The objective of Research The objective of Research is to find the answers to is to find the answers to

certain questions through certain questions through the applications of the applications of

scientific procedures.scientific procedures.

The goal of research process is to The goal of research process is to produce new knowledge which produce new knowledge which

takes three forms:takes three forms:

Exploratory: research which Exploratory: research which structures and identifies new structures and identifies new problems.problems.

Constructive: develops solutions to a Constructive: develops solutions to a problem.problem.

Empirical: Tests the feasibility of a Empirical: Tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence. solution using empirical evidence.

Types of Research:Types of Research:

Primary: (field research) involves the Primary: (field research) involves the collection of data that doesn’t already collection of data that doesn’t already exist .exist .

Secondary: (desk) involves the summary Secondary: (desk) involves the summary of existing research.of existing research.

Basic: the primary objective is the Basic: the primary objective is the advancement of knowledge.advancement of knowledge.

Basic research provides the foundation for Basic research provides the foundation for further applied research. further applied research.

Approaches to research:Approaches to research:

Quantitative and qualitative.Quantitative and qualitative. Descriptive and critical.Descriptive and critical. Large-scale and small-scale.Large-scale and small-scale. Cross-sectional and longitudinal.Cross-sectional and longitudinal. Observational and experimental.Observational and experimental. Conducted by university researchers.Conducted by university researchers. By teachers in their own classrooms.By teachers in their own classrooms.

Action Research:Action Research:

A reflective process of progressive A reflective process of progressive problem-solving to improve the way problem-solving to improve the way issues are addressed. issues are addressed.

ELT Professionals:ELT Professionals:

Research can help professionals Research can help professionals improve the processes, outcomes improve the processes, outcomes and conditions for language learning and conditions for language learning and language teaching.and language teaching.

Research should identify and use Research should identify and use theoretical frameworks that are theoretical frameworks that are articulated and within which the articulated and within which the findings are reported.findings are reported.

Research methods on sociocultural Research methods on sociocultural contexts and literacy development contexts and literacy development

might be reported as:might be reported as:

Correlational.Correlational. Comparative.Comparative. Ethnographic.Ethnographic. Observational.Observational. Case studies.Case studies.

OUTCOMES INCLUDE:OUTCOMES INCLUDE:

Observational indicators.Observational indicators. Ethnographic descriptions.Ethnographic descriptions. Examples of students’ products.Examples of students’ products. Motivational measures.Motivational measures. Participation or engagement Participation or engagement

measures.measures.

METHODS SHOULD MATCH THE METHODS SHOULD MATCH THE QUESTIONS POSED.QUESTIONS POSED.

AA mixture of methods may provide mixture of methods may provide with the most comprehensive with the most comprehensive information about the issues and information about the issues and questions being studied. questions being studied.