marineecosystems and sh populations.

IN NUMBERS: The ocean covers more than 70% of the planets surface.

Less than 1% of the ocean is currently protected.

It is estimated that 95% of the ocean remains unexplored.

Thirteen of the worlds 20 megacities lie along coasts and nearly

700 million people live less than ten meters above sea level. Fish provide nearly three billion people with at least 15% of

their animal protein.

Four hundred million people obtain more than half of theiranimal protein from sh and shellsh.

It is estimated that by 2050, adverse effects associatedwith global climate change will result in the displacement ofbetween 50 and 200 million people globally.

The Arctic will be totally ice-free during the summer in lessthan 30 years.

Ocean acidication has increased by 30% since thebeginning of the industrial revolution and the rate ofacidication is expected to accelerate in coming decades.

Many of the currently remaining coral reefs may be lost tocoral bleaching over the next 20 to 40 years.

Seventy percent of known cold-water stony coralecosystems will no longer be able to maintain calciedskeletal structures by 2100.

Mangroves have been reduced to 30% - 50% of theirhistorical cover.

Land-based sources account for approximately 80% of

marine pollution, globally.


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THE COSTS OF POLICY INACTIONSeveral studies have concluded that the economic damageresulting from future climate change will be much higher than thecosts for current climate change mitigation and adaption actions.

Although it is extremely difcult to present exact economicnumbers on the costs of inaction, they will be substantial.

Numerous reports outline the value that ocean economicactivities (e.g. tourism and recreation, transportation, livingand mineral resource extractions) contribute to nationaleconomies, foreign exchange receipts, government taxrevenues and employment. In the U.S., for example, theocean economy is responsible for the creation of over 2.3million jobs and contributes over $138 billion to the nationsGDP. The sheries sector contributes more than 10% to thenational GDPs of Cambodia, the Maldives and Kiribati.

Governments cannot afford to ignore proper managementand conservation strategies or overlook nature-basedsolutions for climate change mitigation and adaptation.Investments in the management, conservation andprotection of ecosystems and their services will not only helpto build social resilience to climate change, but it will providevast development returns by reducing poverty, strengtheninglivelihoods and supporting sustainable economic growth.

Investments in risk reduction strategies are within thecommercial interests of private landowners and the tourismand insurance industries. Furthermore, projected additionalimpacts of climate change on sh populations should serveto warn the sheries sector of the risk to the industry and theimportance of conserving current stocks.

THE VALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICESDespite the role of coastal and marine ecosystems insupporting economic development and social welfare,

particularly in developing countries, current analysis of marketactivity does not consider all of these contributing factors.Indirect ecosystem services do not send price signals tomarkets and are therefore often not addressed in policy andbusiness decisions that affect how ocean resources andservices are used or misused.

While markets can capture some of the value of intactecosystems, the loss of entire ecosystems due to climatechange and other impacts are difcult to unambiguouslyand sufciently calculate. When nancing and implementingclimate change mitigation and adaptation strategies, it isimportant to understand and demonstrate the dependenceof world economies on healthy ecosystems, both in termsof their market and non-market values. Increased dialogueand collaboration amongst economists and natural scientistsshould be promoted, in order to provide more accuratepolicy-relevant valuation of ecosystem services.

THE NEED FOR IMMEDIATE ACTION



PHOTO CREDITS:Cover : Hurricane Katrina: NASA (2005); Emissions: Marcin Rybarczyk-stock.xchn, allothers: Octavio Aburto-Oropeza.

Page 2 and 3: Left to right, 1st row: Octavio Aburto-Oropeza; 2nd row: Jean Herr, Octavio Aburto-Oropeza, Josh Sullivan-ickr.com, Jesper Baerentzen-stock.xchn, freefotouk -ickr.com, Octavio Aburto-Oropeza; 3rd row: all Octavio Aburto-Oropeza.

Page 4 and 5 : Left to right, 1st row: Octavio Aburto-Oropeza, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, JrmeHerr, Jerker Tamelander; 2nd row: Dorothe Herr; 3rd row: all others: Octavio Aburto-Oropeza.

Page 6 and 7 : all Octavio Aburto-Oropeza.

Page 8 and 9 : left to right, 1st row: Jrme Herr, Jerker Tamelander, Octavio Aburto-Oropeza;2nd row: Octavio Aburto-Oropeza, Jerker Tamelander, Octavio Aburto-Oropeza; 3rd row:Octavio Aburto-Oropeza; 4th row: Jerker Tamelander, Dorothe Herr, Jerker Tamelander.

Page 10 and 11 : left to right, 1st row: Dorothe Herr, Roy Niswanger_Marine Photobank,Jrme Herr, Octavio Aburto-Oropeza, Octavio Aburto-Oropeza; 2nd row: Octavio Aburto-Oropeza, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Jrme Herr, freefotouk - ickr.com, 3rd row: Greenpeace/ Newman, Jesper Baerentzen-stock.xchn, NASA 2005, Keith Ellenbogen_Oceana, 4th row:Dorothe Herr, Jrme Herr, Octavio Aburto-Oropeza, Jrme Herr, Dorothe Herr; 5throw: Octavio Aburto-Oropeza.

Back : Foot prints in the sand: Jrme Herr, all others: Octavio Aburto-Oropeza.

DESIGN CREDITS:Designed by Bradley Whitford atWhitford Creations . You can contact him [email protected] or view his portfolio at www.BradWhitford.com.


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An extended version of The Ocean and Climate Change Tools and Guidelines for Action supported byscientic references can be consulted and downloaded at

http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/marine/marine_our_work/climate_change/publications.cfm

About IUCNIUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world nd pragmatic solutions to our mostpressing environment and development challenges by supporting scientic research; managing eld projects allover the world; and bringing governments, NGOs, the UN, international conventions and companies together todevelop policy, laws and best practices.

The worlds oldest and largest global environmental network, IUCN is a democratic membership union with more than1,000 government and NGO member organizations, and almost 11,000 volunteer scientists and experts in some 160countries. IUCNs work is supported by over 1,000 professional staff in 60 ofces and hundreds of partners in public,NGO and private sectors around the world. IUCNs headquarters are located in Gland, near Geneva, in Switzerland.

About the Global Marine ProgrammeWorking alongside the worlds leading marine experts, IUCNs Global Marine Programme brings forth science

and new technologies for the sustainable management and conservation of marine ecosystems by connectingscientists, conservationists, private and public sector partners across its extensive network.

IUCN Global Marine Programme Thematic Areas

Further details and contactsFurther details on IUCNs work can be found at www.iucn.orgFurther details on GMPs work can be found at www.iucn.org/marine/

If you have any additional enquiries, please contact:Dorothe Herr [email protected] Galland [email protected]

Climate Change Mitigation & Adaptation Energy & Industry Securing Coastal Livelihoods Fisheries & Aquaculture

Marine Protected Areas Ocean Governance Conserving Threatened Species Managing Marine Invasive Species

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