the northern delta transport development project (ndtdp)...cucphuong national park 57 catba national...

The Northern Delta Transport Development Project (NDTDP)

Environmental Impact Assessment

APPENDIX Ilb

Day-Ninh Co River Mouth Improvement

Phase 2

Ministry of Transport, Vietnam Inland ,

Waterway Administration (VIWA), Project Management Unit of Waterways (PMU-W)

18 February 2008

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AADT

ADB

AS EAN

BBDT

BOD

CEA

CEP

DP

DO

DONRE

DWT

EIA

ElRR

EMDP

EMD

EMP

ENPV

F S

GDP

GIs

GOV

G PS

GSO

HCMC

HDM4

ICD

IMF

IPDP

IWPM

IWT

IWTC

JBlC

LAD

LEP

MARD

MMTRR

Annual Average Daily Traffic

Asian Development Bank

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

Benkelman Bean Deflection Test

Biological Oxygen Demand

Cost-effectiveness Analysis

Commitment for Environmental Protection

Displaced Person (or Project-affected Person, PAP)

Dissolved Oxygen

Department of Natural Resources and Environment

Deadweight tonnage

Environmental Impact Assessment

Economic Internal Rate of Return

Ethnic Minority Development Plan (or Indigenous People's Development Plan, IPDP)

Environmental Management Division

Environmental Management Plan

Economic Net Present Value

Feasibility Study

Gross National Product

Geographic Information System

Government of Vietnam

Global Positioning System

General Statistics Office

Ho Chi Minh City

Highway Development and Management Software Version 4

lnland Clearance Depot

lnternational Monetary Fund

lndigenous People's Development Plan (or Ethnic Minority Development Plan, EMDP)

lnland Waterways and Port Modernization Project

lnland Waterway Transport

lnland Waterways Transport Cost Model

Japanese Bank for International Cooperation

Least Available Depth

Law for Environmental Protection

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

Multimodal Transport Regulatory Review

iii 9R6212.21/R007alJHUNijm

February 2008

MONRE

MOT

MRC

MT

MTIDP

MTO

NH

NDTDP

NLF

NPV

NWTC

0- D

PAP

PC

PCU

PDLC

PDOT

PlANC

PIP

PMUl

PMU-W

PPC

PPMU

PRA

PSP

QCP

RAP

RC

RED

RNlP

RPF

RRMU7

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

Ministry of Transport

Mekong River Commission

Multimodal Transport

Mekong Transport Infrastructure Development Project

Multimodal Transport Operator

National Highway

Northern Delta Transport Development Project

National Logistic Forum

Net Present Value

Northern Waterway Transport Corporation

Origin-Destination

Project-affected Person (or Displaced Person, DP)

People's Committee

Passenger Car Unit

Physical Distribution and Logistics Centre

Provincial Department of Transport

International Navigation Association

Project Implementation Plan

Project Management Unit No. 1

Project Management Unit -Waterways

Provincial People's Committee

Provincial Project Management Unit

Participatory Rapid Appraisal

Private Sector Participation

Quality Control Plan

Resettlement Action Plan

Resettlement Committee

Roads Economic Decision Model

Road Network Improvement Project

Resettlement Policy Framework

Regional Road Management Unit No. 7

iv 9R6212.21IR007alJHUNijm February 2008

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lOYAL HASKONINO

S A

SEA

SOE

SWTC

TD

TDS

TEU

TOR

UNCTAD

UNDP

USD

VAT

VESDl

VIRESS

VITRANSS

VlWA

VLSS

VND

VNMC

VOC

VRA

VWD

WB

WTO

3PLs

Social Assessment

Strategic Environmental Assessment

State-owned Enterprise

Southern Waterway Transport Corporation

Technical Design

Total Dissolved Solids

Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit

Terms of Reference

United Nations Commission on Trade and Development

United Nations Development Programme

United States Dollars

Value-added Tax

Vietnam Environment and Sustainable Development Institute

Vietnam Registry

Vietnam National Transport Strategy Study

Vietnam Inland Waterway Administration

Vietnam Living Standard Survey

Vietnamese Dong

Vietnam National Mekong Committee

Vehicle Operating Cost

Vietnam Road Administration

Vehicle Weight & Dimensions

World Bank

World Trade Organization

Third Party Logistics Providers

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CONTENTS PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - 1 - Introduction - 1 - Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework - 1 - Project Description - 2 - Existing Environmental Conditions - 4 - Environmental Impacts Prediction and Assessment - 8 - Analysis of Alternatives - 8 - Environmental Management Plan Error! Bookmark not defined. Public Disclosure - 26 -

1 INTRODUCTION 1 1 .I Background of the Northern Delta Transport Development Project

(NDTDP) 1 1 .I Objectives of the NDTDP 1 1.2 Day - Ninh Co River Mouth Improvement Project 1 1.3 Study Methodology and Data Sources 3 1.4 Purpose and Structure of this Volume 4

POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 7 2.1 Vietnamese Policy in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 7 2.1.1 Law on Environmental Protection (LEP) 7 2.1.2 Decree 81/2006/ND-CP of the Government 9 2.1.3 Vietnamese Standards for the Environment (TCVN) 9 2.1.4 Vietnamese Administrative Set Up in Environmental

Management 9 2.2 EIA Review and Approval Process 10 2.3 World Bank Social and Environmental Safeguards Policies 11 2.3.1 OP 4.01 (January 1999) -Environmental Impact Assessment11 2.3.2 OP 4.04-(June 2001) Natural Habitats: 11 2.3.3 OP 4.11 (July 2006) Physical Cultural Resources 12 2.3.4 OP 4.1 2 - (Dec 2001) Involuntary Resettlement 12 2.3.5 OP 4.10 - (July 2005) Indigenous Peoples 12

3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.1 Overview 3.2 Project description of existing waterway 3.3 Project Weed 3.4 Project Components

4 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION 4.1 Location 4.2 The Physical Environment 4.2.1 General climate 4.2.2 Wind 4.2.3 Typhoons 4.2.4 Air Quality 4.2.5 Topography and Geology 4.2.6 Soils of Day-Ninh Co 4.2.7 Mineral Resources 4.2.8 The Red River System 4.2.9 Oceanographic Characteristics 4.2.1 0 Coastal Geomorphology

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Susceptibility to Natural Hazards 5 1 Biological Environment 51 Terrestrial Ecosystems 5 1 Ecologically Significant Wetland Ecosystems 5 2 Vegetation of Day- Ninh Co Project Site 53 Aquatic Flora & Fauna of the Red River Delta 54 Seasonality of Some Biologic Processes in the Red River Delta

56 Mangrove Ecosystems of the Red River Delta 56 Protected Areas - Biodiversity Protection and Conservation 57 Cucphuong National Park 57 Catba National Park 58 Cucphuong National Park, 59 Nghia Hung Proposed Nature Reserve 59 Xuan Thuy National Park 60 Hai Nature Reserve 60 Thai Thuy Proposed Nature Reserve 6 1 Socio-Economic Conditions 61 Socio-Cultural Profile 6 1 Agriculture and Fishery 6 1 Industrial Development 62 Activities in the Project Site 63 Major Economic Uses of Day - lVinh Co Rver 64 Historical and Natural and Cultural Resources 65

5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT 5.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Method 5.2 Summary of Improvement Works 5.3 Impacts Screening Checklist 5.4 Impacts of Dredging 5.4.1 Impacts on Aquatic Life 5.4.2 Recovery of dredged areas 5.4.3 Impact on Water Quality 5.5 Impacts of Dredging 5.6 Impacts of the Day-Ninh Co Canal (DNC) 5.7 Impacts of the Disposal of Dredged Sediments 5.8 Impacts of the Breakwater 5.9 Impacts of Coastal Groyne 5.1 0 Impacts of the Operations Stage

6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 6.1 Alternative No.1 -"No New Action" 6.2 Alternatives for the Day - Ninh Co 6.2.1 The River Improvement 6.2.2 The River Mouths Improvement 6.2.3 Suitable Dredging Methods 6.2.4 Transport 6.2.5 Unloading and placing 6.3 Summary of dredging, transport and disposal methods 6.3.1 Equipment Selection 6.3.2 Initial Dredging Estimates

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7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 96 7.1 Mitigating Measures 96 7.1.1 Dredging 96 7.1.2 Excavation of the Day-Ninh Co Canal 96 7.1.3 Disposal of Spoils 96 7.1.4 Environmental Management of the Work Site 99 7.1.5 Management of Social Impacts 101 7.2 Environmental Monitoring 105 7.2.1 Institutional Responsibilities for Environmental Monitoring and

Reporting 105 7.2.2 Organization of Environmental Monitoring for NDTDP 105 7.2.3 Agencies involved in Environmental Monitoring Programs 106 7.2.4 Environmental Quality Monitoring 106 7.3 Environmental Management for Operations 110 7.3.1 Mitigating measures 11 0 7.3.2 Monitoring 11 1 7.4 Capacity Building in Environmental Management 111 7.5 Stakeholders' Responsibilities 112

8 PUBLIC DlSCLOSLlRE 11 5 8.1 Consultations with Stakeholder Groups 115 8.2 Consultation With Transport Officials I Port Operators 115 8.3 Formal Consultations 1 Workshops 115

9 REFERENCES 117

10 APPENDICES 10.1 List of Vegetation, NDTDP Project Areas 10.2 List of Fish in the Red River Delta 10.3 List of Phytoplankton, Zooplankton & Benthos 10.4 List of Samples and Location 10.5 Analytical Methods 10.6 Results of Laboratory Analysis 10.7 TCVN STandards

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1. List of sampling stations, locations & samples collected 5 Table 3-1. List of river sections in corridor 3 14 Table 3-2. Three alternatives to improve access to main waterways ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT

DEFINED. Table 3-3. Dredging depths based on vessel design 19 Table 3-4. Proposed equipment 20 Table 4-1. Extreme wind conditions generated a result of typhoons (after wni, 1996) 34 Table 4-2. Air quality measurement nam dinh and ninh binh 35 Table 4-3. Soil quality, ndtdp study region 39 Table 4-4. Discharge distribution among red river tributaries and distributaries 42 Table 4-5. Discharge at selected stations 43 Table 4-6. Estimated sediment discharge at the river mouths 43 Table 4-7. Water quality of the day r, red r and lach giang estuary nov and dec 2007 sampling 45 Table 4-8. Concentration of heavy metals in day r, red r and lach giang estuary nov and dec 2007

sampling 45 Table 4-9. Stream sediment quality data, 1998 and 2007 sampling. 46 Table 4-10. Extreme wind conditions generated by typhoons per direction, wni [I9961 47 Table 4-1 1 . Estimated storm surge (cua day) typhoon + se wind conditions, wni [I9961 47 Table 4-1 2. Estimated waves generated by extreme typhoon 48 Table 4-13. Endemic and near-endemic bird species 52 Table 4-14. List of plant species present in the project site and surrounding areas. 53 Table 4-1 5. Matrix of season and documented seasonality of 56 Table 4-1 6. Existing iwt traffic in specific stretches of ninh co and day rivers 65 Table 5-1. Estimated volume of spoils to be dredged in the red I ninh colday river 69 Table 5-2. Impacts screening matrix 69 Table 5-3. Typical impacts of dredging 70 Table 5-4. Recovery period observed in various dredging areas 72 Table 5-5. Biologic processes in the red river delta 74 Table 5-6. Influence of vessel characteristics and travel speed on wake height. 86 Table 6-1. Cost associated with capital works and other scenarios. 89 Table 6-2. Summary of the various possible dredging, transport & disposal methods 94 Table 6-3. Proposed dredging equipment 94 Table 7-1. Management of dredged materials according to quality 97 table 7-2. Cost estimate for monitoring of groundwater 109 Table 7-3. Estimated cost for training activities 112

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1. Location of sampling stations 5

Figure 3-1. Location map of red river network in corridor 3 14

Figure 3-2. Location of nihn co and day rivers 18

Figure 3-3. Alternative cd-I (left) 8 cd-2 at day river ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

Figure 3-4. Alternative a l : cua day via day river & dnc canal ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

Figure 3-5. Alternative b l : lach gian via ninh co & dnc canal ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

Figure 3-6. Alternative b2: lach giang via ninh co & dnc canal lock ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.

Figure 3-7. Alternative c: cua day + lach giang (wlo dnc canalllock) ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT

DEFINED.

Figure 3-8. Example of groyne sections relative to water level (for non-tidal river) 25

IX 9R6212.211R007dJHUNijm February 2008

Figure 4-1. Location of the day-ninh co river improvement component 32 Figure 4-2. Offshore wind climate in 2 main seasons 33 Figure 4-3. Topographic map of the study region 35 Figure 4-4. Geologic map of the ndtdp study region 36 Figure 4-5. Soil map of the ndtdp study region 38 Figure 4-6. Mineral deposits of the northern delta 40 Figure 4-7. Plume dispersion pattern in lac giang during different seasons 50 Figure 4-8. Protected areas in the red river delta 58 Figure 4-9. The imagery gives a bird's eye-view of the ngiah hung 59

Figure 4-10. Overview of the xuan thuy national park and the tien hai nature reserve 60 Figure 4-1 1. Imagery of lach giang showing the shrimp ponds 63 Figure 4-12. Location of pumping stations in the red river delta 65 Figure 4-13. Tourism sites, historical natural and cultural heritage resources 67 Figure 5-1. Existing condtion of sediment transport 75 Figure 5-2. End of dry season imagery of the day-ninh co river 7 5 Figure 5-3.imagery of the day-ninh co river mouth (unknown date) showing a southerly pattern of

sediment plume dispersion, presumably due to a dominantly 76

Figure 6-1. Improvement of day river with canal and with a lock 88 Figure 6-2. Improvement of day river with canal 88 Figure 6-3. Improvement of ninh co river with canal 88

Figure 6-4. Improvement of ninh co river with lock 88 Figure 6-5. Proposed alternatives for the improvements of day and ninh co rivers 88 Figure 6-6. Alternative cd-I day river 90

Figure 6-7 Alternative cd-2 day river 90 Figure 6-8 . Alternative lg-1, lach giang r 90

Figure 6-9. Alternative 19-3 lach giang r 90

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SXIEC

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction

The Ministry of Transport of the Government of Vietnam is presently concentrating through the Vietnamese Inland Waterway Administration (VIWA) and the Project Management Unit Waterways (PMU-W) on the improvement of navigation conditions in the Red River Delta and the Mekong Delta.

The Northern Delta Transport Development Project (NDTDP) aims to support the sustainable economic growth and sustainable development in the Northern Delta Region. Specifically, the project aims to reduce transport costsltariffs, raise efficiency of logistics services, assist in building the management tools and capacity of the VIWA and the provincial departments of transport, and developlstrengthen the existing frameworks for private sector participation in the provision of infrastructure and associated services.

At present, inland water transportation in the Red River system is not optimized because vessels are unable to pass through the river mouths when transporting goods from the Port of Ninh Binh and the Port of Hanoi and the hinterlands. The Day - Ninh Co River Mouth lmprovement project aims to address this problem and to improve the inland waterway transportation in the Southern Red River transport corridor.

The environmental impact assessment (EIA) for the Day Ninh Co River lmprovement Project was done on an incremental approach. Initially, regional scanning of the Red River Delta region was done based on existing secondary information and on data provided to the planning team. Subsequently, collection of primary information was conducted which included collection of samples in the field, laboratory analysis of samples (water, sediment, soil, benthos, plankton) and visual site assessment. Significant information was also gathered from published researches on the Red River Delta that is available in the worldwide web.

Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

Policy, legal and administrative framework

The mandate of the Government of Vietnam in enforcing environmental regulations emanates from its 1986 Constitution which states that "State organs, units of the armed forces, economic and social bodies, and all individuals must abide by State regulations on the rational use of natural wealth and on environmental protection"

The most relevant policies of the Government of Vietnam for environmental impact assessment include the Law on Environmental Protection (LEP); Decree No. 8012006lND-CP which detailed guidelines on implementation of some articles of the LEP; Decision No. 8112006lNf)-CP which provides penalty for environmental protection; and Circular No. 08120061TT-BTNMT which contains the guidelines on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Commitment for Environmental Protection (CEP).

Projects that are subject to strategic environment assessment (SEA) reports include strategies and plans on national socio-economic development at the national or provincial level. The agency responsible for building a national strategic project must prepare and submit a strategic environment assessment report to the relevant appraisal body

Article 18.1 of the new Environment Law provides a list of the projects that are required to conduct environmental impact assessment (EIA). These include projects of national importance such as urban area development projects, large scale projects for exploitation of natural

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resources, and projects for the development of IZs, HTZs and EPZs. While projects that are required to submit strategic environmental

Pursuant to Article 24 of the Environment Law, projects that are not subject to the compulsory environment impact assessment reports must provide an undertaking to protect the environment. The contents of the undertaking must include: (i) the project site; (ii) the form and scale of production, trading and services, materials and raw materials used for the project; (iii) likely waste to be produced from the project; and (iv) an undertaking to apply measures to minimise and treat waste and comply with the laws on environment protection. The undertaking must be registered with the local district People's Committee where the project is located before commencement of the project

Other relevant laws include the law on mineral resources, law on forest protection and development, land law, law on water resource and the Vietnamese standards for environment quality. In the absence of Vietnamese standards, pollution standards of other countries, e.g. Dutch Soil Pollution Standards are used as basis for evaluating the results obtained for this EIA.

The World Bank safeguards operational policies that are relevant to the NDTDP are:

'The World Bank's Operating Procedure (OP) 4.01 contains the Bank's policy requiring projects proposed for the Bank's financing to conduct environmental assessment to ensure their environmental sustainability and to improve decision making. This operating policy enumerates the different environmental assessment instruments (depending on the project) that maybe submitted in order to comply with the Bank's requirement. This Operational Policy statement was updated in March 2007 to reflect issuance of OPlBP 8.00, Rapid Response to Crises and Emergencies. The Bank may exempt a project from any of the requirement of this policy if it would prevent the effective and timely achievement of the objectives of an emergency operation.

The Bank recognizes conservation of natural habitats as one of the measures needed to protect and enhance the environment for long-term sustainable development. OP 4.04 contains the Bank's position and conditions on projects located within or projects that may impact on important natural habitats.

The Bank's recognizes the importance of physical cultural resources as sources of valuable scientific and historical information, as assets for economic and social development, and as integral parts of a people's cultural identity and practices. The Bank's policy on physical cultural resources is contained in OP 4.1 1.

OP 4.12 contains the Bank's policy on involuntary resettlement as a consequence of development projects. The policy contains the World Bank's procedures for management and compensation for project affected households subject to involuntary resettlement when a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is required to be prepared. This includes process for determining eligibility to benefits by affected persons, the required planning instruments and resettlement instruments. Triggers for OP 4.12 include: involuntary taking of land or other assets; and when the involuntary taking of land or other assets results in adverse impacts on the livelihood of displaced persons.

The Bank's policy on indigenous peoples is contained in OP 4.10. This policy is part of the Bank's mission of reducing poverty and sustainable development by ensuring that the development process fully respects the dignity, human rights, economies, and cultures of lndigenous Peoples. The policy sets the procedure and requirements for project proposed for Bank financing that affects lndigenous Peoples. The process calls for screening, social assessment and the preparation of lndigenous Peoples Plan.

Project Description

Inland waterway transportation in the Red River system has been pivotal in the Red River Delta region. However, its capacity is not fully utilized because of deficiencies in infrastructure and

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transport continuity. Navigation is presently limited by low water depth, numerous shoals, narrow channels with sharp bends, and obstructions on the riverbed. Thus, the Government of Vietnam has decided to rehabilitate key waterways in the North Delta Region to improve transport and export facilities in the Red River region.

The NDTDP inland waterways improvement calls for river mouth widening and deepening of Ninh Co River and Day River. This will facilitate the access of higher capacity vessels and will ensure safe navigation from Quang Ning to Ninh Binh.

The Day-Ninh Co River mouth widening project is part of Corridor 3 of the NDTDP. Corridor 3 extends for approximately 178km and connects Hanoi with Day andlor Lach Giang estuary and traverses the provinces of Ha Noi, Ha Tay, Hung Yen, Ha Nam, Thai Binti and Nam Dinh. Rivers in this corridor are designed for Class II vessels but because of the presence of shoals, parts of the corridor can only be used for Class Ill. Low vertical clearances of bridges also cause some navigational constraints.

Need for the Proiect

The inland waterway system is the most important component of the region's freight transport network. It is an efficient transport system for heavy bulk cargo. However, because of existing physical constraints, full capacity of the inland waterways is not realized.

Royal Haskoning suggested several improvements of the Day-Ninh Co river mouth in a study done in 2003. Aside from the narrow channel, siltation has also been found to be one of the major problems throughout the Red River system.

At present, the main inland waterway routes in the project area pass from the sea through the mouth of the Ninh Co River to Hanoi and the mouth of the Day River to Ninh Binh port. The possibility to sail into the river system depends on the weather conditions and the hydrological regime (spring tide).

Royal Haskoning has considered 3 different types of river mouth improvements: (1) by-pass canal + coastal works + navigational aids; (2) river stabilizaiion by groyne +capitallmaintenance dredging + navigational aids; and (3) capital and maintenance dredging + navigational aids. The sea channel leading to the coast will have to be dredged and then a bypass channel will need to be dredged through the sand-spitlmudflats in order to connect the river with the sea channel. At Lach Giang, the proposed bypass is a channel that will cut through the sand-spit while at Cua Day the proposed by-pass is a channel that will cut through the mudflats.

The cost of all river mouth improvement schemes are highly dependent on the amount of dredging required. The most suitable equipment for carrying out the capital dredging works is a cutter suction dredger while the most suitable equipment for carrying out the maintenance dredging works is a trailing suction hopper dredger.

Aside from the improvement of the river mouth accessibility, further improvement of the main inland waterways, all the way up to the port of Hanoi and the port of Ninh Binh is also necessary to create the required navigational conditions. According to a feasibility analysis conducted by the Royal Haskoning in 2003, realistic alternatives to improve access to rivers involve a sea channel and a bypass channel to the north of either river mouths. The feasibility study showed two options for connecting Day River and Ninh Co River. One option is to have a protected canal without navigation lock and an unprotected canal with navigational lock.

February 2008

Proiect Components

The project focuses on improving and facilitating access to the ports at Ninh Binh and Hanoi via the river mouths of the Day River and the Ninh Co River. The waterway improvement activities include coastal groins, breakwaters, by-pass canal, aids to navigation, bank protection, new DNC canal, navigation lock, bridge crossing over DNC canal.

Estimated Proiect Cost

Total project cost is estimated at US$67.32 million. This includes costs of corridor improvement, river mouth improvements, and environmental and social costs.

Existing Environmental Conditions

The project region of the Northern Delta Transport Development Project (NDTDP) covers 13 provinces and cities, namely: Phutho, Vinhphuc, Ha Tay, Ha Noi, Bac Ninh, Ha Nam, Ninh Binh, Nam Dinh, Hung Yen, Hai Duong, Thai Binh, Hai Phong and Quang Ninh. Eleven of these provinces are within the Red River delta region. The Day-Ninh Co River Waterway Improvement Component will be located in the provinces of Ninh Binh and Nam Dinh. Although the project components will be located in Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh which shares a common boundary (marked by Day River) with Nam Dinh will be within the primary impact area of the project.

Climate

Climate in the Red River Delta region is tropical with a pronounced maritime influence. The average annual rainfall is 1.600-1.800 mm, 85% of which occurs during the rainy season (April to October). The heaviest rainfall occurs in August and September, causing extensive flooding in the delta due to the overflow of riverbanks.

The winters are cool and dry, with mean monthly temperatures varying from 16.3 to 20.9%. Fine drizzle is frequent in early spring, after which temperatures rise rapidly to a maximum of 40°C in May. The summers are warm and humid, with average temperatures varying from 27°C to 29°C. The prevailing winds are north and east in winter, and south and southeast in summer.

Typhoons frequently pass by the Red River Delta region from June to September. Frequency of typhoon occurrence seems to have increased in recent decades compared to the first half of the century. Typhoons usually carry with it heavy rainfall and causes severe flooding in the delta.

Two types of winds affect the region, the summer monsoon and the winter monsoon. Wind direction during the winter monsoon is from northeast to east while dominant wind direction during the summer monsoon is from the south.

Air Quality

Ambient air quality in Vietnam is reported to be deteriorating because of the use of dirty fuel and the increasing number of motorized vehicles. Stationary sources of air pollution also contribute significantly to air quality degradation. In Hai Phong for instance, operation of the cement plant has negative impact on air quality in the area. Similar situations seem to prevail in Ninh Binh and Tam Diep. Widespread construction is also one cause of the significant increase in concentrations of TSP.

The present air quality measurement in Nam Dinh, Ninh Phuc Port and Nghia Hung indicates that the ambient air quality generally complies with one hour standards of TCVN5937-2005. This is presumed to be the typical ambient condition in rural parts of the Northern Delta. It should be noted however that TSP and SOz, although within standards, are relatively elevated.

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ROYAL HASKONINQ

Nam Dinh and Ninh Binh are located in the southwestern region of the Red River Delta. The topography in this region is predominantly plain with low elevations. Rocks in the Red River Delta region include those belonging to the Proterozoic group, Lower Devonian, Carnian Stage, Norian- Rhaetian Stage, Hanoi Formation, Vinh Phuc Formation, Hai Hung Formation, Thai Binh Formation and undifferentiated Quaternary sediments.

The Day-Ninh Co project component is located in the region where the geological substrate is the Thai Binh Formation, a very young sedimentary sequence made up of fluvio-marine, marshy marine, fluvial sediments, fluvio-marshy sediments, marine sediments and marine eolian sediments.

Soils of the Red River Delta

Soil type in the project site is saline soil. There are indications of the presence of brackish water in the rice paddies of Nghia Hung. Results of the soil quality analysis indicate that concentrations of heavy metals are within the reference value of the Dutch standard. Oil contamination was determined to be present in some sampling stations. This is attributed to the oily discharge of boats and barges plying the transport corridor. The pH of the soil samples is neutral which indicates that acid sulphate soils may not be a concern in the project site.

Mineral Resources

The biggest coal mines in Vietnam are located in the Northern Delta Region. Aside from coal, the region also has metallic mineral deposits, non-metallic mineral deposits and clay deposits which are of particular interest to the NDTDP for possible use in containment of contaminated / polluted spoils.

The Red River Svstem

The Red River Delta has a basin area of 143,700 km2 with more than 50% of the catchment area located in the territory of China and Laos. The main drainage channel of the Red River extends for about 1,130 kilometers flowing southwards to the Gulf of Tonkin. The discharge of Red River fluctuates widely, with a distinct flood and dry season. Flow velocities along the Red river vary on average between 0.2 - 0.6 mls during the dry season and between 0.7 - 1.2 mls at the high point of the wet season. Along the Ninh Co River water velocities are of the order of 0.3 m/s during the dry season, while during the flood season velocities are in the range of 0.2 - 0.6 mls.

It is estimated that the annual discharge of the Red River is about 125 million ton sediments and 70 million ton dissolved matters into coastal zone (Pho, 1984 cited inThanh et al., undated). The total suspended sediment load transported by the Red River is close to 100 million tons per year, ranking among the top 15 sediment dischargers in the world. New land is continuously being created at a rate of about 100 meters a year through the deposition of sediments supplied by the rivers.

Water quality

Sampling and analysis of water samples from various rivers in the Red River Delta was done for the EIA of the NDTDP. Results show that pH is neutral to slightly basic; relatively high TDS values which indicate the influence of seawater in the lower sections of Day and Ninh Co River; high BOD and low DO which indicates organic loading in the rivers although this could be also be from natural sources since sampling was done during the wet season; nutrient concentrations are within the Vietnamese standards but high enough to cause eutrophication in stagnant water. Phenol was not detected in the water samples but concentrations of iron, cadmium and arsenic exceed the standard for Class A water. Oil contamination was detected only in Ninh Phuc Port. Total coliform values in some stations exceeded the standard for Class A water supply.

February 2008

,0.0, 0

ROYAL HASKOWlWG

Qualitv of the Stream Sediment of Dav and Ninh Co Rivers

Both primary and secondary information on the stream sediment quality of Day and Ninh Co Rivers showed that the concentration of deleterious elements is generally lower than the Dutch Reference Concentraition. Of the heavy metals analyzed, only Cadmium showed slight exceedance to the Dutch Reference Concentration.

For pesticides, limited analysis was done for pesticides during the 2007 sampling and the values obtained during the 2007 sampling are significantly lower than the concentrations obtained during the 1998 sampling. This aspect of sediment quality of Day and Ninh Co River needs to be confirned in future sampling.

Oceanoara~hic Characteristics

Tides along the shoreline of the Red River delta are diurnal with a neap tide - spring tide cycle of 14 days. The observed maximum ebb-tidal current is 60 cmls and the maximum flood- tidal current is 50 cmls.

Coastal Geomorpholoqy

'The coastal zone of Thai Bin- Nam Dinh-Ninh Bin includes 4 large estuaries. The Nam Dinh coastline has a tortuous shape, which alters very often due to erosion and accretion.

Sediments in the project area originate from a number of different sources: beach to the east of Lach Giang, sediment supplied by Ninh Co River, and sediment supplied by Day River. Sediments found on the beach to the East of Lach Giang tend to be fine

Based on historical maps a net yearly loss out of the coastal cell due to coastline changes averaged over the period 1912 to 1995, were estimated at about 500,000 m3 of sediment each year.

Susceptibilitv to Natural Hazards

Being located in the coastal zone, parts of Nam Dinh and Ninh Bin are highly susceptible to storms and typhoons. About 26 storms landed in the provinces of the Northern Delta from 1980 to 1997. Nam Dinh is prone to flood and water-logging. Statistical data indicate that floods have worsened and recurred more frequently in the latter half of the century.

The regions of Nhovien and Nhoquan in the province of Ninh Binh experiences flash floods due to overbanking of the Hoanglong River.

Bioloqical Environment

Natural forests within the project region and peripheral areas are distributed in mountains and hills in the provinces of Phu Tho. Vinh Phuc, Ha Tay, Ninh Binh, Quang Ninh, and Hai Duong. Prevailing forest types in altitudes of 700m upwards are: tropical wet evergreen forest; semi- deciduous forest with dry and rainy seasons; and forest on limestone mountains. In areas with elevations lower than 700m, forest types may include low mountain subtropical wet evergreen forest, coniferous - broad-leaved forest, forest on limestone mountains and on granite mountains.

Forests in the basin of the Da River (Ha Tay, Phu Tho) have the species composition typical for Northwest Vietnam, being rich and abundant with valuable wood. Quangninh province currently has 150,000 ha of forest with the dominance of semi-deciduous and deciduous forests.

One important terrestrial ecosystem present in the Red River Delta region is the lowland rain forest. This ecosystem is reported to be seriously degraded with less than 10 percent of the native vegetation remaining. Although much of the ecosystem's biodiversity has been lost, it still harbors several mammals and birds of conservation significance.

There are 4 significant wetland ecosystems along the coastline of Thai Binh-Nam Dinh-Ninh Binh. These wetland ecosystems harbor highly diverse species of flora and fauna and have been

determined to be globally important in terms of biodiversity conservation. As such these have been either declared or are proposed as nature reserves.

The phytoplankton community of the Red River Delta has a diverse species composition including 183 species dominated by Diatomae. According to Vu Trung Tang (undated, accessed from http://coombs.anu.edu.au/-vern/bac-bo/estuary.html), in terms of the annual cycle, phytoplankton development changes between two seasons: declining rapidly during flood peak months (July - August) and increasing in the dry season. At the end of the dry season, the phytoplankton development decreases slightly as a function of a decline in nutrients in the estuary.

The Bac Bo estuarine area supports a rich and diverse zooplankton. A total of 185 species have been recorded. Like the phytoplankton, the zooplankton is divided into three ecological groups, (a) freshwater, (b) estuarine, and (c) euryhaline-marine. Freshwater fauna often appears in the upper parts of the estuary and is abundant in number.

A total of 233 fish species has been identified in the estuary of the Red River Delta belonging to 71 families and 18 fish orders. Despite the mixed origin, estuarine fish fauna of the Bac Bo Delta are related to the Tonkin Gulf fish fauna. Most representatives originated from tropical seas and have adapted to high salinity fluctuations occurring in the estuary. The fish fauna of this area may be divided into four ecological groups: (a) freshwater, (b) euryhaline-marine (c) true estuarine and (d) regularly anadromous migrants such as Clupando theissa and Hilsa reveesii.

The spawning season in the Red River Delta is not totally known. However, for some of the important species such as the Squaliobarbus curriculus, the reproductive season starts from late April to early August, with the best season from May to July. Spawning season for other fauna such as freshwater crabs and shrimps coincide with the monsoon season.

Mangrove stands flourish in places where conditions are favourable for mangrove development. Mangrove communities of Sonneratia caseolaris are present in the coastline from Do Son Cape to the northern bank of Van Uc River. No corals are present along the coast of the Red River Delta.

Protected Areas - Biodiversitv and Conservation

A number of protected areas are located in the coastal zone of the Red River Delta. These include the Cucphuong National Park which has features of wet tropical forests; Catba National Park, a tropical evergreen forest; Cucphuong National Park, which hosts many rare and endangered species; Nghia Hung Proposed Nature Reserve, one of the most diverse areas in the coastal zones of the Red River Delta; Xuan Thuy National Park, located in the coastal zone of the Red River Delta; Tien Hai Nature Reserve which forms the northern extension of the Xuan Thuy National Park; and the Thai Thuy Proposed Nature Reserve which has about 400 hectares of natural mangrove forest.

Socio-economic Conditions

Nam Dinh has an estimated population of 1.92 million individuals. The Province of Nam Dinh is divided into 201 communes. In the Nghia Hung district in between the Ninh Co River and the Day River there are 23 communes and small villages. The village of Nam Dien is situated at the Day River mouth while the village of Nghia Phuc is situated at the Ninh Co River mouth. In the province of Nam Dinh all households are provided with electricity. The supply of fresh and clean drinking water is still insufficient in the rural areas.

Ninh Binh has a natural area of 1.400 sq km and a population 920,000. About 81.18% of the population are ethnic Kinh or Viet people and about 16,5% of the population are Catholics. Approximately 1.7% of the population consists of ethnic minorities. The province is located on the National Road No. 1 and the North-South Railway. It has forests in the mountainous areas, a fertile plain area and a long coastline.

Agriculture is the main economic activity in the province of Nam Dinh. The province is also believed to have potential in aquaculture and fishery. --

- 7 - 9R6212.21/R007a/JHUNijm February 2008

Industrial growth in the Northern Region has been higher than the national average for the period 2001 to 2006. Industrial growth is more robust in Hanoi and provinces such as Quangninh, Haiphong, Hungyen, Haiduong and Vinhphuc. The provinces of Thaibinh, Ninh Binh, Hatay Nam Dinh, Phutho and Hanam on the other hand are still basically agricultural. Industrial development in Nam Dinh has flourished in recent years.

The major industries in Ninh Binh are limestone quarrying and cement manufacturing. 'There are also mines for dolomite ore, clay and peat.

Major changes have been observed in the project site during the December 2007 site visit. Some shrimp ponds have been reclaimed while pile driving and filling up were ongoing during the site visit. Active dredging was also ongoing at the mouth of Ninh Co River.

Day River is the source of irrigation water for rice paddies in Ninh Binh. The Day and Ninh Co Rivers are also utilized for water transport although access to the river system is dependent on prevailing sea conditions and on the tides. The mouth of Day River is navigable only during spring tide.

Various historical and cultural sites are also located in this corridor. These include pagodas, relic sites, natural preservation zones, beaches, national parks and grottoes.

Environmental Impacts Prediction and Assessment

Among the proposed improvements in the Day-Ninh Co River, dredging and disposal of dredged materials, the construction of bypass channel breakwater and the construction of the DN Canal will have the most significant impacts. These activities will have major impacts on the physical, biological and social environment. The identified impacts of the Day-Ninh Co River Mouth Improvement and DNC are listed in the matrix below.

Analysis of Alternatives

Strategies for improving the Day-Ninh Co Rivers comprises of river improvements and river mouth improvements. The feasibility study looked at two options for connecting Day and Ninh Co Rivers, through the use of a protected canal without navigation lock or through the use of an unprotected canal with navigational lock. Three basic scenarios are being investigated for the widening of the two river mouths: (1) Bypass channel through spit + coastal protection works + navigational aids; (2) River groyne + maintenance dredging + navigational aids; and (3) Capital dredging + maintenance dredging + navigational aids. Dredging plays an important role in all three scenarios.

Suitable dredging methods include the trailing suction hopper dredger, cutter suction dredger, bucket wheel dredger, bucket dredger, dipper I backhoe dredger, grab or clamshell dredger, and deep or suction dredger. Transport of dredged materials will be via pipeline or barges. Discharge of materials will be by direct or indirect placing.

Environmental Management Plan

The summary f the EMP is presented in the following matrix. At present, the Vietnamese Department of Environmental Protection (NEPA) within MONRE is responsible for nation-wide environmental monitoring. A National Monitoring System set up by the former MOSTE in 1994 involved the various environmental research centres. These centres carry out monitoring of air and water quality and solid wastes in the selected areas and submit reports to NEPA. At the provincial level, the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) is responsible for environmental management, including environmental monitoring which is referred to as external monitoring. For the NDTDP, the PMU-W is responsible for undertaking internal environmental monitoring during pre-construction, construction and operation stages. The results of the internal environmental monitoring are regularly submitted to the Ministry of Transport and to the DONREs of the related provinces or MONRE for review.

- 8 - 9R6212.21IR007alJHUNijm February 2008

0,

ROYAL WASIKOYIYG

Environmental Com~onents

Air Quality Geology 8, Topography

effect to keep the Lach Giang by-pass

Polarity

Negative

Negative

Positive

Magnitude Duration

Minor LT

Positive

Positive

Minor ST

Minor LT deposition The breakwater will alter coastal morphology

Topography I mor~ho log~

Negative

Description of Impacts -.

LT Minor

Negative

MitigatinglEnhancement Measures

Sources of impacts are emissions of construction equipment;

Dusts from the spoils disposal sites and construction stockpiles areas; and

Emissions and noise of concrete batching plants.

Coastal groyne downdrift of the access channel breakwater will prevent coastal erosion, enhance

I . .- - 2 1

4 All equipment used for construction activities and plant emissions should comply with Vietnamese emission standards Dust suppressors should be used especially if there are human receptors Vehicles transporting construction materials should be covered

Residual impact, this is the desired effect.

The Lach Giang By-pass will create new waterwav

This is a residual impact This is a residual impact. Revegation of the disposal site can be done to improve environmental condition This impact is mitigated by the construction of groynes in this side of the breakwater

open to navigation. This is a residual impact.

This is a residual impact of the need to po~,tive

Minor LT

Minor LT

Major LT

river bank slooe will be altered , ~rotect the river bank from erosion DNC will create a new waterbody Containment of contaminated sediments from excavation of DNC will form permanent change in landscape - mound in a flat area Breakwater will interrupt littoral sediment transport may cause deposition in its updrifl side and erosion in the downdrifl side. This may accelerate erosion of beach south of the

LT Minor

Erosion & Deposition

1 ( Negative ( Minor ST I s6pes during excavation period that will be 1 stabilize slopes soon as feasible; 1

Bank protectron will change river cross section,

Negative

( susceptible to erosion I

Positive


Minor to LT

moderate

Minor LT - .~ - . - - -

proposed breakwater (outside the dike) Coastal Groln wll prevent erosion at the downdrift side Breakwater will have mixed impact of inducing erosion at the downdrift side and deposition at

This is the desired impact

This is a residual impact of the need to prevent sediment from accumulating in

the updrift slde - Bv- ass canal and the DNC will expose bare Time work durins low water season;

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ROYAL WAs*OmI*C

9R6212.21/R007a/JHUNijm February 2008

Description of Impacts

The flow in the DNC may cause erosion in the bank of Ninh Co River

Coastal Groynes in the downdrift side of access channel breakwater will trap sediments and prevent erosion; Breakwater of access channel will interrupt coastal transport of sediment.

By-pass canal in Lach Giang may later depositional pattern in the mouth of Ninh Co River New DNC canal lock will not affect sediment transport because of the provision of the canal lock Construction of bank protection will have minor negative impact on water quality since construction will be done at water's edge and below water level Dredging of by-pass will cause degradation of water quality due to increased suspended sediments . Same effect can be expected during the excavation of the DNC canal.

Coastal groynes will alter coastal water movement Breakwater will alter littoraidrift Bypass may affect discharge rate of Nlnh Co at its mouth

The DNC will allow Day River to flow into the Ninh Co River

Environmental Components

-

Sediment Transport

Stream Sediment Quality

Water Resources

Hydrology / Hydrodynamics


Bank protection will be provided and the canal will be protected to prevent erosion. This is the desired effect

This is a residual impact, it is the desired effect to minimize sediment deposition in the Lach Giang by-pass. This is a residual impact, but design of by pass is such that it will not alter sediment delivery.

Residual Impact. Minimize disturbance along the river bank. Work during the dry season when water level is low.

Use of cutter suction dredge to minize sediment losses; minimize use of mechanical dredge like clamshell

This is the desired effect to prevent erosion and induce deposition This is a residual impact.

Design of the by-pass channel is such that discharge of Ninh Co at its mouth will not be altered.

Construction of the canal lock will prevent flow of water from one river to

Polarity

Negative

Positive

Negative

Negative

Negative

Negative

Negative

Negative

Negative

Magnitude Duration

Minor LT

Minor

Major LT

Minor LT

ST Minor

Moderate ST

Minor

Minor

Moderate

LT

LT

LT

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ROYAL HASKONIYC


the other.

Timing of construction during low water and calm coastal water; stockpiling of construction materials should be away form banks and shoreline. The construction of the canal lock will prevent flow of water from Ninh Co (which is more saline) into Day River. Further, Day R water level is higher than Ninh Co R.

-

Monitor wells very near the canal and provide alternative water source to well users if necessary.

Proper design of containment will prevent leachate from percolating into the groundwater

Residual impact, but benthic communities will be able to recover.


Surface Water Quality

Groundwater

Groundwater Quality


Description o f Impacts

Construction work for coastal groins, breakwaters and excavation of canal by-pass and DNC will cause localized degradation of water quality DNC may cause salinization of Day River

The DNC canal may positively affect elevation of watertable of shallow groundwater in the vicinity of the bank DNC may affect groundwater quality, if DNC will have higher salinity, adjoining shallow groundwater will likely be affected (increased salinity) since part of its recharge will come from the surface water body. Containment of contaminated sediments may

Polarity

p-

Negative

Negative

Positive

Negative

contaminate shallow groundwater if leachate is allowed to percolate into the shallow groundwater

No impact

No direct impact

Coastal groyne and breakwater and dredging will cause direct loss of benthic organisms by smothering and removal Conversely, groyne and breakwater will introduce a stable substrate in a predominantly

LT Negative

Magnitude Duration

LT Minor

Minor LT

Minor LT

Ecology & Biological Resources Protected Terrestrial Habitat Protected Terrestrial Plants and Animals

Aquatic Flora & Fauna

Minor LT

Negative

Positive

Minor ST

Minor LT


/ ~olarity / Magnitude Duration

sandy habitat. These can be colonized by encrusting algae, gastropods, limpets, chitron,etc. May increase diversity or alter local abundance of aauatic life.

Description of Impacts MitigatinglEnhancement Measures

I 1 I

Important AquaticNVetlands Habitats

Positive

Negative Minor ST biologic processes

No direct impact 1 Workers should be oriented on laws

LT Minor

Timing of dredging may coincide and affect seasonal biological processes

protecting wildlife; vessels should not be allowed to anchor near the proposed reserve, except in extreme emergency situation.

The By-pass and the DNC will be a new aquatic habitats

Dredging activities should be done in consideration of known seasonal

Negative

Agricultural 1 fishery productivity & Livelihood

Major LT

I \

Negative

Land Use

major LT

Negative

1 Neaative 1 Minor LT

Minor ST

DNC canal and disposal of spoils may have I Proper resettlement action plan should

a bigger land area > 100 hectares ; 1 be prepared and implemented by PMU- 1

significant impact on agricultural productivity. Canal alone will permanently affect about 20 hectares of good agricultural land;. Disposal of the spoils will have potential to affect

Based on earlier study, 8 or 9 households will be

be prepared and implemented by PMU- W

Proper resettlement action plan should

affected by the land r&overy for the DNC Dredging of Lach Giang by-pass may affect shrimp fishing in Lach Giang if dredging will coincide with shrimp season

Select proper timing for dredging to avoid conflict with shrimp fishing; or compensate shrimp fishermen for one

1 season of catch or equivalent. DNC, will ~ermanentlv affect aaricultural land I Residual im~act.

I -*-- I I - I

9R6212.21/R007a/JHUNijm

February 2008

Historic and Natural & Cultural Resources

Negative Containment of spoils will have same impact

LT Minor

Negative

Beneficial use of dredged materials1 sooils should be considered

LT Minor

No impact on historical and cultural resources Dredging of by-pass and construction of breakwater will have impact on aesthetics of a

-

Residual impact


Occupational Health & Safety

Public Health & Safety

Polarity I Magnitude Dur;

Negative Minor ST

Negative Minor ST

I

portion of the beach of Thin Long; turbidity will affect aesthetic quality of coastal water; breakwater structure will interrupt the long stretch of beach. Workers will be exposed to occupational hazards;

ation

"ositive

Nuisance noise ; fugitive dust may affect surrounding communities; construction site may pose threat to public safety;

Description of Impacts *

Mnor LT The improvement of Day-Ninh Co will enhance safety of water travel in Corridor 3.


Workers should be given proper orientation on safety procedures in the job site and should be provided with personal protective equipment First aid station with trained emergency response personnel should be provided on site Ample water supply and hygiene facilities should also be provided Construction site should be off limits to non-workers Health screening of workers should be done to prevent spread of diseases to host community


Stream sediment sea channel will not have quality impacts on stream

Hydrology

Surface Water Quality

As designed, the Lach Giang By-pass is not expected to alter the flow of Ninh Co Rver. Water flow of Ninh Co is expected to maintain is flow direction towards the river mouth

to high turbidity impacts on water quality:

Overflow of dredge water should be prevented

Monitor water quality during dredging of bypass and the sea channel

upstream of dredge and one station 50 m downstream of dredge, 1 station 150 m downstream of dredge; weekly monitoring

Cost of analysis This should be of suspended implemented as sediments and part of the overall turbidity for three EMP for the Ninh sampling station Co River is VND150,OOO. improvement

9R6212.21IR007alJHUNijm

February 2008

, 'r h -Y'~ -&*& %:-.

Dredging of Lach Giang By-Pass and Sea Channel I

Terrestrial ecosyslern

1 The dredging of the Lach 1 Residual impact, but I Inventory of the / Number of I Contractor 1 Inventory should 1 Cost is part pre- 1 This should be I

Aquatic organisms

- - Giang by-pass will affect the lost Casuarina a strip of replanted can be replaced by Casuarina planting the same

number of Casuarina

I in the other parts of the sand spit.

remove benthic organisms

number of Casuarina that will be lost.

Monitorrng of the recovery of the dredged sea channel should be done

Causarina trees that will be removed

Density, number and d~versity of benthos

IMC

be done prior to the dredging

Bi monthly collection of bottom sediments for analysis for benthos, zooplankton and phyto plankton content

construction implemented as expenses part of the overall

EMP for the Ninh Co River improvement

Cost of This should be biological implemented as analysis of part of the overall stream sediment EMP for the Ninh and water is Co River VND 900,000 improvement

February 2008

0 0 q

0 0 0

ROYAL HASKOMIMG

I Dredging of Lach Giang By-Pass and Sea Channel

Protected wetlands

I Sediment plume I Minimize suspended I Monitor plume I Visual monitoring I Contractor / Daily basis when / Part of I This should be generated by dredging sediment through use dispersion might disperse towards of cutter suchtion direction the Nghia Hung dredge; Proposed Reserve

Workers will be exposed to hazards of operating heavy equipment, elevated noise; ergonometric stress; exposed to hazards of drowning

Occupational Health & Safety

Provision of ample clean water in work sites.

P r~per orientation of workers;

Provision of personnel safety equipment such as hart hat, gloves, ear plugs, safety shoes, etc.

Provision of a emergency first responder in work site:

Provision of first aid station in all work sites;

Monitoring of contractor's compliance with occupational health and safety plan

of the plume dispersion pattern, i.e. direction of 1 travel and degree I of turbidity I Occupational health and safety plan;

Presence of safety officer in work site;

Presence of first aid station;

HSE plan to be prepared by Contractor and to be approved by PMU-W 1 through its Construction Supervision Consultants

implemented as part of the overall EMP for the Ninh

northeast wind is contractor. Co River prevailing improvement

L

Presentation of plan prior to mobilization:

work site by PMU-W or its consultants

This is part of Contractor's TOR I conditions of contract

Workers' use of PPEs

HSE should be part of the EMP for implementation by Contractor

9R6212.21 IR007alJHUNijm

February 2008

-. j d ~ .5 .+ iL: , Dredaina of Lach Giang BY-Pass and Sea Channel

spoils will alter land use agricultural or of the signs of either temporarity or undeveloped land as containment disturbance such permanently containment area: areas as excavation I

diggings I

was rented.

Clean up and restore lands used temporarily as spols stockpile area before returning to land user

regular implemented as environmental part of the overall management of EMP for the Ninh Waterways Co River

Assess the land before it is returned to land use. Ensure that is it clean

February 2008

Condition of land should approximate condition when it

- L 0 a ; '4 0 u - s 3

Po" 5 u m c u _m

. > ,

6i2-,.:a><.s. - DNC Canal and Canal Lock

Topography and Morphology

the landscape by creating a new waterbody,

lncreased suspended sediment in water column during dredging of the

Surface Water I Quality

outcome

away from flowing canal water.

Dry excavation of the canal to keep bare areas and loose soil

River because of the between the two canal connection rivers through the in Day R and

A Weekly Monitor turbidity of river water at both ends of the

monitoring, one sample at the

Suspended sediments and turbidity

Day R side and one in the Ninh Co River side

VND 100,000 per sampling round

This should be implemented as part of the overall EMP for the Ninh Co River improvement

VND. 100,000

sample at the D R side and one

I 1 controlled by the lock. I I I ( sample at the 1 I I I I I I I I I Ninh Co R Side

Erosion and / Co caused erosion of the I water flow from Day ( side of the canal 1 presence of fresh / I I management of I implemented for

I I I I I I I I

sedimentation

The previous canal that Construction of the Monitor erosion Erosion indicators ' PMU-W I connected Day and Ninh 1 canal bck to control / at the Ninh Co R 1 like bare banks. 1 scarps

Monthly monitoring

river bank due to swift water flow

1 the waterways ( the project River to Ninh Co; Lining 8 Provision of bank protectiok


February 2008

Part of the regular

Integrate into the EMP that will be

&?,-:.&",'-> ' <:? ;:,+ -i. .,.. ./P, :..,%-.;.;, :.; ' . DNC Canal and Canal Lock I

1 1 Chanse in land use due 1 For lands that will be 1 Monitorinq of 1 Payment of 1 PMU-W 1 Annual inspection 1 Cost is part of I This should be I

Land Use

Agricultural productivity

1 to 1he -E)~~ canal can be , either temporary or permanent. Permanent if used for containment, temporary if used as temporary stockpiles

1 area or staging area for construction

The construction of the DNC will permanently cause the loss of about 20 hectares of agricultural lands

acquired, land users will have to be compensated based on existing policy on resettlement

For lands used temporarily, it has to be rehabilitated to its former use prior to retruning to land user

The conversion of the agricultural land is a residual impact and so is the corresponding loss of agricultural production; land users however will be compensated according to the resettlement policy of the GoV.

- compliance with resettlement policy

Monitoring of the condition of land prior to return to land user

Monitoring for compliance with the resettlement policy

compensation;

Adherence to Grievance procedures, etc.

Condition of land should approximate condition when it was rented

Payment of compensation; Public information dissemination; Adherence to grievance procedures Employment generation; Provision of training

PMU-W Monthly collection of data and submission of report to World Bank every 6 months

regular environmental management of Waterways

Part of PMU-W's monitoring

implemented as part of the overall EMP for the Ninh Co River improvement

part of the EMP that will be implemented by PMU-W I VlWA


MU-W I VlWA

9R621Z22lIR007alJHUNijm

February 2008

Two types of environmental monitoring are to be implemented in the NDTDP. These are the site audit and environmental quality monitoring.

Site Audit

Site audit mainly involves the evaluation of the implementation and effectiveness of the mitigation measures. This is conducted by the PMU or its contractor during the pre- construction, construction and operation stages.

Environmental Quality Monitoring

The environmental quality monitoring involves the testing, analysis and evaluation of selected environmental indicators. Environmental quality and compliance with set standards are assessed by comparing results of monitoring data with relelvant Vietnamese Standards for the Environment.

The organizations involved in environmental monitoring are

Independent Monitoring Consultant (IMC). Contractors Governmental Environmental Management Agencies (DONREs).

The independent monitoring consultant (IMC) will be engaged by the Project Management Unit of MOT. The role of the IMC is to monitor the implementation of the EMP. The IMC will submit its environmental monitoring report every 3 months to MOT and WB.

Regular monitoring of RAP implementation will be conducted by PMU and by the International Donor (WB), as well as by an independent external monitoring agency.

Internal Monitoring

The Resettlement Department of PMU-W, with the assistance of supervision consultant teams, will be responsible for internal monitoring of RAP implementation.

Monitoring Indicators

The main monitoring indicators are:

Payment of compensation to PAPS in various categories, according to the compensation policy described in the RAP, Public information dissemination and consultation procedures Adherence to grievance procedures, Resettlement site location, design, site construction and plot allocation House construction, technical assistance, payment of subsistence and shifting allowances as described in the RAP, Employment generation through project implementation and priority of PAP for the options offered, Provision of training and credit availability, Co-ordination and completion of resettlement activities and commencement of civil works.

The staff of PMU-W will carry out the internal monitoring activities. They will collect information every month from the Provincial Resettlement Committees (PRCs) and District Resettlement Committees DRCs. A database of resettlement, monitoring information about the project will be maintained and updated every month. PMU-W will submit to WB and Governmental authority a monitoring report on the progress of implementation of the RAP every six months.

The monitoring for occupational health and safety should be done regularly. The monitoring should cover:

- Compliance by contractor with occupational health and safety plan: - Adherence by workers with the safety guidelines

9R6212.211R007a/JHUNijm February 2008

- Use of PPE by workers, including floatation devices by those working in water - Presence of emergency first responder - Availability of first aid station in construction site; - Reported number of accidents or incidents involving lost time - The monitoring shall be implemented by PMU-W environmental staff.

Capacity Building for Environmental Management

Environmental management of inland waterway projects is a relatively new task for the Vietnam Transport Sector. As such, it is essential that a capacity building for environmental management be undertaken prior to project implementation. Staff who will be involved in the implementation of the EMP should undergo training. The objective of the training is to familiarize the management staff with environmental management and procedures for environmental monitoring and reporting. The training can be conducted by one of the environmental centers involved in environmental impact assessment and environmental management.

The training will include the following components:

a. Training for DONRE staffs

The training will cover, among others, the following subject matters:

- The Environmental Management Program for Ports - Environmental issues related with port management - Environmental Regulations and Standards of Vietnam - Environmental monitoring methods and procedures. - Environmental Reporting - report preparation, interpretation of laboratory results

b. Training for Construction Engineers

The following training programs will be provided for engineers of the constructors.

- Labour Safety: Regular training on safety issues related to the riverworks and dredging;

- Environmental management Plan of the Project: Orientation of engineering staff on the environmental management plan for NDTDP Ports Management.

- Monitoring and reporting of EMP: The training will include the methodology for site observation and reporting of monitoring results.

Public Disclosure

Public disclosure has been carried out during the feasibility study stage. This was done through focus group discussions with stakeholders likely to be affected, consultations with port administrators and with the broad stakeholders through the workshops conducted during the inception stage, interim stage and final stage of the feasibility study.

- 2 6 - 9R6212.21/R007al.lHUNijm February 2008

0 0

0 0 0

.OVAL WI IKONINQ

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Northern Delta Transport Development Project (NDTDP)

The Ministry of Transport (MOT) of the Government of Viet Nam is responsible for planning, design, construction, maintenance and operation of all major modes of transport in Viet Nam: highways, railways, aviation, and inland waterways. MOT has recently undergone a restructuring creating individual and separate modal departments responsible for the administration and management of the various modes of transport, and functional departments responsible for the state-wide administration and management of planning, investment, finance, institutional development, and associated science and technology.

Presently, MOT is concentrating through the Vietnamese Inland Waterway Administration (VIWA) and Project Management Unit Waterways (PMU-W) on the improvement of the navigation conditions in both the Mekong Delta and the Red River Delta. Major national inland waterway related works have been tendered by PMU-W through both national and international competitive bidding. Within the scope of the Northern Delta Transport Development Project (NDTDP) being financed by the International Development Association PMU-W has appointed Consultants to prepare Feasibility Studies and Preliminary Designs (similar to Basic Designs) for the Project.

1.1 Objectives of the NDTDP

The objectives of the Northern Delta Transport Development Project is to support sustainable economic growth and inclusive development in the Northern Delta Region by increasing the efficiency of transport infrastructure in the Northern Delta Region in an integrated and safe manner by means of multi-modal transport. The Project will improve the supply chain efficiency for production, distribution and trade and will also provide better and safer access for the poor to the main supply corridors. The specific Project objectives are:

to reduce transport costsltariffs and improve service quality from points of production to local markets or points of export through improvements in the inland waterway and connecting road systems; to raise the efficiency of logistics services across different transport modes; to assist in building the management tools and capacity of VIWA and Provincial Departments of Transport (PdoT) in the effective exercise of their responsibilities under the 2004 Law on Inland Waterways; to developlstrengthen existing frameworks for private sector participation in the provision of infrastructure and services associated with provincial ports, landing stages and logistics centres.

1.2 Day - Ninh Co River Mouth Improvement Project

The Project as a whole will have three main components:

Component A: Multimodal Transport Corridors; Component B: Ferry Boat Stages; and Component C: Institutional Strengthening.

However, this EIA report will focus on project investments at the Day and Ninh Co estuaries, which is Subcomponent A2.


The EIA for the other project investments are presented in the other reports.

The overall project implementation schedule is included in the Project Implementation Plan. All investments under the project (physical and institutional) will be divided into two phases. The phases are delineated according to current readiness to implement and not by year of implementation. Phase I investments refer to investments for which all key preparatory works have been completed and Phase II investments refer to all the remaining investments for which preparation is ongoing or will take place during the first two years of the Project.

Sub component A2 will be implemented in Phase II.

Sub-Component A2: Improvements to Ninh Co River Estuary (US $63.1 million)

1) Shallow water depths at the estuaries of the Day and Ninh Co rivers restrict the size of the vessels that can use the rivers to about 200-600 DWT even though many sections of the rivers can handle much larger vessels. As a result, 1000 DWT vessels using the coastal route on the Eastern Sea are only able to pass through the river estuaries at high tide to reach the ports of Ninh Phuc and Hanoi.

2) This sub-component will include investments in an access channel bypassing the mouth of the Ninh Co estuary to accommodate 3000 DWT vessels with a draft of 5 meters and a canal connecting the Ninh Co and Day rivers 17 km upstream. The required work will entail dredging an approach channel, constructing protecting breakwaters, excavating a connecting canal with a ship lock, and bank protection and other river training works.

3) The purpose of the access channel is to bypass the bar at the mouth of the Ninh Co estuary. Construction of the bypass channel will not appreciably alter the river flow in the estuary, and river sediments will continue to be deposited at the mouth of the river without affecting navigation through the channel. Two breakwaters will protect vessels navigating the channel as well as preventing siltation of the channel from littoral drift along the shoreline both from the north, the predominant direction, and from the south. A groyne field will also be constructed south of the channel to trap littoral drift sediments. The breakwaters have been designed for typhoon wave conditions based on data from the Meteorological Department of Vietnam as well as international sources. Numeric hydraulic modeling has been used in the design of the optimum layout of the breakwaters and groins and additional hydraulic modeling will be carried out during the detailed design phase.

4) The alignment of the proposed Day-Ninh Co Canal (DNC) has been chosen at the point where the rivers are closest to minimize costs and land acquisition. The alignment traverses an open area of paddy fields without buildings so that no resettlement is involved. However, it does cross a power line that will need to be lifted to ensure sufficient air clearance. It will also cut the flood protection dikes flanking both rivers and lateral dikes have therefore been proposed along each bank of the new canal.

5) The length of the canal is approximately 1 km and due to the water level differences between the Day River and the Ninh Co, a lock is required to avoid strong currents in the canal. As the Day River levels are higher than those in the Ninh Co (up to 1.25 m), mitre gates are the most appropriate type for the lock. The lock is proposed to be 188 meters long and 15 meters wide to accommodate one 1000 DWT and one 3000 DWT vessel at the same time. The lock will be located to one side of the canal centerline to facilitate construction of a second lock some time in the future when traffic has built up to a sufficient volume to cause congestion. Mooring dolphins are provided at each approach to the lock for waiting vessels. A single lane lifting bridge for light vehicles has also been proposed over the downstream gate of the lock to serve the inhabitants of the area below the canal.

6) The proposed scheme for enabling sea access to the DayJNinh Co River system has been selected from four alternatives: (i) dredging a channel through the Day river mouth, (ii) constructing a bypass channel past the sand bar at the Day river mouth, (iii) dredging a channel through the Ninh Co river mouth and (iv) constructing a

9R6212.21/R007alJHUNijm February 2008

bypass channel past the sand bar at the Ninh Co river mouth. Each of these requires a connecting canal between the Day and Ninh Co rivers. Alternatives (i) and (iii) were discarded as these involved annual major dredging works to maintain the channels, and Alternative (ii) required a longer approach channel that also encroaches on a bird sanctuary. Alternative (iv) was therefore selected as the preferred scheme both in terms of cost and environmental impact. These alternatives are discussed in detail in section 3 of this report.

1.3 Study Methodology and Data Sources

The environmental impact assessment was conducted on an incremental approach in order to provide the optimum support to planning and feasibility study. A regional scanning of the Red River Delta was initially conducted based on secondary literatures and environmental information was provided to the planning team. The information generated was part of the basis for the environmental screening of specific components and their alternatives. Subsequently, a follow-up collection of primary data, i.e. sampling and laboratory analysis and site inspection, were conducted for the selected project components.

The secondary sources of information include project documents and published researches and reports on the Red River Delta. Among these are:

Sourcebook of existing and proposed protected areas in Vietnam by Birdlife International, World Bank, Royal Netherlands Embassy and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) 2004, 2nd ed.

Red River Delta Master Plan by Binnie & Partners, Snowy Mountains Engineering Corp Ltd. AACM International Pty Ltd. And Delft Hydraulics, 1995. . UNEP, Government of Vietnam, MOSTE

Red River Waterways Project Vietnam TA No. 261 5-VIE by Haskoning Consulting Engineers and Architects and Delft Hydraulics, 1998. . Gov Socialist Republic of Vietnam, MOT, VIWA.

Day River-Ninh Co River Mouth Improvement Project - Vietnam by Haskoning Nederland BV Coastal and Rivers, 2003. Ministry of Transportation, PMU Waterways

Northern Delta Transport Development Project. Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study and Preliminary Engineering Design. Inception Report by Royal Haskoning, SMEC and Center of VAPO 2007. , MOT, VIWA, PMU-Waterways

ALMEC, 2006 Northern Region Comprehensive Transport Strategy Study

Numerous researches on environment related topics regarding the Red River Delta were also accessed in the worldwide web.

Primary data collection consisted of collection of water samples, soil samples, stream sediment samples, collection of selected specimens for identification, air quality and noise measurement. The primary data collection was done in November and December 2007 by the Environment Protection Centre (VESDEC) of the Vietnam Environment and Sustainable Development Institute (VESDI). Chemical analysis of the water, soil and stream sediment samples were done by the Institute of Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences and Technology.

Parameters analyzed are the following:

Water quality (20 parameters): Temperature, pH, salinity, TDS, turbidity, SS, DO, Fe, BOD5, NH4'. NO;, total N, total P, Zn, Cr, Cd, As, oil, phenols and total coliform. Soi l quality (9 parameters): pH, Al, Fe, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg and total oil. Sediment qual i ty( l0 parameters): pH, Al, Fe, As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Hg, pesticides (at some sites) and grain sizes.

3 9R6212.211R007a/JHUNijm February 2008

Air quality(9 parameters): Temperature, humidity, wind speed, CO, SO2, NO2, TSP, PMlo, Pb. Noise ( ~ B A ) Vibration: L,, L,, L, (dBA) Aquatic organisms (3 parameters): phytoplanktons, zooplanktons, benthic animals Fish data provided by Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR) based on their 2007 surveys. Flora: Listing of vegetation species at each sampling sites.

Air quality, noise and vibration tests were done by the SINTEP. The parameters measured include:

Temperature Wind speed Total suspended particulate (TSP) Particulate Matter 10 (PMIO) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Nitrogen Dioxide (N02) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Noise Vibration

A GIs database has been created for the storage and to facilitate the analysis of information. Environmental data (i.e. water quality, soil quality, stream sediment quality and air quality) were assessed by comparing with the standards set by the Government of Vietnam and with standards set by globally recognized institutions and governments such as the Dutch Standard for Sediment Pollutants.

For a better understanding of the environmental condition and how it varies with time and space, basic statistical and spatial analyses were done when data sets allow.

Consultations were also conducted as part of data collection and in compliance with procedural requirements. Among the consulted stakeholders were the port authorities 1 management, the provincial DONREs and the stakeholders that will likely be directly affected by the various components of the project.

1.4 Purpose and Structure of this Volume

This volume contains the environmental impact assessment of the NDTDP Corridor 1 Waterways Improvement. The environmental impact assessment was conducted to ensure the environmental sustainability of the project and its components as well as to fulfill the environmental permitting requirements of the Government of Vietnam and the lending institution.

The contents of this volume are:

Chapter 1- Introduction, this section

Chapter 2- An outline of environment related policies, legal and administrative frameworks that are pertinent to the waterways improvement project.

Chapter 3- The description of the waterway improvement sub-projects to be undertaken under the NDTDP

Chapter 4 - The existing environmental condition of the study region and specific work sites

4 9R6212.21IR007alJHUNijrn February 2008

Chapter 5 - Prediction and assessment of the impacts to the environment of the various project components

Chapter 6 -Analysis of the various alternatives considered by the NDTDP

Chapter 7 - The proposed environmental management plan describing the mitigation measures and monitoring measures

Chapter 8- describes public involvement and consultation activities.

Chapter 9 - Listing of references used in the study

Chapter 10 - Attachments and appendices

Table 1-1. List of Sampling Stations, Locations & Samples Collected in the Day-Ninh Co Area

Nam Dinh Province

Sample No

C

Dong - Xuan Thuy District -

Province

Ninh Phuc Port - Ninh Binh City - Ninh Binh Province nl

I

Vr29 ( Quan Lieu -

LocaUon

Nghia Hung District - Nam Dinh Province

Coordinate Collected Media & Measured Environmental Parameters

Nghia Hung District - Nam Dinh Province

Water

I

Vr34 1 Lach Giang

Figure 1-1. Location of Sampling Stations

Sail 1 Sediment

5 9R6212.21/R007a/.lHUNijm February 2008

Air Quality 8

Ndse

Vibration Aquatlc Organlsm

Q U A N G N l N H

Nov. 2007 Sediment Sampling

e Dec. 2007 Sediment Sampling

1998 Sediment Qual*j Data

OTHER SYMBOLS

9R6212.21IR007alJHUNijm February 2008

2 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

2.1 Vietnamese Policy in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

At present, the most relevant environmental policies of Vietnam for environmental assessment are as follows:

2.1.1 Law on Environmental Protection (LEP)

The LEP was approved by the National Assembly on November, 29, 2005 and issued on December 12, 2005 through Order No.29120051LICTN by the State President and enacted on 01 July 2006. The LEP is made up of 15 chapters, 136 articles, including Chapter Ill which contains the guidelines for environment assessment (SEA articles 14, 15, 16, 17), environment impact assessment (EIA articles 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23) and commitment in environmental protection (CEP, articles 24, 25, 26, 27).

Decree No. 80120061ND-CP dated August 9, 2006, detailed guidelines in implementation of some articles of the LEP. This decision includes 3 chapters, 25 articles, of which 12 articles of the chapter I are guidelines for SEA, EIA and CEP. This decision lists the inter-sectoral, inter- provincial projects and EIA reports that are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE). According to this Decree the projects that are required to conduct EIA are: (1) Road projects of class IV with length of over 50km; and (2) the construction and rehabilitation of river or sea ports for ships of 1,000 DWT and over. The EIA reports for these types of projects should be approved by MONRE, the provincial people committee or MOT. Transport projects of lower capacities are required to prepare CEP for appraisal by the district People Committee.

The following sections give an overview of the SEA. EIA and CEP (after Hilaf Hong Duc (http:llww.vilaf.comlindex.asp?progid=5OOO3&catelD=EDC3D673-C29E-C598-6145- 0759F43E2300

Strategic Environment Assessment Reports

Projects that are subject to strategic environment assessment reports include strategies and plans on national socio-economic development at the national or provincial level. The agency responsible for building a national strategic project must prepare and submit a strategic environment assessment report to the relevant appraisal body.

The appraisal is one of the grounds for approving the project. A strategic environment assessment report must include the following contents:

i. general descriptions of the objectives, size and features of the project; ii. descriptions of the natural, economic, social and environmental conditions of the project; iii. a prediction of possible negative effects on the environment; iv. sources of data and appraisal methods; and v. proposed solutions and directions for the implementation of the project.

The MONRE is responsible for forming a Strategic Environment Assessment Report Appraisal Board with regard to projects belonging to the authority of the National Assembly, the Government and or Prime Minister. The relevant ministries have a responsibility to form Strategic Environment Assessment Report Appraisal Boards with regard to the projects under their respective authority. Provincial People's Committees are responsible for forming Strategic Environment Assessment Report Appraisal Boards with regard to the projects under their respective authority or provincial People's Councils' authority.


Environmental Impact Assessment Reports

Article 18.1 of the new Environment Law provides a list of the projects that are required to conduct environmental impact assessment. 'These include projects of national importance such as urban area development projects, large scale projects for exploitation of natural resources, and projects for the development of IZs, HTZs and EPZs. Appendix I of Decree 80 implementing the Law on Environment dated 9 August 2006 ("Decree 80") provides a more comprehensive list of projects requiring environmental impact assessment reports, including all telecommunications infrastructure construction projects, projects on building and repairing ships and projects on exploitation of oil and gas.

The environmental impact assessment report must be filed together with the feasibility study of the project. The contents of an environment impact assessment report must include project specifications, operational technology of the project, measures to minimise negative effects on the environment, an undertaking to apply environment protection measures during the construction and operation phases, and opinions of the local commune People's Committee and the population community where the project is carried out. These opinions may be in agreement or disagreement with the project from an environmental protection perspective and must be set forth in the report for the relevant appraising body's consideration.

To obtain the opinion of the community, the project owner has to send a document containing brief contents of the project, environmental impact of the project, measures to minimize such impacts to the People's Committee and National Front Committee at commune level. A dialogue may be launched if required by the People's Committee or the National Front Committee.

An environmental assessment report may be appraised by an appraisal board or an environment assessment service agency. The MONRE is responsible for providing the conditions and guidelines for environment service agencies. The MONRE is authorised to form the environment impact assessment report appraisal board, or select an environment impact assessment service agency in respect of projects belonging to the authority of the National Assembly, the Government or the Prime Minister or inter-provincial or inter-ministerial projects. Other ministries are authorised to form environment impact assessment boards or select environment impact assessment service agencies with regard to projects under their respective authority. Provincial People's Committees are responsible for forming environment impact assessment report appraisal boards, or selecting environment impact assessment report appraisal service agencies with regard to the projects under their respective authority and provincial People's Committee's authority.

The agency organising the appraisal has to inform the project owner about the appraisal result within 3 days of receiving such a result from the appraisal council or the appraisal service agency.

Environment Protection Undertaking

Pursuant to Article 24 of the Environment Law, projects that are not subject to the compulsory environment impact assessment reports must provide an undertaking to protect the environment. The contents of the undertaking must include: (i) the project site; (ii) the form and scale of production, trading and services, materials and raw materials used for the project; (iii) likely waste to be produced from the project; and (iv) undertakings to apply measures to minimise and treat waste and comply with the laws on environment protection. The undertaking must be registered with the local district People's Committee where the project is located before commencement of the project.

Appendix 4 in this Circular gives the structure and content of an EIA report.

The other relevant regulations are:

Law on Mineral Resources, approved by the National Assembly on March 20, 1996. Law on Forest Protection and Development (1992, revised in 2004) Land Law, approved on November 26, 2003 by the National Assembly. Law on Water Resource, approved on May 20, 1998, by the National Assembly. Law on Forest Protection and Development (1992, revised in 2004)

8 9R6212.21/R007a/JHUNijm February 2008

2.1.2 Decree 81120061ND-CP of the Government

This Decree prescribes the penalty for the violation of environmental regulations. Chapter I describes the general provisions for penalties, Article 9 of Chapter II describes the penalties for violating the EIA regulation and strategic environmental assessment. Project owners can be fined for not conducting an EIA and for not implementing mitigation measures contained in the approved EIA report.

2.1.3 Vietnamese Standards for the Environment (TCVN)

The Vietnamese Standards for the Environment were published by the former Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MOSTE) in 1995, 2000, 2001 and 2002 and by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOSTE) in 2006. The environmental standards include standards for air, water, soil and noise. In general, the list of biophysical parameters is broad enough such that most monitoring programmes can employ the standards as basis for evaluation. However, in the absence of standards such as sediment quality, it is a common practice for ODA projects to use standards from other countries or international organisations.

The relevant Vietnamese standards are:

Ambient Air Quality Standard (TCVN 5937-2005) and TCVN 5938 - 2005 Surface Water Quality Standard (TCVN 5942-1995) Acoustic Standard (TCVN 5949-1998) Fresh Water Quality for Protection of Aquatic Life (TCVN 6774-2000) Domestic Wastewater Standard (TCVN 6772-2000) Irrigation Water Quality Standard (TCVN 6773-2000) Industrial Effluent Standard (TCVN 5945-2005) Permissible Noise Level for vehicles (TCVN 5948-1999) Vibration and Shock Standards created by Construction and Industry (TCVN 6962

Soil Quality Standard - Permissible Limits of Pesticides in Soils

2.1.4 Vietnamese Administrative Set Up in Environmental Management

From 2002, the Government of Vietnam has established the administrative and institutional set-up for environmental management. The institutions responsible for environmental management are the following:

Ministty of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE)

A Prime Ministerial Decision established MONRE on November 11, 2002. MONRE merges numerous departments.

Department of Environmental Impact Assessment Appraisal

This Department is under MONRE. As stated in Decree 91/2002lND-CP, the Department's function is: To appraise environmental impact assessment reports of projects and of business and production establishments.

The Department of EIA Appraisal of MONRE is responsible for organizing EIA Committee for approving SEA. EIA reports guided by the government (Decision N 8012006/ NE) - CP).

Sectoral Ministries

According to the LEP (2005) the sectoral ministries are responsible for the environmental management of activities within their sectors. The ministries' responsibilities include the review and approval of EIA reports of the sectoral development projects. For examples, the Ministry of Transport is responsible for approving development projects guided by the Government (Decision 8012006lND-CP).


SMEC

Provincial People Committees (PCs)

Provincial PCs have responsibilities in environmental management in their territories. Accordingly, PCs have functions of reviewing and approving EIA reports for the development project guided by the Government (Decision N 80120061 ND - CP) in their territories.

District PCs

District PCs have function in reviewing and appraisal CEP reports for the development projects guided by the Government (Decision N8012006lND - CP) in their territories.

Provincial Departments of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE):

In each provincial DONRE there is an Environmental Management Division (EMD). The EMD is responsible for supporting the PC in environmental management in accordance with the LEP and related laws and regulations. Hence, it is DONRE - and in particular, it's EMD - that will likely play a key regulatory role in environmental monitoring during project construction and operation of the NDTDP.

In case that the project will be divided into many sub-projects, each sub-project will have separate EIA or CEP reports, provincial DONREs or District DONREs, respectively, will organise committees for approving each EIA or CEP reports.

2.2 EIA Review and Approval Process

The following is the current standard procedure for environmental review and appraisal in Vietnam:

a) The project owner undertakes EIA study with or without an assistance of consultants. b) A full EIA study should be conducted during the feasibility study (FS) stage of the project.

Content and structure of an EIA report should be in accordance to the Appendix 4 of the Circular 0812006lTT - BTNMT of MONRE

c) The project owner submits seven (7) sets of EIA reports together with a letter requesting for the review and approval of the EIA report together with one (1) copy of Feasibility Study Report of the proposed project to the relevant agencies (Department of EIA Appraisal of MONRE or provincial People Committee or Ministry of Transport.

d) After receiving all EIA and FIS reports, the relevant environmental authority organizes a Committee, consisting of environmental specialists and technological experts, representatives of Department of Natural Resource and Environment (DONRE) of the concerned provinces for appraisal of the EIA report.

e) The comments and views of the Committee on the EIA report are given to the project owner.

f) The project owner conduct additional studies to clarify all required items of the Committee and revises the report in response to the comments raised by the Committee.

g) An Environmental Approval Paper will be issued after the reception of the revised EIA report, which met the requirements of the Appraisal Committee.

The procedure of EIA for this project is presented in the following figure.


With suDDort of

\

ppraisal under MONRE

ption 2: Department o f Science,

I ( EIA Committee ; I

(4) 1 EIA Report (Revised) I ' I

Consultants

Y 1 Environmental Appraisal 1

[ ,

environmentalists, technological

specialists,representatives of

the provinces

2.3 World Bank Social and Environmental Safeguards Policies

The World Bank safeguards operational policies that are relevant to the ND-TDP are:

2.3.1 OP 4.01 (January 1999) -Environmental Impact Assessment

The World Bank's Operating Procedure (OP) 4.01 contains the Bank's policy requiring projects proposed for the Bank's financing to conduct environmental assessment to ensure their environmental sustainability and to improve decision making. This operating policy enumerates the different environmental assessment instruments (depending on the project) that maybe submitted in order to comply with the Bank's requirement. OP4.01 also defines the basis for the environmental screening of the projects for the purpose of determining the appropriate extent and type of the environmental assessment. Further, the operating policy stipulates the Bank's requirement for institutional capacity building to be included in the project if the borrower has inadequate legal and technical capacity to implement the EA related functions. The need for public consultation, disclosure and' conditions for implementation are likewise contained in OP4.01.

This Operational Policy statement was updated in March 2007 to reflect issuance of OPIBP 8.00, Rapid Response to Crises and Emergencies. The Bank may exempt a project from any of the requirement of this policy if it would prevent the effective and timely achievement of the objectives of an emergency operation.

2.3.2 OP 4.04-(June 2001) Natural Habitats:

The Bank recognizes conservation of natural habitats as one of the measures needed to protect and enhance the environment for long-term sustainable development. OP 4.04 contains the Bank's position and conditions on projects located within or projects that may impact on important natural habitats.

11 9R6222.211R007afJHUNijm February 2008

2.3.3 OP 4.1 1 (July 2006) Physical Cultural Resources

This policy expresses the Bank's recognition of the importance of physical cultural resources as sources of valuable scientific and historical information, as assets for economic and social development, and as integral parts of a people's cultural identity and practices.

As such, the policy contains the Bank's recommendation on how the physical resources can be protected from project impacts and managed within the context of the environmental assessment. Also, the operating policy contains the Bank's conditions for consultation and disclosure and emergency operations under OP 8.00.

2.3.4 OP 4.12 - (Dec 2001) Involuntary Resettlement

OP 4.12 contains the Bank's policy on involuntary resettlement as a consequence of development projects. The policy contains the World Bank's procedures for management and compensation for project affected households subject to involuntary resettlement when a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is required to be prepared. This includes process for determining eligibility to benefits by affected persons, the required planning instruments and resettlement instruments. Triggers for OP 4.12 include: involuntary taking of land or other assets; and when the involuntary taking of land or other assets results in adverse impacts on the livelihood of displaced persons.

2.3.5 OP 4.10 - (July 2005) lndigenous Peoples

This policy is part of the Bank's mission of reducing poverty and sustainable development by ensuring that the development process fully respects the dignity, human rights, economies, and cultures of lndigenous Peoples. The policy sets the procedure and requirements for project proposed for Bank financing that affects lndigenous Peoples. The process calls for screening, social assessment and the preparation of lndigenous Peoples Plan.


0 0 - 00,

ROYAL HAlKOlllMG

3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 Overview

Sub-component A2: Improvements to Ninh Co River Estuary (US $63.1 million)

a) Shallow water depths at the estuaries of the Day and Ninh Co rivers restrict the size of the vessels that can use the rivers to about 200-600 DWT even though many sections of the rivers can handle much larger vessels. As a result, 1000 DWT vessels using the coastal route on the Eastern Sea are only able to pass through the river estuaries at high tide to reach the ports of Ninh Phuc and Hanoi.

b) This sub-component will include investments in an access channel bypassing the mouth of the Ninh Co estuary to accommodate 3000 DWT vessels with a draft of 5 meters and a canal connecting the Ninh Co and Day rivers 17 km upstream. The required work will entail dredging an approach channel, constructing protecting breakwaters, excavating a connecting canal with a ship lock, and bank protection and other river training works.

c) The purpose of the access channel is to bypass the bar at the mouth of the Ninh Co estuary. Construction of the bypass channel will not appreciably alter the river flow in the estuary, and river sediments will continue to be deposited at the mouth of the river without affecting navigation through the channel. Two breakwaters will protect vessels navigating the channel as well as preventing siltation of the channel from littoral drift along the shoreline both from the north, the predominant direction, and from the south. A groyne field will also be constructed south of the channel to trap littoral drift sediments. The breakwaters have been designed for typhoon wave conditions based on data from the Meteorological Department of Vietnam as well as international sources. Numeric hydraulic modeling has been used in the design of the optimum layout of the breakwaters and groins and additional hydraulic modeling will be carried out during the detailed design phase.

d) The alignment of the proposed Day-Ninh Co Canal (DNC) has been chosen at the point where the rivers are closest to minimize costs and land acquisition. The alignment traverses an open area of paddy fields without buildings so that no resettlement is involved. However, it does cross a power line that will need to be lifted to ensure sufficient air clearance. It will also cut the flood protection dikes flanking both rivers and lateral dikes have therefore been proposed along each bank of the new canal.

e) The length of the canal is approximately 1 km and, due to the water level differences between the Day River and the Ninh Co River, a lock is required to avoid strong currents in the canal. As the Day River levels are higher than those in the Ninh Co River (up to 1.25 m), mitre gates are the most appropriate type for the lock. The lock is proposed to be 188 meters long and 15 meters wide to accommodate one 1000 DWT and one 3000 DWT vessel at the same time. The lock will be located to one side of the canal centerline to facilitate construction of a second lock some time in the future when traffic has built up to a sufficient volume to cause congestion. Mooring dolphins are provided at each approach to the lock for waiting vessels. A single lane lifting bridge for light.vehicles has also been proposed over the downstream gate of the lock to serve the inhabitants of the area below the canal.

f ) The proposed scheme for enabling sea access to the DaylNinh Co River system has been selected from four alternatives: (i) dredging a channel through the Day river mouth, (ii) constructing a bypass channel past the sand bar at the Day river mouth, (iii) dredging a channel through the Ninh Co river mouth and (iv) constructing a bypass channel past the sand bar at the Ninh Co river mouth. Each of these requires a connecting canal between the Day and Ninh Co rivers. Alternatives (i) and (iii) were discarded as these involved annual major dredging works to maintain the channels, and Alternative (ii) required a longer approach channel that also encroaches on a bird sanctuary. Alternative (iv) was therefore selected as the preferred scheme both in terms of cost and environmental impact. These alternatives are discussed in detail in the following sections of this report.


3.2 Project description of existing waterway

Day-Ninh Co Rivers make up the lowermost section of Corridor 3. This waterway corridor extends to approximately 178 km long connecting Ha Noi with Day (Corridor 3b) and / or Lach Giang (Corridor 3a) estuary and traversing the provinces of Ha Noi, Ha Tay, Hung Yen, Ha Nam, Thai Binh and Nam Dinh (Figure 3-1). The river system, length of each section and the proposed improvements are enumerated in Table 3-1.

Figure 3-1. Location map of Red River network in Corridor 3

Table 3-1. List of river sections in Corridor 3

14 9R6212.21/ROO7dJHUNijm February 2008

Proposed Improvement Dredging in selected areas Groyne construction River bank protection Dredging Groyne construction River mouth improvement

Dredging of river mouth Removal of sunken vessels

River Section The Red River segment from Hanoi port to Mon Ro confluence The Ninh Co River segment stretches from the MoRo confluence to Buoy No.0 (mouth of Lach Giang

Day River

Distance 123 km

Dav River

The section from Ninh Binh Port to the mouth of Day River can be schematized by the following river stretches:

0 - 21 km : Day River (Ninh Binh Bridge to Do Boc) 21 - 39 km : Day River (Do Boc to Do Muoi) 39 - 64 km : Day River (Do Muoi to Cua Day)

Note: Km 0 is considered to be Ninh Binh Bridge Km 64 is considered to be the River Management Station

The entire stretch of waterway from Ninh Binh Port to the mouth of the Day River appears to be stable and provides good navigational conditions for IWT convoys and coasters. The waterway is relatively deep (RRS - 4 to -6 m) and wide (250 - 400 m). (Note: RRS is the Red River System Datum).

This section of the Day River has never been dredged and periodic checks of the depth available along the talweg over the past 10 - 20 years show very small changes which already gives an indication of the stability of this section of the river.

Navigational constraints such as a few sharp bends on the upper reaches of the Day River between Ninh Binh Port and Do Boc (joining of the Day River with the Dao Nam Dinh River) and the removal of some wrecks from the lower reaches of the river will need to be addressed but otherwise the main waterway is suitable for waterway transportation of bulk goods via IWT convoys or Coasters depending on their size.

Red River - Ninh Co River

The entire length of waterway from Hanoi to the mouth of the Ninh Co River can be divided into the following river stretches:

0 - 72 km : Red River (Hanoi to Hung Yen) 72 - 100 km : Red River (Hung Yen to Hung Long)

100 - 124 km : River (Hung Long to Mom Ro) 124 - 160 km : Ninh Co River (Mom Ro to Do Muoi) 160 - 178 km : Ninh Co River (Do Muoi to Lach Giang)

Note: Km 0 is considered to be Hanoi Port Km 178 is considered to be the River Management Station

The waterway conditions in the Red River from Hanoi to Mom Ro are relatively good for waterway navigation despite the presence of a number of shoals at major river crossings and a number of sharp bends.

The waterway condition in the Ninh Co River from Mom Ro to Do Muoi presents a number of navigational restraints. Two sharp bends need to be improved; one at Vu Van (km 124) and another at Xuan Ngoc (km 133). Furthermore, there are a number of stretches which only have a least available depth of around 1 m and therefore dredging will be required at these locations to provide the required depth.

The entire stretch of the Ninh Co River from Do Muoi to Cua appears to be stable and provides good navigational conditions for IWT convoys and Coasters. The waterway is relatively deep (RRS - 4 to -6 m) and wide (250 - 400 m) and does not present any navigational restraints.


- 0.0 ROYAL HASKOMIMG

Cua Day River

The river mouth accessibility of the Day River forms the major bottleneck to vessels wanting to enter or leave the Red River Delta system.

The access channel to the river comprises an inner channel which is protected from wave action by the mudflats on both sides of the river and an outer navigation channel which is exposed to wave action. The inner channel is relatively stable apart from the formation of some shoals while the outer channel is very unstable and its orientation is very much dependent on the seasonal climatological /wave climate.

The east bank of the mudflats has been poldered for some distance from the river mouth and is only under water during very high spring tides or storm surge events. The land within the polder is usually cultivated during the dry season, which is some 6 months of the year. The mudflats on the west bank are not poldered or cultivated to the extent observed on the east bank and are not visible during normal high tides.

Dredging work is often carried out in the outer navigation channel in order to increase the water depth and facilitate the entry of larger draught vessels, once dredged sedimentation occurs within 4 -6 months. Various survey campaigns of the inner and outer navigation channel have been carried out including a very detailed survey in 2001. The inner and outer sections of the navigation channel are relatively well marked by navigation aids. Aids to navigation comprise blind buoys and lights mounted on fixed concrete structures. A number of navigation aids (principally fixed structures) are currently located well outside the existing navigation channel and typically show how unstable certain sections of the outer navigation channel are.

Local fishing activities were very noticeable in the inner navigation channel. Fishing nets often extend across most of the navigation channel and shrimp farming was evident along both banks of the river.

The outer reaches of the navigation channel are exposed to wave action and in particular beam waves which are very detrimental to ship stability as they cause vessels to roll. Waves can be seen breaking over large shoals to the east and west of the outer channel.

Lach Gianq River mouth

The Ninh Co River mouth is very exposed to wave action and the alignment of the outer navigation channel is very dependent on the existing monsoon season.

Sand particle collected from a pit appears to be very fine and closely graded (estimated to be some 100 - 150 microns). A small privately-owned operation of extracting titanium ore from the beach sand is located north of the sand pit formation. The ore is exported to China.

This section of the coastline is very exposed to wave action with heights around 1 m and wave periods of some 4 - 6 seconds. The breaker zone is relatively wide due to spilling breakers which are flat foreshore characteristics (1: 150). Even with low wave action and short wave periods, the breaker zone widens to some 100 - 200 m.

Although the sand pit is not visible during high tide, shoals that extend 1-2 km south were still visible. Waves break over this area, reducing wave action in the navigation channel close to the coast.

Bank protection is observed along the entire west bank of the river, from the sand pit to the lighthouse 3 km further downstream. Immediately south of the lighthouse, bank protection works were under construction. In the past, constant erosion had occurred over the area due to wave and current attack.

Marking buoys are seen on the main channel, although some navigational signs have faded off and disoriented due to weather exposure making navigation difficult.


The rainy season in the northern delta region is from April to October. During this period, winds and waves coming from the NE causes the main river discharge to flow south - southeast. Meanwhile, the dry season lasts from November to May, and winds and waves from the south - southeast direct river discharge flow through the shoals located just south of the sand pit. River discharge is low during the dry season. The exact changes in the channel orientation throughout the year are difficult to predict, thus channel markings are sometimes not reliable.

Tides are of a mixed - diurnal type with neap tide ranges of 1 - 1.2 m and spring tide ranges of some 3m. Storm surges during typhoons that generally occur from the east during wet season, can raise the normal water levels by up to 2 - 3 m.

Dredging work for a navigation channel in 1988 was put on hold due to the high siltation rate caused by the wave action. A shipwreck was observed in the outer part of the access channel. According to reports, the ship had run aground on the sandbanks bordering the northern side of the access channel.

3.3 Project Need

Coastal shipping is often used as a mode of transporting various commodities from the south to the north and vice versa. However, accessibility of coasters via river mouths connecting the sea to major river ports is very limited. Coasters have to split and off-load their cargoes onto IWT vessels. As a result, the capacity of the Red River route for inland waterway transport is not being optimized at present. Although coasters pass through the Day river mouth (Cua Day) on their way to Ninh Binh port and through the Ninh Co river mouth (Lach Giang) on the way to Hanoi port, access is limited only to low capacity vessels (i.e. 200 - 600 DWT) due to existing water depth or when the tide is favorable (see Figure 3-2).

Siltation is also a major problem throughout the Red River system and is the direct result of insufficient river training works and dredging. IWT fleet is not operating at its full capacity as navigation is slow and barges often have to wait for upcoming tides to pass shallow stretches of rivers. Bend radii in the waterways are often less than 500 m and barge convoys often have to be broken up in order to pass these parts of the river.

Due to shallow water limitations, particularly at the mouth of the Day River (named Cua Day) and Ninh Co River (in Lach Giang), further development in the IWT system and connectivity to other river ports are hampered.

At present, the main inland waterway routes in the project area pass from the sea through the mouth of the Ninh Co River to Hanoi and the mouth of the Day River to Ninh Binh port. The possibility to sail into the river system depends on weather conditions and the hydrological regime (spring tide). Roughly 1200 ships sail through the project area annually (JICA and MOT, 2003). The major destinations of coal and construction materials in the Red River delta are ports and cement factories around Ninh Binh province.

9R6212.21/R007a/.lHUNijm

February 2008

Figure 3-2. Location of Nihn Co and Day rivers

Need for bv-pass canal, qrovnes, and breakwaters

The sea channel leading to the coast will have to be dredged and then a bypass channel will need to be dredged through the sand-spitlmudflats in order to connect the river with the sea channel. The sea channel with breakwater will allow access to the bypass and Ninh Co River even during rough weather. The coastal groynes are necessary to prevent erosion at the downdrift side of the breakwater. Without the coastal groyne, erosion there is a possibility that beach erosion will undermine the safety of the breakwater.

The Lach Giang, option LG-1 (the preferred option) will require the dredging of an access channel across the sand spit at the eastern bank of Ninh Co River and the construction of parallel breakwaters in the surf zone.

A canal connecting Day R with Ninh Co R with a navigation lock is recommended if the two rivers are to be connected for sealriver transport because:

Construction of unprotected canal together with a navigation lock is less expensive than a protected canal without a navigation lock.

Unprotected canal would be very long (3 km or more) in order to maintain flow velocities below 1.5 mls and would impact on the social (additional costs) issues such as land compensation and resettlement

Effects of salinity (if any) will be reduced

18 9R6212.21lR007alJHUNijm February 2008

3.4 Project Components

The project focuses on improving and facilitating access to the ports at Ninh Binh and Hanoi via the river mouths of the Day River and the Ninh Co River which is currently hampered by various navigational constraints i.e. water depth, width, bend radii etc. The planned waterway improvement activities consist of the following components:

Dredging

River groynes

Breakwaters

By-pass canal DNC CanallNavigation Lock

DNC Bridge Aids to Navigation

Dredqinq

The dredging work will be a major component of the waterways improvement and will consist of a number of associated activities. It is usually done for deepening or widening of rivers and waterways to maintain water depth especially in canals where flow velocities are limited and also to create access of water vessels. Prior to dredging operations, LAD (Least Available Depth) assessments, hydrographic data and weather conditions will be determined to assure the efficiency and accuracy of the operation. Location of dredging site will be earmarked for future improvements, depending on LAD requirements. When considering dredging, the deposition of the excavated material in contained disposal areas on land should be preferred. Large-scale dredging can lead to coastal erosion of the surrounding areas, thus measures to prevent erosion and other impacts are required.

Suitable dredging techniques and equipment to be used will depend on the project requirements [partial reclamation, maintenance, traffic, depths] and the boundary conditions [waves, currents, soil, etc.] existing in identified sites for improvement.

The Scope of Work considered for the deepening at river mouths and channel is comprised by the following parts, depending on the alternative:

Dredging of the Day River - Ninh Co River Canal [DNC]; Dredging of by-pass channel through sand spit; Deepening of inner access channel; Deepening of outer access channel;

Depending on the design vessel, the dredging depths are as follows:

The dredging slopes are deemed stable as follows:

Table 3-2 Dredging Depths Based on Vessel Design

Day - Ninh Co Canal 1: 4 Inner access channel 1 : l O

February 2008

DNC

[m - CD] 3.45 4.05 4.60 5.20 5.75

River

[m - CDL 3.45 4.05 4.60 5.20 5.75

By-pass

[m - CD] 3.90 4.55 5.20 5.85 6.50

Inner access [m - CD]

3.90 4.55 5.20 5.85 6.50

Outer access [m - CD]

4.50 5.25 6.00 6.75 7.50

Outer access channel 1:15

The by-pass channel has designed slopes of 1:4, under the condition that they are protected by rock [required for avoiding erosion].

Dredging methods

a. Equipment

There are various types of dredging equipment available for executing capital dredging works and they include the following:

Trailing suction hopper dredger (TSHD) Cutter suction dredger (CSD) Grablclamshell dredger Backhoe dredger Bucket dredger

Factors that have an impact on the suitability and performance at dredging locations of the different types of dredging equipment are:

maximum dredge depth; sensitivity to currents and waves; interference with other nautical traffic; general performance characteristics (production); soil characteristics; discharge location; environmental impacts.

Based on the evaluation of equipment suitability, the following equipment is proposed for either Cua Day or Lach Giang alternative.

Table3-3. Proposed Equipment Design Vessel

/ 1,000 DWT 1 1,500 DWT 1 2,000 DWT 2,500 DWT 1 3,000 DWT DNC River Alternative

1 Alternative / VSTSHD / VSTSHD I S TSHD 1 STSHD 1 STSHD 1 Legend::

M CSD - Medium Cutter Suction Dredge. 500 - 1,000 kW on cutter L CSD - Large Cutter Suction Dredge, 1,000 - 1,500 kW on cutter VS TSHD - Very Small Hopper Dredger. < 1,000 m3 hopper volume S TSHD - Small Hopper Dredger, 1,000 - 4,000 m3 hopper volume

Inner Channel Alternative By-pass Outer channel

b. Transport

Transport of dredged materials to a disposal area is commonly done by the following methods:

Pipeline

M CSD M CSD

VS TSHD

9R6212.2l/ROO7/JHUNijm February 2008

M CSD VS TSHD

M CSD M CSD

M CSD M CSD

VS TSHD M CSD

VS TSHD ; M CSD

M CSD

M I L C S D M I L C S D S TSHD

M I L C S D S TSHD

M I L C S D M I L C S D

M I L C S D M I L C S D S TSHD

MILCSD MILCSD S TSHD

M I L C S D S TSHD

M I L C S D M I L C S D

MILCSD 1 S TSHD

MILCSD MILCSD

The dredger at the borrow area is connected to a floating or submerged pipeline which connects the dredging area and the disposal or reclamation area. At the disposal site the pipeline is connected to a spreading pontoon or an onshore pipeline system.

The maximum length of the pipeline is a function of mixture concentration, particle size, installed pump power and pipeline diameter.

A floating pipeline is an obstruction to other traffic. Optionally a sunken pipeline can be used in order to avoid traffic interference. Floating pipelines are vulnerable to climatic conditions. Depending on local circumstances the economic maximum lengths of pipelines are some 5 km. Wear and tear has to be taken into account due to the abrasing effect of the soil-water mixture.

Barges

The dredger at the borrow area disposes the soil into barges. The barges can be either self propelled hopper barges or towed hopper barges. During the hydraulic filling of the barges a percentage of losses, especially of the fine fraction of the dredged material can be expected.

Hopper dredger

The dredger at the borrow area has its own hopper aboard and can transport the sand itself without double handling. Factors that have an impact on the suitability of the different types of equipment for the transport of sand are:

available water depth sensitivity to currents and waves interference with nautical traffic distance between borrow area and disposal or reclamation site environmental impact

c. Unloading and placing

The materials can be disposed by either one of the following methods:

Direct placing

Direct placing is placing straight from the means of transport into a disposal or reclamation area. This could be carried out with a dredger with pumps onboard that have usually sufficient power to pump the soil water mixture over a distance ranging from 1 to 4 km.

Alternatively, a dredger can cast the material aside to areas next to the dredging area. In case of transport with barges unloading of the vessels is carried out with a barge suction dredger. This equipment is stationary at the mooring place and fluidizes the sand in the hopper by means of water-jetting. The barge then pumps the water-sand mixture into the designated place through a pipeline. Turbidity caused by return water and overtlow losses are common for this option. Barges and hopper dredger can also dump the material at a suitable dump location.

Indirect placing

This involves placing from the means of transport into the works by double handling and used in case of reclamation. The sand is temporarily stored in an underwater stockpile area close to the reclamation area. The barges or trailing hopper suction dredgers dump the sand into the stockpile with sufficient depth. A (cutter) suction dredger will then remove the sand from the stockpile and will pump it ashore. The dumping of the sand in the underwater stockpile causes turbidity and losses of especially the fine fraction of the sand can be expected.

Dredging Operation

a. Dredging of Day - Ninh Co Canal, Inner Channel and By-Pass Channel

February 2008

The cutter suction dredger will dredge the channel in pre-arranged box-cuts and will work its way forward by stepping on its spud-pole system. Upon dredging of a cut, the dredged profile will be cleaned up. Limiting factors are: i.e.. dredge depth, the cut width and swing speed and pumping power.

Main Equipment : Medium CSD [if depth < 5 m] Large CSD [depth > 5 m] Auxiliary Equipment : Multicat, tugboat, survey equipment Disposal Method : Pumping ashore next to the channel in reclamation Anticipated output : 135,000 - 300,000 m3/wk

b. Dredging of River Channel

The cutter suction dredger will dredge the channel in pre-arranged box-cuts and will work its way forward by stepping on its spud-pole system. Upon dredging of a cut, the dredged profile will be cleaned up.

In the event of shallow channel design depth, the surface production [stepping, swinging] will be limiting the overall production, as much time is lost with cleaning up only and no bulk production is achieved.

Main Equipment : Medium CSD [if depth < 5 m] Large CSD [depth > 5 m] Auxiliary Equipment : Multicat, tugboat, survey equipment Disposal Method : Pumping ashore next to the channel in reclamation or side

casting outside the river navigation channel Anticipated output : 75,000 - 300,000 m3/wk

c. Dredging of Outer Channel and sand trap

The cutter suction dredger will dredge the channel in pre-arranged box-cuts and will be cleaned

UP.

In the event of shallow channel design depth, the surface production [stepping, swinging] will be limiting the way forward by stepping on its spud-pole system. Upon dredging of a cut, the dredged profile overall production, much time is lost with cleaning up only and no bulk production is achieved.

The dredging process will be mostly limited by the weather [sea] conditions. In this respect a larger CSD will be preferred as output is higher and vulnerability to sea-conditions is less. CSD's can work in waves up to 1 m.

Main Equipment : Preferably Large CSD Auxiliary Equipment : Multicat, tugboat Disposal Method : Pumping into nearby reclamation, side-casting Anticipated output : 110,000 - 250,000 m3lwk

d. Maintenance Dredging

The equipment type and work method mainly depend on the channel design, anticipated annual sedimentation and required frequency of maintenance dredging.

For comparison purposes, it has been assumed that a method with a TSHD is preferred as it poses no obstruction to channel traffic once the channel is operational. Dredged material from the outer channel is to be dumped at approximately 10 nm offshore, i.e. beyond the 25 m depth contour. Material from the inner river channel is assumed to be side-casted [agitation dredging].

Main Equipment : Very Small TSHD, Small TSHD, Small CSD Auxiliary Equipment : depending on main equipment Disposal Method : side-casting [CSD] or dumping at dump max. 10 nm Anticipated output : 25,000 - 100,000 m3/wk

2 2 9R6212,21/R007alJHVNijrn February 2008

e. Recommendations

1. The most suitable equipment for carrying out the capital dredging works is a cutter suction dredger; unit rate depends on the size and number of the dredgers, which is directly related to the water depth.

2. The most suitable equipment for carrying out the maintenance dredging works is a trailing suction hopper dredger; unit rate depends on the size of the dredger, related to the water depth as well as the envisaged disposal area.

3. Unit rates for capital and maintenance dredging go down significantly when the design vessel is 2.000 DWT or larger.

River Groyne

Groynes are one of the most common and effective methods of erosion control that are often constructed (nearly) perpendicular to the river banks, beginning at the riverbank with a root and ending at the regulation line with a head. Their main function is to create a navigation channel, while at the same time keeping the current from the river banks, thus preventing severe bank erosion. Likewise, they also help to increaselimprove river width or depth for efficient navigation.

It is proposed to construct a field of groynes at Cua Day and Lach Giang as part of some of the alternative solutions. The objective of these groynes is to constrict the width of the river cross section, which generally leads to a lower bed level. The natural tendency of a river to be relatively shallow in the wide sections around the river mouth is thus countered.

It is important to realise that sediment supply in the river will continue. After the construction of a groyne, field sediment deposition in this part of the river will be strongly reduced. However, the sediment will eventually be deposited further downstream.

A number of design rules for groyne length, spacing and constriction of the river have been established based on laboratory testing and experience. Based on the rules, the following general information has been stablished about groynes:

1. In general the distance between groynes is given in relation to the river width: a maximum distance of 1 - 2 times the natural river width and 0.5 - 1 times the constricted width. Furthermore, navigation requirements are important in this respect.

2. The crest level of the groynes should be such that a high percentage (80 - 100%) of the yearly sediment transport is contained by the groynes. In such a river mouth from a functional point of view this is determined by the common tidal water levels. On the other hand, the occasional storm surges are of importance for the structural design of the groynes.

3. The toe level of the groynes should be such that the scour pit that will develop in front of the toe will not compromise the structural integrity. This should account for the required deepening of the river bed, river outer bend scour and local scour around the tip. As a preliminary design criterion a minimum bed level at -8m+CD is estimated for this situation. This estimate is based at 2 times the average water depth, considering an average bed level of -3 m+CD and the average water level at 1.9 m+CD.

Design of groyne field for Cua Day

For the preliminary design of the groyne field in the Day River, the first 5 kilometers upstream of the Cua Day is taken as a reference. In this stretch the river has a well defined cross section: width 475 - 525 m, average bed level -2.5 to -3.5 m+CD, bed level in deepest channel -4.0 to -4.5 m+CD.


Downstream the river width rapidly increases and the depth decreases. The main purpose of the groyne field is to continue this well defined and constricted river channel across the mudflats that have been deposited by the river. It is proposed to design this channel along the present main channel through the mudplains that is constricted to a width of 500 m. With this constriction Bed levels in line with the upstream river are expected, which would result in a navigation channel with sufficient depth.

Only one of the river mouth improvement schemes at Cua Day involves the construction of river groynes and that is CD-2.1. The groyne field for CD-2.1 needs to extend from the mouth of the river (adjacent to the tree-line) a distance of some 5,000 m along both sides of the river.

Applying the relations presented in the previous section results in the following preliminary dimensions of the groyne field:

Following the existing deepest channel across the mudplains; Constricted river width 500 m; Groyne spacing L = 200 m (minimum result from C and D); Groyne length W = 100 m on both sides of the river (based on 5); A design crest level 2.5 m+CD is proposed (based on E); Design toe level -8.0 m+CD (based on F).

Based on the model results under spring tide condition the peak flow velocities in the river mouth are fairly constant: 1.4 rnls. At the exposed groyne heads the peak flow velocity will be somewhat higher, while turbulence may be an important factor on the downstream side of the tip of the groynes. To account for these effects a nominal design flow velocity of 2 mls is proposed.

The river banks along the outer section of the river are located in relatively shallow water and are often under water. In order for the groynes to function properly they need to be attached to the river banks. If the river banks are low with respect to the water level it will be necessary to increase the height of the river banks locally in order to attach the groynes. This can be achieved by pumping sand dredged from the navigation channel along both banks of the river.

For the groynes on the east bank of the river it will be necessary to reclaim a larger area in order to provide protection to the rear side of the groynes from wave and current action from the east. This buffer of sand can be constructed as a dune system or can form the basis upon which sea dikes can be constructed and the area poldered.

Design of groyne field for Lach Giang

For the preliminary design of groyne fields in the Ninh Co River, the first 5 kilometers upstream of the River Management Sub-station is taken as a reference. In this stretch the river has a well defined cross section: width 300 - 400 m, average bed level -2.5 to -3.5 m+CD, bed level in deepest channel -4.0 to -4.5 m+CD.

Two of the improvement schemes at Lach Giang, namely LG-2 and LG-3.1 involve the construction of river groynes:

For LG-2 the groyne field needs to extend from the start of the sand-spit (adjacent to the tree-line) a distance of some 1,000 m. Groynes are only required on the banks of the sand-spit as groynes are already located on the other bank of the river. For LG-3.1 the groyne field need to extend from the start of the sand-spit (adjacent to the tree-line) a distance of some 3,000 m. As with LG-2, groynes are only required on the banks of the sand-spit.

9R6212.21IR007dJHUNijrn

February 2008

0 0 0 (7.0, 0 0 0

LOYAL MASKONIMG

Figure 3-3. Example of groyne sections relative to water level (for non-tidal river)

NORMAL HIGHWATER P - -

LONGITUDINAL SECTION

Applying the relations presented in the previous section, results in the following preliminary dimensions of the groyne field:

Following the existing deepest channel across the mudplains; Constricted river width 300 m; Groyne spacing L = 200 m (minimum result from C and D); Groyne length W = 75 - 150 m on one side of the river (based on B); A design crest level 2.5 m+CD is proposed (based on E); Design toe level -6.0 m+CD (based on F).

The groyne fields on the east bank of the sand-spit will need to be protected from wave and current action approaching from the east. As with Cua Day, it is proposed to pump a quantity of sand onto the sand spit to provide an erosion buffer for the rear side of the groynes.

Breakwaters

A preliminary design was made for the breakwaters protecting the access channel of the Lach Giang and Cua Day by-pass alternatives. The main functions of these breakwaters are:

to block the longshore sediment transport in the breaker zone, preventing siltation of inner channel; to protect the vessels navigating through the access channel from wave action.

9R6212.21/ROO7a/JHUNijm February 2008

0.4, 0 0 0

ROYAL IASKOWIWa

The main parameter in this functional design is the required length of these breakwaters. This length is determined primarily by the rate of accretion of sediment to the Northeast of this breakwater. The nett longshore sediment transport that is the cause of this accretion was estimated at approximately 600,000 m3 using the UNIBEST model as described in chapter 6 of this report.

As long as the groyne length covers the breaker zone, this nett longshore transport is blocked and the coastline advances. Thus, the breaker zone will shift in seaward direction and if the breakwater is not extended, at some point in time sand will start passing around the end of the breakwater and it loses its function in this respect.

In order to avoid this, the breakwater is to be extended in the future.

Breakwater Length

The length of the breakwater is estimated using the CRESS model that is based on the CERC formulation for longshore sediment transport and a Pelnard-Considere-type description of the coastline growth. The following parameters were used, based on the results of the UNIBEST modelling:

Nett annual sediment transport of 600,000 m3. Average deep water wave angle 13 degs (relative to the coast normal direction). Mean slope of beach and underwater bed: 1:175. Water depth that is subject to the accretion 4 m, based on breaker depth and tidal range.

The results of this computation are presented below. These results indicate the required (minimum) length of the breakwater to prevent sediment from passing the head. This indicates that the growth rate of the breakwater length decrease in time.

An initial breakwater length is proposed so that sufficient water depth is ensured at the entrance of the access channel. At the same time, this length should be such that a sufficient life time is ensured before extension of the breakwater is necessary. Based on these 2 criteria an initial length of 900 m (Lach Giang) and 1400 m (Cua Day) is proposed, measuring from the shoreline at +2 m CD. Given the bathymetry of the coast the tip of the breakwater will be constructed at a bed level of -3.0 m CD (Lach Giang) and - 2.0 m CD (Cua Day).

Design wave

Two wave model designs were studied to determine the effects of waves during typhoons on breakwaters. Based on these figures, a design wave height at the tip of the northern breakwater of 3.5 m is proposed. Furthermore, given the shallow foreshore the ratio of the highest waves to the significant wave height is somewhat reduced. A ratio H2% 1 Hsig = 1.25 is proposed.

It is noted that if the crest level of the breakwaters is designed below the water level under these design conditions, the amount of wave energy that these structures have to absorb is reduced. This could result in a reduction of the required armor material.

Structural design

Preliminary designs for the primary and secondary armor using the van der Meer formula were made to measure the strength of the armor rock against waves and the structural rock grading of the breakwaters. The following are the some of the results of the study:

The head of a groyne is always more exposed to wave attack than a straight section of groyne due to the sphericity of the head. This sphericity means armour rock interlocking is less than that achieved in a straight section and consequently heavier rock is required on the head of the groyne.

2 6 9R6212.211R007a/JHUNijm February 2008

It is proposed to increase the weight of the rock on the head of the groyne by 50% to 75% to account for this sphericity and therefore the computed rock weight for the head becomes 1.75 ' 1 , I 00 = 1,925 kg A suitable rock grading for the head of the breakwater is 2 - 5 tonne. A suitable grading for the secondary armour will be 100 - 500 kg. Based on filter criteria the core of the breakwater should comprise 1 - 300 kg.

a A similar computation has been made for the northern breakwater at Cua Day and the reduction in armour weight (due to the fact that the head is located in shallower water) compared to that computed for Lach Giang is minimal and therefore the same rock weights will be adopted for Cua Day.

Similar breakwaters will also be required on the southern side of the access channel for the by- pass alternatives at both Cua Day and Lach Giang. These breakwaters do not need to extend as far as the northern breakwaters. At Lach Giang the southern breakwater can be extended from +2 m to -2 m CD and at Cua Day from +2 m to -1 m CD).

The effect of these breakwaters on the coastal dynamics is such that accretion will occur on the updrift side (northern side) and erosion will occur on the downdrift side (southern side). In order to mitigate the erosion on the downdrift side of these breakwaters at both Lach Giang and Cua Day, a few small groynes extending from + 1 to -1 m CD need to be constructed.

By-pass Canal

A by-pass canal has been proposed at both Cua Day (CD-1) and Lach Giang (LG-1) in order to avoid the need to construct training works within the mouths of the rivers. The advantage of such a solution is that when designedlplanned properly the natural morphologic development of the river mouth will not be affected.

When designing such solutions it is vitally important to look at the hydraulic gradient between the river and the sea should such a canal be constructed. A by-pass canal very often shortens the distance the river needs to cover to discharge into the sea and the resulting hydrauilic gradient (head difference between the river and the sea) can induce very strong discharge currents in the bypass canal. If these currents become too high it will seriously affect the navigational conditions and can even cause erosion of the canal (bed and slopes) if unprotected.

For navigational purposes it is desirable to limit the maximum flow velocity in the bypass canal to about 1.5 rnls and in order to achieve this requirement (based on a bottom canal width of 55 m, side slopes of 1:4 and a water depth of approximately 5 m) the length of the by-pass canal should be approximately 1,000 m. If the canal is shorter than 1,000 m the flow velocities become unacceptable high and if the canal is longer than 1,000 m the construction costs will become higher than necessary.

The situation at Lach Giang is such that a suitable location can be chosen for the bypass canal (LG-1) which corresponds with approximately 1,000 m. The orientation of this canal should be such that its longitidinal axis is approximately normal to the depth contours at sea.

The situation at Cua Day is such that the canal needs to be longer than the minimum 1,000 m because it needs to cross the poldered area east of the river. This canal will be approximately 3,000 m long and therefore flow velocities will be well below the 1.5 rnls.

The by-pass canal will need bottom and slope protection to counter erosion from current and wave action. The most appropriate form of slope protection in this case will be rip-rap (rock) founded on a geotextile. For the purposes of this study the canal bottom and slope protection comprises a woven geotextile + 0.5 m thick rip-rap (10 - 60 kg).

The height of the land along the trace of the by-pass canal varies between CD+ 2 and CD + 4 m at Lach Giang) and between CD+1 and CD+3 m at Cua Day. The design water levels (particularly storm surge) at the coast give values between CD+ 5 and CD+ 6 m which means that the by-pass


canal will be flooded during these periods. In order to mitigate this situation it will be necessary to construct dikes along the length of the by-pass canal to a height of approximately CD+6 m. These dykes can be constructed from sand and protected with a geotextile and appropriate armour rock.

Based on the envisaged current and wave loading, the dikes should be protected with a geotextile upon which a 0.35 m layer thickness of 10 - 60 kg can be placed followed by a 0.70 m layer of 100 - 300 kg rock protection.

There is an existing canal linking the Day and Ninh Co rivers called the Quan Lieu canal which is some 6.5 km north of Do Muoi. This canal was constructed in the early 1970's by the Vietnamese Government and had a length of some 1,000 m. There have been problems with this canal ever since its construction and this can be attributed to the high current flows through the canal which are causing severe erosion, not only to the canal banks, but also the canal bottom.

The canal is still used by small vessels however, the eastern end of the canal is spanned by a bridge to facilitate pedestrian and road traffic. The vertical air clearance and the horizontal clearance of this bridge is very small which is a major limiting factor in the use of this canal. Rehabilitation of this canal is a problem since many people are residing along the canal banks and any attempt to widen or rehabilitate this canal would incur very high resettlement costs.

DNC CanallNaviaation Lock

The Red River waterway runs from Hanoi in the North and follows the Red River southwest to its bifurcation with the Ninh Co River where it continues south along the Ninh Co River to the village of Do Muoi which is about 15 km from the mouth of the Ninh Co river mouth (often called Lach Giang). At this point a canal connecting both the Day and the Ninh Co River has been proposed.

The proposed Day-Ninh Co canal (hereafter referred to as the "DNC canal") will enable IWT traffic to enter the Ninh Co river via Lach Giang and to pass either northwards along the Ninh Co river and to join up with the Red River and proceed north-west towards Hanoi, or to pass through the DNC canal and ply north-west along the Day river up to the port of Ninh Binh. On the otherhand, IWT traffic can also enter the Day river mouth (Cua Day) and still ply both of the latter described routes to Hanoi or to the port of Ninh Binh.

New canal

There is an existing canal linking the Day and Ninh Co rivers called the Quan Lieu canal which is some 6.5 km north of Do Muoi. This canal was constructed in the early 1970's by the Vietnamese Government and had a length of some 1,000 m. There have been problems with this canal ever since its construction and this can be attributed to the high current flows through the canal which are causing severe erosion, not only to the canal banks, but also the canal bottom.

The canal is still used by small vessels however, the eastern end of the canal is spanned by a bridge to facilitate pedestrian and road traffic. The vertical air clearance and the horizontal clearance of this bridge is very small which is a major limiting factor in the use of this canal. Rehabilitation of this canal is a problem since many people are residing along the canal banks and any attempt to widen or rehabilitate this canal would incur very high resettlement costs.

The rehabilitation of the existing Quan Lieu canal is not considered possible and therefore a new location needs to be identified for the new DNC canalllock. As discussed earlier, there are two possibilities for connecting the Day and the Ninh Co Rivers and these are:

A protected canal without navigation lock; An unprotected canal with navigation lock.

In earlier studies Do Muoi was identified as being a suitable location. This fact has a number of disadvantages but also a number of important advantages.

The advantages of the location at Do Muoi can be summarised as follows:

2 8 9R6212.21/R007a/JHUNijm February 2008

a minimum amount of dredging work will have to be carried out because the two rivers are very close to each other; the route of the canal will take it through an uninhabited area and thereby avoid resettlement costs; the entrance to the canal from the Day river is very smooth as the river Day starts to bend at this location;

The main disadvantage of the location at Do Muoi is the resulting length of the canal will be relatively short and therefore high flow velocities can be expected in the canal during low water which coincides with maximum water level differences between the Day and Ninh Co rivers.

If the canal is to be 3,000 m in length it cannot be located at Do Muoi as there is not sufficient land to faciliate a suitable connection. However, to the south of Do Muoi both rivers diverge from each other and this area would facilitate such a canal. On the other hand a canal with a Navigation Lock could be kept as short as possible provided the navigational requirements are met. In this case the location at Do Muoi would be ideal.

For purposes of pricing both options following basic designs have been considered:

The protected canal without navigation lock has the following specifications:

length 3,000 m; bottom width 55 m; canal side slopes 1 : 4; crest height of dikes CD+6 m; top width of dikes 5 m; dike slopes (canal side 1 : 4 and land side 1 : 3); bottom protection (geotextile + 0.5 m rip-rap 10 - 60 kg); and slope protection (geotextile + 0.5 m rip-rap 10 - 60 kg).

The unprotected canal with navigation lock has the following characteristics:

length 1,250 m; bottom width 55 m; canal side slopes 1 : 4; crest height of dikes CD+6 m; top width of dikes 5 m; dike slopes (canal side 1 : 4 and land side 1 :3); and navigation lock.

The length and fluvial conditions of both rivers are quite different and as a result the salinity of the water in both rivers at the location where they are to be connected is also likely to be different. The shorter length of the Ninh Co River (river connection to sea) in combination with its lower discharge when compared to the Day River is likely to result in the Ninh Co River having a somewhat higher salinity than the Day River at the location where the rivers will be connected.

Based on the above premise any connection between the rivers could result in salinization of the Day River. However, water level records show that water levels in the Day River are predominanly higher than those of the Ninh Co River and therefore water will flow from the Day to the Ninh Co River for most of the time and hence mitigate the effects of salinization. The construction of a navigation lock in the canal would minimise these effects even further. The Consultants believe that salinization (if any) will be kept to a minimum and do not envisage any major problems.

9R6212.21/R007alJHUNijrn February 2008

The Consultants propose that a canal with a navigation lock is required if the two rivers are to be connected for sea-river transport because:

The construction of an unprotected canal together with a navigation lock is less expensive than a protected canal without a navigation lock. An unprotected canal would be very long (3 km or more) in order to maintain flow velocities below 1.5 mls and would impact on the social (additional costs for land compensation and resettlement); and the effects of salinization (if any) will be reduced.

The level of the land through which the canal passes is approximately CD+1 m which is lower than the crest of the levees along the banks of both rivers. In order to mitigate possible flooding of the adjacent land, dikes or levees will have to be constructed along both banks of the canal. The required height of these dikes is CD+6 m which is considered to be very conservative. In the next stage of this project the design of these dikes needs to be looked at very carefully with a view to optimizing the same.

DNC Bridae

There is a need to construct a new bridge to cross the new canal in order to maintain existing transport links. A conceptual design of a draw-bridge type of bridge for this location was designed in 1997 for the ADB funded River River IWT Study and for the purposes of this study the Consultants have considered the same design and updated the costs. The design of this bridge is presented in Appendix 5 at the end of this report.

As coasters will be passing through this canal on a regular basis it is important to have a bridge that facilitates vessels with high superstructures to pass under the bridge. The frequency of coasters passing this canal is not expected to be very high in the next ten years (< 5 per day) and this combined with the fact that the road traffic intensity at this point is very low indicates that a bridge with a permanent high air clearance would be very expensive and unnecessary. The Consultants have therefore proposed the use of a drawbridge type of bridge which can be raised at set times or on a need to pass basis.

Aids to Naviqation

Navigation is strongly effected by the river water levels. In the dry season the channels become not only shallow, but also narrow. An accurate and detailed system of channel marking is of vital importance to provide safe navigation conditions and to prevent a river from becoming blocked by a grounded ship or pushtow.

In the flood season the conditions are very different. Many of the river banks are inundated and as a result navigators have much less bisual guidance from the river banks making marking even more important. However, in this condition there is usually sufficient depth and width. In extreme flood conditions navigation is stopped because some bridges are too low and flow conditions are considered dangerous both for the ships and for the embankments of the rivers.

The visibility in North Viet Nam can be poor due to rain or fog and accounts for 30 - 60 days per year respectively. Visibility is an important factor affecting the required distance between subsequent channel markers.

The channel marking along the Day River (between Ninh Binh Port and the sea) is relatively good and traffic usually plies along this waterway some 16 hours per day. The channel marking along the Ninh Co River (Do Muoi to sea) is similar although this waterway is not used very much. However, if traffic is to ply these waternays 24 hours per day the channel marking will have to be upgraded.


Channel marking is present at both river mouths however the stability of these markers is not always good. A case in point is the recent grounding of a vessel on the sand banks approaching Lach Giang due to poor channel marking.

Once river mouth improvements are effected in either of the river mouths, water-borne traffic can be expected to increase during daytime and nighttime. Considering the condition of the present navigation aids and the fact that alternative entries into the river are being considered, the Consultants are of the opinion that the existing aids to navigation will have to be replaced.

4 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION

4.1 Location

The project region of the Northern Delta Transport Development Project (NDTDP) covers 13 provinces and cities, namely: Phutho, Vinhphuc, Ha Tay, Ha Noi, Bac Ninh, Ha Nam, Ninh Binh, Narn Dinh, Hung Yen, Hai Duong, Thai Binh, Hai Phong and Quang Ninh, of which 11 provinces are located in the Red River Delta. The Day-Ninh Co component is located in the provinces of Narn Dinh and Ninh Binh. Figure 4-1 shows the location of the project site with respect to the entre Red River Delta.

Figure 4-1. Location of the Day-Ninh Co River Improvement Component

Day-Ninh Co River Waterway Improvement Component will be located in the provinces of Ninh Binh and Nam Dinh. Although the project components will be located in Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh which shares a common boundary (marked by Day River) with Nam Dinh will be within the primary impact area of the project.

February 2008

4.2 The Physical Environment

4.2.1 General climate

The climate of the Red River delta region is tropical with a pronounced maritime influence. The average annual rainfall is 1.600-1.800 mm, 85% of which occurs during the rainy season (April to October). The heaviest rainfall occurs in August and September, causing extensive flooding in the delta due to the overflow of riverbanks.

The winters are cool and dry, with mean monthly temperatures varying from 16.3 to 20.g°C. Fine driule is frequent in early spring, after which temperatures rise rapidly to a maximum of 40°C in May. The summers are warm and humid, with average temperatures varying from 27°C to 29°C. The prevailing winds are north and east in winter, and south and southeast in summer.

From June to the end of September, the coast of the Red River delta is regularly affected by typhoons, which give rise to strong winds, heavy rainfall and storm surges, accompanied by high waves.

4.2.2 Wind

The wind climate in the project area was analyzed based on data from the rocky island Each Long Vy, situated offshore in the middle of the Gulf of Tonkin. 20 years of data (1976- 1995) were analyzed, classifying into wind speed and direction classes. Two main wind climates can be discerned: summer monsoon and winter monsoon, as is clearly seen in the wind roses in Figure 4-2. The prevailing wind direction during the winter monsoon is from Northeast to East. In contrast, during the summer monsoon dominating wind direction is from the South.

Figure 4-2. Offshore wind climate in 2 main seasons (hydrometeorological service of Vietnam).

!7 7 3 13 i8 E x F _ , Y A I I ~ h

53 4 9 1 1 36 l, l o 8 49

3 34 3 40 c."I?. .. ....,

1 8 0 3 34 ..*at* > I >.. d . : '

3 50 1 8 0

h i - d .aced ( m / = j , 2C C X ~ ' i

Winter monsoon: October - April Summer monsoon: May - September


Peak wind velocities in the area are a result of typhoons that occur between June and October. These are described in the following sections.

4.2.3 Typhoons

Typhoons or tropical storms are known to occur between June and October and there are indications that the frequency of occurrence of typhoons appears to be relatively high in recent decades, compared to the first half of the 2oth century. Typhoon usually approaches from the western side of the Pacific, passing over the Philippines or the Eastern Sea and subsequently, heads to the coastal areas of southern China and Vietnam.

Typhoons carries with it heavy rainfall. (100 up to 400 mmlday) causing severe flooding in the Delta. When such a storm reaches the mainland, a huge amount of water is released, damaging dikes and flooding the coastal areas.

Based on an analysis of tropical storms for a site at Nghi Son WNI. 19961 the following overview with extreme wind conditions was prepared. Given the proximity of the present project site and the comparably exposed situation on the coast, the results of this analysis are considered valid for the present project.

Table 4-1. Extreme wind conditions generated a result of typhoons (after WNI, 1996)

Return Period (years) Wind I 2 I 0 25 50 100

3 sec gust 33.9 42.5 48.0 54.7 59.3 63.7 1 min mean 27.4 34.8 39.6 45.3 49.3 53.1 10 min mean 22.4 28.8 33.0 38.1 41.6 44.9 60 min mean 18.9 24.6 28.4 32.9 36.0 39.0

4.2.4 Air Quality

There are reports that ambient air quality is deteriorating in the country partly due to the use of dirty fuel and the increasing number of motorized vehicles. Stationary sources of air pollution are reported to be contributing to air quality degradation. For Instance in Hai Phong, it is said that the operations of the cement plant has caused the deterioration of air quality. A demonstration on air quality monitoring conducted by DOSTE Haiphong City and VCPE in 1998 showed exceedances of the TCVN and WHO standards for TSP and PMIO respectively.

Similar situation seems to prevail in Ninh Binh as indicated by the air quality data obtained for Nlnh Binh and Tam Diep (SMEC, NIP Feasibility Report). The table below indicates the exceedance of the TCVN standards for total suspended particulate matter and NO2. Like Hai Phong, Ninh Binh hosts a power plant and a cement plant.

Widespread construction is another cause of the elevated concentrations of TSP in the atmosphere. Large construction works are simultaneously being undertaken in and around Hanoi and other major cities of the Red River Delta.

The present air quality measurement in Nam Dinh, Ninh Phuc Port and Nghia Hung (Table 62) indicates that the ambient air quality generally complies with the one hour standards of TCVN5937-2005. This is presumed to be the typical ambient condition in rural parts of the Northern Delta. But it should be noted that TSP and SOz, although within standards, are relatively elevated.


Table 4-2. Air Quality Measurement Nam Dinh and Ninh Binh

4.2.5 Topography and Geology

Narn Dinh and Ninh Binh are located in the southwestern region of the Red River Delta. The topography in this region is predominantly plain with low elevations. The topographic map of the region is shown in Figure 4-3.

Figure 4-3. Topographic Map of the Study Region -

Sovce: M3EJz.E

SO2 mglm'

0.193

0.286

0.202

TSP ~ g l m '

Wlnd speed (mls)

Sib Locetion

The geologic map of the Red River Delta is shown in Figure 4-4. The descriptions of the rocks (adopted from the Geology and Mineral Resources Map of Vietnam, Dept of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam, 2001) exposed in the Red River Delta are described as follows:

60

Ndse dBA

58.8

65.6

60.3

PMlO mglm'

9R6212.21/R007al.lHUNijm February 2008

Note:

Sampling duration: 60 minutes

The Uetnamese Standard (TCVN 5937 - 2005) for PM10 (24h average) is 0.15 mglm3. The Vietnamese Standard tot Noise at residen~al. administrar~e area = 6OdBA in day time (6 am - 6 pm) at mixed residential and commercial area = 75 dBA in day lime.

NO2 mglm'

0.022

0.092

0.026

0.03

0.11

0.05

Narn Dinh Port - Nam Dinh province -- Dong An - Nghia Lac - Nghia Hung - Nam Dinh Province Ninh Phuc Port - Ninh Binh Province

P C CO mglm'

0.50 ---------

0.76

pppp

0.26

0.20 TCVN 5937 : 2005

R. Humldlty (%I

Vlbratlon dBA

30 0.3

L~

21.2

39.1

21.6

20.0 1.8 0.09

-

20.5

21.2

0.35

L~

22.1

43.5

22.4

k -

30.9

44.4

21.7

80

78

1.5

2.1

0.27

0.13

SMEC ROYAL HASKONING

Figure 4-4. Geologic Map of the NDTDP Study Region

Proterozoic Goup -This group consists of very old (2,600 to 570 million years before preset) crystalline and metamorphic rocks. This could be considered as the basement of the Red River Delta.

Lower Devonian - This formation consists mainly of white-gray, brown gray sandstone, siltstone, clay shale and grit stone with local interbeds of limestone and sericite schist. This formation is about 400 million years old before present

Carnian Stage (Upper Triassic) - This is characterized by fine grained red continental sediments grading upward to medium and coarsed grained sediments, then more or less carbonate sediment. This formation is about 220 million years old before present.

Norian-Rhaetian Stage - Van Lang Formation, this consists of quart conglomerate and gritstone, medium-grained, medium to thick bedded sandstone, violetish-gray clay shale with some interbeds of gritstone, bearing plant remains. Upper part is composed of dark gray siltstone, gray sandstone interbedded with black-gray coaly shale.

Hanoi Formation - This formation is less than 2 million years old before present. This consists of two origin types, the fluvial sediments and the fluvi-proluvial sediments. The former consists of coarse grained beds: pebble, grit intercalated with some sand and silt with thickness varying from 2 m. The latter is made up of quartz pebble, granule, sand mixed with some silt.

3 6 9R6212.21/R007a/JHUNijm February 2008

Vinh Phuc Formation - Upper Pleistocene, this formation is less than a million years old. This formation is composed of two origin types, the fluvio marine sediments and the marine sediments.

Hai Hung Formation - Lower-Middle Holocene, this is very young formation in the geological sense. This is about 11,000 calendar years old. It is made up of four origin types, the fluvio-marine sediments, marine marshy sediments, marine sediments and the Lacustrine-marshy sediments.

Thai Binh Formation - Upper Holocene, this formation is younger still, less than 10,000 years old. It is composed of 6 origin types, the fluvio-marine, marshy marine, fluvial sediments, fluvio-marshy sediments, marine sediments and marine eolian sediments. This reflects the oscillation of sea level during this geologic time.

Undifferentiated Quaternary - this is the youngest formation composed of unconsolidated sediments occurring in rivers.

The Day-Ninh Co project component is located in the region where the geological substrate is the Thai Binh Formation, a very young sedimentary sequence made of up of fluvio-marine, marshy marine, fluvial sediments, fluvio-marshy sediments, marine sediments and marine eolian sediments.

4.2.6 Soils of Day-Ninh Co

The distribution of the different soil types in the Red River Delta is shown in Figure 4-5. It can be gathered from the map that the soil type in the Day-Ninh Co project site is saline soil. It was observed during the site inspection that saline water is allowed to enter the harvested rice paddies (Photo 4-1). The presence of barnacles in the sluice gate along the paddy dike indicates that brackish water is constantly present in this area (Photo 4-2).

Photo 4-1. Harvested rice paddies with saline water

9 ~ 6 2 1 2 . 2 1 / ~ 0 0 7 & ~ ~ ~ ~ i j r n February 2008

SMEC

Photo 4-2. Barnacles on the sluice gate near the rice paddy indicates constant presence of saline water

I I

Figure 4-5. Soil Map of the NDTDP Study Region

I

38 9R6212.21/R007al.lHUNijm February 2008

Soil Quality

The results of the soil analysis are shown in Table 4-3 shows that the soil quality in the area of Ninh Binh and Nam Dinh. As shown by the result, the concentrations of heavy metals (As. Pb. Cr) are will within the reference value of the Dutch Standard. Oil has been determined to be present in VT25 and VT28, Nam Dinh Port and Ninh Phuc Port, respectively. The oil is attributed to discharge of oily pollutants possibly by boats and barges.

The pH values of soil samples collected from all sites (pH values of 6.78 - 7.18) are neutral. It indicates that acid sulphate soils may not be a concern in the project area.

Table 4-3. Soil Quality, NDTDP Study Region

Sampling pH At Fe (%) As Pb Cd Cr Hg Sites (HzO) (%) (mglkg) (mglkg) (mglkg) (mglkg) (mglkg) Vr28 6.98 8.10 2.9025 11.18 36.25 0.32 45.26 0.1 5 12.0

4.2.7 Mineral Resources

QU& PO;

Vr25 Red R. Tan

Major mines are located in the study region including the biggest coal mines in Vietnam. The mineral resources of the region include the following:

Coal in Quang Ninh with 29 giant basins with reserves of 3.5 billion tons. The annual production is placed at 15-20 million ton. Damdun coal mine (Nhoquan) has a reserve of 10,865 million ton. Brown coal associated with Neogene sediments occur in Khoaichau (Hungyen) to Tienhai (Thaibinh) with resources estimated at a billion ton. Non-metallic minerals and industrial stones occur widely in the region. A billion tons of limestone has been delineated in Ninh Binh. Various metal deposits occurs in the region such as bauxite, mercury, antimony and titanium. Reserves however are small. Alluvial mineral deposits of precious metals such as ilmenite and zirconium are also present in the region. Of particular interest to the NDTDP are the clay deposits within the region. Clay is a vital material for the management of contaminated sediments that might be encountered during the improvement of waterways. Clay is a cheap alternative to geotextile which is needed as lining for confinement of tainted sediments. Figure 4-6 shows the location of clay quarries in the region. In Nim Binh, a clay deposit is being quarried by a clay factory in the vicinity of Nghia Hung, 'near the bank of Ninh Co River.

7.02

Photo 4-3 shows a farmer extracting clay from a rice field in the vicinity of Nghia Hung. A modest sized brick factory is operating in this area near the bank of Ninh Co River

- Dutch Reference Value

February 2008

8.02

29

4.2580

85

15.21

0.80

71.24

100 0.3

0.34

2

65.20 0.14 6.0

Figure 4-6. Mineral Deposits o f the Northern Delta

Legend .c Fluorite rare earth O 8ay:e : AS~ES~OS X Pyrite 1. Apatite O Lead -Bnc El Ltn1es:one .1. Clay for Cement x Mcl y hdenium .*, Nickel - Copc:er (2 Kaoh11 IE ?otter9 and Fi re Clay ;, Alniinium

Cooper li:aniuni Iron

I CGzI A Oil -gas

Photo 4-3. Farmer excavating clay blocks from rice paddy in Nghia Hung

4.2.8 The Red River System

4.2.8.1 Geographic Setting

One of the more comprehensive references on the geography of the Red River indicates that it has a total basin area of 143,700 km2, including that of the Da River. More than 50% of the catchment area is within the territory of China and Laos. The main drainage channel of the Red River extends for about 1,130 kilometers flowing southwards to the Gulf of Tonkin. Among its headwater tributaries are the Lo River, which originates from China's Yunnan Province and the Da River. 'The Da River is located in Northwest Vietnam and it forms the border between the Lai ChAu and DiQn Bi6n


Provinces. The Da joins the Red River in Phu Tho Province. The abundance of laterite soils in the mountainous upper reaches in Yunnan, China, give the river its characteristic red color (van Maren 2004). The middle reaches of the Red River flows along a straight southeasterly valley that is controlled by a major geologic structure, the Red River Fault. The 255 km long lower reach of the Red River comprises the triangular Red River Delta plain, bounded by limestone cliffs to the North and South. The gradient of the Red River decreases to 5 .9~10 .~ (Gourou, 1936) downstream of the delta apex at Son Tay (Fig. 2.1), after which the river branches into a number of distributaries and discharges into the Gulf of Tonkin.

The length of Red River from this point to the Balat Estuary in Nam Dinh is about 238 km. Downstream of the Da-Red River confluence are two major distributary rivers consisting of the Duong R and the Luoc R. The Duong River branches out from Red River in the general area of Hanoi. Its drainage channel meanders towards the westerly direction for 64 kilometers and then joins up with Thai Binh River. Thai Binh is the major river system draining the hilly southern region of Bac Giang. From this point, Duong R bifurcates into Thai Binh and Kinh Thay R. Further downstream Kinh Thay branches out into two tidal rivers, the Da Bach-Bac Giang. Thai Binh R on the other hand flows further southwards branching out into several tidal inlets including the Van Uc River and ultimately draining into the Cat Hai Estuary.

Louc River, the other distributary of the Red River has a channel length of 72 km. It branches out in the general area of Hung Yen and its channel meanders in the west-northwest direction. It joins with tidal rivers of Van Uc and Lach Tray.

Downstream of the Luoc confluence, the Dano-Nam Dinh River distributary branches out flowing in the southerly direction. It joins Day River at about 25 kms from the coastline. Day River empties into the Nghia Hung Estuary. Further downstream of the Dao-Red River confluence, the ultimate distributary branches out. This is the Ninh Co River which flows southwards and ultimately drains into the Nghia Hung Estuary. Its mouth is separated from the Day River by a distance of about 10 km.

The Nhue - Dav River system

The basin of the Nhue - Day River system is located in the southwest of the Northern Delta. Its tributries include Tich, Thanh Ha, Hoang Long and Vac to the east. The western tributaries are the Nhue, Chau, Sat, Dao Nam Dinh and Ninh Co river via Quanlieu canal. The basin covers almost all provinces of Ha Tay, Ha Nam, Ninh Binh, and a part of Ha Noi and Hoa Binh.

The Day River is 237km long, crossing through Ha Tay, Ha Nam, Nam Dinh, Ninh Binh and emptying into the sea via Day estuary. The Nhue River is 74km long with a basin area of 1,070 km2. It is connected with the Red River via Lienmac drainage way. The Nhue River also traverses Ha Noi and Ha Dong City and discharges to the Day River at the town of Phuly.

The Red River supplies approximately 8590% of water of the Nhue and Day River basins. In the dry season (November to May) water of the two distributaries is mostly supplied by the Red River.

The flow regime of the Day River depends on climatic factors, the water regime of the Red River and the tidal regime of the Bay of North Vietnam. The flow of the Nhue River is dependent mostly on the conditions of drainages such as Lienmac and Thanhliet.

Quan Lieu canal

There is an existing canal linking the Day and Ninh Co rivers called the Quan Lieu canal which is some 6.5 km north of Do Muoi. This canal was constructed in the early 1970's by the Vietnamese Government and had an original length of some 1,000 m. This extended to about 1,250 m with addition of a bend to mitigate the erosion problem that plagued the canal since its construction.


SMEC

4.2.8.2 Hydrology and Sedimentation

River Discharae

The Red River delta is located in the northern part of Vietnam in the lower plain of the Red River catchments. The Red River is the second largest river of Vietnam, after the Mekong. Named Thao River, it descends from Yunnan, a mountainous region in the south of China. It is known as the "six- head river" that enters Vietnam at Lao Cai, in the northwest of Vietnam. At Met-Tri (north-western part of the Red River delta), the Thao River forms the Red River, together with the Lo River and the Da River. The total catchment of the Red River covers 169,000 km2, of which 87,000 km2 including the delta are in Vietnamese territory.

The discharge of Red River fluctuates widely, with a distinct flood and dry season.

Little data is available on the discharge distribution of the Red River at Hanoi over the branches of the river in the Delta. From the Hanoi - Lach Giang IWT route study, the following distribution of flood discharges has been derived:

Table 4-4. Discharge Distribution Among Red River Tributaries and Distributaries

I Red River at Hanoi / 100% 1

Red River mouth at Ba Lat 45%

Song Luoc Song Tra Ly

Flow velocities along the Red River vary on average between 0.2-0.6 mls during the dry season and between 0.7-1.2 mls at the high point of the wet season. Along the Ninh Co River, water velocities are of the order of 0.3 m/s during the dry season, while during the flood season velocities are in the range of 0.2 - 0.6 mls.

2 5% 5%

Vu Trung Than et al. (undated) reported that the Red River drainage system is the largest in North Vietnam. Its mean discharge as measured in Son Tay is 3,640 m3/sec, equivalent to a mean annual discharge of 114 km3. It is estimated that about 74% of this gross discharge flows during the rainy season from June to October. Peak discharge during rainy season is placed at 30,000m3/sec. As a consequence, salinity of the estuary is substantially reduced and when such condition prevails, a tongue of fresh water may extend as far as 30 kms into the Gulf of Tonkin.

Sona Dao I 15%

During the dry months from November to May, the river flow declines to 430 m3/sec. During this season, brackish water (salinity of 10 PSU) penetrates the various tributaries up to about 22 km inland. The more saline water (30 to 31 PSU) approaches the coastline with 1.5 to 2.5 PSUIkm gradients. Salinity differences between surface water and the bottom are marked. The mixing of fresh and marine waters is hastened by tidal action.

The average annual flow distribution in the Red River system is presented in Table 4-5.


ROYAL HASKONING

Table 4-5. Discharge at Selected Stations

Sedimentation

There are a number of estimates of the modern day sedimentation rate of the Red River. It is estimated that the annual discharge of the Red River is about 125 million ton sediments and 70 million ton dissolved matters into coastal zone (Pho, 1984 cited inThanh et al., undated).

Ninh Co River

(estimate) 200

1.1 6

The total suspended sediment load transported by the Red River is close to 100 million tons per year. Bulk of the sediment is carried off during river discharges between 7000 to 8000 m3/sec (11% of 100 million ton). This situation according to van Maren (2004) occurs 15 to 16 days per year. Large floods transport large quantities of sediment, but occur only once every few years, and therefore their contribution to the mean annual sediment transport is low. Less than 4% of the total sediment load is transported during the dry season (discharges below 2000 m3/sec). However, present-day sediment loads are affected by the Hoa Binh dam constructed between 1979 and 1994. The construction of the Hoa Binh dam has caused sediment starvation having interrupted sediment delivery downstream. The dam construction has nearly halved the sediment concentration in the Red River near its apex.

The estimate of sediment delivery made by Haskoning is presented in Table 4-6 below. The sediment output of tributaries Ninh Co River and Day River have also been estimated.

Luoc River

(estimate) 3 50

101

Unit

m J/s

Yo

Table 4-6. Estimated sediment discharge at the river mouths

Red River at Hanoi

2,710 75

Red River at Son

T ~ Y 3,560

100

I River 1 Estimated sediment output )

Traiy River

(estimate) 350

10

Duong R at Thuong Cat

880 25

(million tonslyear) Red River ! 114

Dao River (estimate)

650 18

LDay River i 2 5 Source: Haskoning 2003

New land is continuously being created at a rate of about 100 meters a year through the deposition of sediments supplied by the rivers (Haskoning 2003). The information on sedimentation rate and longshore sediment transport are key inputs in the technical feasibility analysis of the river mouth improvement options for Ninh Co River and Day River.

4.2.8.3 Water Quality

Secondary data on surface water quality is available for certain sections of the Red River and its tributaries. It is reported that the water temperature of the Red River varies from 27-30°C in summer to 24-26°C in winter. The difference between water temperatures at the surface and bottom is about I0C. The pH values of estuarine water reach 8.0-8.5 with pH varying between surface and bottom which can be slightly more basic. The suspended sediment of the Red River and its tributaries is reported to be high with concentrations reaching more than 2,000 mgll.

February 2008

0 0 0

0 0 0

ROVAL UASKOWIWG

For the purpose of this EIA, the NDTDP conducted water sampling and analysis of various rivers of the Red River Delta that are within the project region. The results of the analysis of water samples from Day R, Ninh Co R and the Lac Giang are enumerated in Table 4-7.

Briefly, the results of this 2007 analysis can be described as follows:

pH value: pH values obtained from Nam Dinh Port and Ninh Phuc Port are neutral to slightly basic (ph values 7.2 to 7.6). This meets the Vietnamese Standard for Water Source A of Surface water (TCVN 5942 - 1995)' The pH value of water samples from Lac Giang is higher, more basic than the river water with a pH value of 7.8. This result conforms with the general observation that pH of estuary is generally higher (more basic).

Salinity (TDS-total dissolved solids): The TDS values are relatively higher, indicating the influence of sea water in the lower sections of Day and Ninh Co River. The TDS of Lac Giang (18,500 mgll) indicates the influence of the freshwater oufflow in the salinity of coastal water. TDS of typical seawater is 35,000 mgll.

The Ninh Co River has a higher salinity concentration than the Day River. Salinity intrusion in the Ninh Co River reaches up to Nghia Son (south of Quang Lieu and north of Do Muoi) during the wet season and reaches up to the canal Quang Lieu during the dry season and sometimes even for Lac Quan (close to the Red River). The highest salinity intrusion occurs during the dry season at high tide.

Organic pollution: Organic pollution of river water is indicated by the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand BOD^^'). The high BOD concentrations and the relatively low dissolved oxygen concentration in the river waters indicate organic loading of the rivers. However, it is inferred that a significant proportion of the organic loading is from natural sources, since sampling was done at the end of the wet season. The BOD concentration exceeds the Vietnamese Standard (TCVN 5942:1995) for the A water source (water for domestic use, BOD standard of 5 4 mglL). However, water quality meets the TCVN 5942:1995 standard for the B water source (not for domestic use, BOD limit of 525 mg1L).

The organic pollution loading is highest (DO in lowest, BOD is highest) in VT 25, Nam Dinh Port.

Nutrient pollution: Concentrations of NH,', NO3- and total N are high although still lower than the maximum permissible limit of the Vietnamese Standard for Surface Water (TCVN 5942:1995, Source A). The concentration of nutrients is high enough to cause eutrophication in stagnant water. Concentration of total phosphorus (P) is also high (.087 to .45 mgll) and concentration of total N is 1.6 to 2.5 mgll and much higher in the coastal water at 7.357 mgll.

Some studies have indicated that concentrations of total N 20.5 mgIL, total P 20.1 mg1L can lead to eutrophication in stagnant waters.

Phenol & heavy metals: Phenol is, not detected in water samples from Ninh Phuc Port, Narn Dinh Port and Lac Giang. Iron, arsenic and cadmium concentrations exceed the standard for class A water source but are well within the class B water source.

Oil contamination: Oil contamination is detected only in Ninh Phuc Port (VT28) with a concentration .68 mgll. This is higher than the limit for class B water source.

Bacteriological contamination: Contents of total coliform in water samples from Nam Dinh and Ninh Phuc Port is 2,700 - 5,200 MPN1100 ml. The 5,200 MPNIL exceeds the standard for class A water supply which is 5,000 MPNIL. The coliform content of the sample from Lac Giang is lower at 900 MPNIL.


4.2.8.4 Quality of the Stream Sediment of Day and Ninh Co Rivers

The sediment quality data of Day and Nlnh Co Rivers, both from secondary sources and primary data are presented in Table 4-9. The results of the chemical analysis show that the sediments of Day and Ninh Co Rivers generally comply with the Vietnamese standard (TSVN-7209-2002) and are lower than the Dutch Reference Values.

Among the heavy metals, cadmium displays slight exceedance of the Dutch Reference Concentration. This is true for both 1998 and the 2007 sampling. As for the pesticides, the concentration of pesticides in the 1998 samples is generally higher than the 2007 sample. The 2007 sample showed very low pesticide concentration. This has to be confirmed in future sampling work.

4.2.9 Oceanographic Characteristics

4.2.9.1 Tides

Reference level

In the present project all levels are referenced to Chart Datum (CD), which matches the lowest low water level. Mean sea level is approximately 1.9 m+CD.


4.2.9.2 Tidal components

Tides along the shoreline of the Red River delta are diurnal with a neap tide - spring tide cycle of 14 days. The observed maximum ebb-tidal current is 60 cmls and the maximum flood- tidal current is 50 cmls (Thanh et al, 1997). According to the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD) in Nam Dinh, the maximum tidal amplitude is approximately 2.7 m at spring tide.

4.2.9.3 Storm Surges

An effective fetch was assumed with a total length 185 km with a water depth varying from 50 m offshore, to 10 m closer to the coastline. The resulting rise in water level at the coast is indicated in Table 4-1 1, related to a return period.

Table 4-10. Extreme wind conditions generated by typhoons per direction, WNI [I9961

Return Period (yrs) 1 Direction I 2 5 I

N NNE

I&-- E ESE

Table 4-11. Estimated storm surge (Cua Day) typhoon + SE wind conditions, WNI [I9961

SE - NW NNW

10 Windspeed (mls)

-- I I L

Insufficient data for statistical analysis 2.87 1 8.96 1 14.82 1 23.69 1 31.07 1 38.96

Rise in water level at the coast (m) LA

Assumed SE

4.2.9.4 Waves

8.62 1 13.32 18.58 16.88 , 16.24

Offshore Wave Conditions

100 25

17.19 24.06 28.77 26.78 29.12 27.73

13.89 19.60 24.63 - 22.28 24.01

~~~~~

Return Period (yrs)

Common offshore wave conditions have been analysed using global wave model data from NOAA over the years 1997 - 2002 for an offshore point at 20" North latitude, 106" East longitude.

50

13.95 i 22.10

2 13.32

Offshore waves under extreme typhoon conditions were computed in the WNI [I9961 study, using a JONSWAP wave growth model and typhoon wind speeds. Given the wind directions indicated for typhoon wind, a conservative assumption is made that these waves approah from the SE. The analysis produced nearshore wave heights under these extreme conditions at a certain water depth.

21.32 29.73 33.89 33.1 1 35.36 34.88

The results of that analysis are summarized in the following table.

5


24.36 33.91 37.58 38.1 1 39.82 40.13

27.38 38.02 41.14

4 3 4 44.12 1 IFiEiT

10 19.60 ( 24.06 1 29.73 ( 33.91

25 38.02

50 100

4 SMEC

Table 4-12. Estimated waves generated by extreme typhoon wind conditions at bed level -6m+CD

wave period T, (s) 5.1 6.0 6.6 7.2 7.6 8.1

Near shore Wave Conditions

Near shore wave conditions were analysed using the Mike21 Near shore Spectral Wave model that was prepared for the present study. Modelling results show that the high water levels result in significantly higher waves close to the shore at Lach Giang. Nonetheless, wave heights appear to be depth limited as a result of the very gently sloping foreshore.

4.2.1 0 Coastal Geomorphology

Coastal Mor~holoay

The coastal zone of Thai Bin- Nam Dinh-Ninh Bin includes 4 large estuaries: the Ba Lat (Red river), Ha Lan (So river), Ninh Co (Ninh Co river), and Day (Day river) estuaries. The Nam Dinh coastline has a tortuous shape, which alters very often due to erosion and accretion processes. For the two alluvial grounds in the Giao Thuy and Nghia Hung districts, every year the rivers provide large volumes of deposited silt, which accretes and enlarges the grounds by hundreds of meters. However, the shoreline south of this is highly prone to erosion.

Coastal sediments

Sediments in the project area originate from a number of different sources:

Beach to the east of Lach Giang, where sediment is supplied by the net longshore sediment transport that is directed to the South-West: estimated at 0.6 million m3 yearly. In part this sediment originates from the Ba Lat river mouth and for the rest it originates from beach erosion of the area between Ba Lat and Lach Giang river mouths. Sediment supplied by Ninh Co river, estimated at 3 to 5.5 million m3 annually. Sediment supplied by Day River, estimated at 13 to 30 million m3 annually.

Sediments found on the beach to the East of Lach Giang tend to be fine, with dsO values varying between 80 and 140 pm.

Bed samples from the Ninh Co river mouth (Lach Giang) are characterised as fine grey-brown sand with the following grain size distribution:

> 0.25 rnm , Medium

1 distribution 1

0.25-0.1 0.1-0.05 rnm 0.05- ~ 0 . 0 1 mm rnm / ~ e w f i n e 1 0.0lrnm 1

Sand s F l n e s a n d silt


Grain size 40% 1% 59% 1 0% I 0%

Similar information for Cua ~ a ~ ' indicates that the bed material is silty:

Dominant morpholoqical processes

The development of the Cua Day and Lach Giang are dominated by the quantity of sediment supplied by the rivers and the transporting action of the ocean by currents and waves. As the river water flows into the ocean, the current velocities are reduced which results in the deposition of sediment in the tidal flats that extend a number of kilometers offshore. This is a very common phenomenon seen in many river mouths. The river maintains something of a channel through these flats, probably as a result of tidal action. The tidal flats function as a very wide zone for wave energy dissipation due to depth limited wave conditions.

Grain size wt r ibu t ion

Along the coast tidal currents and - to a greater extent - currents in the breaker zone result in a long shore sediment transport. The layout and development of Lach Giang essentially is a spit formation process that indicates a net sediment transport in a South-Easterly direction. On the West side of Lach Giang, the same transport processes forward the sediment that is supplied by the Ninh Co River onto the tidal flats surrounding Cua Day.

0.25-0.1 mm 7%

> 0.25 mm

3% -

Based on historical maps it has been estimated that as a result the Cua Day river mouth and the tidal flats are growing by approximately 200 m annually. It is noted that the construction of a dam for Hoa Binh hydro-power plant could have an impact in this process.

Waves breaking over the tidal flats are expected to be an important factor in the distribution of the sediment that accumulates here. In combination with the tidal currents in this region this may play an important role in the re-siltation of any dredged channels through these tidal flats.

0.1-0.05 mm 10%

Furthermore, currents surrounding these tidal flats may result in a further transportation of the sediments to the Southeast.

Erosion and Lona shore sediment transport

0.05- 0.01 mm

55%

Based on historical maps a net yearly loss out of the coastal cell due to coastline changes averaged over the period 1912 to 1995, were estimated at about 500,000 m3 of sediment each year.

qO.01 mm

25%

Comparing the 42 degrees (to north) orientation of the Nam Dinh beaches with the dominant wind directions (N, NE, S), it is clear that wave climate is an important parameter for this coastline. It influences coastal changes. The dominant direction of the wave climate generally determines the longshore sediment supply and the coastline angle.

The prevailing waves generated by summer and winter monsoon in combination with the Nam Dinh coastline topography produce longshore sediment transport gradients along the coastline. Near river mouths, where the annual supply of sediments massively exceeds the transport capacity generated by longshore currents, accumulation occurs whereas severe coastal erosion is reported in between river mouths, for example in the Hai Hau district, north of the Ninh Co River banks.

This section from Hai Ly commune to Hai Trieu commune is at present subject to the most drastic erosion. At that section, the eroding speed is 10- 20m per year. The coastline erosion results in serious economic consequences such as: loss of cultivated and residential land, adverse impacts

Measurement in 2002 Flood Season a t Cua Day, Tedi Wecco

February 2008

on the production establishments, damages and threats to the coastal dykes and embankments and other social consequences to coastal communities, especially the communities of the Hai Hau district, as a result of retreat and resettlement (htt~://www.nea.qov.vn/~roiects/ Halan/English/VNICZM-Issue-Nam Dinh.html#l)

The above processes lead to a very gently sloping foreshore, which results in a wide area where waves are breaking and the wave energy is dissipated. The average beach slope in Hai Hau district, related to the depth at an offshore distance of 17 km is about 0.0015. Offshore the Day River and Ninh Co River, the slope is 0.0009.

Sediment Plume Dispersion Pattern

The plume dispersion pattern observed in the following LandSat imageries reflects the seasonal variation in littoral drift. During the monsoon season dispersion is northwards and during the dry season a southerly dispersion is noted (Figure 4-7).

Figure 4-7. Plume dispersion pattern in Lac Giang during different seasons

Imagery of the Day-Ninh Co R Estuary 2003 rainy season imagery of the Day-Ninh Co showing sediment plume 's northeasterly dispersion Estuary showing the same northeasterly sediment during the rainy season. Imagery date is 2002 Jul dispersion pattern. Imagery acquired 2003 July 15.

End of dry season imagery of the Day-Ninh Co Imagery of the Day-Ninh Co River mouth, of unknown River mouth showing the slow I low dispersion of date, showing a southerly pattern of sediment plume sediment plume. dispersion, presumably due to a dominantly south

1 1 flowina littoral drift, driven by a northerly wind I


4.2.1 1 Susceptibility to Natural Hazards

Storms and tropical low pressures

Being located in the coastal zone, parts of Nam Dinh and Ninh Bin are highly susceptible to storms and typhoons. According to statistic data from 1980 to 1997, 26 storms landed in provinces in the Northern Delta, the highest wind speed was more than 50mls (Wendy, 9 September 1968). In 2007 three storms hit the coastal provinces of Ninh Binh and Nam Dinh affecting a lot of people and the local economy.

Flood and water-longing

Nam Dinh is prone to flood and water-logging. Statistics show that in tha second half of the last century, floods of the Red River were larger in scale and recurring more frequently.

Flooding occur in most parts of the Northern Delta because height of dikes are lower than maximum elevation of water level in rivers during flood stage. Flooding is even worse when storm coincides with high tide, resulting to much higher storm surge.

The regions of Nhovien and Nhoquan in the province of Ninh Binh experiences flash floods due to overbanking of the Hoanglong River. The flood of early October 2007 caused water logging in over thousands of hectare in the districts of Nhoquan and Giavien in Ninh Binh province. It inflicted serious damage to the economy and environment of the two districts.

Nam Dinh is situated in a topographically low region of the Northern Delta and is therefore prone to inundation. At present, the dike system and the operation of the Hoabinh hydroelectric dam have partly alleviated the flooding problem.

Sedimentation. Erosion and Land Slide

The coastline of Thai Binh, Nam Dinh and Ninh Bin is susceptible to both sedimentation and erosion. Part of the coastline is severely eroded while certain parts are receiving copious sediments delivered by the various river systems. The coastal erosion problem of Nam Dinh has been discussed in the earlier section on Coastal Geomorphology.

4.3 Biological Environment

4.3.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems

4.3.1.1 Ecologically Important Terrestrial Ecosystems

Natural forests within the project region and peripheral areas are distributed in mountains and hills in the provinces of Phu Tho, Vinh Phuc, Ha Tay, Ninh Binh, Quang Ninh, and Hai Duong. From the altitude of 700m upwards the prevailing forest types are: tropical wet evergreen forest; serni- deciduous forest with dry and rainy seasons; and forest on limestone mountains. In the regions with elevation lower than 700m, forest types may include low mountain subtropical wet evergreen forest, coniferous - broad-leaved forest, forest on limestone mountains and on granite mountains.

Forests in the basin of the Da River (Ha Tay, Phu Tho) have the species composition typical for the Northwest of Vietnam, being rich and abundant with valuable wood (Pentace tonkinensis, Chukrasia tabularis, Garninia fragraeoides, etc) and medicinal plants (Bulbous aralia, Polygonum multiflorum, etc.). Quangninh province currently has 150,000 ha of forest with the dominance of semi-deciduous and deciduous forests and with precious wood such as Garnicia fragraeoides, Pachudia cochinchinensis, Pinus merkusiana and some subtropical species such as Castanea vulgaris and Castania, etc.

- -


The groups of high values include anise, cinnamon in Quangninh, elemi and pine in Hoabinh; The oil containing group including Vernicia montana is found in Nammau, Binhlieu, Tienyen and Mongcai (Quangninh); many precious woods are gathered in Halung forest (Hoanhbo); The fast growing species includes Castania, canarium, Liquidambar, etc. in Chilinh (Haiduong); the group of medicinal and edible trees is also diverse.

One important terrestrial ecosystems present in the Red River Delta region is the lowland rain forest. WWF (htt~:llwww.worldwildlife.orq/wildworld/rofiles/terrestrial/im/imO141 full.html) delineated the extent of this ecosystem from the freshwater swamp forests of the Red River Valley south along the north-central coast of Vietnam to the region south of Tam Ky. This ecosystem is reported to be seriously degraded with less than 10 percent of the native vegetation remaining. Among the remaining patches of this ecosystem, the best preserved are the Cuc Phuong and Pu Mat National Parks. At Cuc Phuong, 1,800 vascular plant species have been described for a small area with limited topographic diversity.

The climatic condition that prevails in this ecosystem characterized by high rainfall and short dry season produced conditions that once supported diverse wet evergreen forests. Primary wet evergreen forest consists of a dense, three-tiered canopy reaching 25-35 m and occasionally 45m height in undisturbed sites. The upper canopy is dominated by a species of Hopea, Castanopsis hystrix, and Madhuca pasquieri. The fan palm Livistona saribus is a common subcanopy species in small gaps.

Although much of the ecosystem's biodiversity has been lost, it still harbors several mammals and birds of conservation significance, including the Owston's banded civet (Hemigalus owston/), white-cheeked gibbon (Hylobates leucogenys), red-shanked douc langur (Pygathrix nemaeus), and Francois's leaf monkey (Semnopithecus francoisi). One endemic bat species is found here (Paracoelops megalotisl). There are more than 300 bird species in this ecoregion, including three near-endemic and one endemic species (Table 4-13).

Table 4-13. Endemic and Near-Endemic Bird Species

I ~ k a l i i d a e ( Grey-faced tit-babbler I Macronous kelleyi 1

Family Phasianidae Phasianidae Timaliidae

4.3.1.2 Dominant Ecosystem in the Red River Delta

The predominant terrestrial ecosystem in the Red River Delta is the agro-ecosystem with much of the land area converted to agricultural use. Paddy rice cultivation is the most dominant agricultural feature in the low lying areas of the delta.

Common Name Annam partridge* Edwards's pheasant Short-tailed scimitar-babbler

The floodplains and river banks bordering the waterway are dominantly agricultural in use. Aside from rice, among the crops identified in various parts of Corridor 1 include corn (Zea mays) cassava ((Manihot esculanta crantz), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), banana (Musa paradisiacau and sugar crane (Saccharum officinarum) etc.

Species Arborophila merlini* Lophura edwardsi Jabouilleia danjoui

4.3.2 Ecologically Significant Wetland Ecosystems

There are 4 significant wetland ecosystems along the coastline of Thai Binh-Nam Dinh-Ninh Binh. These wetland ecosystems harbour highly diverse species of flora and fauna and have been determined to be globally important in terms of biodiversity conservation. As such these have been either declared or are proposed as nature reserves. These are discussed in detail in the section on biodiversity conservation, Section 4.4.


4.3.3 Vegetation of Day- Ninh Co Project Site

Listing of the vegetations present in the project sites has been done. The list is presented in Table 4-14. The dominant floral species found in the sites are mostly the edible and ornamental with some reforestations species (eucalyptus trees) and ruderal weeds and grasses with no economic value and low ecological significance.

The proposed location of the canal in Nghia Hung is predominantly cultivated for paddy rice. Photo 4-6 below shows the existing condition of the site during the site inspection on 06 Dec 2007. The rice crop has just been harvested.

At the proposed by-pass across the sand spit, the dominant vegetation is reforested Casuarina. Casuarina is a common reforestation species that is widely distributed. Photo 4-4 shows the approximate site of the proposed by-pass.

Table 4-14. List of plant species present in the project site and surrounding areas.

Coordinate: 20°*1 7'55,4 106'25'51,5"

Lieu small village - Nghia Hung - Nam E)inh Province (VT 29) Coordinate: 20°'1 1 '27,3" . . . . . . .

106'1 1947,3"

(W 30) Coordinate:

2o011 1 '33,4 106'1 1900,6"

February 2008

Photo 4-4. Sand spit in Lac Giang where the Photo 4-5. Typical countryside landscape where proposed bypass will be located. It is planted to settlements are located amids farmlands. Houses Casuarina are surrounded by fruit bearing trees.

Photo 4-6. Newly harvested rice paddies. This is Photo 4-7. Approximate location of the proposed the approximate location of the proposed canal. Day-Ninh Co Canal.

4.3.4 Aquatic Flora & Fauna of the Red River Delta

The main source of secondary information on the aquatic flora and fauna of the Red River Delta is the study by Vung Trung Than et al. (1987).

Phytoplankton is the most important primary producer. The foundation of the food web, they transform light and nutrients into energy for herbivores such as zooplankton which, in turn, support higher trophic levels. Phytoplankton grows best in low velocity waters with warm temperatures and high nutrient availability, particularly phosphorus. Phytoplankton growth is generally limited in stream or riverine systems, which have much greater flow velocities. A relative increase in species diversity or richness under unchanged conditions is taken as an indicator of improving water quality condition. Conversely, the preponderance of a certain species like the blue green algae is an indicator of poor water quality. To evaluate the importance of phytoplankton as a food source, the volume or quantity of algae available for consumption is often the most critical parameter to be considered.


ROYAL MASKOMING

For this reason, phytoplankton data is typically expressed in terms of chlorophyll a concentration (mg/L) overall bio-volume (i.e., um3/mL), or population densities (i.e., cells/mL) as well as species composition (USACE 2002)

The phytoplankton community of the Red River Delta has a diverse species composition including 183 species (Appendix 3) dominated by Diatomae, which make up 86.1 Oh of total species. Some genera with numerous species are Chaetoceros (28 species), Coscinodiscus (18). Rhizosolenia (14), Ceratium (9), Navicula (8), and Melosira (6).Skeletonema costatum and some representatives of Pennateae are often abundant in the upper regions of the estuary where salinity is below 15 0100.

According to Vu Trung Tang, in terms of the annual cycle, phytoplankton development changes between two seasons: declining rapidly during flood peak months (July - August) and increasing in the dry season. In July-August, the phytoplankton density ranges from 800 to 362,000 cells/m3 and the mean biomass is 130 g/m3. Later (October - November) phytoplankton explodes in number, reaching a mean density of 973,000 cells/m3 and a mean biomass of 470 g/m3. At the end of the dry season, the phytoplankton development decreases slightly, as a function of a decline in nutrients in the estuary, to a mean density of 368,000 cells/m3 and biomass of 309 g/m3. Frequently, phytoplankton develops intensively near the Red River mouth in waters shallower than 20 m where it is controlled by tidal action. Phytoplankton density and biomass increase when the tide is high and decrease when the tide falls, reaching extremes at the times of highest and lowest tides (Appendix 3).

Zooplankton community

The Bac Bo estuarine area supports a rich and diverse zooplankton. A total of 185 species have been recorded, including Copepoda (1 07 species), Cladeocera (1 4), Siphonophora (8),Chaetognatha (8), Amphipoda (6), Tunicata (6), Protozoa (5), Ostracoda (4), Pteropoda - Heteropoda (3), Rotatoria (2), Cumacea (2), Sergestinae ( I ) , Euphausidae ( I ) and Nauplius (1 8). Like the phytoplankton, the zooplankton is divided into three ecological groups, (a) freshwater, (b) estuarine, (c) euryhaline-marine. Fresh water fauna often appears in the upper parts of the estuary and is abundant in number, especially the wet season and at times of neap tide. Contrastingly, euryhaline-marine fauna occurs near the end of the estuary, is richest near Spring tide and in the dry season.

Zooplankton density and biomass vary between 6,130 - 15,500 individuals/m3 and 240 - 370 g/m3 respectively. Lowest values are in flood months, but high values are in the dry season (Khuc Ngoc Cam, 1975; Nguyen Van Khoi et a/, 1980), especially at times of highest tide and during the period from midnight to 5-6:00 am.

Zoo-benthos community

The biomass of zoobenthic animals used as food by other species varies over a wide range from 4 - 96 g/m3 in the dry season and 5.9 - 11.5 g/m3 in the wet season (Dang Ngoc Thanh et a/., 1991 ).

Zoobenthic community in the tidal mud flats includes 130 species, representing some principal groups such as Polychaeta (34 species), Gastropoda (16), Bivalvia (23), Macrura (17) Brachyura (38). Many of these species are economically important, for example Ostrea, Meretrix, Aloides, Macta, Netica, Sanguillaria, Penaeus, Metapenaeus, Palaemon, Scylla, Portunus, etc

Fish - According to Vung Trung Tang (1987), a total of 233 fish species have been identified in the estuary of the Red River Delta belonging to 71 families and 18 fish orders. The families with numerous species are Carangidae (11 species), Cynoglossidae (14), Gobiidae (13), Leiognathidae (1 1 ), Sciaenidae (1 1 ), Teterodontidae (1 1 ), Clupeidae (9), Engraulidae (9) and Mugilidae (6). Some fresh water fish of the families Cyprinidae and Bagridae often occur in water with salinity below 10-12 PSU in the upper regions of the estuary. The representatives of some

9R6212.21lR007a/JHUNijm February 2008

Priacanthidae, Pomacentridae and Chaetodontidae are frequently found near coral reefs and some offshore juvenile fish also penetrate estuaries for feeding such as Elasmobranchia, Exocoetus, Sphyraena, Formio, Stromatoidae, Scombridae.

Despite the mixed origin, estuarine fish fauna of the Bac Bo Delta are related to the Tonkin Gulf fish fauna. Most representatives originated from tropical seas and have adapted to high salinity fluctuations occurring in the estuary (Vu Trung Tang et al., 1987).

The fish fauna of this area may be divided into four ecological groups (a) freshwater, (b) euryhaline-marine (c) true estuarine and (d) regularly anadromous migrants such as Clupando theissa and Hilsa reveesii.

About 53 fish species were identified at the Day and Nhue basin. Most of them belong to Carp spp. The species having high economic value are: Cyprivius carpio, Carasius auratus, Pinibartus caldwelli, Anthorhodeus dayeus, A. Tonkinensis. One fish species in this river basin is listed in the in the Vietnam Red Book (2000) as threatened. This is Squaliobartus Curiculus (T - level) (C, chpy in Vietnamese).

4.3.5 Seasonality of Some Biologic Processes in the Red River Delta

The spawning season in the Red River Delta is not totally known. However, for some of the important species such as the Squaliobarbus curriculus the reproductive season starts from late April to early August, with the best season from May to July (Long Huang Gua, 2004). Other fauna such as freshwater crabs and shrimps coincide with the monsoon season. This is presumed to be due to the availability of increased habitat (e.g inundated floodplain) for hatchlings in large rivers swollen by monsoonal rains (Dudgeon, 2000). The following matrix summarizes the known seasonal processes of some aquatic life of the Red River Delta.

Table 4-15. Matrix of season and documented seasonality of biological processes o f some freshwater aquatic life of Red River

4.3.6 Mangrove Ecosystems of the Red River Delta

Dykes have been constructed along most part of the river system and coastline of the Northern Delta for protection against flooding. Only a narrow strip of inter-tidal sand or mud flat beyond the dykes, except near river mouths where deposition is very active and mud flats and sandy islands are expanding due to influx of sediment. Several sandy islands evolved due to accretion including the islands that now make up the Xuan Thuy Nature Reserve. Coastal vegetations, i.e. mangrove

5 6 9R6212.21/R007alJHUNijm February 2008

are represented by small shrub like trees, apparently an adaptation to the prevailing harsh environment, e.g. climatic conditions. Mangrove replanting along the coast of the Red River delta covers about 7,400 hectares of plantations of Kandelia candel while exotic species like Casuarina equisetifolia is planted on sandy beaches and dunes.

In places where conditions are favorable for mangrove development, i.e. sheltered, presence of large portion of freshwater and sediments, the mangrove stands flourish. This is true for the stretch of the coastline from Do Son Cape to the northern bank of Van Uc River where mangrove communities consist of Sonneratia caseolaris and associated mangrove species Aegiceras corniculatum and Acanthus ilicifolius. In some areas Cyperus malaccenis replaces the Acanthus ilicifolius or grows in mixed stands. Prevalent shrimp pond construction has severely reduced the area covered by Sonneratia.

The coastline from Van Uc estuary to Lach Troung is an accreting area, the area is open, flat with large swamps and rich in alluvium. However, the area is exposed to storms and hence not suitable to mangrove growth except in the estuaries of Ninh Co and Tra Ly rivers. Mangrove and mangrove associated species in this area include Aegiceras corniculatum, Acanthus ilicifolius, Kandelia candel and Sonneratia caseolaris.

In swamps where low salinities prevail the following plant species are present: Cyperus stolononiferus; C. malaccencis, C. tegitiformis, Scirpus aff Runcoides; Phragmites karka; Myriphyllum spicatum; Najas kingii; N. indica; Paspalum vaginatum.

The mud crab, Scylla serrata, is the most common crab species in the mangrove swamps and on the tidal mudflats of the Project Area. Other crabs, characteristic of these coastal habitats, are Uca and Portunus species, Ocypoda ceratophthalma, Sesarma plicata and S. bidens.

No coral reefs are present along the coast of the Red River Delta. This is presumed to be due to unfavorable condition such as low salinity and high sediment input among others. Seagrasses however are reportedly present in the shallow waters along the coast. These include Ruppia maritima and Halophila ovalis. Seaweeds, recorded from the coastal waters include, amongst others, the Chlorophyta Chaetomorpha linum and C. capillarris and various Enteromorpha species, and the Rhodophyta Gracilaria asiatica and G. tenuistipitata, and Gigartina intermedia and Ceramium tenuissimum.

4.4 Protected Areas - Biodiversity Protection and Conservation

The Vietnamese Government has put in place biodiversity conservation programs. As part of this program it has declared protected areas. A number of the protected areas are located along the coastal zone of the Red River Delta., The locations of these protected areas are shown in Figure 4-8. A brief discussion of some of the more prominent protected areas in the study region is presented in the following sections.

4.4.1 Cucphuong National Park

This protected area straddles 3 provinces, namely Ninh Binh, Hoa Binh and Thanh Hoa, and has typical features of wet tropical forests. It is influenced by monsoon with 3 wood layers, 1 shrub layer and 1 forest floor. The 3540m high wood layer includes Parashorea, Ficus retusa, Dracontomelum duperreamurn, Sapindus oocarpus, Amoora gitantea, etc. The 30 m high wood layer includes Castanopsis, etc. In thin broad-leaved forests in limestone mountains of Tamdiep, Hoalu and Giavien, etc. there are wood species such as Pentace tonkinensis, Chukrasia tabularis, Garninia fragraeoides, etc. and species of Orchidaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Nephrolepsidaceae, etc. The species composition is very diverse. In primeval forests more than 2,000 species of 221 families,

-


SMEC

987 branches are observed. Forests on limestone mountains have 1,937 species, 229 families of 4 orders.

Figure 4-8. Protected Areas in the Red River Delta

Huu Lien NQNIT Reserve

Chi L ~ n g Cuhurjl . 6 Historic~l Sitn

Prownclal Boundary

8 HirroricJl Sire Nahonal Boundary

Boundary of Study Area

Protected Area

4.4.2 Catba National Park

The Catba Biosphere Reserve includes 13,200 ha of tropical evergreen rain forests accounting for 60% of the surface area of the island. Forests on limestone mountain sides have wood trees such as Allospondias lakonensis, Proteas. Particularly, in the pure forest at Trungtrang the precious and rare Nageia fleury is found. The total number of vegetation species observed in Catba is 839, belonging to 498 branches and 169 families (Tran Ngoc Ninh, 1997).

This protected area has 38 mammal species belonging to 9 phyla and 17 families with rare and specious ones such as Trachypithecus francoisi poliocephalus, Macaca artoides, Macaca mulata, Felis bengalensis, and Panthera pardus, etc.

February 2008

Presently forests are shrinking in acreage, wood reserve and biodiversity as a result of overexploitation, including annual fires as well as shining and wandering custom of some ethnic minorities.

4.4.3 Cucphuong National Park,

This park has a very rich species composition with many rare and endemic ones. There are 60 species of wild animals, 4 entomophagous species, 18 dermoptera species, 1 manis species, 3 primate species, 15 rodent species, 15 carnivorous species, 4 artiodactyl species with rare and precious species such as Pyganthris nemareus L., Panthera pardus, Selenarctos thibetanus, Antelope, deer, Capreolus capreolus, Herpestes, Mustella. One hundred forty (140) bird species are known to inhabit the park, including the noteworthy species such as Pavo muticus irnperator, Lophura diardi, nightingale, Motacilla flava flava. Thirty-six (36) reptile species including Gecko gecko L., Varanus nebulotus, Morelia, Bungarus, Ancistrodon conotortrix, Tropidornotus natrix and 20 amphibian species, mostly toad and frog have also been identified.

The protected areas that are of concern to the NDTDP are the wetland protected areas found along the coastal zone of the Red River Delta. 'These protected areas are presented in the following sections. 'The source of information is the Sourcebook of Existing Protected Areas in Vietnam, 2nd edition.

4.4.4 Nghia Hung Proposed Nature Reserve

The site covers 12 km of coastline, bordered by Day River to the west and by Ninh Co River to the east. Landforms include sandy beaches, dunes and salt marsh. Aquaculture ponds are found to the west. Outside the main dyke, there is an intertidal area of about 3,400 hectares. Offshore, about 5 kms away are two small sandy islands covering 25 ha. One island support dunes while the other supports a salt marsh. Nghia Hung supports 13 different habitats and is one of the most diverse areas in the coastal zone of the Red River Delta

It supports a number of globally threatened or near-threatened waterbird species such as the Spotted Greenshank, Asian Dowitcher, Spoonbilled Sandpiper, Chinese Egret and Black faced Spoonbill among others. It qualifies as an Important Bird Area.

Figure 4-9. The imagery gives a bird's eye-view of the Ngiah Hung Proposed Nature Reserve in the Estuarine of the Day and Ninh Co Rivers.

February 2008

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4.4.5 Xuan Thuy National Park

This protected area is located in the province of Nam Dinh. It has a total area of about 7,100 hectares. It was decreed by the Government as a protected area on 05 Sept 1994.

Xuan Thuy National Park is located in the coastal zone of the Red River Delta, at the mouth of the main channel of the Red River, known as Ba Lat River. Site consists of 3 islands. The largest is occupied by aquacultural ponds; the second contains mangrove and well as coastal marshes and a small aquaculture pond. The 3rd island is still accreting because of active deposition. Maximum elevation of the protected area is 3 m asl. It supports 14 habitat types, both natural and man- made ones. Habitat types with highest biodiversity values are the undisturbed mudflats and natural mangroves, dominated by Kandelia candel.

This is an important winter staging area for migratory water birds. Eight species of globally threatened and near threatened birds regularly occur in the protected area. Xuan Thuy supports the largest wintering population of Black-faced Spoonbill in Vietnam. Xuan thuy qualifies as an Important Bird Area.

Figure 4-10. Overview of the Xuan Thuy National Park and the Tien Hai Nature Reserve

4.4.6 Tien Hai Nature Reserve

This protected area is located in the province of Thai Binh. The protected area occupies an area of about 12,500 hectares. It was decreed as a protected area on 05 September 1994. The nature reserve is located at the mouth of the Red River, immediately north of Xuan Thuy. It consists of 2 sandy islands, Vanh Island with an area of 2,000 ha and Thuy which has an area of 50 ha. Vanh Island is separated from mainland by a deep channel. The banks of Vanh are covered by mangrove, most of which is enclosed by ponds. It supports 12 habitat types most important of which are sand dunes, reedbed and mangrove. Intertidal mudflats are important habitat for feeding shorebirds. This reserve forms the northern extension of Xuan Thuy Nature Reserve.

60 9R6212221/RO07a/JHUNijm February 2008

4.4.7 Thai Thuy Proposed Nature Reserve

This proposed nature reserve is located in the province of Thai Binh and occupies an area of 13,696 hectares. It is bordered by Tra Ly River to the south and by the Thai Binh River to the north. The proposed reserve is bisected by the Diem Ho River. To the south of Thai Binh River mouth are extensive areas of mudflats. To the west are salt pans and adjacent to Tra Ly is a region of aquaculture ponds. It contains the largest remaining tract of old-growth mangrove forest in the Red River Delta. About 400 hectares of natural mangrove forest dominated by Sonneratia caseolaris remains at Thai Thuy. Most of the mangrove forest consists of plantation of Kandelia candel. The mangrove plantation is about 2,888 ha.

The proposed reserve supports four main habitat types and it supports several globally threatened and near threatened waterbird species over winter and on passage.

4.5 Socio-Economic Conditions

4.5.1 Socio-Cultural Profile

Nam Dinh

For 2002, the population in the province of Nam Dinh is estimated at 1.92 million (in an area of 1637 km2) accounting for 2.3% of the total population of Viet Nam which is 81 million. The population in the district of Nghia Hung is about 199,711 people. The population density in Nghia Hung is 797 inhabitants per km2. The annual growth rate of the population is 1.43% (Nam Dinh statistical office, 2002). The population is predominantly (over 80%) ethnic Kinh or Viet, while approximately 45% are Catholic.

The Province of Nam Dinh is divided into 201 communes. In the Nghia Hung district in between the Ninh Co River and the Day River there are 23 communes and small villages, such as Nam Dien, Nghia Phuc, Rang Dong, Nghia Lam, Nghia Hung, Nghia Hoa, Nghia Binh, Nghia Phong and Nghia Son. The village of Nam Dien is situated at the Day River mouth, while the village of Nghia Phuc is situated at the Ninh Co River mouth.

In the province of Nam Dinh all households are provided with electricity. The supply of fresh and clean drinking water is still insufficient in the rural areas. In the area 80,000 wells have been drilled by UNICEF, providing 48% of the households with fresh drinking water. The remainder still uses water from ponds, lakes and the rivers (information from DOSTE Nam Dinh). In Nghia Hung 25 primary and middle schools are available. The number of graduates has been increasing significantly over the last years.

Ninh Binh

Ninh Binh has a natural area of 1.400 sq km and a population 920,000. About 81.18% of the population are ethnic Kinh or Viet people and about 16.5% of the population are Catholics. Approximately 1.7% of the population are ethnic minorities. Ninh Binh has one City, one town and six districts. The province is located on the National Road No. 1 and the North-South Railway. It has forests in the mountainous areas, a fertile plain area and a long coastline

4.5.2 Agriculture and Fishery

Nam Dinh province covers 163,789,7 ha (Nam Dinh Statistical office, 2002). In the agricultural Nghia Hung district (250 km2) rice is mainly grown. However, in recent time prices on the rice- market have been low. According to district officials the present market price of rice is

6 1 9R6212.21/R007a/.lHUNijm February 2008

approximately equal to the costs for growing the rice. As a result the living standard of the district has been decreasing.

The paddy growing area in Nghia Hung is 21,409 ha. The total yearly rice yield in 2001 was 128.343 tons (mostly 2, sometimes 3 crops) and contributes for 54% of the district GDP. 28% of the districts GDP is coming from (small scale) industrial activities and approximately 18% comes from aqua culture which is concentrated on the tidal plains (Nam Dinh Statistical office, 2002).

Narn Djnh is believed to have potentials in aquaculture and fishing. In salty water area, fish reserve is estimated at 157,000 tons or 20% to that of Northern Region. Under this assumption the fishing volume could reach 70,000 tons. There area also 8,500 ha of semi-salty water area that can generate 6,100 tons per year of aqua products, and 13,500 hectares of fresh water where 6,400 tonslyear of fish is grown. Food processing industry, accordingly, is provided with development possibility, using local resources (ALMEC Corp 2006).

In 2000 the yield of seafood in Nghia Hung was 4,579 tons consisting of 188 tons of sea crabs, 526 tons of shrimps, 850 tons of sea fishes and 2,850 tons of oysters (VNICZM, 2003). The income generated by fishery was 431,289 million VND in 2001. The gross output of aquatic products was 15,563 tons (Nam Dinh Statistical office, 2002).

4.5.3 lndustrial Development

In the period from 2001 to 2006, the industrial growth of provinces in the project region was 15 - 30%, which is higher than the country average. lndustrial growth is more robust in Hanoi and provinces such as Quangninh, Haiphong, Hungyen, Haiduong, and Vinhphuc. The industrial GDP in this provinces accounted for over 40%. The provinces of Thaibinh, Ninh Binh, Hatay Narn Dinh, Phutho, Hanam on the other hand are still basically agricultural with industrial GDP contribution of ~ 3 0 % of the province's GDP.

In the recent years, industrial development in Narn Dinh has flourised. lndustrial zones that have been developed or are in the planning process include the following:

Hoa Xa lndustrial Park located in the West of Narn Dinh City: 326 hectares with 70% of land already occupied My Trung lndustrial Park in My Loc district: 150 hectares with detailed planning; looking for infrastructure developers and calling for investment projects Vu Ban lndustrial Park in Vu Ban district: 200 hectares Y Yen 1 and Y Yen 2 lndustrial Parks; total area: about 300 hectares, in the planning stage Song Ninh lndustrial Park in Xuan Truong district: 190 hectares, specialising in ship building and aqua product processing. Thinh Long lndustrial Park in.Hai Hau district: 70 hectares, focusing on services and processing industry.

Ninh Binh's major industry is limestone quarying and cement manufacturing. The limestone mine is 12,000 hectares with reserve of few tens of billion cubic meters. In addition, there are also dolomite ore, clay and peat. Ninh Binh is ideal for development of construction material production utilizing local materials, especially in production of cement, stone and bricks.

Ninh Binh is intent of riding on the industrial band wagon and it now hosts one industrial park, the Tam DiepTam Diep lndustrial Park. It has an area of 70 hectares and is targeting industries such as agro-forestry product, food and foodstuff processing, beverages; garment, leather and shoes; mechanical and electronic assembly; animal feed production; fertilizer production using clean technology; agricultural machinery; new materials and packaging.


4.5.4 Activities in the Project Site

It was observed during the 06 December 2007 field survey that major changes are taking place in Nghia Hung. The shrimp ponds (shown in the Google Earth imagery, (Figure 4-11) in the mouth of Ninh Co River have now all been reclaimed.

Figure 4-11. Imagery of Lach Giang showing the shrimp ponds that have been reclaimed for industrial development

I I

Pile driving and filling up were on-going during the visit (Photo 4-8). Reclamation of the other ponds is still on-going. The frontage of the new shipyard built on the reclaimed shrimp ponds is shown in Photo 4-9. Active dredging is on-going in the mouth of Ninh Co River.

Photo 4-8. Pile drivina in the reclaimed shrimo aonds Photo 4-9. The Frontaae of Hoana Anh Shiovard. - . . of Lach Giang

, 1 I

A small scale titanium concentrating plant is operating near the tip of the sand spit. Beach sand is concentrated using a spiral concentrator. Photo 4-10 shows the contraption. Finally, the tip of the Lach Giang sand spit is being used as a garbage dump (Photo 4-11).

February 2008

Photo 4-10. Titanium concentrating Photo 4-11. Garbage dump in Lach Giang Sand Spit plant in Lach Giang

4.5.5 Major Economic Uses of Day - Ninh Co Rver

lrriaation

Day River is the source of irrigation water for the rice paddies of Ninh Binh. There are 3 irrigation pumping stations in the lower segment of Day River. These are the Lieu Tuong, Chat Than and Cuy Hau (Figure 4-12).

Transport

Presently, the main inland waterway routes in the Project Area pass from the sea through the mouth of the Ninh Co River to Hanoi and the mouth of the Day River to Ninh Binh port. The access to the river system from the sea depends on the prevailing weather conditions and the tide. The Day River mouth is navigable only during spring tide. Roughly 1200 ships a year are sailing in the project area (JICA and MOT, 2003).

The major destinations of coal and construction materials in the Red River delta are the port and the cement factories in the surroundings of Ninh Binh.

The river fleet mainly consists of steel barges, towlpush boats and self-propelled barges. The condition of the fleet is poor due to poor maintenance. A typical barge convoy consists of four barges of 200 t and a pusher tug of 135 HP.

Table 4-16 summarises the existing IWT traffic for a specific stretches in the Ninh Co River and the Day River. Clearly the greatest amount of traffic sails through the Day River in the present situation.

64 9R6212.21IR007alJHUNijm February 2008

Figure 4-12. Location of Pumping Stations in the Red River Delta 7 I

Table 4-16. Existing IWT Traffic in Specific Stretches of Ninh Co and Day Rivers

traffic traffic

2.6 251

Ninh Co 1 0.1 0.21 1 11 1 0 4 1

Source : OCDl and JPC, 2003

4.5.6 Historical and Natural and Cultural Resources

4.5.6.1 Nam Dinh

Co Le Paqoda

Located in Co Le town, Truc Ninh district, Co Le Pagoda is said to have been built by Buddhist Monk Nguyen Minh Khong during the Ly dynasty. Buddhist Monk Pham Quang Tuyen rebuilt the


existing Co Le Pagoda in November 1920. Several rare relics, such as a great red bell and bronze drums dating from the Ly dynasty, are kept in this pagoda.

Pho Minh Paqoda

Built in Tuc Mac village, Loc Vuong commune on the outskirts of Nam Dinh, the pagoda was originally built in the Ly dynasty, but was expanded during the Tran Dynasty in 1262. This is a very large pagoda, which includes a lotus-flower lake, a floating house and luxuriant old trees. In front of the pagoda is a copper crow weighing 7 tonnes. There is a tower built in 1305, which looks like a 13-level lotus flower 21 meters high.

Phu Giav Relic Site

The relic site is in Kim Thai commune, Vu Bang district, and is dedicated to Goddess Lieu Hanh, one of four immortal Gods of Vietnam. Phu Giay is highly valued for its architecture dating from the late 19th century and the 20th century.

Giao Thuv Natural Preservation Zone

This area is located between Lu and Ngan Islets at the mouth of the Red River. Vietnam has chosen Con Lu-Con Nga to be recorded in the list of ecological zones to be protected and preserved. It has an area of 7,200 hectares and 10,000 hectares of buffer zone.

From November to April every year, this zone is the wintering area of tens of thousand of birds coming from the North.

Thinh Lonq Beach

Situated in Hai Thinh town, Hai Hau district, Thinh Long has only been developed as a swimming beach in recent years. This is a smooth sandy beach with gently sloping sea bed.

4.5.6.2 Ninh Binh

Hoa Lu Ancient Royal capital

This is the ancient capital for 41 years (968-1009). Twelve years were spent under the Dinh Dynasty beginning with King Le Dai Hanh.

Bich Donq

This is a grotto located in the Ngu Hanh Son mountain range, in Dam hamlet, Minh Hai commune, Hoa Lu district. It is known as the "the Second Most Beautiful Grotto in Vietnam".

Tam Coc

This consists of three grottoes adorned with beautiful stalactites and stalagmites in different shapes and colours.

The Cuc Phuonq National Park

The National Park lies between the provinces Ninh Binh, Hoa Binh and Thanh Hoa. It covers an area of 25,000 ha, three-quarters of which is limestone mountains with a height ranging from 300m to 600m above sea level. This primeval tropical forest was discovered in 1960, and it was turned into a national park two years later. Cuc Phuong is famous for dozens of picturesque caves. The most interesting of them is Dong Nguoi xua (Ancient Man Cave) where stone tools of pre-historic humans were found. The National Park is home to some 2,000 species of flora. Some rare wood trees of the Parashorea and Dracontomelum families are about 1,000 years old and from 50m to 70m high. In particular Cuc Phuong boasts at least 50 varieties of orchids. Many of them are fragrant all year round. The National Park is also home to 262 species of animals, birds and reptiles, including elephants, tigers, deer, flying squirrels, flying lizards, and boas.


The Phat Diem Cathedral

The cathedral was built in 1875-1898 in Luu Phuong commune, Kim Son district 120km from Hanoi. The cathedral covering an area of 8 ha consists of various structures. The largest structure is the cathedral proper which was built in 1891. Phat Diem Cathedral is an architectural complex that combines the traditional pagoda architecture of Vietnam and the Gothic style of Christian architecture.

The location of these historic, natural and cultural heritage resources are shown in the following map.

Figure 4-1 3. Tourism Sites, historical natural and cultural heritage resources

A NV~, " - A 1131 ~ u c y -

Hula 'UP ti?, Pnwc H t r ~ RvI' k

Legend H A N.,,, t.) nu, &l?h .

lilt Uu;dun~ - + rc~n,rr,i ~ a r r

Sovce: Vletram hatioral Atlas !'!?%:I

February 2008

SMEC

5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS PREDICTION AND ASSESSMENT

5.1 Environmental lmpact Assessment Method

The proposed structure for defining the magnitude and significance of the impacts are as follows:

No lmpact

An impact is assessed as "no impact" if it is physically removed in space or time from the environmental component or if the impact is so small as to be un-measurable (i.e. negligible).

Major lmpacl

An impact is assessed as "major" if it has the potential to significantly affect an environmental component. A major impact can be positive or negative. The following criteria will be used to determine whether a given impact is "major":

= spatial scale of the impact (site, local, regional, or nationallinternational); time horizon of the impact (short term (0-12 months), medium (12-36 months), or long term (>3 years)); magnitude of the change in the environmental component brought about by the activities (small, moderate, large); importance to local human populations;

= compliance with international, national, provincial, or district environmental protection laws, standards, and regulations; and compliance with WB guidelines, policies, and regulations.

Minor Impact.

An impact is assessed as "minor" if it occurs but does not meet the criteria for a major impact as described above. A minor impact can be positive or negative.

Unknown lmpact.

An impact is assessed as "unknown" if the significance of the effect can not be predicted for any of the following reasons:

the nature and location of the activity is uncertain; the occurrence of the environmental component within the impact area is uncertain; the time scale of the effect is unknown; or the spatial scale over which the effect may occur is unknown.

Finally, impacts are assessed based on the basic assumption that no intervention shall be implemented.

5.2 Summary of Improvement Works

The improvement work in the Day-Ninh Co River will include the following components:

Dredging River groyne Breakwater By-pass canal DNC CanallNavigation Lock DNC Bridge - Aids to Navigation


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The estimated volume of sediments to be dredged from the river channel of Ninh Co River is listed in the following table:

Table 5-1. Estimated Volume of Spoils to be Dredged in the Red I Ninh ColDay River

5.3 lmpacts Screening Checklist

Corridor 3 Chainage Dredging River [-I Begin [km] End [km] No-shoals [in? Shoals [m? Total [m?

Red river 0 127 200.000 2.489.203 2.689.203 Ninh co River 127 181 3.723.850 2.740.193 - 6.464.043

As an aid to impact prediction, a screening matrix was set up. The matrix lists the proposed activities and the various environmental components that will likely be affected. The matrix indicates the environmental component.^ that will be affected by each of the proposed project activity.

Dao Nam Dinh Day (part 1 ) Day (part 2)

Table 5-2 lmpacts Screening Matrix

Total 3.923.850 5.229.396 9.153.246

0 2 1 0

I Environmental Components 1 Or pass I ON Canal

1 - P . I I I I I Sed~ment Transport 1

34 65 2 1

Climate & Air Quality Air Quality Geology & Topography Topography I morphology Soils and Soils Quality

1 Stream Sediment Quality Water Resources

1 Hvdroloclv I Hvdrodvnamics

I

I I I I 1 Surface Water Quality I I I

0 0 0

I Erosion & De~osition ---

I

0 0 0

Groundwater Groundwater Quality

2- Ecology & Biological Resources

I I ) Ecosystems 1 1 I 1 I

0 0 0

Aquatic Ecosystems

Terrestrial Ecosystems Protected Terrestrial Plants and Animals i"' , I I

-

Protected AquaticNVetlands 1 1

--

I I

Socio-Economic

Livelihood Land Resources & Use Barriers & Corridors Historic and Natural & Cultural Resources


-----

\ , L - , . ...,,.. ,.., I Occupational Health & Safety . . : 1.. , : . .. . . , . ... ,. . . I : . a:c ?.I Ct.- ', .. . . .. . , . . .. . -.i~..?.-.. i

. . . .. * <> . ';Q:. Public Health & Safetv . , , . . ,.A , ..4r?

2 :$.,*:, ,.,,..., : . ' . " : t " > - r ' ' . .,..- - ,,, ."...,,.,* a4..-. .' --; ...I... :.i: . . . . . . .. , . : r . . '- .z; , ; ' .2 .- . - , . .+,>' , .G%? I .<d**..,*4t,b :.

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5.4 lmpacts of Dredging

Of these proposed improvement works for Day-Ninh Co, it is predicted that dredging and disposal of dredged materials will have the most significant impacts. These activities can have major impacts on the physical environment, biologic environment and socio-economics. Some of the general impacts of dredging are listed in the following table:

Table 5-3. Typical lmpacts o f Dredging

the sediments being dredged (size, density and quality of the material), method of dredging (and disposal), hydrodynamic regime in the dredging area, i.e.current direction and speed, and the existing water quality and characteristics (background suspended sediment and turbidity levels).

On the other hand, dredging can also result to improvement of water quality in some parts of the river due to restoration of water depth and flow.

Physico-Chemical lmpacts

River channel characteristics

Geologic processes

Water Quality - turbidity due to resuspension of sediments

Description of the Impacts

Deepening of the channel, removal of shoals and in some sections, widening of the river channels. Dredging will improve bankfull capacity of the waterways It may hasten bank erosion and deposition; Increased efficiency of sediment transport due to flow improvement. The most imminent impact on water quality is turbidity which will affect not only the aesthetic quality but other parameters as well. The degree of resuspension of sediments and turbidity from maintenance dredging and disposal depends on four main variables (Pennekamp & Quaak 1990):

wider area. High concentration of suspended sediment can threaten juvenile fishes. Suffocation can result with accumulation of silt on gills. Low visibility brought about by high concentration of suspended sediment can also affect feeding of aquatic organisms that depends on sight for feeding.

1

Biological Aspects

Some of these impacts are explained in more detail in the following sections:

Near estuaries, dredging can cause migration of salt wedge farther inland. Disturbance of the stream sediments can result to the possible resuspension of heavy metals and other persistent pollutants which will make it available to aquatic organisms. Dredging will remove a layer of the substrate material including the benthic organisms inhabiting the substrate. This will affect non-motile organisms since those that are capable of moving will move away from the disturbance. This impact is reversible since once the substrate has stabilized, benthic organisms will again colonize the dredged area. The resuspension of sediments during dredging and disposal may also result in an increase in the levels of organic matter and nutrients available to marine organisms.

1 Settlement of these suspended sediments can result in the smothering or blanketing of bottom communities. But because part of the suspended sediments will be carried by the current, settlement will be spread over a


5.4.1 Impacts on Aquatic Life

Dredging can affect aquatic life in a number of ways. The most direct impact is the removal of substrate including the benthic organisms and the smothering of sessile bottom dwelling organisms by dredged materials. The other source of impacts associated with dredging is the impact of suspended sediments on aquatic life. Numerous researches and experiments have been done in the past on the impacts of suspended sediments. DOER (2000) reviewed these studies and relates the findings to sediment suspension associated with dredging.

It is recognized that estuarine and coastal waters experiences conditions of high turbidity due to sediment resuspension caused by storms, tides and currents. It is expected therefore that organisms have behavioral and physiological mechanisms for dealing with this feature of their habitat. But because dredging-related suspended-sediment plumes may differ in scope, timing, duration, and intensity from natural conditions, dredging may create conditions not typically experienced by resident or transient species (DOER, 2000).

Studies show that the eggs and larvae of estuarine and coastal fishes are some of the most sensitive to suspended-sediment exposures. Low suspended sediment concentrations sustained for several days could be fatal for the larvae of anadromous fishes that occur in freshwater and brackish habitats at this life history stage

Generally, free swimming aquatic fauna like fishes are able to swim away from highly turbid waters. Certain species that follow or linger in turbid water have reduced feeding rates at a high turbidity level (120 NTU).This is presumably due to a decrease in the reactive distance of the fish to their planktonic prey (Hecht and van der Lingen 1992 in DOER 2000). Clogging of gills is also known to affect fish in waters with high concentration of suspended sediments.

As for crustacean species, laboratory studies showed that crustaceans are not affected by suspended sediments conditions normally associated with dredging. All mortalities observed in laboratory studies are associated with suspended sediment concentrations of over 10,000 mgll (DOER 2000), conditions not normally caused by dredging.

5.4.2 Recovery of dredged areas

There are relatively few references on recovery of dredged areas in freshwater. But there is a wealth of information on studies on recovery I recolonization of dredged areas in estuaries. For purposes of this study, experiences in the estuaries are used as references to appreciate the recovery period of dredged areas.

Among the information available on recovery of riverine benthic communities after dredging are the reports by the USACE and USEPA. According to the USACE, if the substratum is stable with moderate to low velocities, the area could colonize in less than 5 years.

US EPA's monitoring of recovery of dredging in a river in Alaska showed that substantial recovery of the diversity of macro-invertebrate occurred after one year (A. M. Prussian et al. 1999).

A review of dredging works in coastal areas world-wide showed that the rates of recovery of benthic communities following dredging in various habitats varied greatly (Nedwell & Elliot 1998; Newell, Seiderer & Hitchcock 1998 in htt~://www.ukmarinesac.orq.uk/activities/ portsIph5 2 2.htm#al). The recovery time and habitat types are listed as follows:


ROYAL HASKONING

Table 5-4. Recovery Period Observed in Various Dredging Areas

The general observation is that recovery rates were most rapid in highly disturbed finer sediments in estuaries that are dominated by opportunistic species. In general, recovery times increase in stable gravel and sand habitats dominated by long-lived components with complex biological interactions controlling community structure.

Experiences in other areas generally agree with the above observation. For instance, the study in polluted estuary in northeastern England showed that recovery of benthic communities will require more than 6 months (M.P Quigley and J.A. Hall, 1999). A study of a small dredging area (2625 m2) in a similar environment in the harbour of Ceuta in North Africa showed that about 6 months are required for the disturbed area to re-establish a sediment structure and a macrobenthic community similar to the undisturbed area (Jose M Guera-Garcia et a1.2003).

5.4.3 Impact on Water Quality

Turbidity due to sediment resuspension is the primary impact of dredging on water quality. Increased turbidity and total filterable solids (TFS) can occur below the dredge. The turbidity is highest immediately downstream of the dredge but declines rapidly downstream of the dredge (USACE 1997).

The level of turbidity generated by dredging is partly dependent on the type of dredge used. Experience with hydraulic cutterhead shows that maximum concentrations generally remain less than 500 mg/L and bottom suspended-sediment plumes are limited to within 500 m of the dredge (Havis 1988; LaSalle 1990) (DOER 2000). Mechanical dredging on the other hand can cause much more severe condition.

Mechanical dredges which generate suspended-sediments through the impact of the bucket on the bottom and withdrawal from the bottom, washing of material out of the bucket as it moves through the water column and above the water surface, and additional loss when the barge is loaded (LaSalle 1990). A suspended-sediment plume associated with clamshell dredging at its maximum concentration (1,100 mglL) may extend up to 1,000 m on the bottom (Havis 1988; LaSalle 1990; Collins 1995).(DOER 2000).

5.5 Impacts of Dredging the By Pass and Sea Channel

Dredging work will entail the dredging of the Lach Gian by-pass and the DNC canal the proposed dredging equipment is a Cutter Suction Dredge, the capacity of which will depend on the prevailing condition in the work area. Tentative dredging period is December to September, dredging period of 6.9 months.

72 9R6212.21/R007a/JHUNijrn February 2008

Impacts on Air Quality

Impacts of the dredging on air quality will emanate from the operations of diesel fuelled engines. The project will have to comply with TCVN 5939-1995 for emissions of dredging equipment. This impact is rated negative, minor and of short term duration

Impacts on Morpholoay

River channel dredging will change the longitudinal profile of the river section. This is a positive impact since this is the desired outcome.

The construction of the Lach Giang by-pass will create a new channel / waterway which can be construed as a positive impact, since it is the desired result. Further, it will have a positive impact since the morphology of the mouth of Nlnh Co River will not need to be altered to improve navigability. Using the river mouth as access will entail the construction of training works in the river mouth. The advantage of the by-pass is that when designedlplanned properly the natural morphologic development of the river mouth will not be affected.

The construction of the Lach Giang breakwater may have a very significant impact on coastal morphology. Deposition is predicted on the updrift side and erosion in the downdrift side. This shift in coastal process can cause a corresponding shifi in the position of the coastline.

Impacts on Water Quality

The potential impacts on water quality of dredging in the lower reaches of Ninh Co River and in the coastal area are increased turbidity and possible resuspension of heavy metals in water column. Unlike in the upper reaches where flow is constant and continuous, the lower reaches of Ninh Co River are within the range of tidal influence. As such turbid condition can linger during slack tide condition and during the flood tide when sea water moves into the estuary and upstream. The magnitude of this impact will partly depend on the tide cycle and the season. During the dry season the background turbidity is relatively low, the impact will be more pronounced. During the wet season when the background turbidity is high, the change in turbidity will not be significant. The other possible source of water contamination is waste water discharge from the dredge and support vessel.

This impact will prevail during the construction stage as well as during the maintenance dredging that will be carried out during the operational stage of the improved waterway. This impact can be a major negative impact but of short duration.

The other potential impact of dredging of the Lac Giang by-pass and Ninh Co River channel is the possibility of salt water intrusion farther upstream of Ninh Co River. Possibility of salinization of Day River due to the DNC canal is another concern. Ninh Co is more saline than Day River at the point of connection and this can cause increased salinity of Day River. Preliminary elevation data indicates that Day River's water level is higher than Ninh Co and it is predicted that the less saline Day River will flow into the Ninh Co River. Further, the installation of the canal lock is expected to further mitigate this impact.

Impacts on Hvdroloaic Reclime

The change in the longitudinal profile by dredging may affect the hydrodynamics. Deepening can induce higher flow velocity and intrusion of saline water farther upstream. At this point, it is difficult to predict the magnitude of this impact. Predictive modelling will have to be done to analyze this impact.

Impact on Erosion and Sedimentation

The dredging activity will have the potential to affect the natural sedimentation process occurring in Ninh Co River. Based on Haskoning's preliminary assessment, it is believed that most sediment transport occurs during flood season where the rivers discharges and current velocities are greatest. Furthermore, given the finely graded sediment (fall velocity of the order of 2 mmls) and the significant flow velocities (shear stress velocity order of 80 mmls) it is believed that


suspended sediment transport is dominant. Given this sediment's characteristics, it is predicted that the dredging will resuspend fine sediments and thus increase suspended sediment transport for the duration of the dredging period.

Impact on Aauatic Life

Smothering and direct loss of benthic organisms are expected to occur in the dredging areas. This impact could be minor considering the known rates of recovery of fine grained I muddy benthic habitats.

Further, the proposed dredging period will overlap with the season of some of the biological processes in the Red River Delta as indicated in the following chart.

Table 5-5. Biologic Processes in the Red River Delta

This impact is predicted to be short term, 6-9 months duration during construction and could be shorter during maintenance dredging. Considering the timing, the potential impact on aquatic life by the dredging on other aquatic species can be significant.

The introduction of artificial stable substrate in sandy habitats is known to enhance marine life. Such can be expected with the construction of the breakwater and groyne in the estuary of Ninh Co. The breakwater and groyne will be new habitats in a predominantly sandy habitat.

Impact on protected Aauatic I Wetland Habitats

The dredging will not directly affect the Nghia Hung Proposed Nature Reserve. The only obvious possible impact of the dredging on the the proposed reserve is sedimentation. This impact is likely very minor considering the sed,iment transport pattern derived by the preliminary modeling done. That pattern is supported by the plume dispersion pattern noted in the multi-temporal satellite imageries presented in Chapter 4.

The sedimentation pattern derived by the modeling shows that dispersion of sediment transported by Ninh Co is confined to the offshore area near the river's mouth. The result of the modeling is shown in the following figure.

74 9R6212.211R007alJHUNijrn February 2008

The whic

Figure 5-1. Existing Condtion of Sediment Transport

(Gridspacing 75 rn)

following satellite imagery shows the plume dispersion patterns in the mouth of Ninh Co Ri :h approximates the result of the modelling as shown in Figure 5-1.

Figure 5-2. End of dry season imagery of the Day-Ninh Co River mouth showing the slow I low dispersion of sediment plume.

ver

February 2

Figure 5-3.lmagery o f the Day-Ninh Co River mouth (unknown date) showing a southerly pattern o f sediment plume dispersion, presumably due to a dominantly

south flowing littoral drift, driven by a northerly wind

Impacts on Aqriculture, Fishew and Livelihood

The dredging of the river channel and the Lac Giang by-pass will not have any direct impact on agriculture since the proposed alignment of the Lac Giang is not cultivated. The sand spit is covered by planted Casuarina trees.

However, dredging the Lac Giang By-pass and the outer channel and sand trap may affect shrimp fishing along the coastline of Than Anh in Thin Long. Although the rich shrimp ground is in Ba Lat, it is inferred that shrimps are present as well in the estuary of Ninh Co and Day River. In addition, some sustenance fishing in Lac Giang maybe affected. Since the dredging will be confined along a specific alignment perpendicular to the shore, the impact is rated minor, negative and short term.

Impacts on Land Resource and Use

The dredging of the Lac Giang by-pass will result to a permanent loss of about 2 hectares (tentative estimate) of marginal land. Thus, this impact is rated negative, minor and long term.

Impacts on Barriers and Corridors

Being a transport project, this project will have impacts on barriers and corridors. The dredging of the Lac Giang by-pass will have both a positive and a negative impact. It will create a new access corridor and at the same time it will be a barrier to movement along the long coastline of Thin Long. Considering that the end of the Lac Giang by-pass is almost at the end of the sand spit and that there is very minimal economic activity in this part of the sand spit, this impact is rated, minor, negative, but long term.

This barrier will affect the access to the small scale alluvial mining activity at the end of the spit and the use of the area as a garbage dump. The latter is a beneficial impact since it will curtail a use that is not compatible with the location.

Impacts on Occupational and Public Health and Safety

During dredging operations the workers will be exposed to hazards of operating heavy equipment, noise, heat and ergonomic stress. They will also be exposed to water hazards, such as drowning.


Overall, one of the objectives of the NDTDP is to enhance public safety in water travel. However, during the construction stage, dredging can pose hazards to river navigation. It will be an obstruction in the river way. This concern may not significant since relatively few vessels take this route due to draft limitation at the river's mouth. This impact is rated minor, negative, and of short term duration.

Impacts of Natural, Cultural and Historical Resources

The dredging will not have direct impact on Cultural and historical resources. However, the dredging of the Lac Giang by-pass may affect the aesthetic quality of the Thin Long beach. Turbidity may impair the aesthetic quality of the coastal water, but given the high background value of suspended sediment in the coastal water, this impact is minor, and short term negative impact. The other impact of the by-pass on the tourist resource is that the by-pass and its structure will be a visual obstruction on the beach and it will segment the sandy beach.

5.6 lmpacts of the Day-Ninh Co Canal (DNC)

Prediction and assessment of impacts will be based on the choice of an unprotected canal with navigation lock with the following specifications

length 1,250 m; bottom width 55 m; canal side slopes 1 : 4; crest height of dikes CD+6 m; top width of dikes 5 m; dike slopes (canal side 1 : 4 and land side 1 : 3); navigation lock

The proposed dredging equipment for this a Medium CSD [if depth < 5 m] Large CSD [depth > 5

ml.

lmoacts on Air Quality

lmpacts of the dredging on air quality will emanate from the operations of diesel fuelled engines. The project will have to comply with TCVN 5939-1995 for emissions of dredging equipment. This impact is rated negative. minor and of short term duration.

Impacts of Mor~holoqy

The excavation of the DNC will create a new waterbody. Considering the total area of fresh water bodies and mileage of waterways in Vietnam, the 1,000 meter new waterway is very minimal. This impact is positive, minor and long term.

Water Quality

Increased turbidity and suspended sediments may occur during the excavation of the DNC. Clay horizons are expected to be encountered during the excavation. The presence of clay in the soil layers was noted in an excavation in one of the paddy fields of Nghia Lac during the field survey. The clay can be dissolved by water and carried in suspension.

Limited field sampling has not detected any acid sulfate soil, but in case acid sulfate soil is encountered, it will affect salinity of the surface water.

The other potential impact of the Day-Ninh Canal is the change in salinity of the rivers. The length and fluvial conditions of both rivers are quite different and as a result the salinity of the water in both rivers at the location where they are to be connected is also likely to be different. Considering the shorter length of the Ninh Co River (distance from propose canal to the sea) in combination with its lower discharge compared to the Day river, this suggests that Ninh Co River

February 2008

SMEC

o o, 0

ROYAL YASKOYIYG

has a relatively higher salinity than the Day River at the location where the rivers will be connected.

Based on the above premise any connection between the rivers could result in salinization of the Day River. However, water level records show that water levels in the Day River are predominanly higher those of the Ninh Co River and therefore water will flow from the Day to the Ninh Co River for most of the time and hence mitigate the effects of salinization. The construction of a navigation lock in the canal would minimise these effects even further.

Impacts on Hvdroloqic Reqime

As mentioned in the previous section, due to the higher elevation of Day River than Ninh Co River at the point where both rivers will be connected, it is expected that Day River will flow into Ninh Co River. But with the presence of the lock, this impact will be mitigated. Thus, this impact is rated minor, but of long term duration.

l m ~ a c t on Erosion and Sedimentation

During excavation, since the canal will be excavated from the water, the bare banks will be exposed to scouring and erosion. This will hasten erosion and sedimentation. This impact is minor, negative and short term duration.

l m ~ a c t on Aquatic Life

Smothering of benthic organisms in areas close to the work site may occur. This will be confined to a limited distance downstream of the work site. Hence, this impact is minor, negative, and short term.

Once completed, the bottom of the canal will be a new habitat that will be colonized by benthic organisms. In this aspect of increasing available habitat, this impact is positive, minor and long term duration.

The proposed dredging period of December to September will overlap with the season of some of the biological processes in the river systems of the Red River Delta. This impact is predicted to be short term, 6-9 months duration during construction and could be shorter during maintenance dredging. Considering the timing, the potential impact on aquatic life by the dredging on other aquatic species can be significant.

Impact on protected Aquatic I Wetland Habitats

The excavation of the NDC will not directly affect the Nghia Hung Proposed Nature Reserve.

Impacts on Aqriculture, Fishery and Livelihood

The proposed Do Muoi - the canal connecting the Day and Ninh Co rivers - would cut through high quality rice fields. According to the Red River waterway project Viet Nam (1997), this land provides the livelihood of about 8 - 9 households. These people belong to IVghia Lac Commune (Nghia Hung District, Nam Dinh province). The area is used mainly for rice production (two crops a year), and is categorised as first and second quality. All lands inside the dike are distributed to farmers for long-term use until the year 2013 with land certificates.

Impacts on Land Resource and Use

The construction of the DNC will result to a permanent loss of about of 20 hectares (tentative estimate) of highly productive agricultural land. Thus, this impact is rated negative, major, and long term.

lm~acts on Barriers and Corridors

The construction and operations of the NDC will be a barrier to movement of people and goods. The proposed bridge will mitigate this impact.


lmpacts on Occupational and Public Health and Safety

During dredging operations the workers will be exposed to hazards of operating heavy equipment, noise, heat, and ergonomic stress. They will also be exposed to water hazards, such as drowning.

Overall, one of the objectives of the NDTDP is to enhance public safety in water travel. But during the construction stage, river works can pose hazards to river navigation. It will be an obstruction in the river way. This concern may not significant since relatively few vessels take this route due to draft limitation at the river's mouth. This impact is rated minor, negative, and of short term duration.

The proposed location of the DNC canal is fringed by populated areas. It can be expected that the local population will visit the site to view the project. In this situation, the construction activities can pose threat to public safety.

lmpacts of Natural, Cultural and Historical Resources

The construction of the DNC will not have any impact on Cultural and historical resources. However, it might affect a number tombs and graveyards.

5.7 lmpacts of the Disposal of Dredged Sediments

Final disposal locations are yet to be identified following more detailed studies, soil investigations and design improvements. For the purpose of this study, the following disposal sites are anticipated:

Day - Ninh Co Canal on land Inner channel cast aside or sea-side reclamation By-pass channel cast aside or sea-side reclamation Outer channel cast aside or sea-side reclamation

This condition shall be used as one of the basis for predicting and assessing the impact of disposal of dredged materials.

lmoact on air qualitv

The lmpacts of the transport and disposal of dredged material on air quality will emanate from the operations of diesel fuelled engines. The project will have to comply with TCVN 5939-1995 for emissions of dredging equipment. This impact is rated minor, negative and of short term duration.

Impact on morpholoqy

Onland disposal of the excavated materials can have positive or beneficial impacts. Considering that the excavation for the DNC is in,a good agricultural area, the soil can be used to elevate low lying farm lands to minimize susceptibility to flooding.

However, if acid sulfate soil is encountered, containment of the excavated material will have to be done. The containment will result to a mound in a generally flat terrain. This impact is negative, minor and long term duration.

Use of dredged materials from the by-pass, river channel and the inner and outer channels for sea-side reclamation is a positive impact in a coastline where erosion is the dominant coastal process.

Casting aside the spoils in the river will alter river cross section.

Impact on Soils

9R6212.21/ROO7a/JHUNijm February 2008

The disposal of contaminated soils can contaminate the soils in the disposal site. Considering that the soil is uncontaminated, this impact is considered minor, negative and of long term duration.

The other disposal methods will not have impact on soil.

Impact on Erosion & Sedimentation

Casting aside of spoils in the river will allow the fine fraction of sediments to be transported downstream, in effect redistributing the sediments in other segments of the river where it is favorable for deposition. This is a minor negative and short duration impact.

Impact on Stream Sediment Quality

In water disposal of the spoils dredged from the river may result to contamination of stream sediments in the disposal site. Considering the uncontaminated characteristic of the stream sediment, this impact is considered minor, negative and of short term duration impact.

Impact on Surface Water Quality

In water disposal of spoils will cause increased turbidity, increased concentration of suspended sediment and possibly re-suspension of pollutants in the water column. Considering the uncontaminated nature of the sediment and the relatively high background concentration of suspended sediment in rivers of the Red River Delta, this impact is assessed to be minor, negative and short term duration.

Impact on Groundwater Quality

The possibility of contaminating the groundwater may occur in the case of disposing contaminated sediments. Leachate from the spoils can percolate into the shallow groundwater. Considering that the sediment is uncontaminated this impact is minor, negative and long term.

Impacts on Aquatic Fauna

The in water disposal of spoils will have the same impact as dredging: smothering of sessile bottom organisms and increased turbidity that will reduce photosynthetic process. This impact is rated minor negative and of short term duration.

Impacts on Protected Aquatic I Wetland Habitats

No direct impact on protected areas.

Impact on Land Use

The onland disposal of dredged materials will have long term and short term impacts on land use. Containment of contaminated sediments will have long term impact on land use. The land occupied by a containment facility will have limited use for protection of public health. If 10% of the spoils from the by-pass will be. severely contaminated and will require containment, the estimated volume that will be contained is about 900,000 cu m. Assuming a stockpile height of 1.5 m, a total area of about 60 hectares will be required.

This is a negative impact of long term duration.

The temporary stockpiling of the clean spoils will have short term impact on land use.

Impact on Aaricultural Productivity and livelihood

The temporary use of agricultural land as holding area for dredged materials will preclude the cultivation of the land for as long as the area is utilized as a spoils holding area. This will result to loss of income for land rights holder. The magnitude of this impact depends on the land area that will be affected. This is a negative and short to long term duration impact.

l m ~ a c t on Historic and Cultural Resources

80 9R6212.211R007a/JHUNijrn February 2008

The disposal of the dredged material will not have impacts on the historical and cultural resources.

5.8 lmpacts of the Breakwater

The proposed breakwater for the approach to the Lach Giang is 900 m.

lmpacts of the dredging on air quality will emanate from the operations of diesel fuelled engines. The project will have to comply with TCVN 5939-1995 for emissions of dredging equipment. This impact is rated negative, minor and of short term duration

Impact on Morpholoqy

The breakwater will alter the morphology of the coastline of Thin Long. It is anticipated that with time, the shoreline will prograde due to accumulated sediments. This is considered a minor, negative impact. This may take some time to occur.

Impact on soils and Soil Quality

No impact on Soils and Soil Quality

Impacts of Erosion and Sedimentation

It is predicted that the breakwater will interrupt the littoral drift resulting to accumulation of sediment at the north side of the breakwater as indicated in the sketch below. This may take some time considering that the coastline of Hai Hau is almost devoid of sand because of shore erosion. Further erosion is prevented by the sea dikes. This impact is rated negative, minor and long term in duration.

Longshore distance (krn)

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 -0 5 - - - L / L 1 LLLI---pd

Possible regression 0

'

_ _ - - . Accretion _ - . - __- . _ - - -

@ - -

/ - -

E C - @

x C - - 0.5 - m . C Nett Sediment Transport

I -

. C

--" I

Deposition is the dominant process up drift of the breakwater while erosion will be the prevalent process down drift of the breakwater. Groyne will be constructed to mitigate this impact.

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- 0.0, 0 0 0

I O Y A L IASKOWIWG

The seaward end of the breakwater will be susceptible to wave attack. As such scouring will take place at the toe of the breakwater.

m y

No direct impact on stream sediment quality.

Impact on Surface Water Quality

Construction of the .can cause limited turbid water. But this is considered as a minor negative and short term impact.

Impacts on Groundwater Quality

No impact predicted.

lmpacts on Important Terrestrial Habitats

No impact predicted.

lmpacts on Aquatic Life

The construction of the breakwater will smother benthic organisms. In the long term, the breakwater will introduce a stable subsrate habitat that can be colonized by gastropods, encrusting algae, limpet, chiton, etc. In a predominantly sandy area this can be a positive impact. A study done in Australia showed that assemblage of marine organisms in artificial substrate generally differs from natural rocky substrate (Bulleri, 2003). Experiences in other locales where artificial substrates such as breakwater are prevalent, observed assemblage of marine organisms in an artificial substrate indicate that artificial structures may not be contributing to species diversity, but rather it is changing the patterns of distribution of locally abundant species (http:llw.delos.unibo.iVDocslDeliverableslD39~df). The reason behind the observed difference is not yet totally understood.

Impacts on Fisherv, Aaricultural Productivitv and livelihood.

The breakwater will have minor negative impact on sustenance fishing. A small portion of the shallow coastal fishing area that will be occupied by the by-pass and breakwater will no longer be accessible to the local fishermen. The breakwater can cause loss of income to some members of the local community.

Impacts on Historic and Cultural Resources

As far as can be determined, there are no historic and cultural resources in these sites.

Impacts on Occuoational and Public Health and Safety

The excavation will utilize land based heavy equipment. The workers will be exposed to work related hazards posed by operating'heavy equipment, exposed to possibly prolonged elevated noise levels and dusty condition. In addition, they will be working around water hence they will also be exposed to water hazards such as drowning.

The excavation activity can pose hazard to the boats when they land on the banks where work is being done. This impact is rated negative, minor, short term duration.

5.9 lmpacts of Coastal Groyne

Coastal groynes are structures that are constructed along the coastline as protection against shoreline erosion.

Impacts on Air Qualitv


The impact of groyne construction on ambient air quality will emanate from the operations of diesel fuelled heavy equipment, like excavators. Heavy equipment and motor vehicles have to comply with TCVN 6438-2001. This impact is minor, negative and of short term duration.

Impacts on topoqraphvlmorpholo~

Coastal groynes will induce deposition and will hence result to widening of the beach area.

Impacts on soils

No impact on soils and soil quality is predicted.

lmpacts on Erosion & Deposition

The coastal groyne will prevent erosion at the downdrift side of the breakdwater. This impact is rated positive since this is the desired effect to protect the breakwater.

Impacts on Sediment Transport

The coastal groyne will inhibit sediment transport since it will induce deposition. This is a positive impact because this is the desired outcome. This impact is positive, minor and of long term duration.

lmpacts on Sediment Quality

No direct impact on sediment quality is predicted.

Impacts on Hvdrodvnamics

The coastal groynes affect water movement along the coast. The impact is rated positive, minor, and long term duration.

Impacts on Surface Water Quality

During construction, installation of the groyne will have minor negative and short term impact on water quality. Pollution of surface water quality can come from discharge of wastewater from construction, disturbance of river bed during construction which can re-suspend fine sediments. This is however confined to a relatively small area due to river flow and dilution.

Impacts on Groundwater

No direct impact on groundwater is predicted.

Impacts on Groundwater Quality

No direct impacts predicted

Impacts on Important Terrestrial habitats


lmpacts on Protected terrestrial plants and animals


Impacts on Protected Wetlands


Impacts on Aquatic Plants & Animals

The construction of the groyne will eliminate benthic communities in specific sites. But in the long term it is known to have beneficial impacts on aquatic life. There are studies indicating that stone groyne provide a more favorable habitat for river micro-organisms and fish than does blanket revetment (McCollum R.A. et al. 1987).

February 2008

In the estuary and coastal water, where substrate is predominantly sand, the introduction of a stable substrate which can be colonized by encrusting organisms is a positive impact, minor but long term duration.

Impacts on Aqricultural Productivity & Livelihood

No direct impact predicted


lmpacts on Land Use

No direct impact

lmpacts on Historical and Cultural Resources

No Direct impact

lmpacts on Occupational Health

Physical hazards involved during the operation phase include noise, temperature, vibration, ergonomic stress and occupational accident and injuries. Noise is generated from the machines of the plant facilities and motor vehicles. Workers will be exposed to the heat of running equipment, machines and vehicles. Moving machine and vehicles expose workers to vibration.

lmpacts on Public Health and Safety

lmpacts on public health and safety are considered minor, negative and short term duration. Public maybe exposed to certain health and safety hazards during construction. Workers may carry and transmit certain diseases to the local people. Also, non-workers may wander into the construction site and maybe exposed to hazards of operating heavy equipment, noise and vibration.

The presence of the work vessel for the duration of the activity will constitute a navigational obstruction. This impact is of low magnitude due to the short duration of the impact and that the river channel is wide with width reaching about 1 km and river traffic in this section of Corridor 1 is relatively light as compared to the downstream sections.

5.10 lmpacts of the Operations Stage

The use of the Corridor 1 for navigation will have impacts on the following environmental components:

Impacts on Air Quality

Vessels are diesel fuelled and generates emissions consisting of TSP, CO, NO2, COz, hydrocarbons. This is a minor negative impact.

Impacts on Erosion and Deposition

The barges and other vessels will generate wakes. The wakes and waves generated by moving water vessels have the ability to erode river banks. The result of a study done on wave heights caused by moving water vessels is shown in Table 5-6. The following table was taken from the Coastal Engineering Manual and gives an indication of the influence of vessel characteristics and speed of travel on the maximum wake height (Hm). Two values of wave height are provided, the first measured 30m from the vessel and the second 150m away.

lmpacts on Water Quality

Discharge of oily bilge water and wash water from the vessels can cause water quality degradation. The presence of oil in ports of Corridor 1 indicates the possible contribution of vessels in oil pollution of the waterway. This impact ranges from minor to moderate and could be of long term duration. In addition disposal of cargo residue can also cause localized degradation of water quality. Disposal of solid waste in the river will also contribute to degradation of water quality and impairment of the aesthetic quality of the river.

Propeller wash, specifically in shallow river ways, can cause re-suspension of sediments in the water column.


Table 5-6. Influence of vessel characteristics and travel speed on wake height.

1 Coast Guard Cutter 1 1 1 1

Vessel mls ( 30m 1 150

Draft-1.8m I Note: The above data are from tests conducted at water

Cabin Cruiser

Tub Boat

1 depths ranging from 11.9 to 12.8m. I

I Source: J. Mur~hv. G. Moraan and 0. Power 2006

1

lenath-13.7m 3.1 .2 1 .I

6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

6.1 Alternative No.1 -"No New Action"

"No new action" is always an alternative and often it compares favorably in a purely economic analysis. However, there can also be significant non-economic impacts from such an approach which makes a straightforward evaluation more difficult. The "No New Action" alternative will mainly involve continuing the current activities.

"No new action" preserves the existing status quo of environmental impact versus benefit, whatever the balance might be. "No new action" will mean that coastal shipping will still be unable to pass the river mouths of major rivers connecting the sea to the Port of Ninh Binh and the Port of Hanoi and their hinterlands. The Coasters will still have to call in on Haiphong and off- load the cargo onto IWT vessels. The existing draught limitation will still only allow 200 - 600 DWT coasters to use Lach Giang and only when using the tide.

In addition, a more important question is how well the present practice can enhance safety of the river navigation, mitigate environmental impacts and enhance river transport in support of the economic development of the Northern Delta.

The "No New Action" will mean foregoing the economic and environmental benefits that are expected to be derived from improving the Day-Ninh Co River.

6.2 Alternatives for the Day - Ninh Co

Haskoning has conducted in 2003 a pre-feasibility study for this component of the NDTDP and their findings are contained in a report entitled Day River-Ninh Co River Mouth Improvement Project. This feasibility study analyzed the technical, economic and environmental aspects of the proposed improvements. Computer modeling was used in the analysis of hydrologic conditions, sedimentation and possible project scenarios.

The river mouths of Day and Ninh Co Rivers have been identified as one of the hindrances to the optimum use of the IWT for access to the Ninh Binh, Hanoi and other inland river ports. The improvement of the two river mouths as well as improvement of the Day River and Ninh Co River channels must be done to improve the accessibility to large coasters.

The strategy formulated for improvement of the Day and Ninh Co rivers which form part of the southern corridor, comprises of two parts:

Corridor improvements; River mouth improvements.

6.2.1 The River lmprovement

The Haskoning's analysis showed that the realistic options for creating access to the river require a sea channel together with a bypass channel to the north of either river mouth channels. Three alternatives are considered fo improving the accessibility for sea - cum coastal shipping and these are:

A. Cua Day --> Day River --> DaylNinh Co canal B. Lach Giang --> Ninh Co River --> DaylNinh Co canal C. Cua Day --> Day River + Lach Giang --> Ninh Co River (no DaylNinh Co canal)

These options are illustrated in the following sketches (Figures 6.1 to 6.5).


Figure 6-1. lmprovement of Day Figure 6-2. lmprovement of Day River with Canal and with a lock River with Canal

Figure 6-3.lmprovement of Ninh Co River with Canal

I

Figure 6-4.lmprovement of Ninh Co River with Lock

Figure 6-5. Proposed Alternatives for the Improvements of Day and Ninh Co Rivers

The feasibility looked into two options for connecting Day River and Ninh Co River. One option is to have a protected canal without navigation lock and the other option is an unprotected canal with navigational lock. The proposed location of the canal is in Nghia Hung where the two rivers are closest.


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ROYAL MASROMING

The protected canal without navigation lock will have the following technical details:

length 3,000 m; bottom width 55 m; canal side slopes 1 : 4; crest height of dikes CD+6 m; top width of dikes 5 m; dike slopes (canal side 1 : 4 and land side 1 : 3); bottom protection (geotextile + 0.5 m rip-rap 10 - 60 kg); slope protection (geotextile + 0.5 m rip-rap 10 - 60 kg).

The unprotected canal with navigation lock on the other hand will have the following technical details.

length 1,250 m; bottom width 55 m; canal side slopes 1 : 4; crest height of dikes CD+6 m;

* top width of dikes 5 m; dike slopes (canal side 1 : 4 and land side 1 : 3); navigation lock.

6.2.2 The River Mouths Improvement

The Consultants are of the opinion that there are three basic scenarios which should be considered for the two river mouths:

Bypass channel through spit + coastal protection works + nav aids River groynes + maintenance dredging + nav aids Capital dredging + maintenance dredging + nav aids

In the table below the capital and maintenance costs associated with the capital works and ensuing maintenance works are given in relation to the costs of other scenarios.

Table 6-1. Cost Associated with Capital works and other scenarios.

Dredging plays an important role in all three types of scenarios and therefore the accurate determination of both capital and maintenance dredging costs will be instrumental in establishing the most economically feasible scenario. Fluctuations in the dredging price can easily affect the choice of scenario and therefore it will be important to study the sensitivity of this price on the choice of alternative.

The alternatives for river mouth improvement that were modeled are the following:

Scenario

Alternative CD 1 with a bypass channel dredged through east Cua Day mudflats that are protected by breakwaters at sea. Alternative CD 2.2 with a dredged channel through the Day River mouth, bed level -4.5 m+CD. -


1 By-pass

2 Groynes + dredging

P P

3 Dredging

Moderate Moderate

Capital cost Maintenance cost

. High Low

Alternative LG 1 with a bypass channel dredged through Lach Giang spit that is protected by breakwaters at sea. Alternative LG 3 with a dredged channel through the existing Lach Giang main channel, protected by a single breakwater.

The proposed general schemes are presented in the sketches below. CD-I is the proposed scheme for Day River wherein a channel is cut on the eastern bank of Day River with breakwaters in the surf zone. CD 2 on the other hand calls for the improvement of the mouth of Day River. For Lach Giang, option LG-1 will require the dredging of an access channel across the sand spit at the eastern bank of Ninh Co River and the construction of parallel breakwaters in the surf zone. Option LG-2 on the other hand, involves the improvement of the mouth of Ninh Co and the emplacement of a single breakwater at the eastern bank.

Figure 6-6. Alternative CD-I Day River Figure 6-7 Alternative CD-2 Day River

Figure 6-8 . Alternative LG-I, Lach Giang R Figure 6-9. Alternative LG-3 Lach Giang R

Of these schemes, LG-1 is considered to be the most advantageous in terms of technical, economics and social and environmental aspects. The proposed improvement schemes for the mouth of Day River will have adverse environmental impacts on the Nhgia Hung Proposed Reserve.


6.2.3 Suitable Dredging Methods

The following types of dredging equipment are commonly used for reclamation, capital and/or maintenance dredging

Trailinq Suction H o p ~ e r Dredaer (TSHD)

The TSHD is a self-propelled vessel that is L equipped with one or more suction pipes, designed to trail over the sides of the vessel. The suction pipe terminates at the lower end in drag head, which is designed to draw in the maximum amount of seabed material. Suction is provided by one or more centrifugal pumps in the hull of the vessel, which discharges into the hold (hopper) of the vessel.

Cutter Suction Dredaer ICSD)

A CSD is a stationary dredger equipped with a rotating cutter head and centrifugal pumps. The cutter head, which is situated on a depth adjustable ladder at the entrance of a suction pipe, is used to agitate soft materials or to cut harder materials in order to bring them in a suitable state for hydraulic transport.

Bucket Wheel Dredaer

This type is almost equivalent to the cutter suction dredger; however, instead of a cutter head a bucket wheel is fixed on the end of the ladder. This type is not often used.

Bucket Dredser

The bucket dredger has a main component called the bucket chain. This chain consists of a large number of buckets linked together in an endless chain, which is carried by a rigid movable support called a ladder. The bucket chain is driven by a tumbler at the top of the ladder. The lower part of the ladder may be raised or lowered by means of hoisting wires. The excavated soil is dumped from the buckets into the means of transport through a chute.

Dipper / Backhoe Dredser

This dredger type is basically an excavating machine mounted on a pontoon. The backhoe digging bucket is hydraulically operated in such a way that the digging action is performed toward the machine (backhoe) or away from the machine (dipper). The bucket is designed to cut itself into the soil.

Grab or Clamshell Dredser

This dredger type has a cable hoisted grabbing system that is characterized by a slewing crane, which lowers and hoists the grab into and out of the water. Wires from the crane can open and closes the grab mechanism. The weight of the grab bucket enables penetration into the soil. There are various types of grab buckets for


different kind of soils. The clamshell is commonly used for sand.

/Deep) Suction Dredaer

This type of dredger is similar to a cutter suction dredger. However, instead of a cutting device this dredger can only loosen the soil by water jetting (fluidization of the top layer). By using underwater pumps and an extension of the suction pipe, this dredger is able to remove soil from much deeper bed levels.

Factors that have an impact on the suitability and performance at dredging locations of the different types of dredging equipment are:

maximum dredge depth; sensitivity to currents and waves; interference with other nautical traffic; general performance characteristics (production); soil characteristics; discharge location; environmental impacts.

The dredges like the backhoe, grab and bucket are likely to cause high suspended sediments when the grab or bucket hits the sediments. Loss of sediment is relatively high with these kinds of dredge. The backhoe and grab are used in areas where suction dredge is not feasiblt to use. In terms of control of suspended sediment during dredging, suction dredge has the advantage since sediment is conveyed through a pipe to the hopper or disposal site.

6.2.4 Transport

Transport of dredged materials to a disposal area is commonly done by the following methods:

Pipeline

The dredger at the borrow area is connected to a floating or submerged pipeline which connects the dredging area and the disposal or reclamation area. At the disposal site the pipeline is connected to a spreading pontoon or an onshore pipeline system.

The maximum length of the pipeline is a function of mixture concentration, particle size, installed pump power and pipeline diameter.

A floating pipeline is an obstruction to other traffic. Optionally a sunken pipeline can be used in order to avoid traffic interference. Floating pipelines are vulnerable to climatic conditions. Depending on local circumstances the economic maximum lengths of pipelines are some 5 km. Wear and tear has to be taken into account due to the abrasing effect of the soil-water mixture.

Baraes

The dredger at the borrow area disposes the soil into barges. The barges can be either self propelled hopper barges or towed hopper barges. During the hydraulic filling of the barges a percentage of losses, especially of the fine fraction of the dredged material can be expected.

Hopper dredqer

The dredger at the borrow area has his own hopper aboard and can transport the sand itself without double handling. Factors that have an impact on the suitability of the different types of equipment for the transport of sand are:

available water depth sensitivity to currents and waves interference with nautical trafftc distance between borrow area and disposal or reclamation site environmental impact


0 , o . q ,

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ROYAL UASKONING

6.2.5 Unloading and placing

The materials can be disposed by either one of the following methods:

Direct placing

Direct placing is placing straight from the means of transport into a disposal or reclamation area. This could be carried out with a dredger with pumps onboard that have usually sufficient power to pump the soil water mixture over a distance ranging from 1 to 4 km.

Alternatively, a dredger can cast the material aside to areas next to the dredging area. In case of transport with barges the unloading of the vessels is carried out with a barge suction dredger. This equipment, stationary at the mooring place fluidizes the sand in the hopper by means of water-jetting. The barge then pumps the water-sand mixture into the designated place through a pipeline. Turbidity caused by return water and overflow losses are common for this option. Barges and hopper dredger can also dump the material at a suitable dump location.

Indirect placing

This is the placing from the means of transport into the works by double handling and used in case of a reclamation. The sand is temporarily stored in an underwater stockpile area close to the reclamation area. The barges or trailing hopper suction dredgers dump the sand into the stockpile with sufficient depth. A (cutter) suction dredger will then remove the sand from the stockpile and will pump it ashore. The dumping of the sand in the underwater stockpile causes turbidity and losses of especially the fine fraction of the sand can be expected. Factors that have an effect on the suitability of the different types of equipment for the placing of the sand:

available water depth; sensitivity to currents and waves; interference with nautical traffic; distance between point of delivery and designated location; environmental impacts.

6.3 Summary of dredging, transport and disposal methods

Table 6.2 gives an overview of the various possible dredging, transport and disposal methods.

6.3.1 Equipment Selection

The equipment suitability is evaluated on methods as described above, the project specific boundaries and some general considerations, which comprise:

Loading dredged materials in barges, transport the materials and unloading the barges is rather expensive compared to direct placing methods. In general, hopper dredger require more water depth in dredging areas than other dredgers Hopper dredgers are also sensitive to wave action when dredging in [very] shallow water Envisaged equipment should be generally available

Based on the project requirements [partial reclamation, maintenance, traffic, depths] and the boundary conditions [waves, currents, soil, etc.], the following is concluded:

There is insufficient draught for a hopper dredger to carry out the dredging works in the existing channel The by-pass channel and connecting canal cannot be dredged by a hopper dredger

February 2008

SMEC

When the river access is finalized and operational, a stationary dredger is not preferred as it poses an obstruction to shipping traffic The quantity and available time require high-output dredgers to ensure timely completion As few as possible dredgers are to be deployed to ensure mostly unobstructed shipping traffic

Hence, regardless of the selection for the Cua Day or Lach Giang alternative, the following equipment is proposed:

Table 6-3. Proposed Dredging Equipment

Table 6-2. Summary o f the Various Possible Dredging, Transport & Disposal Methods

Type of dredger

Trailing Suction

HopperDredger

(TS H D)

Cutter Suction

-

DNC River Alternative Inner Channel

9R6212.21/R007alJHUNijrn February 2008

Alternative By-pass

Methods

-

Design Vessel

Other Aspects

dumping fixed on ladder barges

barge unloading

VSTSHD I VSTSHD MCSD I MCSD

Placing

Dumping

pumping ashore

pumping ashore

side casting

Excavation

Drag head(s) with

jets and teeth

fixed on pipes

rotating cutter

Sensitivity to

waves for dredging 8.

loading

No

Yes [shallow]

I

1,000 DWT M CSD M CSD

VS TSHD M CSD

Transport

. In own hop-

per

Pipeline

yes ~ ++

2,500 DWT M I L C S D M I L C S D S TSHD

M I L C S D STSHD

M I L C S D

Output

++

pipeline

barges

anchors

dredger

pipeline

barges

anchors

dredger

anchors

~~~~~

Yes

Yes

Yes '

Yes

Yes

I

Bucket Wheel

Dredger

Bucket Dredger

DipperlBackhoe

Dredger

GrablClamshell

Dredger

(Deep) Suction

Dredger

1,500 DWT M CSD M CSD

VSTSHD M CSD

3,000 DWT MILCSD MILCSD S TSHD

MILCSD STSHD I STSHD

M I L C S D I MlLCSD

++

--- +

--

---

+

/

2,000 DWT M I L C S D M I L C S D STSHD

M I L C S D

Interference

++

dredger

turning bucket

wheel and

separate suction

pipe

bucket chain fixed

on a ladder

bucket on hydrau-

lic arm

grab or clamshell

fixed on arm or in

cables

suction pipe

Availability

++

dredger '7 barges

pipeline

barges

barges

barges

barges

pipeline

(barges I

dredger

anchors

barges

dredger

pipeline

pumping ashore

side casting

dumping

barge unloading

dumping

barge unloading

dumping

barge unloading

Dumping

barge unloading

pumping ashore

dumping

barge unloading

+

- anchor I

0.0, 000

ROYAL H A S K O I I I G

6.3.2 Initial Dredging Estimates

An initial estimate has been made prior to the selection of the most likely alternatives. As all alternatives do comprise the connection DNC canal as well as rock protection works, which are at more or less a comparable scale, these costs have not been taken into account. From this estimate it was concluded that:

MILCSD S TSHD

Improvement at Ninh Co River mouth [Lach Giang] is relatively cheaper than at Day River mouth [Cua Day] as dredge quantities are considerably less; At least one medium type dredger is required in order to complete the works within the time frame; More than one dredger will result in higher mobilisation costs, however overall time for completion will be reduced, hence less additional overhead costs [weekly costs] might make up for the extra mobilisation expense.

M CSD Medium Cutter Suction Dredge 500 - 1,000 kW on cutter L CSD Large Cutter Suction Dredge 1,000 - 1,500 kW on cutter VS TSHD Very Small Hopper Dredger < 1,000 m3 hop er volume S TSHD Small Hopper Dredger P 1,000 - 4.000 m hopper volume

Outer channel Alternative


M CSD VS TSHD

M CSD VS TSHD

M I L C S D S TSHD

M I L C S D S TSHD

7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.1 Mitigating Measures

7.1 .I Dredging

Selection of Dredqinq Method

The level of turbidity generated by dredging is partly dependent on the type of dredge used. To minimize turbidity, hydraulic cutterhead dredge is preferred. Experience with hydraulic cutterhead shows that maximum concentrations generally remain less than 500 mglL and bottom suspended-sediment plumes are limited to within 500 m of the dredge (Havis 1988; LaSalle 1990) (DOER 2000). Mechanical dredging on the other hand can cause much more severe condition.

Mechanical dredges which generate suspended-sediments through the impact of the bucket on the bottom and withdrawal from the bottom, washing of material out of the bucket as it moves through the water column and above the water surface, and additional loss when the barge is loaded (LaSalle 1990). A suspended- sediment plume associated with clamshell dredging at its maximum concentration (1,100 mg/L) may extend up to 1,000 m on the bottom (Havis 1988; LaSalle 1990; Collins 1995).(DOER 2000). Since clamshell is required for working in tight areas it cannot be avoided, it must be used selectively.

Implementation of this environmental management should be assured by including this requirement in the Project Implementation Plan and in the Tender Documents.

Timinq of Dredqinq Activities

For protection of aquatic life, timing of dredging should consider the known seasonal biologic processes. The seasonality of the known biologic processes is enumerated in Table 5-5. The chart indicates that most of the potentially environment sensitive processes takes place during the flood season. But the tentative dredging period that is proposed is December to September, which will coincide with the spawning season. This could be critical since the dredging will be partly within the estuary which is the spawning season.

7.1.2 Excavation of the Day-Ninh Co Canal

The pre-feasibility study has recommended the use of hydraulic cutter suction dredge (HCSD) for excavating the Day-Ninh Co Canal. The advantage of this method in terms of production rate is very apparent. However, use of land based excavation method should be considered are well. From environmental stand point, land based work will have relatively lesser environmental concerns since environmental impacts on land are easier to manage. Excavation of the canal from the land will allow the work to proceed within the canal without the need for access from either of the rivers. This method will confine turbid waters within the canal and incase of the need to pump out water, the water can be passed through siltation ponds prior to discharge into the rivers.

7.1.3 Disposal of Spoils

Spoils should be considered as a resource and as such its beneficial use should be considered. Generally, the management of dredged material is dependent upon the quality of the material. There are various options for disposing dredged material and the recommended methods for particular quality of spoils are listed in the following table:


4 SMEC

(capped) / Improvement 1 (capped) Replacement I Habitat I Land

Table 7-1. Management of dredged materials according to qualityZ

improvement

Habitat (cleaned

creation

Nourishment protection I regeneration

mudflats (silts, Construction

Highly Contaminated

Landfill at controlled sites (silts and clays)

Lightly Contaminated

Land Reclamation

Land

Moderately Contamlnated

Land reclamation (capped)

-- Land Fill

Coastal Mudflats (silt,

Clean Sedlments

Land Reclamation

Landfill

Sea defence

1 Protection 1

Beach Nourisment

The disposal options being considered for this project component are the following:

Day - Ninh Co Canal on land Inner channel cast aside or sea-side reclamation By-pass channel cast aside or sea-side reclamation Outer channel cast aside or sea-side reclamation

Assuming that 10% of the about 9 million of the spoils is contaminated, a total of 900,000 cu m of spoils will require containment. With a stockpile height of 1.5 m, a land area of about 60 hectares will be needed. Assuming a containment development cost of US$2 I cu m, total cost of developing the containment is US1.8 million. This cost can be significantly reduced if clay is available for use as lining for the containment.

Beneficial of spoils from the sea channel and by pass is the artificial nourishment of the Hai Hau coastline which is now severely eroded. The about 9 million cu m of clean spoils can be used to re-establish the sandy beach in this coastline.

Another option, if it will be allowed, is to use the clean spoils to expand the mudflats of the Nghia Hung proposed nature sanctuary and reforest the mudflat with mangrove species. This will effectively increase the potential feeding habitat of migratory birds.


S ~ o i l s from the Day-Ninh Co Canal

The construction of the Day-Ninh Co Canal will generate more than 2 million cubic meters of spoils (tentative estimate). Given the bulking factor of 1.4 and stacking height of 1.5 m, this volume of spoils will require about 140 hectares of land. In a highly productive area, the use of agricultural land for this purpose will have very significant negative impact on agricultural productivity. Indications of soil sampling and analysis done for the NDTDP indicate soils in the project site may not be acidic and its quality generally complies with the Vietnamese standards. As such, there are a number of options for its beneficial use.

According to the Geology and Mineral Resources, published by the Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam, the region of Nam Dinh is underlain by the Thai Binh Formation. Layers of clay are interbedded among the sedimentary sequences including the chocolate clay found in the Alluvial Bank Facies of the fluvial sediment (riverine deposition) which is good for tile and brick production. The presence of good clay in the area is confirmed by the presence of a modest brick factory n Nhgia Hung. Should clay be encountered in the excavation of the canal, the clay can be used by the brick factory in Ngia Hung or it can be set aside in case it is needed for containment of contaminated dredge materials.

The top soil can be used to fill up low lying agricultural lands to minimize susceptibility to flooding.

Finally, reclamation work is ongoing in the industrial zone in the general area and the spoils could be used as fill material.

A suitable disposal site still has to be identified in case highly contaminated soils are encountered. The use of the spoils as replacement fill for the mined out clay quarry should be considered.

Spoils from River, Bv-pass and Channel Dredaing

Seaside reclamation is being considered. One of the possible sites for disposal of the clean spoils is the beach at the end of the sand spit, south of Tanh An commune. It was observed during the field survey that the vegetation line has retreated. The indicators are the low scarp along the vegetation line and the stumps of Casuarina on the beach as shown in the following photograph. This area is about south or downdrift of the proposed Lach Giang breakwater. It has been predicted that this site will be susceptible to erosion once the breakwater has been constructed. The dredged materials could be used to create a berm in this part to partly alleviate the possible erosion hazard.

Another possible beneficial use of the dredged clean is nourishment of the Hai Hau beach which is being severely eroded.

Photo 7-1. Beach towards the end o f the Lach Giang sand spit

9R6212.21/R007al.lHUNijm February 2008

Containment of S ~ o i l s

In case contaminated spoils are encountered in the Day-Nlnh Co area, containment becomes necessary. A contained disposal area comprises of a perimeter dyke, which can be previously constructed by draglines from material excavated from the disposal site. The ditch created by the excavation of material will form the drainage ditch for the disposal area, which is located on the outside of the perimeter dyke.

The disposal area should be divided by bunds into a number of compartments. These compartments are filled in sequence during the dredging operation. Surplus water used for pumping the spoils should be contained for at least a day to allow fine sediments to settle.

The thickness of dredged material deposited in a continuous operation is usually limited to about 1.5 m as dewatering of this fine-grained clay becomes increasingly difficult and time consuming as the thickness increases. Following the experiences at the Inland Waterways and Port Modernization Project for acid sulphate soils and contaminated soils the containment areas should be lined with PVC membrane or clay lining to prevent seepage into the groundwater or through the containment walls.

These disposal areas can pose threats to public health before consolidation of the sediments. It is therefore important that sufficient measures are taken to prevent the exposure of local population to the spoils area.

Changes in bulk density of the soil will vary at different stages of the dredging, transport and placement processes. The alteration in density is caused by the formation of additional voids in the soils, which fill with water when it is disturbed. This usually means that the volume of the disposed material on the disposal site is higher than the in-situ dredged volume. This increase can be expressed as a percentage of the in-situ volume or as a ratio of the two volumes. The latter is known as the bulking factor. When hydraulic excavation and placement techniques are adopted, bulking can be much higher (I .30 to 1.50).

7.1.4 Environmental Management of the Work Site

Mitisation of lm~acts on Air Quality

The construction work will require the use of motorized vehicles and heavy equipment for construction. These are mostly diesel fuelled which emits CO, NO2, SOz, hydrocarbon, lead and


particulate matter. The contractor will have to ensure that all the equipment supplied for the project complies with the Vietnamese Government standard for vehicle emission (TCVN 5939- 2005). Prior to deployment, the equipment owner will have to submit service records of the equipment and results of emission testing.

Work will be done mostly during the dry season and hence it is expected that bare areas will be exposed resulting to dusty condition. Dust suppression should be done especially if there are human receptors near the construction area.

All vehicles transporting construction materials (sand, clay, cement, stones) should be covered to prevent dust dispersion. Installation and maintenance of mufflers on vehicles are necessary.

Concrete mixing plants and asphalt plants should be located over 200m from boundary of dense residential sites. Plant emission will have to comply with the Vietnam Standard for Air Emission (TCVN-5939-2005). Otherwise, plant will have to to install emission control equipment.

Mitisation of Potential Impacts on Water Quality

Possible sources of pollutants from construction camps are wastewater from the workers' accommodation and contamination from spilled lubricants and fuel from equipment repair yard and fuel depot. To prevent contamination from these sources the workers' quarters should be provided with sealed septic tanks. The equipment repair yard and the fuel depot should be provided with impervious flooring, containment wall and floor sump to collect oily wash water and to allow separation of solids.

Manaclement of Construction Waste

Construction site should practice segregation and waste minimization. All materials that can be re-used and recycled should be segregated and sold. Residual wastes that cannot be recycled or re-used should be collected and disposed of in the municipal or city landfill. Hazardous wastes (spent solvents or used lubricants) should be disposed of in authorized disposal facilities.

Restoration of land Occupied bv Construction Camp I Stanins Area

The use of the construction camplstaging area is only temporary, hence, at the end of construction period, the land will be returned to the landholder who can then resume the former productive use of the land. As such, the contractor should remove all equipment, structures, rubbish and obstructions and restore the land to its condition prior to use for construction. This condition will have to be included in the Contractor's Condition of Contract.

Biodiversity Conservation

Dredging work will most likely overlap with the bird migration season during the winter months. The work site in Lach Giang will be close to the Nghia Hung Proposed Nature Reserve which is one of the feeding habitats visited by the migrating birds. The workers will have to be oriented on the laws protecting wildlife to re vent them from hunting wildlife in the proposed nature reserve. Wildlife hunting has been cited as one of the reasons for loss of wildlife in Vietnam.

In addition to protect the reserve from pollution from boats and ships the vessels working for the NDTDP should be prevented from anchoring near the reserve except in emergency cases.

Finally, with the threat of Avian Flu, workers should be told that it is best to keep away and avoid contact with the migrating birds as prevention against contacting Avian Flu. They should also be informed to be vigilant and should report sightings of dead birds for investigation by the Department of Environment and the public health institutions.

Workers will be exposed to ergonomic stress, hazards of operating heavy equipment, exposed to heat and high noise level. Further, the workers will be exposed to overhead conditions, such as


SXlEC

working underwater in flowing and low visibility water condition. They will also be exposed to hazards of heavy lifting. To protect and keep workers safe, the following shall be implemented:

Workers shall be given orientation on safety procedures on job site; They shall be provided with personal protection equipment such as hard hat, safety shoes, ear plugs, masks when necessary, gloves and googles; A first aid station with a trained emergency first responder shall be provided in the construction site; A safety officer shall be designated to enforce safety regulations in the construction site; Workers shall be provided with ample clean water; Hygiene facilities shall be available in construction site; An emergency warning system shall be instituted to protect workers from site emergencies and natural hazards. Evacuation plan for extreme emergency conditions shall be formulated.

Public Health and Safety

Protection of public health and safety should not be neglected. For this purpose the following shall be adopted:

Construction site shall be off-limits to non-workers, warning signs shall be prominently posted along the site periphery; Disposal sites of contaminated spoils shall also be off-limits to people. An IEC will be implemented to inform the host community and warning signs will be posted. Health screening will be done for workers to prevent spread of disease to the host community; Use of illegal drugs shall be strictly prohibited in the construction site to prevent spread of HIV disease and other possible social problems.

7.1.5 Management of Social Impacts

The implementation of the waterways improvement in Corridor 1 will surely require acquisition of land, whether on a temporary or permanent basis. Recovery of land will have to be undertaken. With lands intensively used for agriculture, land users will be affected. However, it is not anticipated that works in Corridor 1 will physically displace residences.

Mitiqation of Loss of Asricultural Land and Its Consequences

The NDTDP will have the potential to affect agricultural areas that are planted to rice maize, vegetable or orchards. Built-up areas or areas of historical and cultural significance occupy only a minimal proportion of the land area.

Based on initial estimates, waterways improvement will affect on a temporary basis and some on a permanent basis, about a 1,000 hectares of land. To mitigate the loss in income of the project affected households (PAHs) and social consequences of land acquisition, a proper Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) which will be prepared and implemented by the PMU-W. The suggested contents of RAP are as follows.

Principles of RAP

The legal framework governing land acquisition, compensation and resettlement in Vietnam consist of the following:

a. The Constitution of Vietnam, issued in 1993, confirms the right of citizens to own house and to protect the ownership of the house. Article 18 prescribes that the State shall entrust land to organizations and private individuals for stable and lasting use. Further, it stipulates that these organizations and individuals are responsible for the protection,

February 2008

enrichment, rational exploitation and economical use of the land. They may transfer the right to use the land entrusted to them by the State, as determined by law.

b. The Civil Code contains provisions on Property and Ownership Right in the Article 172 throughout Article 284.

c. The Land Law (No.l3/2003/QH11), promulgated on December 10, 2003 by the State President as contained in order No.23120031L-CTN, prescribes land management and use. It supersedes the previously issued ordinances and decrees of the previous Land Law issued n 1993. The revision is also aimed at responding to the needs of the emerging land market. This law took effect in July 1, 2004. The amended Law on Land consists of 6 Chapters, 146 Articles providing for: the right of state to land and state management on land; regimes of land use; rights and obligations of land users; administrative procedures on land management and utilization and other provision inspections, detailing with dispute, complaint and denunciation and settlement of breaches on land.

d. The Decision No. 181/2004/ND-CP dated October 29, 2004 which contains the Government on guidelines in the implementation of the Law Land.

e. "Land recovery" is the term equivalent to land acquisition in Vietnamese legal framework on land. Article 4 of the new Land Law defines "Land Recovery" as the State's action based on an administrative decisions to retrieve land use right or recover land already assigned to organization, commune, ward or township People' Committees for management according to the provision of this Law.

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The Land Recovew Process

The State shall recover land, pay compensations, clear ground after the land use planning and/or after plans are publicized or when the investment projects have been approved by competent State agencies.

The State Agencies shall notify land holders of the State's intent to recover the land at least ninety days before actual recovery. The State agency will have to inform the affected people within this time frame the reason for recovery, the overall schemes for compensations, ground clearance and resettlement.

After the decision on land recovery and schemes for compensations, ground clearance and resettlement, have been agreed on and approved by the competent State agencies and made public, the land holder must abide by the decisions on land recovery.

In case the persons with land to be recovered refuse to abide by the land recovery decisions, the People's Committee shall issue orders for coercive execution of the decision. The person subject to coercive land recovery must abide by the decisions on coercion and have the right to lodge their complaints.

Compensation Principle

General rules of compensation are laid down in Article 42 and 43. The articles state that persons with land to be recovered shall be compensated with the assignment of new land with the same use. If there is no land to compensate the affected landholder, a monetary compensation shall be paid based on the land use right value at the time of issuance of the recovery decisions.

In case land being recovered is used by households or individual landholders for production and the government cannot provide suitable land compensation, aside from pecuniary compensation, the State shall provide support in the form of training to allow the affected individuals to engage in alternative gainful activities.

The State may recover land without compensation in cases where land users deliberately refuse to fulfill their obligations towards the State.

Recovew of Cemeteries and Gravevard

Article 43 stipulates that recovery of land for cemeteries and graveyard will not be compensated. Further, the law states in Article 101 that cemetery or graveyards must be planned and located in areas far from population centers but convenient for burial and visits, hygienic and economical. The provincial/municipal People's Committees shall prescribe the land limits and management regimes for the construction of tombs, monuments, steles in cemeteries, graveyards.

Procedure for Land Use Riaht

Procedure of land use right transfer is described in Article 127. The land use right transfer dossiers shall be filled at the land use right registries. For households and individuals in rural areas, such dossiers shall be filled at the People's Committees of commune.

The land use right transfer dossiers comprise the land use right transfer contract and the land use right certificate.

The land use right transfer contracts must be certified by the State notary public. The land use right transfer contracts of households or individuals shall be certified by the State notary public or authenticated by the People's Committee of communes, wards or townships where the land exists.

Within fifteen days of the receipt of the complete and valid dossiers, the land use right registries shall have to verify the dossiers. Thereafter these will be transferred to the land management agencies of the People's Committee who are mandated to grant the land use right certificate. To complete the transfer, land users must fulfill their financial obligations. The financial obligations


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are determined according to the cadastral data. The land use right registries shall send the cadastral data to the tax offices for determination of the financial obligations. The land use right certificates shall be issued within 5 workings days after all financial obligations have been settled.

Other Leaal Documents needed in Preparation of RAP

a. Decision No. 188/2004/ND-CP dated January 16, 2004 of the Government on methodology in determination of land price.

b. Decision No. 197/2004/ND-CP dated December 2, 2004 of the Government on compensation and subsidy allowances in land acquisition

c. Circular No. 166/2004/TT-BTC of the Ministry of Finance on guidelines in implementation of the Decision No. 197/2004/ND-CP.

The PMU-W will closely cooperate with the People Committees of the provinces where the project is located to prepare and implement a proper RAP. This is to avoid the negative impacts on livihood due to land acquisition. A detail RAP will be immediately prepared after the project has been approved by the Government.

WB Policv on Land Acquisition and Resettlement

The basic guiding principle of the WB Policy on Involuntary Resettlement is that:

"lnvoluntary resettlement and loss of means o f livelihood are avoided where feasible, exploring all viable alternatives. When, after such examination, i t is proved unfeasible, effective measures to minimize impact and to compensate for losses must be agreed upon with the people who will be affected. People to be resettled involuntarily and people whose means of livelihood will be hindered or lost must be sufficiently compensated and supported by the project proponents, etc. in timely manner. The project proponents, etc. must make efforts to enable the people affected by the project, to improve their standard of living, income opportunities and production levels, or at least to restore them to pre-project levels. Measures to achieve this may include: providing land and monetary compensation for losses to cover land and property losses), supporting the means for an alternative sustainable livelihood, and providing the expenses for relocation sites; and Appropriate participation by the people affected and their community must be promoted in planning, implementation and monitoring of involuntary resettlement plans and measures against the loss of their means of livelihood''.

Mitiaation of Hazards Due to the War Residues

The PMU-W will cooperate with an experienced unit of the Engineering Corp of the Ministry of Defense to invest and remove all residual material (bombs, mines) before commencement of construction activity. Because the field, where will be an area of the NDTDP is used for food crop cultivation in a long time (over 30 years) from the war, residual explosive materials may not occur on topsoil layer, if they may exist, they may be found only at the deeper layer. Duration of removal of residual explosive materials may be some months, if the PMU-W will decide to conduct this measure.

Mitiaation of Loss in Housina. Historical. Reliaious. Technical Facilities

The project implementation may result to loss in housing, religious, cultural and technical facilities. This is a significant adverse impact of the project. Therefore, countermeasures for this issue are necessary.

- -- 104 9R6212.21IR007alJHUNijm

February 2008

The PMU-W will prepare a proper RAP, in which measures for relocation of the existing houses, religious, cultural and technical facilities will be detail discussed. The policy in grave relocation should respect the local traditional creed.

Mitiqation of Impact on Ethnic Minority

There is very small number of households of ethnic minority in the communes within the project region. Additionally, these ethnic minorities are acculturated, therefore specific mitigation is not necessary.

Mitiqation of potential Conflict with the Reqional Master Plan

The project is consistent and in accordance with the Master Development Plan of National Transport System as well as the Provincial Master Plan. No negative impact is expected. Therefore, no mitigation measure is necessary.

lnteqratinq Environmental Manaqement Concerns in Tender Document

The project management unit (PMU-W) of MOT in collaboration with the Consultant should prepare a Tender Document, incorporating the requirements for pollution prevention and control in accordance with the Vietnamese Standards for the maintenance of environmental quality during all phases of the project implementation.

7.2 Environmental Monitoring

7.2.1 Institutional Responsibilities for Environmental Monitoring and Reporting

At present, in Vietnam, the Department of Environmental Protection (NEPA) within MONRE is responsible for the nation-wide environmental monitoring. A National Monitoring System set up by the former MOSTE in 1994, involved the various environmental research centres. These centres carry out monitoring of air and water quality and solid wastes in the selected areas and submit reports to NEPA. Annually, MONRE prepares "Annual Report on the State of Environment of Vietnam" based on environmental monitoring and socio-economic data. This report is presented to the Government. According to the Law and Government Decision, projects and/or companies which may have environmental problems may carry out appropriate monitoring programs during the project construction and operation under the arrangement of "internal monitoring".

At provincial level, Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE) is responsible for environmental management, including environmental monitoring which is referred to as external monitoring.

For the NDTDP, the PMU-W is responsible for undertaking internal environmental monitoring during pre-construction, construction and operation stages. The results of the internal environmental monitoring are regularly submitted to the Ministry of Transport, DONREs of the related provinces or MONRE for review.

7.2.2 Organization of Environmental Monitoring for NDTDP

Two types of environmental monitoring are to be implemented in the NDTDP. These are the site audit and environmental quality monitoring.


SMEC

Site Audit

Site audit mainly involves the evaluation of the implementation and effectiveness of the mitigation measures. This is conducted by the PMU or its contractor during the pre-construction, construction and operation stages.

Environmental Qualitv Monitorinq

The environmental quality monitoring involves the testing, analysis and evaluation of selected environmental indicators. Environmental quality and compliance with set standards are assessed by comparing results of monitoring data with relevant Vietnamese Standards for the Environment.

7.2.3 Agencies involved in Environmental Monitoring Programs

The organizations involved in environmental monitoring are

Independent Monitoring Consultant (IMC). Contractors Governmental Environmental Management Agencies (DONREs).

The independent monitoring consultant (IMC) will be engaged by the Project Management Unit of MOT. The role of the IMC is to monitor the implementation of the EMP. The IMC will submit its environmental monitoring report every 3 months to MOT and WB.

General responsibilities of the IMC are:

Conduct observation at the project area and assess the following aspects: - Status of implementation of safety measures (signboards, restricted zone, fences,

isolation etc.) in the construction phase. - Status of installation of sanitary facilities at worker camps and construction sites. - Status of waste management in the construction phase and operation phase. - Public consultation in environmental problems produced by the project. Conduct field sampling and submit samples to the laboratory for analysis

7.2.4 Environmental Quality Monitoring

Air Quality Monitorinq

Due to the low concentrations of pollutants in the ambient air of the project sites of NDTDP, air quality will be limited to sites where there are human communities (receptors) near the construction site.

Monitoring will be limited to noise and suspended particulate matter (dust). The occurrence of nuisance noise and increased TSP ili the atmosphere will be occasional rather than a continuous event, such that instrumental monitoring may not detect exceedance. As such alternative method shall be key informant interview. Key informants from the nearby communities shall be identified and these people shall be interviewed on a regular basis to detect any exceedance or nuisance.

The areas that will be monitored shall be the spoils disposal site. These sites shall be susceptible to re-suspension of dust once the spoils have dried up.

This can be done frequently like weekly, for early detection of any nuisance that the project may cause to the host community. This constitutes as part of site audit and the monitoring should be done by the PMU or its Contractor. The cost of this monitoring is limited to the salary of personnel who will undertake the audit / monitoring.

106 9R6212.21/ROO7a/JHUNijm February 2008

Bathymetry and Morpholo~y

Morphological monitoring should be done to monitor change in sedimentation pattern due to the structures and to monitor changes in coastline morphology.

a. Bathymetric survey in the mouth of the river and the entrance to the Lach Giang Bypass Channel. This should be done to check how the sediment transport and bed levels are being influenced by the new structures. The monitoring should be done once before the construction and then annually.

b. The monitoring of the shoreline position up drift and down drift of the breakwater should also be done to determine the shift in sediment transport along the coastline. This will validate the results of the model and will allow the calibration of the model for a more accurate prediction. This is essential in managing the environmental impacts of the project. The monitoring should be done annually.

This monitoring should be done by the PMU-W through an independent monitoring consultant under PMU-W's supervision.

Frequency of monitoring is annual. The cost of monitoring is estimated at VND 80 million Dong (US5,OOO) which includes salaries, use of survey equipment like fathometer and survey quality GPS.

Soils and Soil Quality

Monitoring of soil quality shall be done in areas that will be used as temporary spoils disposal sites. The purpose of the monitoring is to detect the possible impacts of spoils and its leachate on the soil of the disposal site.

This is part of environmental quality monitoring. The monitoring should be undertaken by the PMU -W through an independent monitoring consultant.

Timing and frequency of sampling shall be one sampling before the use as disposal site, then annual sampling until such time the spoils have all been removed. Final sampling should be before land is turned over to land holder.

One sample for every 4 hectares of disposal site should be collected. Assuming a scenario that all the excavated materials from the DNC will be temporarily stockpiles, for an area of 140 hectares, this translates to about 35 annual samples. With a unit cost of VND490,OOO this translates to an annual cost of about VND24 million, equivalent to US$1,500. Parameters for monitoring are pH, Al, Fe, As, Cd, Pb, Cr and Hg.

Three samples should be collected from each sampling station but only one sample should be submitted to the laboratory analysis. .The two samples are check samples in case there is a need to check results of the initial analysis, such as when high concentrations of heavy metals are detected. One check sample should be submitted to the laboratory for analysis. The soil samples for heavy metal analysis (except total mercury) can be stored for 180 days provided it is preserved with nitric acid to pH ~ 2 . This procedure of taking duplicate samples will save time and money in case of the need for validating laboratory results.

Stream Sediment Quality Monitoring

Monitoring of sediment shall be done once before dredging and monthly during the dreding period. During operations, monitoring should be done annually. Monitoring sites are the coastal dredging areas, the channels and the Lach Giang by-pass. The objective of the monitoring is to detect any change in the sediment quality that might be attributed to dredging.

The sampling is part of the environmental quality monitoring and will be undertaken by the PMU- W through an independent monitoring consultant.

February 2008

Sampling shall be:

Two sites in Ninh Co River, one upstream of the DNC, one station downstream of the DNC; One station in DNC; one station in the bypass; One station in the channels;

A total of 5 stream sediment samples have to be collected for analysis.

The parameters to be monitored are pH, Al, Fe, As, Cd, Pb, Cr and Hg. Cost of analysis per sample is VND490,OOO and for 5 stations, the total cost per sampling is VND2.5 million or about US$ 160.00.

Surface Water Qualitv Monitorinq

Monitoring of sediment shall be done monthly during dredging. Monitoring shall be:

1 upstream of DNC 1 Downstream of DNC 1 in the Mouth of Ninh co River 1 in Lach Giang bypass

The monitoring will be done by PMU-W through an independent monitoring consultant.

Parameters to be monitored are:

Temperature NO; DO

pH Total N Fe C Total P BOD5 Salinity Zn NH; Turbidity Cr Oil SS Cd As Phenol Total Coliform

Cost of analysis per sample is VND1,780,000 per sample and 4 sampling points, the total cost is VND 7.12 million or about US$445.00

Groundwater Qualitv Monitorinq

Groundwater quality monitoring will be undertaken in disposal sites of contaminated sediments. Monitoring shall be done annually during the dry season. It is assumed that 10% of the total sediments that will excavated will be contaminated and will require containment. Of the 140 hectares needed to accommodate all the spoils, about 14 hectares will be required for permanent containment of polluted sediments. It is further assumed that the 14 hectares will be divided into about 5. Assuming that one monitoring well will be installed for every site, a maximum of 5 monitoring wells will be required. With the shallow groundwater, each well will be about 10 m deep. Parameters to be monitored are:

Temperature

pH C Salinity Turbidity SS DO

N03' Total N Total P Zn Fe BODs NH;

Cr Cd Oil As Phenol Total Coliform

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ROYAL WASKOI ING

Indicative cost of monitoring groundwater is computed as follows:

Table 7-2. Cost Estimate for Monitoring of Groundwater

I Unit Cost I Noof Units I Total I Well construction I US$2.000 1 5 I US$ 10.000.00 1 . . . ~. - - - .

I - - . - I I - . ' - - - - - I Laboratorv Analvsis I US1 20 15 1 US$ 600.00 1 Total Cost

I I I

1 10,600.00

Monitorinq of Aquatic Flora & Fauna

This monitoring should be conducted together with the stream sediment monitoring.

The monitoring should commence right after completion of the dredging work and should be done annually thereafter. The objective is to monitor for the recovery of the benthic communities in the dredged area.

In addition to the dredged areas, monitoring for benthic communities should also be done in the groyne construction areas. The objective of monitoring is to validate the observation in other locations that groyne create favorable conditions for benthic organisms.

There will be 5 sampling stations (same as water quality sampling stations). Unit cost of analysis of plankton and benthos is US$60 per sample, for 5 samples, total annual cost is US$300.00.

Monitorinq for Social Impacts - Monitorinq of Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)

Regular monitoring of RAP implementation will be conducted by PMU and by the International Donor (WB), as well as by an independent external monitoring agency.

Internal Monitoring

The Resettlement Department of PMU-W, with the assistance of supervision consultant teams, will be responsible for internal monitoring of RAP implementation.

Monitorinq Indicators

The main monitoring indicators are:

- Payment of compensation to PAPS in various categories, according to the compensation policy described in the RAP,

- Public information dissemination and consultation procedures - Adherence to grievance procedures, - Resettlement site location, design, site construction and plot allocation - House construction, technical assistance, payment of subsistence and shifting allowances

as described in the RAP, - Employment generation throligh project implementation and priority of PAP for the

options offered, - Provision of training and credit availability, - Co-ordination and completion of resettlement activities and commencement of civil works.

Staff for Conducting lnternal Monitoring

The staff of PMU-W will carry out the internal monitoring activities. They will collect information every month from the Provincial Resettlement Committees (PRCs) and District Resettlement Committees DRCs. A database of resettlement, monitoring information about the project will be maintained and updated every month.

February 2008

Reporting

PMU-W will submit to WB and Governmental authority a monitoring report on the progress of implementation of the RAP every six month.

Monitorina for Land Use Chanae

The change in land use due to disposal of spoils will be monitored. The original land use shall be described and the resulting changes, after emplacement of spoils will be noted. For temporary spoils holding area, monitoring of land use after spoils have been removed should be done. The objective of the monitoring is to document the changes and the restoration of the land use after removal of spoils. This will have to be done in all the disposal sites.

This activity should be part of the regular monitoring work of the environmental section of PMU- Environmental section.

Monitorina for Impacts on Occupational Health & Safety

The monitoring for occupational health and safety should be done regularly. The monitoring should cover:

Compliance by contractor with occupational health and safety plan: Adherence by workers with the safety guidelines Use of PPE by workers, including floatation devices by those working in water Presence of emergency first responder Availability of first aid station in construction site; Reported number of accidents or incidents involving lost time The monitoring shall be implemented by PMU-W environmental staff.

7.3 Environmental Management for Operations

7.3.1 Mitigating measures

Impacts on Air quality

Vessels plying the Corridor 3 should comply with existing standards on emission set by the Government of Vietnam. Issuance of Certificate of seaworthiness for river vessels should include compliance with emissions standards as one of the criteria.

Impacts on re-suspension of sediments due to pro~eller wash

Re-suspension of sediments due to propeller wash occurs when the influence of the wash reaches the stream bed. This happens in shallow water. To mitigate this impact, vessels should stay within the navigational channel and avoid going into shallow water.

Impacts on Bank Erosion Due to Boat Wakes

Control of bank erosion is one of the objectives of the water ways improvement project of the NDTDP. However, there will still be unprotected banks along Corridor 3 which will be prone to erosion. To minimize bank erosion due to boat wakes, VlWA can impose a speed restriction in certain segments of Corridor 3.

Impacts on Water Quality

Pollution of waterways can occur with disposal of oily bilge water, solid waste and cargo residue by cargo vessels. To mitigate this impact, ports within the NDTDP region should be provided with environmental reception facilities such as bilge water reception facility, sewage reception facility, bins for solid waste, bins for oily wastes I hazardous waste and bins for cargo residues.

Boats should be required to utilize the port waste reception facilities and report the usage to port authorities prior to leaving port.


February 2008

ROYAL HASKONING

Strict implementation of relevant environmental regulations on violations of environmental laws should be enforced by the government.

Protection of the Nhqia Huns Proposed Nature Reserve

In coordination with the Nghia Hung Proposed Nature Reserve Management Committee, An anchorage within the nature reserve shall be designated to allow vessel to safely shelter and at the same time prevent environmental impacts on the reserve.

7.3.2 Monitoring

Air Quality

Vessels plying the Corridor 3 should be tested for emissions at least once year. This should be a pre-condition to the issuance of certificate of seaworthiness. The emission tests can be done by an environmental center with capability for emissions testing.

Water Quality

Random sampling of bilge water of boats should be done. Sampling should be done by ports authority and reported to PMU-W. Bilge water should be analyzed for mineral oil, Pb, Cr, As, Hg, Cr, Fe, Al.

Compliance with imposed speed limits

Monitoring of vessels compliance with imposed speed limits should be done in segments of the river that are highly susceptible to bank erosion.

Monitoring of Maintenance Dredging

Water Quality

Water quality monitoring should be done once before maintenance dreding commences and once after the completion of the dredging work.

Sediment Quality

As in monitoring during construction, similar monitoring protocols should be observed. Stream Sediment quality should be analyzed prior to maintenance dredging and once after comple:ion of the maintenance dredging.

Bioloaical monitoring

Monitoring for plankton and benthic communities shall be done after dredging to assess recovery of the affected communities.

Estimate of cost will depend on the monitoring program during operations.

7.4 Capacity Building in Environmental Management

Environmental management of inland waterway projects is a relatively new task for Vietnam Transport Sector. As such, it is essential that a capacity building for environmental management be undertaken prior to project implementation. Staff who will be involved in the implementation of the EMP should undergo training. The objective of the training is to familiarize the management staff with environmental management and procedures for environmental monitoring and reporting. The training can be conducted by one of the environmental centers involved in environmental impact assessment and environmental management.

The training will include the following components:


a. Training for PMU- W staffs The training will cover, among others, the following subject matters: - The Environmental Management Program - Environmental issues related with waterways improvement and operation. - Environmental Regulations and Standards of Vietnam - Environmental monitoring methods and procedures. - Environmental Reporting - report preparation, interpretation of laboratory results

b. Training for Construcfion Engineers The following training programs will be provided for engineers of the constructors. - Labour Safety: Regular training on safety issues related to the riverworks and dredging; - Environmental management Plan of the Project: Orientation of engineering staff on the

environmental management plan for NDTDP River Mouth and DNC Canal. - Monitoring and reporting of EMP: The training will include the methodology for site

observation and reporting of monitoring results.

c. Training for DO NRE of Ninh Binh and Nam Dinh The DONRE staff of the provinces Ninh Binh and Nam Dinh will be provided training to enhance their capability in implementing the environmental management of the River Mouth and the DNC Canal. The training shall cover: - EMP of the River Mouth and DNC canal - Environmental monitoring methods and procedures - Monitoring data compilation, analysis and interpretation

Cost for the training activities is estimated in Table 7-3.

Table 7-3. Estimated Cost for Training Activities

7.5 Stakeholders' Responsibilities

No 1 Training I Training for PMU staffs (in

1 the Pre-ConstrucMn phase)

Safety training (in the Construction phase)

Training on environmental protection related to inland water (in the Construction phase)

Training on environmental monitoring and reporting (in the Construction phase)

Total

Items I

3 above mentioned topics of training

I

Consultant's manpower requirement Per diem for 40 participants

Other expenditures: classroom, stationery. Consultant's manpower requirement Per diem for 40 participants

Other expenditures: classroom, stationery. Consultant's manpower requirement Per diem for 30 participants

Other expenditures: classroom, stationery. 1

The responsibilities and participation of the different stakeholders are enumerated below.

Party Ministry of Transport (MOT)

I preparation 1 (lump -sum)

EsUrnaUon 20 people ' 3 days document

112 man-month (local expert) , 40 people x ldays x 300,000 VNDfday

Responsibilities MOT is Project owner, responsible for project management including overall environmental management. To carry out overall environment management,

Cost (VND)

25,000,000

8,000,000

18,000,000

within MOT an Environment Management Section will be set up. The Section is in charge of guiding and supervising implementation of the EMP for this project and

is responsible for project implementation. PMU-W


lump-sum -- 112 man-month 40 people x Idays x 300,000 VNDlday lump-sum , 112 man-month

12,000,000

5,000,000 8,000,000

30 people x Idays x 300.000 VNDlday -- lump-sum 5,000,000

97.000.000 1

Consultants

Party (PMU-W)

management. - Ensuring that all environmental protection and mitigation measures of

environmental impacts are carried out in accordance with policies

Responsibilities - Overall planning, management and monitoring of the environmental

regulations on environment and other relevant laws. - Coordinating with provincial people Committees in environmental

management activities. - Organizing training courses for local staff and contractor's teams on

mitigation measures and safety methods (professional experts on environment shall be involved).

- Carrying out internal monitoring and supervising independent monitoring, which will be contracted with other consulting services of the project.

- Supervising and providing budget for monitoring activities. - Reporting on environmental information to MOT and WB. - Implement changes or adjustments according to MONRE

recommendation to protect the environment according to Vietnam's standards, laws, and regulations.

The consultant should conduct several project tasks, including:

construction 1 dredging works and comply with environmental management plan and guidelines stipulated in the EIA and EMP. This includes:

Contractors

- Implement mitigation measures; - Ensuring safety of construction workers and local people during

construction. - Following Vietnam and WB policies on environmental protection during

- Detailed Design. - Carry out some EMP tasks (environmental monitoring etc.) and assist

PMU-W with environmental issues during construction. The Contractors will be selected by PMU-W. Their responsibilities include

construction. Independent 1 Independent monitoring consultant for the EMP implementation will be engaged

1 Monitoring / by PMU-W to conduct the monitoring programs in 3 stages of the project. The i Consultant (IMC)

Ministry of Natural

budget for the IMC will be provided by PMU. MONRE is responsible for state management on environmental issues. As part of this responsibility, MONRE will review the EIA report. During EMP

1 Resources and 1 implementation, MONRE requires DONREs of the related provinces to act as ) Environment I external regulators. Their duties will include:

(MONRE) I

- Monitoring the implementation of mitigation measures for construction and operation stages.

People's

- Assess effectiveness of recommended mitigating measures in minimizing the adverse impacts.

At provincial level the PCs will mandate the DONREs to coordinate with the 1 Committees of 10 MONRE on the supervision of the implementation of the environmental

I Households I households. Through these surveys they will: 1) have the opportunity to express

provinces Project Affected

1 (PAHs) I their requirements and concerns to the above institutions; 2) provide input to the

management plans during and after construction phase. PAHs will directly participate in the PMU-W's survey programs on affected

method and units of compensation. After compensation is complete, PAHs are responsible for cooperating with the contractors to clear relevant sites in a timely

I I manner In order to ensure that PAHs are well informed on the project, local authorities will provide PAHs with basic knowledge on project-related activities, and the negative

I / and positive impacts on the natural/social environment.

1 ( PAHs will be able to have a role in monitoring the environmental effects of the

I / project and the EMP performance of the contractor. PAHs will also be consulted ( during the project in relation to relevant environment issues.

113 9R6212.211R007alJHUNijm February 2008

PAHs will be allowed to bring legal action to an appropriate court if the PAH considers its claim for participation or information is ignored, groundlessly refused, or if information provided by local authorities is inadequate.

Partv

114 9R6212.211R007al.lHUNijm February 2008

Reswnaibilitles I

8 PUBLIC DISCLOSURE

8.1 Consultations with Stakeholder Groups

Consultations have been facilitated to date on the broad range of Project related issues primarily via Focus Group Discussions with a variety of stakeholder groups as follows:

Project Affected Women and Men (Mixed Groups and Groups involving either just women or men), including a range of possibly severely affected displaced persons. People identified as being poor or vulnerable including female-headed households, the elderly and people intellectually or physically impaired. Mass organizations including the Fatherland Front, Vietnam Women's Union, Farmers' Association, Veterans Association, and Youth Organization. Local business owners ranging from smaller enterprises employing up to 5 people through to medium-sized enterprises of more than 200 employees Small traders, especially market-based women, and trading intermediaries that link farmers with markets Owners and operators of both waterways and road transport ranging from owners or operators of small minibuses through to owners or operators of large barges. Provincial, district and commune officials, especially those tasked with managing physical infrastructure within their jurisdiction. Civil society groups including NGOs and local religious organizations with a presence in or possession of knowledge relating to the specific socio-economic characteristics of the Project area.

8.2 Consultation With Transport Officials / Port Authorities

Extensive public consultation has been conducted throughout the various phases of the feasibility study to gauge the perception of key stakeholders. The primary focus of consultations with ports operators include the Provincial Department of Transport Officials and various Officials, Provincial Department of Transport Officials and port authorities from the following provinces:

Hung Yen - Mr. Quan: Director of Hung Yen PDOT - Mr. Nha: Vice Director of Hung Yen PDOT - Mr. Nu: Chief of Planning and Technical Department.

Nam Dinh - Mr Khinh: Vice Director of Nam Dinh PDOT - Mr Mich: Chief of Planning and Technical Department

Ninh Binh - Vice Director of Ninh Binh PDOT - Mr Khanh: Chief of Planning and Technical Department

Hai Duong - Mr Thang, Vice Director of Hai Duong PDOT - Mr Phuong, Chief of Planning and Technical Department - Mr Hiep, Deputy Chief of Traffic Management Department

Vinh Phuc - Mr Minh, Vice Director of Vinh Phuc PDOT - Mr Luong, Chief of Planning and Traffic Management Department

Phu Tho - Mr Long, Officer of Planning Department PDOT

Viet Tri Port - Mr Khanh, Director of Viet Tri Port - Mr Chinh, Vice Director of Viet Tri Port - Mr Thang, Deputy Director of Business Development

8.3 Formal Consultations I Workshops

Formal consultations have also been conducted for the NDTDP. The method used for the consultation is workshop. Three formal workshops have been conducted and these are the

115 9R6212.211R007aiJHUNijrn February 2008

Inception Workshop (August 2007), the Interim Workshop, (December 2007) and the Final Workshop (28 January 2008). The workshops were attended by the Ministry of Transport, Vietnam Inland Waterways Administration (VIWA), the Provincial Peoples' Committee, the port administrators, the World Bank and the consultants.

Photo 8-1. NDTDP Final Workshop, January 28, 2008, Melia Hotel.


9 REFERENCES

Aaron M. Prussian, Todd V. Royer, and G. Wayne Minsha111999 EPA Suction Dredge Study On the Fortymile River, Resurrection Creek, and Chatanika River, Alaska; http:/ /~~~.icmj.corn/EPA.htm

Army Dredging Operations and Environmental Research (DOER) 2000. Assessment of Potential I m p a c t s of Dredging Operations Due to Sediment Resuspension http://www.tpub.com/content/ArmyDOE/doere9/doere90001 .htm

Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg Ms Environmental Lab 1997 http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefier=ADA33l100

Binnie & Partners, Snowy Mountains Engineering Corp Ltd. AACM lnternational Pty Ltd. And Delft Hydraulics, 1995. Red River Delta Master Plan. LINEP, Government of Vietnam, MOSTE.

Birdlife International, World Bank, Royal Netherlands Embassy and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rual Development (MARD) 2004. Sourcebook of existing and proposed protected areas in Vietnam, 2" ed.

Bulleri, F. (2003). Effects of artificial structures on intertidal assemblages. Ph. D. thesis, University of Sydney. http://www.eic.bio.usyd.edu.au/pubd?DB=pub&id=353

David Dudgeon, 2000. The Ecology of Tropical Asian Rivers and Streams in Relation to Biodiversity Conservation Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 2000. 31 :239-63

David Hill* and Michele Beachler The Effects of Boat Propeller Wash on Shallow Lakes Civil & Environmental Engineering Penn State University

EPA Victoria, 1996. Environmental Guidelines for Major Construction Sites: Best Practices EPA Publication,http:// www.epa.vic.qov.au

H. Zhang, H. Nakagawa, Y. Muto & Y. Baba 2005. Flow and sediment transport around groyne under live-bed scour condition, Proceedings of the lnternational Symposium on Fluvial and Coastal Disasters (ISFCD), December 1-2,2005, Kyoto (CD-ROM, No.2)

Haskoning Consulting Engineers and Architects and Delft Hydraulics, 1998. Red River Waterways Project Vietnam TA No. 261 5-VIE. Gov Socialist Republic of Vietnam, MOT, VIWA.

Haskoning Nederland BV Coastal and Rivers, 2003. Day River-Ninh Co River Mouth Improvement Project - Vietnam. Ministry of Transportation, PMU Waterways

lnternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Environment Dept. 1991. Environmental assessment sourcebook, vol. II Sectoral Guidelines

lnternational Finance Corp. 2007. Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines Coal Processing, World Bank Group

J. Murphy, G. Morgan and 0. Power 2006. Literature review on the impacts of boat wash

Jose M. Guerra-Garcia, Juan Corzo, J. Carlos Garcia-Gomez (2003) Short-Term Benthic Recolonization after Dredging in the Harbour of Ceuta, North Africa Marine Ecology 24 (3), 21 7-229.


4 SMEC

Long Guang Hua, Lin Gang, Hu DaSheng, Li XiuZhen, Liu JianHong 2005. The reproductive biology of h r b e l Chub Chinese Journal of Zoology, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 28-36

Long Guang Hua, Lin Gang, Hu DaSheng, Li XiuZhen, Liu JianHong 2005. The reproductive biology of 3_i:l;eI Chub Chinese Journal of Zoology, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 28-36

M.P Quigley and J.A. Hall, 1999. Recovery of macrobenthic communities after maintenance dredging in the Blyth Estuary, north-east England Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, Volume 9, Issue 1 , Pages 63 - 73

McCollum,Randy A. ; OINeal,Wayne C. ; Glover,Edwin 1987. Bank Protection, Bass Location Willamette River, Oregon. Hydraulic Model Investigation. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg Ms Hydraulics Lab, Defense Technical lnformation Center

Miller, Andrew C. ; Payne, Barry S 1991. Impacts of Commercial Navigation Traffic on Freshwater Mussels at the W. H. Zimmer Station, 1991 Studies. Phase 2, Defense lnformation Technology Center

NH12B Feasibility Study Report - Feasbility Study Report Tam Diep-Nho Quan

On the heritage of Ireland's inland waterways http:llwww.heritagecouncil.ielpublicationslboahashlBoahash~Review.pdf

Preliminary Survival Design Criteria for Nghi Son Cement, Gulf of Tonkin, Vietnam, WNI Science & Engineering, 1996.

Royal Haskoning, SMEC and Center of VAPO 2007. Northern Delta Transport Development Project. Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study and Preliminary Engineering Design. Inception Report, MOT, VIWA, PMU-Waterways

Susumu Tanabe, Yoshiki Saito, Quang Lan Vu, Till J.J. Hanebuth, Quang Lan Ngo and Akihisa Kitamura, 2006. Holocene evolution of the Song Hong (Red River) delta system, northern Vietnam Sedimentarv Geology, Vol. 187. Issues 1-2, 15, pp 29-61

Tran Duc Thanh, YUosiki Saito, Dinh Van Huy, Nguyen Huu Cu and Do Dien Chien (undated), Coastal Erosion in Red River Delta: Current Status and Response, Hai Phong Institute of Oceanology and MRE, Geological Survey of Japan.

UNEP, 2006. Viet Tri Paper Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry in Asia and the Pacific" (GERIAP), Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia- www.enerqvefficiencvasia.orq

USACE, 2002. Dredged Material Management Plan and Environmental Impact Assessment Mcnary Reservoir and Lower Snake River.Reservoirs, USEPA.

Vu Trung Tang, Nguyen Xuan Huan , Vu Ngoc Thanh, Bac Bo Delta Estuarine Area http:llcoombs.anu.edu.au/-vernlbac-bo/estuary.html

Watling K and Dear, S.E. 2006. Managing acid sulfate soils, Natural Resources and Water, Queensland Government, hhtp:l/www.nrw.qld.gov.aulfactsheetslpdfll62.pdf

WWF (htt~://www.worldwildlife.or~l~ild~orldlprofiles/terre~triallim/im0141 full.html)

Zhen Li, Yoshiki Saito, Eiji Matsumoto" Yongji Wan$, Susumu ~anabe%nd Quang Lan Vu, 2006, Climate change and human impact on the Song Hong (Red River) Delta, Vietnam, during the Holocene Quaternarv International Vol 144. no 1, p 4-28


SiVlEC

10 APPENDICES

10.1 List of Vegetation, NDTDP Project Areas

10.2 List of Fish in the Red River Delta

10.3 List of Phytoplankton, Zooplankton & Benthos

10.4 List of Samples and Location

10.5 Analytical Methods

10.6 Results of Laboratory Analysis

119 9R6212,21/R007alJHUNijm February 2008

I No / Location English Name Latin Name

8 Location 7: DuBng river at Phu ~ B n g - Sai 06ng - Ha NQi City (VT 7) Coordinate: 21°02'41,2" 105~57'34,o"

Location 8: ~ u 6 n g river at Lan Small village, Trung M ~ U Commune - Gia L i m District - Ha NOi City (VT 8) Coordinate: 21 004'02,0" 105O59'48,5"

Location 9: Ou6ng river at Oai La - Gia Binh - B ~ C Ninh Province (VT 9) Coordinate: 21°06'00,2" 106~12'06,1"

Location 10: DuBng river - Khnh Vang port - H5i Dwcrng Province (VT 10) Coordinate: 21 006'58,0" i;

I 1 12 1 Location 11: Kinh Thay river at Nam Tan - Nam

Cockscomb Celosia agentea L. Muntinaia calabura

Corn 1 Zea mays L. Banana Manioc

........................................................ Musa paradisiacal L. Manihot esculenta crantz

Bermuda grass 1 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Bermuda grass

Fern Polypodiop hyta Bamboo Bambusa arundinacea Sensitive plant I Mimosa pudiea Bamboo Banana I Bambusa arundinacea

Musa paradisiacal L. Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................

Sensitive plant Papaw

Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. I .................................................. _. ...... .............


"03 1 (E I. LA) 6 u ~ n a !?H - uow eueueg qu!y - uas d ) ! ~ le J ~ A ! J ~ e q l q u ! y :EL uo!gnol I p l I

1 ~ ! o d (.-I) sejeq eaowodl

q3e~epze e!/aN a a ~ j eu!q3 ea~eu!pun~e esnqureg ooqueg

I e a ~ e w p u n ~ e esnqlueg I eueueg

.l lunaueluods luu~eymes ] PaaM ............................................................................................................................................. .................

ooqueg

ooqueg snldAle33 I ooqueg . . . . . . . . . .

eAeded

Location English Name Bermuda grass Chrysopo~on

- Nam Qjnh Province (VT 27) Coordinate: I Apple

China tree

--

Location 28: Day river at Qinh Quang Port - Ninh Binh Province (VT 28) Coordinate: 20°'1 5'03,3" 106~00'06,1"

I Brush

Bambusa arundinacea 1 Rhamnacea I Melia azdarach

................................................................................................... I

I Wild pineapple 1 Pandanus sp 1 I Water hvacinth

, .................................................................................. Eichornia crassi~es '


No I Location English Name Latin Name 1 Coordinate: I Malabar almond I Terminalia C a t a ~ ~ a L

c Notes: - Latin names of the recorded vegetation species provided by Dr. Nguyen

I Spinach I lpomoea aqua I

Khac Khoi, professor and senior botanist of the Vietnam Academy of Natural Sciences and Technology


February 2008

Appendix 2. Fish o f the Red River and Thaibinh River Basins Adapted from Phan Mach, Institute of Ecology

and Biological Resources, Dec. 2007

I - I Ho ca Ianh can h

I I I I I I

I Engraulidae

N Vienamese Name

Be ca Trich

1

1 4 1 Ca Mai I Rasbora cephalotaenia (Bleeker. 1852) I / + + I + I I

2

3

Ca Ianh canh C. Ml3i c6 hoa Ho ca Ngi9n

Scientific Names

Clupeiformes

Ca Ng%n to

BQ ca Chep M a Ho Characid Ca chim trdng nwdc ngot Bo ca Chep Ho Chep

5 6 7 8 9 10

17 / ~ a v & n d ~ i I I I I I

I Megalobrama terminalis (Richardson, 1846) + + + + 1 Economic 1

Thai -binh River

Coilia grayii Richardson Clupanodon thrissa (Linnaeus, 1758) Red Book (V) Salannidae

11 12 13 14 15 16


Note Nhug River

Salanx chinensis (Osbeck) Characiformes Charracidae Colosoma brachypomum ** Cypriniformes

Ca Chao CA Long tong Ca Tram den Ca ~ r d m c6 (trhm trdng) Ca Mang Ca ~ h d n g MBng

+

Ca ~ r h m den Ca Chay Ca Ng2o gu Ca ~ h i & u CB Mwcrng Ca DAU hb

C ~ U River

Cvprinidae 1

+

+

Opsariichthys bidens Gunther, 1873 Opsariichthys hieni Tu Mylopharyngodon piceus (Rich.) Ctenopharyngodon idellus (C&V) ' ' Elopichthys bambusa (Rich) Luciobrama macrocephalus (Lac.)

Red River

+

Mylopharyngodon piceus (Rich) Squaliobarbus curriculus (Rich., 1846) Red Book (T) Culter flavipinnis Tirant, 1883 Cultrichthys erythropterus (Basilewsky) Hemiculter leucisculus (Bas., 1853) Toxabramis hotavensi Hao nov. so

+

+

+ -- - -.

+

+ +

- + + + +

+

+

+ + +

- . . - - + + +

+ +

+

+

+ - + + + + +

Economic Economic

+ + + +

+

+ + + +

+ + + + + + +

+ - + + + + Economic

( N I Vienamese Name Scientific Names 1 Nhu* ] CBu I Red ( ~hhi- Note

19 20 21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Ch deu mbng CA Mai bac

36 37 38 39

Pseudohemiculter dispar (Peters, I 880) Rasborinus formosae Oshima. 1920 (Metzia) . .

Ca Mai soc C L ~ Mai Ca man Ch Nhang bac CADycngO Ch Dyc ch%m r3u CA Dyc chhm m6m ngsn CA DIJC danh ch%m m6m dai CB Dyc danh d6m

Ca Dong dong Ca Chav d%t

40 I 41

+ +

I

R. lineatus Pellegrin, 1907 (Metzia) -

R. cephalotaenia steineri (N&P) Xenocypris davidi Bleeker, 1871 Xenocypris argentea Gunther , I 868 Hemibarbus medius Yue, 1995 Microphysogobio labeoides (N .& P., 1927) M. yunanensis (Yao & Young, 1977) M. vietnamica Yen1978 sauGgobio dabryi Bleeker,l871

Ca Bang Ca Sinh

42 43 44

February 2008

River

Ca Dyc trhng Ca Duc r3u CA The be r3u Ca The be thwbng Ch Bwdm chbm Ca Bwdm giB Ca am

Capoeta semifasciolata (Gunther,1868) S~inibarbus hollandi (Oshima. 191 9)

C6 Sinh gai Ca Mom

45 46

+

+ + + + + + +

S. denticulatus (Oshima,1926) Onychostoma gerlachi (Sauvager & Dobry, 1874)

Ca gd ~a tr6i Qn Ca mr i~an

River + +

Squalidus chankaensis (Dybowsky, 1827) Gobiobotia kolleri(Ban. & Nal., 1966) Acheilognathus barbatulus (Gun., 1873) A. tonkinensis (Vaillant, 1892) Rhodeus ocellatus (Kner, 1876) R. vietnamensis Yen, 1978 Puntius brevis (Bleeker, 1850)

0. lat ice~s (Gunther, 1896) Red Book (V) S. acantho~terus ff owler.19341

- Ca Tr6i Ca Dam d3t

+

+

+

+

I

+ - + +

Neolissochilus blanci Pell. & Fa., 1940 Labeo rohita (Hamilton)** Cirrhinus mrigala**

River + +

-

+ +

+ + +

+

- Cirrhinus molitorella (Cuv.& Val., 1842)** Osteochilus salsburvi (N. & P.. 1927)

River + + +

+

+

+ + + + +

- + +

-

+

Economic Economic

+ -

+

+ + + + + +

+ + +

+ +

+

+ +

+ +

,

+ +

+

+ +

+ -

+ + +


N

47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55

56 57 58 59 60

61 62 63 64

65

66 67

68 69

Note

Economic

Economic Economic

Vienamese Name

CaDo Ch SamCii Ca Me hoa Ca Me trhng Ch Rung Ca ~ i & c CaChep C6 Ch6n C6 tepd%u Ho chach Ca Chach bun Chach da Chach da du6i d6 Ca Chach hoa Ca Chach hoa 60 ca n heo Ho tang Ca LAnq C6 Bo Ca Mit C6 Mit tron Ho ca Nganh C6 Nganh Hs> nheo Ca Nheo Ca Theo Ho tri2 CB Tr6 trhng Ca Tr6 den

- ThBi -binh

River

+ + + + +

+

+

+

+

+ +

+ +

Scientific Names

Garra pingi (Tchang, 1929) G. bourreti (Pellegrin, 1828) +

Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Rich, 1845) " Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valiennes, 1844)" Carrasioides cantonensis cantonensis (Heincke) Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)" C. melanes r/en,1978) lchskauina macrolepis hainamensis (N&P) Cobitidae Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Can ., 1842) Barbatula fasciolatus (N&P) B. caudofurea (Yen) Cobitis cf. sinensis (S & D,1874) C. yeni Tu, 1986 Siluriformes Bagridae Hemibaqrus elonqatus (Giinther ) Red Book (V) Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Rich., 1846) P. virgatus (Oshima, 1926) Elteobagrus kyphus Yen, 1 978 Cranoglanididae Cranoglanis henrici (Vaillant, 1893)

-

Siluridae Silurus asotus Linnaeus, 1758 S. cochinchinensis (Val., 1840) Clariidae Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) -

Clarias fuscus (Lacepede)

NhuQ River

+ + + + +

+

+ + +

+

+

+ +

+

C ~ U River

+ + + + + + + + +

+

+ +

+ + +

+

+ +

+ +

Red River

+ + + + +

+

+

+

+

+

+ +

+ +

N

70 71

72

73

74 75 76 77

78 79 80 81

82 83 84

85

86

87


Vienamese Name

Ca TrQ vang Ca TrQ lai (trQ Phi) BQ mang a m Ho l wan Luun Ho chach s6ng Ca Chach s6ng Ho b6ng trang CB B6ng da Ca Bbng da khe Ca B6ng &t Ca B6ng mau m8t Ho B6ng den CA Bbng su6i den t6i Ca B6ng moi Ca 66ng den nh6 Ca B6ng su6i d i u ngan BQ ca vwqc Ho R6 phi Ca R6 phi van Ca R6 phi den CaR6phid6 Ho ca Mu CB R6 mo thwbng Ho r6 d6ng Ca R6 dbng Ho ca c u Ca cb

HQ sac

Scientific Names

Clarias macrocephalus Gunther, 1864 Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 181 5)" Synbranchiformes Synbranchidae Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1703) Mastacembelidae Mastacembelus armatus Lacepede, 1800 Gobiidae Rhynogobius giurinus (Rutte, 1 897) R. leavelli (Herre, 1935) - Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822) G. biocellatus (C. & V., 1837) Eleotridae Eleotris fusca Bloch & Schneider, 1801 E. melanosoma Bleeker, 1852 E. oxycephala Tem. & Schl., 1845 Philypnus chalneersi (N. & P., 1927) Perciformes Cichlidae Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) **

0. mossambicus Peters, 1880 ** Oreochromis niloticus & 0. aureus" Pereichthyidae Coreoperca whitehead; (Boul.. 1869) Anabantidae Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1722) Osphronemidae Macropodus opercularis (L., 1788) Belontidae

NhuQ River

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+ +

+

+

+

Cgu River

+ +

+

+

+ + + +

+ + + +

-

+ + +

+

+

Red River

+ +

+

+

+

+

+

+

+ + +

+

+

Thdi -binh River

+ +

+

+

+

+

+ +

+ + +

+

+

Note

Economic

--

--

--

--

Economic --

I N I Vienamese Name Scientific Names I Nhug I CAu I Red I Thai -binh I Note I River 1 River I River I River I

88 1 Ca S$c buwm I Trichogaster trichopterus (Pallas, 1770)

I I Ho soc I Adrianichthvidae I I I I 1

89 90 91

92

I Ho chu6i 1 Channidae +

Cd Xr$p Cd ~ h u 6 i sudi Ca ~ h u d i hoa Ca Treo ddi

93

94

Notes : Species: cultured species

+

95

9R6212.21lR007alJHUNijm February 2008

Channa striata (Bloch, 1793) Ch. orientalis (Ham. 8 Bloch, 1822) Ch. maculatus (Lacepede) Ch. asiatica Linaeus)

-- Ca S O ~ Cd s6c

+

Hg ca bun Ca Ban

+

+ + + +

Oryzias sinensis (Chen & Uwa., 1989) 0. latipes Bothidae Tephrinectes sinensis (Lacepede, 1802)

+ + +

+

+ 53

+

+ +

89

+

+

Economic

+

64 62

( ~ 5 ~ 1 ' ~ , ~ S M ~ / ! S F ~ ) S11/173::13113/ J l? ] / l13 l i i lOH

(9t.51 ' I I O . ' ~ J C ~ / ~ ! ~ ) s n / 1 1 3 1 1 ~ r : 3 ~ I I ~ . / C C ~ O ! / ~ ~ ~ / I S

ds S A Y J Y ~ ! ~ O I ~ ( ~ ~ 8 1 'sauuapuale~ p ~a!nn3) snllap! uopo6uA~eydoual3

aep!~!~dA3

sa W J O ~ ! U ! J ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ 8 1 'p~ew!e3 p Aono e le~ow~ew el/!n6uv

ae~!11!n6u~

s a w ~ o ~ ! ~ ~ ! n 6 u ~

(1191 ' u c c i v c p n g - LIOI/!UICH) u /L ' ; ! I /~ : ' ! ~ J O I ~ O ~ O N

(08~ 1 'selled) sn~ajdolou Snla~dol0~

aep!~aldojoN

S ~ W J O ~ ! S S O ~ ~ O ~ ~ S O

(+) 41aq d~e4S

(++) ( + I qn43 laq~ea (++) yaaq:, MOII~A

d ~ e 3 sseJE)

S ~ J Q pue SMOUU!w

sdJe3 pue s ~ o u u ! ~

laa pall lou~ lue !~ ) Slaa JaleMqSaJ-J

. . slag

y ~ u y ~ a y l ~ a l u ~ o l 3

yz~eq~aqleaj azuoJg syz~eq~aqleaj

aweu 4s!16u3 aweu a s a w e u ~ a ! ~

6 u ~ n w e 3

OP @43 e 3 6 u e ~ e c ~

(++) 93 uJeJl

d a y OH

d?cl3 F 98 ( + + + I 4u!43 e3

qu!q3 OH

4u!q3 8 3 98

(++) - 63

(+) 381 1eqle3

lel leql e3 OH

181 l?ql 83 88

!

1


February 2008

Vietnamese name

CA niQn

Ca l ~ j i SQC

Ca Ciin (+)

Ca soc (tra SOC)

Ca S& m6i

Ca COC (++)

Ca nun =Nu=Nung=ram xanh (++)

Ca cay

~ & n =d&nh =ven (+)

Ca mat=mac 2 loai

Ca Khoa

Ca tren (+, + +)

HQ ca bam da

Ca bam da Ho Chach (+++)

Ho Lgng

Ca lgng cham (+++) HQ Ca Nganh

CA Nganh (++ va +++)

English name

(+)

(+I Bony lipped barb (++)

Chinese barb (++)

Jullien's golden, price carp (+)

Vietnamese mud carp (+++)

Soldier river barb

Lenliis c;irp

? . 3 .

7 . ',' .

~j!<.:;,\ ;III!,,~ ! , , , ,

( - 7 ,

[+- J

!>[;lic~ C:I;I, : , I . .

River Loaches

Loaches

Bagrid catfishes

~ l , o ! ~ e ~ c:st!!::!! ** Cranoglanids

C C ~ I I ( ~ C ~ ~ : ~ I ~ I C ! I ~ : ! . : . : ! ; z ; :

Cranoglanidid

Scientific name

Onychostoma ovale Pellegrin & Chevey, 1936

Onychostoma ovalis rhomboides Tang, 1942

Osteochilus schlegeli (Bleeker, 1851)

Puntius semifasciolatus

Probarbus jullieni (Sauvage, 1880)

Garra poilanei

Cyclocheilichthys enoplos (Bleeker, 1850)

Bangana lemassoni (Pellegrin & Chevey, 1936) Alligonn I~tniassoni t 'ciIt:.cl~~/i ei Gli~;vc:i/, 1030'

C~/r; loci~ci l ic~,!hy:: il!rci?tiis Sonli~c:!. 7Sii:i

i ' yc /oc l i~~/ ;c i i i , r ,/:. : z ; ~ n s s o / ~ il:!c.sh,:; 1 ,c;!~~'ii

Sinibrama affinis (Vaillant, 1892) !degn/oh!-:!~:ra !c r / /~ inn/ is i f< ik. / ! : i !c !c;o/~ !!).):I)

Onychostoma ovale Pellegrin & Chevey, 1936 (::I / ! i c , : i

Onychostoma ovalis rhomboides Tang, 1942 cci /I!..:;

l o / ~ s : / ~ ; t c h ~ - ! ~ ! ~ !n,;y, 7877)

01?7,0ak : , ; ; I , . , ~ < , '.,:!, ' , F ; l ~ i ~ l ; ! ; : I , ' .

Balitoridae

Sewellia lineolata Valenciennes, 1842 Cobitidae

Bagridae

Hemibagrus elongatus (Gunther, 1864) Cranoglanididae

Cranoglanis henrici (Vaillant, 1893)

Cranoglanis bouderius (Richardson, 1896)

, Vietnamese name

/ Pseudecheneis sulcatus (McClelland, 1842 Ho TrQ I Breathing catfishes " I Clariidae

Ca Chien (+++)

English name

Giant catfish ' ^ Arius thalassinus (Ruppell, 1835)

Cranoglanis henrici (Vaillant, 1893) ???

eels and Spiny eels " " Synbranchiformes ,Llutidae

Scientific name Cranoqla~~i:: s ine~~si : : t3etcrs, 1380

Sisorid catfishes " '

Giant bagarius, Goonch

Ca Tr6 den (+++)

Ho cA Uc

I - -

1 Swamp eels

Sisoridae

Bagarius yarreli Sykes, 1838

Black catfish

Synbranchidae

Monopterus albus (Zuiew, 1793) i'Io!a ~1t ) ; i (%!iiew. 1793)

Mastacembelidae

Clarias fuscus (Lacepede, 1803) Arrida e

Ho chach sbna I 1 - . , _ . I Mastacembelus taeniaaaster (Fowler, 1935) Mastacembe/us aculeatus I

Spiny eels A a

cB ldu=lau=CB Iao ca ch9ch bong Zing - Zang eel "

on cnqcncnacn /a ?re(+-++)

Mastacembelus taeniagaster (Fowler, 1935) Mastacem~elus armatus (iaccpciiL?. IGLiO)

POBCOCK eel - - 1 (61ock. 1878) -

I . . . , .< ,,... . . ..,.......... o3i1ii1s (C;! ! I !GI. 1 C-;?! 1 Gobies (+++) I Gobiidae

I

138 9R6212.21/R007a/JHUNijm

1 February 2008

I

1

Ca ~ o n g tuwg (b6ng mu) (++)

Ca bdng cat (++)

S:III(! $ ; ~ : j : / . r w : i ; i : ) : , : ~ : : , < , L ;), 1 ~Jwyt?/c?o!f::; iui:i/.u~~cir,,t;! j f i lscko. 7 852)

Ganetic tank c;obv Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822)

( 0 6 ~ 1 'y301g) J ~ I ! J ~ D I ~ ~ sale7 (++) q3~adeas

JaA!S 'q3~adeas lue!3 'sseqeas a y q ~

( , I 0,. 1 170/:1: SlllF/t731'111/~7 \ ind/~iO ( 0 ~ 8 1 'sauua13uale~) S I S U ~ U I ~ ~ U I ~ ~ O ~ ~lldh301ald

(1081 ' ~ a p l a u q ~ s ) rille e!uobelle~

aeP!Jnl!S (2081 'apada~e7) snjeln3ew snleqda~o!ydo

++ cls!/leays

c(sWe3 elleM

noy uall c2 uay3 e3=uey] e3=]p!u $3

oal e3

lallnur peaq - ayeus oaqu OH

( 4 A ) (eoq !?nu3 e3) n&Jl e 3

1 1 ( Melosira varians Ag ~ ~ \ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ \ ~ ~ \ ~ ~

Appendix 3. List of recorded species of phytoplankton at some rivers in the Red River Basin in Nov., 2007

1 2 1 Melosira aranulata Ralfs I + / + I + I + I + + I + / I I + 1 I + I I + 1

9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 8 No.

3

4

5

1 Synedra acus Kutz + + + + Synedra. ulna (Mitzsch) Ehr. k--+ + + +

6

1 7

I - I I I I I I I I I I I I

1 0 I Synedra ulna (Nitzsch) Ehr var biceps (kg) Schonf. + + + 1

Taxon

Phylum BACILLARIOPHYTA

Order Discinales

Family Coscinodiscaceae

Melosira granulata var. angutissima

Melosira islandica

Melosira distans Kutzing

/ 11 ] Fragillaria. virescens Ralfs. 1 I I - L L l L l -

Cyclotella stelligera

Family Achnanthaceae

Cocconeis placentula Ehr

1 2

+

+

I - -

I ~ami lv Naviculaceae / ~ I ~ ~ i ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ /

+

+

12

13

3

+

+

Fragillaria construens Grunow

Family Tabelariaceae

1 4

1 5

February 2008

+ + + +

+

~ -

16

17

1 8

4

++f+

Navicula radiosa

Navicula placentula Grun

6 5

+

Diatoma elongatum Ehr I +

Navicula placentula fo. lanceolata

Navicula placentula f. rostrata

Navicula. gracillis Ehr

7

+

+ +

+

+

+ +

+

+

+

+

+ I +

+ +

+

+

+

+

+

+ + +

+

-

+

+

4 -

+

+ +

+

+ +

1 I Order Zygnematales I I I / \ I I I / I I I I /

41

42

44

45

1 43 1 Gonatozygon aculeatum Hast. I l l / l I I / I I I + I I I I

Family Zygnemataceae

Spirogyra ionia

Spirogyra. prolifica

Family Mesotaeniaceae

46

1 ) Family Chroococcaceae I c

Family Desmidisceae

Closterium. moniliferum (Bory) Ehr

Closterium. porectum

47

+ +

Cosmarium sportella Ehr

Order Ulotrichales

I + +

Family Ulotricaceae

Ulothrix zonata ( Schmide ) Bohlin

Phylum CYANOBACTERIA

Order Chroococcales

48

+ +

49

+

+ + +

Mycrosystis aeruginosa

66 Nostocales

50

51

143 9R6212.21IR007a/JHUNijm February 2008

+

+

Family Nostocaceae

Anabaena viguieri

Family Oscillatoriaceae

52

53

54

+ +

+

+

Lyngbya putealis

Lyngbya birgei G.M.S.Smith -- -

+ I 1

I

Oscilllatoria limosa Ag

Oscilllatoria. planetomica

Oscilllatoria. formosa Bory

+

+

+ +

+ + + + + +

+ + + + + +

+

+ + +

+ + + +

+

+ +

+

+

+

Quantitative density of phytoplankton at the sampling sites

9 10 11 12

Note: value in bracket show percent rate (percentage)

13 14


Hanoi Port Hongvan Port Hungyen Port Nam Dinh Port Thaibinh Port Ninhphuc Port

2,438 3,004

2,721 2,948 1,928

2,721

1,531 (62) 1,587 (53)

1,361 (51 ) 1,701 (58) -

397 (2 1 ) 1,361 (51 )

283 (12) 283 (9)

283 (1 0) 510 (17) 1,021 (53)

283 (1 0)

624 (26) 1,020 (34)

964 (35) 737 (25)

0 114 (4)

113 (4) 0

510 (26) 964 (35)

0 113 (4)

,u. u 0

.OVAL WASKOWIWC

List of zooplankton species composition recorded in rivers in the red river delta on November 2007

I I Subclass COPEPODA I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 Order Calanoida 1 I I I 1 I 1 I 1 1 I I 1 I 1

No port Nhuthuy Taxon

Phylum Arthropods

Class CRUSTACEA

1

2

3

1 6 1 Microcyclops varicans (Sars) 1 + 1 + / + 1 + 1 / + + + + I + + + + I + l

port V i e w

4

5

1 7 / Thermocyclops hyalinus (Rehberg) I I + + + + 1 + I + I / + ( + I + / ( + I + /

I Family Paracalanidae

Family Diaptomidae

Mongolodiaptomus birulai (Rylop)

Phyllodiaptornus tunguidus Shen et Tai

Neodiaptomus handeli (Brehm) .,

1 8 1 Thermocyclops taihokuensis (Harada) I I 1 1 / + I + ) I 1 1 + 1 I 1 I I

Lake Viettri

Paracalanus crassirostris Dahl*

Order Cyclopoida

Family Cyclopidae

Mesocyclops leuckadi (Claus)

1 9 1 Eucyclops serrulatus (Fischer) 1 1 I I 1 I I I 1 + 1 + 1 I 1 1 I

+ +

1 10 1 timnoithona sinensis (Burckhardtl I I 1 I I 1 I 1 I I I 1 I I + 1

Port Sontay

+

I I subclass BRANCHIOPODA I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

+

- - -

Order Cladocera

Family Bosminidae t-t

Port Chuphan

+

1 11 I Bosmina lonsirostris (0. F. Mullerl I I 1 1 I 1 I + / I I I 1 I I + /

+ +

Port Phudong

+

+ +

+

1 - Port

Kenhvang

12 Bosminopsis deitersi Richard + - Family Sididae

+ +


+ -

+ 13

14

Port Congcau

+ +

+

+ Diaphanosoma sarsi Richard

Diaphanosoma excisum Sars

Port Hanol

+

+ +

+

Port

+ +

+

Port HongvanHungyen

+ +

+

Port Thaiblnh

+ +

+ +

Port :k Nlnhphuc

Port

+ + +

+

+ + +

+

+ + +

+

+

+

-

+ +

+

+

Diaphanosorna leuchtenbergianurn 1 / Fischer + + + + + + + +

147 9R6212.21 IR007alJHUNijm February 2008

16

17

18

19

Family Daphniidae

Moinodaphnia rnacleayii (King)

Moina dubia de Guerne et Richard

Daphnia lurnholtu' Sars

Family Chydoridae

Euryalona orientalis (Daday)

Phylum NEMATHELMINTHES

Class ROTATORIA

Order Monogononta

25

26

27

+

Note: ' : Brackish water species

lnsecta larvae

crustacean lavae

Amphipoda

Total

+ +

+

9

+ +

+ +

12

+ +

+ +

16

+

+ +

12

+

+

10

+

+ +

12

+ +

+

11

+

+

11

+

+

+

11

+

+ + +

15

+ +

+

11

+ + +

+ +

11

+ +

10

+

15

Density Distribution of Zooplankton

Cladocera ~otatoria I lnd,m3 / lnd.1m3 Locations \ 1 I (%I I (%I Nhuthuy Port 1 72 (63) 1 42 (37) 1 0 (0)

Viettri Port I 66 (38) 1 96 (55) 1 12 (7)

Viettri Lake

Sontay Port

Kenhvang Port 1 570 (73) 1 180 (23) 1 30 (4)

1950 (53) 1 1260

360 (7 1 ) 1 90 (18) 60 (12)

Chuphan Port

Phudong .Port

96 (55) 54 (31) 24 (14)

Hanoi Port 540 (91) 36 (6) 20 (3)

Hongvan Port

180 (67)

456 (87)

Hungyen Port 1 492 (92) 1 24(4) 1 18 (3)

30 (1 1)

48 (9)

NamDinh Port 1 :3: :::; 1 :: ::; 1 :(!))

Thaibinh Port

Total density conlm3

Ninhphuc Port


February 2008

126 (46) 144 (52) 6 (2)

Zoo-benthos species composition recorded in rivers in the red river delta in Nov., 2007

Ninhphuc Port

+

+

+

I

+

+

+

+

February 2008

Port

+

Thaibinh Port

+

+

Nam Dinh Port

9R6212.21lR007a/JHUNijm

No.

4

8

Hanoi Port

HongvanHungyen Port

+

10

Taxon

Phylum Mollusca I. Class Bivalvia 1. Family Corbiculidae Corbicula bocourti Morlet Corbicula messageri Bav.et.Dautz Corbicula moreletiana (Prime) 2. Family Solennidae Pharella sp: 3. HQ Mytilidae

innoperna siamensis ;orelet) 4. Family Unionidae Nodularia douglasiae crassidens Hass II. Lup Than mem Ch5n byng- Gastropoda 5. Family Ampullariidae

omacea canaliculata Lamarck) 6. Family Bithyniidae Bithynia fuchssiana

arafossarulus :rjatulus (Benson) Allocinma longicornis

149

Nhuthuy Port

+

+

Port Viettri Port

+

Port

+

+

Viettri Lake

ChuphanPhudongKenhvangCongcau Port

Sontay Port Port

+

+

Bavey et Dautzenberg

150 9R6212.21IR007alJHUNijrn February 2008

Nam Dinh Port

Ninhphuc Port Port

-

Sontay Port

Viettri Lake

No.

. Port Hanoi Port Port

HongvanHungyen Port

Viettri Port

Taxon

-

(Benson) 7. Family

7

Thaibinh Port Port

Nhuthuy Port

ChuphanPhudongKenhvangCongcau Port

Individual quantity of zoobenthos groups at rivers in the Red River Delta (Nov.2007)

Zoobenthos groups 1 Locations Bivalvia I Gastro~oda I Crustacea I a- . - ..-.

Viettri Port Viettri Lake

1 Congcau Port I 1 i 3 1 2 1 6 I

4 1 Nhuthuy Port

ChuphanPort Phudong Port Kenhvano Port

4 3

22

"

I Hunoven Port I I I I

i I I I 1

- 1 Hanoi Port t 7 i i z G E o r t

2 9

2

Biomass of zoobenthos groups at rivers in the red river delta (Nov., 2007)

5 3 1

3 1 1 1

1

-- I

Nam Dinh Port Thaibinh Port Ninhphuc Port Total

3 3 2

188

8 0 15 32

i Tram

l T i & G % F I Viettri Port 1 Viettri Lake

., 1 Kenhvana Port

I I I I

0.01 1 1.01 1

4 2

0 10

227

Zoobenthos groups

Chuphan Port PhudonaPort

192 3

2.5 1.5

16.8

1 Honavan Port 1 I I 1 I I 3.9

0

30

2.5

6.4

I - 1 Congcau Port I Hanoi Port

8 0

2+1

0.3 0.9

1.8 17.7

0.2 0.6

0.7 I

- - Nam Dinh Port Thaibinh Port

152 9R6212.21 IR007alJHUNijm February 2008

0.2 7

I Ninhphuc Port

I

2.2 0

2 5 8

1.81 0.9

Total (g) 32

54.3 0.9 1 55.2 0.21

2.2 0 0

7.42 0

--- 1 227 33.02

30 1

289

Individual quantity of benthos species ( Nov.,2007)

Corbicula messageri 4

Corbicula moreletiana 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 3 1 23

Hippeutis umbilicalis

Macrobrachium hainanense

1 1 1

Nodularia douglasiae crassidens I 1 2 1 9 6 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 1

Pharella sp.

Thiara scabra Total

1 Limno~erna siamensis

1 29 Melanoides tuberculatus

( 1 I

1 2 1 Sesarma sp.

Sinofaia aeruginosa Stenothyra messageri Tarebia aranifera

Biomass of zoobenthos species (Nov.,2007)

1

1 2 1 1 2 1

1 1 Parafossarulus striatulus

Species

1 5 I

1 2 1 I I I 1 1 1 9 1

Pomacea canaliculata

18

Locations 11 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 ) 1 3 1 1 4 Total(g)

1 1 1 13

I

1 1 1 1

I I I I I I I I I I I

Pharella sp. / 0 1 0.2

I l l 1

1

February 2008

99

Pomacea canaliculata 1 4 1 4.1

I

1

Sesarma sp.

2 18

99

1 0 1 1 0.2

Appendix 4. Locat ion o f the sampl ing sites a n d studied environmental components

VT1

Vr2-Port

VT2- Lake

VT3

Nhuthuy landing site - Nhuthuy - Lapthach - Vinhphuc province Viettri Port - Viettri city - Phutho Province

VT4

-

VT5

Viettri Lake - Viettri city - Phutho province

Vinhtuong - Vinhphuc province

I I

2lu19'47,4" 105O26'35,2 2lU17'56,3" 105~26'36.6"

Sontay Port Sontay city - Hatay province

-

Chuphan Ferry - Vinhphuc province

Vr6

Vr7

Province Kenh Vang Port - Luongtai District - Bacninh Province 106'1 4'43.7"

21'1 8'07,8" I 05°26'05$"

21'1 5'08,6" 105~26'56.8"

1 05030953,9"

105~38'49.1"

Phudong landing site - Saidong District - Hanoi City

VT8

Vr9

I I

Namtan Commune - Namsach District - Hungyen 21 '04'56,9" Province 106'1 9'1 9.9" i 17

X

X

TT:TT1ry-i Hongha Commune - Danphuong District - Hatay ~rovince

pT~ng Cau Port - Haiduong City - Haiduong 1 2OU'54'46,2" Province 106~20'34,9"

X

X

21 '09'52,9 105~38'02,8"

Trungmau Commune - Gialam District- Hanoi City

Daila Commune - Giabinh District - Bacninh

m ~ i e p s o n Commune - Kinhmon District - Haiduong / 2Ou;59'28,3" j 7 v

/ Povince 106O23'21,2" VT14 I Truongtho - Anlao District - Haiphong City 2Ou'50'50,8" .,

21 U04'02,0" 1 0 ~ 9 ' 4 8 , 5 " 21 06'00,2"


~~~~~1

9R6212.21/R007alJHUNijm

February 2008

Location Coordinate

2oU'51'26,0" 106'32'47,6" 20~00'28,0" 105'52'13,2" 20°48'44,0" 105'54'54,8" 2oU'48'44,0" 105'54'54,8" 2ou'40'53,8" 106~02'13,1" 2ou'37'08,7" 106'02'59,6" 2oU'42'53, 1" 106~23'41,l" 2ou'41 '55,5" 106'1 9'1 5,0" 2oU'39'37,9" 106'14'04,5" 20°'27'31 ,9" 106'20'34,8 20°'26'26,9" 106'12'53,8" 2oU'25'49, 1" 106~12'16,2" 2ou'1 7'55,4" 106'25'51,5" 2ou'1 5'03,3" 106~00'06,1" 2oU'1 1 ' 2 7 , ~ 106'1 1'47.3 2Ou'1 1 '33,4" 106'1 1'00,6"

VTl5

VT16

VT17

VT18

VT19

VT20

VT2 1

VT22

VT23

VT24

VT25

VT26

VT27

VT28

VT29

VT30

Truongson - Anlao District - Haiphong City

Hanoi Port - Hanoi City

Hongvan port - Thuongtin District - Hatay Province Thongnhat - Thuongtin District - Hatay Province

Caoxa - Hungyen Province

Quangchau - Hungyen town - Hungyen Province

Ankhe - Quynhphu District -Thaibinh Province

Que ferry - Quynhhoa Commune - Quynhphu District - Thaibinh Province Vietyen - Diepnong Commune - Hungha District -Thaibinh Province Thaibinh Port - Thaibinh City - Thaibinh Province

Nam Dinh Port - Nam Dinh City - Nam Dinh Province Namphong - Nam Dinh Province

Giaothuy - Ngodong - Xuanthuy District - Nam Dinh Province Ninhphuc Port - Ninh Binh City - Ninh Binh Province Quanlieu - Nghia Hung District - Nam Dinh Province Quankhu - Nghia Hung District - Nam Dinh Province

Aquatic organisms

X

X

X

X

X

X

Vibration

X

X

X

X

X

Water

X

X

X

X

X

X

Soil .:

X

X

X

X

X

X

Studied Sediment

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Components Noise

X

X

X

X

X

W31

Vr32

Location

Battrang - Anlao District - Haiphong City

Trunglap - Vinhbao District - Haiphong City

Vr33

W34

Coordinate

2oU'51 '09,7 106°30'05.~ 2oU'43'28,2" 106027'53,1n 2ou'41 '56,8" 1 0 6 ~ 1 6'07,l"

20°01684'

Quynhlarn - Quynhphu District - Thaibinh Province Lachgiang Estuary - Narn Dinh Province

9R6212.21/R007a/JHUNijrn

February 2008

Location of 1 VWl

VW2

-

VW3

Studied Components

In front of High School Ninh Gianh - Haiduong Province On the road 17A - Ninhgiang -. Haiduong Province Haiphong port - Haiphong City

sampling in 1.12.2007 by boat Duong River

Duong River

Duong River

Water

X

Soil

X

X

X

X

106020362,

-

21'09747' 105~821 5' 21 '04553' 105~99461' 2lu08213' 106~0746'

Sediment

-

Noise Vibration Aquatic organisms

--I: X

x

X --

-

X

X

X

- -

SMEC

Vietnamese Academy of Science and technology

Institute of Chemistry

Department of Analytical Science and Technology

Hanoi. December 31, 2007

Appendix 5. Analytical Methods used for the NDTD Project

(Water, soil, sediment samples collected by VESDEC team in Nov. & Dec, 2007)

I

P H

INSTRUMENTS FOR DETERMINATION PARAMETERS

BOD

I I 1 CN- apha 4500 I Cintra 40 UV-Visible Spectrometer IGBC Scientific /

METHODS

TCVN 6492:1999 US EPA 1501

COD

pH meter Metrohm

APHA 52 10B TCVN 6001 : 1995

VELP Scientifica

APHA 5220 TCVN 61 86:1996

Phenol NH4

N 0 3

ZN Y P

Cintra 40 UV-Visible Spectrometer Equipment Pty Ltd I Australia and USA

-

APHA 5530 C APHA 4500

TCVN 5988-95 APHA 4500

TCVN 61 80-96 APHA 4500 N

APHA 4500 P TCVN 6202-96

AS, Hg

Equipment Pty ~ t d I Australia and USA idem idem

idem

idem idem

Pesticides

Conducted by a Team of Ass. Prof. , Dr. Le Lan Anh

I Pb. Zn, Cr. Fe I APHA 31 13

APHA 3114,3112

I Organochloride Oil total Coliform

Signature

AAS Perkin - Elmer 3300 USA

AAS Perkin - Elmer 3300 IMHS-10 - USA

apha 6630 B

Assoc. Prof. Le Lan Anh

Department of Analytical Science and Technology

HP 5890, HP 6890 GCIECD - USA

apha 5200 Tcvn 4584-88

9 ~ 6 2 1 2 . 2 1 / ~ 0 0 7 a l ~ ~ ~ ~ i j m February 2008

Cintra 40, UV-Visible Spectrometer Australia ESCO LAMINAR Flow Cabinet

. *SMEC

Air Quality Measurement

158 9R6212.21/R007alJHUNijm February 2008

Parameter

Humidity Noise Dust

so2 NO2 CO Wind speed

Measurement1 analysis equipment

Humidity Meter SK - 80 TRA ( Japan ) Noise Meter ON0 SOKKl ( Japan ) Dust detector KANOMAX ( Japan ) TEST0 350lXL ( Germany ) TEST0 350lXL ( Germany ) TEST0 350lXL ( Germany ) Wind speed meter D - 79853 ( Germany )

Appendix 6. Results of Laboratory Analysis Water Quality of the river in the Northern Delta Nov.2007

9R6212.21 IR007alJHUNijrn February 2008

NO

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

SS (mglL)

24

52

12

60

58

62

54

56

34

64

58

62

24

52

56

80

20

Sampling sites Vr1

Vr2 - Port Vr2

- Lake Vr4

Vr5

Vr6

Vr7

Vr10

Vr12

VT16

VT17

DO (mglL)

6.4

6.3

6.4

6.4

6.2

6.3

5.8

5.5

4.8

4.0

4.1

4.2

3.7

3.8

4.4

22

2 6

Temp. (''~1 2 1

22

2 1

21

22

22

2 1

2 1

22

22

21

20

13

14

15

7.0

7.2

7.6

5.5- 9

6 - 8,5

BOD5 (mglL)

13

9

8

7

14

12

5

4

8

6

15

7

8

18

9

*25

* 4

pH

7.2

7.3

7.4

7.4

7.3

7.4

7.2

7.3

7.0

7.4

7.3

7.4

Vr24

Vr25

Vr28

180

230

264

NH~* (mglL) 0.401

0.154

0.132

0.477

0.578

0.567

0.797

0.631

0.683

0.679

0.871

0.592

0.756

0.688

0.672

1

0,05

-

21

22

2 1

TCVN 5942 - 1995

18

38

42

TDS (mglL)

139

140

147

139

131

138

140

144

145

152

157

163

B

A

Turbidity (NTU)

16

36

6

40

38

42

36

44

28

46

42

50

Total N (mg/L) 2.235

1.931

0.586

1.435

1.044

1.226

1.215

1.616

1.934

2.505

2.274

2.824 ~~~~~~

1.882

2.541

1.692

15

10

NO; (mglL) 1.024

0.828

0.622

0.782

1.016

0.986

1.124

1.312

1.546

2.015

1.844

2.124

1.276

1.91 7

1.322

Total oil

ND

0.30

0.16

ND

0.34

ND

0.26

0.20

ND

0.22

ND

ND

0.04

ND

0.68

0.3

0

Total P (mglL) 0.391

0.359

0.407

0.407

0.342

0.374

0.359

0.586

0.668

0.108

0.101

0.101

0.087

0.087

0.456

Phenol

( M L ) 0.124

ND

0.146

ND

0.1 15

ND

0.123

0.1 15

ND

ND

ND

ND --

ND

ND

ND

20

1

Coliforrn (MPN1100mL)

7100

1600

1200

4500

2300

5800

1900

4800

3000

1300

1600

2600

1500

2700

5200

10.000

5.000

February 2008

Concentration of heavy metals in water of the rivers in the Northern Delta, Nov.2007

No

1 I 2

3

4 1 5 1 6 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

B 2 TCVN 5942-1 995

Sampling sites

Vr1 Vr2 - Port VT2 - Lake

Vr4 Vr5 Vr6 Vr7

V r l O Vr11 Vr12 VT 13 Vr 15 Vr16 Vr17 Vr19 Vr24 VT25 Vr28

Fe (mg1L)

0.026 0.028 0.031 0.785 1.571 2.722 0.968 3.743 0.336

-. 0.41 9 0.985 0.649 0.778 1.972 1.639 1.889 0.694 1.111

Zn (mg/L)

0.031 0.042 0.037 0.038 0.053 0.040 0.039 0.032 0.031 0.043 0.035 0.029 0.036 0.043 0.057 0.051 0.044 0.024

2

1

Cd (fig/L) 0.25 0.30 0.18 0.27 0.31 0.28 0.22 0.34 0.26 0.39 0.30 0.28 0.31 0.39 0.28 0.40 0.35 0.33

20

Total Cr (pg/L) 4.15 3.98 3.74 4.2 1 5.01 3.92 3.45 3.64 3.18 4.17 3.29 2.89 3.85 3.21 4.01 3.76 4.24 4.1 7

- O,01 I I - 0,05 1 Cr (V1): 50 pg/L

--

As (pg/L) 13.20 18.97 22.23 5.51 8.09 9.96 7.59 12.55 15.37 2.74 16.09 10.03 9.56 10.39 5.63 6.61 6.23 14.64

Cr (Ill): 1000 pglL Cr (VI): 50 pg/L

Cr (111): 100 pglL

I00

h

m 'i N N

g 2" - d S P

r- P 0 0 I

7 n 0 a z i r- 03 a ?a! p! - 0 0 m P *, 0 P 3 c. I n n 0 0 5 s

m a 5 P g, *, - 7

E 3 m

5 . Cl n C 0 T t w

7

LL

n n n z z z

2 5 ' n 0 0 z

w w m 2 2 2 0 3 r - ( 0

m o o 2 2 2 03 r- (0

b a a , 2 2 2

7 2 7 7 7

N K ~

N 7 l n

alqepajap uou :aN .Z LOOZ J ~ W ~ A O N

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6 1

81 -

J.L 9 1

S1

91

61

11

11

01

6

8

L

9

s P

6

:S8JON

ale4lns ue4lnsopu3

apA4aple UJ!PU~

~ol43lAxo4laW

l a a - , ~ ' ~

Z ue4lnsoPu3

am-,^'^

au!JPu3

~ u ! J P I ~ ! ~

1 uellnso~u3

3 m - , ~ ' ~

uePJol43 -d uePJol43

ap!xoda~o(q3elda~

au!JPlV

~0143e lda~

3Hg-ellaa

1'0 >

1'0 >

OCJA

1.0 > --

1'0 >

9'0

1'0 >

1'0 >

1'0 >

1'0 > -

1'0 >

1'0>

1'0 >

1'0 > - --

1'0 >

1'0 - >

1'0 >

S'O

8'0

1'0 >

1'0 >

6'0

1'0 >

1'0 >

1'0 > -

1'0 >

1'0 >

6 '0

1'0 >

1'0 >

1'0 >

1.0 >

1'0 >

S'O

1' 1

i--+TE 1'0 > 3HB-eUJUJW Z

1'0 > 1'0 > 1'0 > 1'0 > 3HB-e4lV 1

S CJA z CJA 0 CJA (sau!lo[y~oue61~) ,

1'0 >

81n-a N

' 6 x 1 6 ~ 1 V 1808Vd3 3H8-ela9

1'0 >

1'0 >

S'O

1'0 >

1'0 >

- 1'0 >

1'0 >

1'0 >

Z'O

1'0 >

1'0 >

1'0 >

1'0 >

1'0 >

z.0

S ' 0

6 ~ 1 6 d

6 ~ / 6 d

6 ~ 1 6 ~

6 ~ 1 6 ~

6 x 1 6 ~

6 ~ 1 6 ~

6 ~ 1 6 ~

6 ~ 1 6 d

6 ~ 1 6 d

6 ~ 1 6 ~

6 ~ 1 6 ~

6 ~ 1 6 ~

6 ~ 1 6 ~

6n16d

6 ~ 1 6 d

V1808Vd3

V1808Vd3

V 1808Vd3

V 1808Vd3

V1808Vd3

V1808Vd3

V1808Vd3

V1808Vd3

V1808Vd3

V1808Vd3

V 1808Vd3

V 1808Vd3

V1808Vd3

V 1808Vd3

v 1808vd3

V1808Vd3

1'0 >

1.0 >

8'0

1'0 >

1'0 >

6 '0

1'0 > --

1'0 >

1 '0

1'0 >

1'0 >

1'0 >

1'0 >

1'0 - >

P '0

S.0

1'0 >

1'0 >

S'O

1'0 >

1'0 >

1.0 >

1'0 >

1'0 >

1'0 >

1'0 >

1'0 >

1'0 >

1'0 >

1'0 >

9.0 >

S'O

Water Quality of the river in the Northern Delta, Dec. 2007

Heavy metal contamination river water, Dec. 2007

N

1 2 3

February 2008

Sampling sites

WV11 WV13 WV15

N

1 2

1 4 1 VT34

pH

7.1 7.1 7.2

Sampling site

11 13

TDS (WlL)

1 50 175 255

Cd (pg11) 0.26 0.30

19 1 25

-

Turbidity (NTU)

48 33 55

Cr ( ~ g l l ) 3.1 8 3.29

SS (mglL)

60 45 75

900 6 2 LO 1 0.352

y n (rngll)

0.031 0.035

--

Fe (mgll)

0.336 0.985

As (pgll) 15.37 16.09

DO (mglL)

5.8 5.3 4.5

7.357 3.968

Coliforrn (MPN1100mL)

1,500 700 800

0.328

--

BODS (mglL)

10 5 5

Total N (mglL) 2.169 3.678 9.1 55

NH4' (mglL) 0.218 0.242 0.316

ND

NOi (mglL) 1.712 2.536 4.722

ND

Total P (WlL) 1.635 2.059 1.467

Total oil (mglL)

ND 0.12 0.1 5

Phenol (pg1L) ND ND ND

* ShlEC

Grain sizes of the collected sediment sample, Dec. 2007

Notes: - VW 5 and VW 11: collected in December 2007 - Other samples: collected in November 2007

12 13 14

February 2008

VT 2 - port VT4 VT 12

35.15 66.05 70.55

61.20 25.10 10.50

2.40 4.50 7.85

1.25 4.35 11.10

(wd L - we L ) gp g = eaJe an!leJls!u!wpe p!luap!saJ le Aj!n!pe uo!g3n~lsuo3 Aq pasne3 uo!lwq!n JOJ pJepuelg asaweula!A a41 - 'aw!] Aep y vgp Q = eaJe le!3~awwo3 pue le!luap!saJ paxrw le (wd g - we g) aw!j Aep y vgpog = eaJe an!le~]s!ywpe 'le!luap!sa~ le as!oly JO] pJepuelg asaweula!~ all1 -

.,wfiw G I '0 s! (a6e~ane ~ P Z ) o iwd JOJ (GOOZ - LEGS ~ ~ 3 1 ) P J ~ P U ~ I S asaweula!~ 341 - alnu!w 09 :uo!leJnp 6u!ldweg -

866 L:6P6S NA31 OE 09 I 0 . 0 - I E.0 SOOZ LEGS NA31 S 1 I

- I I I --. ... -. . -. ..-. . .

Z'ZE I L.PZ 1 L'PZ I

E9L'O LPO'O LEZ'O 10.0 ZO'O 6 u o ~ - uod ueA 6uocl

L' LZ

P'PP

(LOOZ '2aa 'd31NIS - 3 3 a s 3 ~ : a ~ ~ n o s ) aj!s rIpnls ay l l e aleur!l20~2!ur pue uo!leJq!A 'as!ou 'Aylenb J!e luasaJd a y l

P'ZZ

S'EP

6'0'2

9'9P

O'ZE

L 'OE

P'9E

S'LE

9'9E

E'6E

=I

Z'lZ L'ZZ

E' LE

L'8t

9'LZ

L '6E

L'LZ

E'OZ

8'ZZ

6'61

1 'OE

Al

. . . - . . . .

c60g~,Eio ia io~rarot ;oo/1~ 8L a3U!AOJd 4U!a

Z'LZ W!N - pod 3n4d 4u!N O L

9 3 9 09L'O Z60'0 98Z'O 11'0 LZ'O 08 S'OZ qu!a ueN - 6 u n ~ e!46N

- 3e i e 1 u 6 ~ - uw 6uo0

8'8s

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POS'O

O'OZ

O'LZ

6'SZ

P'LZ

8'ZE

Z'OE

as!oN

89L'O

LPO' 1 -

6'EP

L'ES

S'L9

8'9s

1'09

8'L9

VBP

EZO'O 9OZ'O SO'O 8 1'0 !el41 - pod 4u!a !ell1

8E0'0 LSZ'O €0'0 LO'O O'Z !eH - pod 6 ~ 0 q d ! e ~ uona i e ~ - aau!uuo3 I

L'L9

03

Z LS'O

9SZ'O

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PZO' 1

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SZO'O

190'0

ESO'O

SEO'O

,url6ur E~~

60 1'0

8S 1'0

LSO'O

18 1'0

,url6w O L W ~

10'0

LO'O

10‘0

0 1'0

SO'O

,url6w ~SI

10'0

€0'0

PO'O

6 1'0

9 L'O

,url6w paads PU!M

S' 1

Z' 1

S' 1

S'Z

O'E

(slur) ~ ! P ! U ~ H 'U

OL

PL

SL

SL

08

(%I (3,) 1

0' IZ

S'CZ

ZrZZ

S'6 1

S.81

uo!leaol a l ! ~ N

aldoad 6ue!9 4u!N ap!saq 'VL 1 P ~ O J u o

a3U!AOJd 6uOnp!eH - 6ue!9 ~ U ! N - 6 ~ 9 ~ U ! N

10043s 4 6 ! ~ 40 luoJ4 ul

Aynl - pod ne3 6uo3 6uonp!e~ 'aun~uu.103

yu!u3ea - !el6uoni - pod 6 u e ~ quay

!3 !oueH - We19!9 - Wd?UOpnqd

'S /

'P

'€ i

'Z

0 0 0 -0 .o,

O D D

Appendix 7 - TCVN Standards

TCVN 5937 - 2005

Vietnamese Ambient Air Quality Standard

TCVN 6438 - 2001

Maximum Allowable Of Air Emission Level Created by Vehicles

NO

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

169 9R6212.211R007a/JHUNijm February 2008

8 hr. average

10

0.12

Parameter

co (% Volume)

or ( P P ~ Volume)

- Four-stroke engine

- Two-stroke engine

- Other engine

Smoke (% HSU)

Parameter (mglm3)

SO2

CO

NO2

0 3

Total Suspended Particulate

(TSP)

PMlo

Pb

1 hr. average

0.35

30

0.2

0.18

0.3

24 hr. average

0.125

0.08

0.2

0.15

0.0015

Year average

0.05

0.04

0.14

0.05

0.0005

Petrol engine Diesel engine

Car

--

Car

MI MI

6.5

Motorbike

Leuell

6.0

10.000

Leuel2

7800 7800 7800

w 2

6.0

w 2

4.5

7.800

w 3

3300

w 3

4.5

3300

M 4

3.5

3300

85 72 50

TCVN 5949 - 1998

Maximum Permitted Noise Level In Public And Residential Areas - dBA Period of time

Area From 6h-18h

Areas needed special low noise Hospitals Libraries Sanatoria

TCVN 5942 - 1995

From 18h-22h

Kindergartens, schools) Residential area: (Hotels, administration offices) Houses, apartment houses, etc Commercial and service areas

Maximum Allowable Concentration Of Pollutants In Surface Water

Note: A: Water source used for domestic purpose after treatment

From 22 h-6h

50

B: Water source used for other purposes

60

75

170 9R6212.21lR007dJHUNijm February 2008

45 40

55

70

50

50

Appendix 5. TCVN 5943 - 1995

Allowable concentration of pollutants in coastal water

February 2008

Unit N

Limitation values

Parameter and substance Bathing and recreation

area

1 Temperature OC 30

3 pH value -

4 Disolved solid

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

1 13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20 -

21

22

23

24

25

26

Aquatic cultivation

area Others

BODS (20°C)

SS

Arsen

Ammonia (as N)

Cadmium

Lead

Chromium (VI)

Chromium (Ill)

Chroride

Copper

Fluoride

Zinc

Manganese

Iron

Mercury

Sulfide -

Cyanide

Phenol compounds

Oil and fat film

Oil and fat suspenion

Total pesticides

Coliforrn

mgll

mgll

mgll

mgll

mgll

mgll

m g/l

mgll

mgll

mgll

mgll

mgll

mgll

mgll

'mgll

mgll

mg/l

mgll

mgll

mgll

MPN11 OOml

25

0.05

0.1

0.005

0.1

0.05

0.1

-

0.02

1.5

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.005

0.01

0.01

0.001

none

2

0.05

1000

50

0.01

0.5

0.005

0.05

0.05

0.1

0.01

0.01

1.5

0.01

0.1

0.1

0.005

0.005

0.01

0.001

none

1

0.01

1000

200

0.05

0.5

0.01

0.1

0.05

0.2

-

0.02

1.5

0.1

0.1

0.3

0.01

0.01 -

0.02

0.002

0.3

5

0.05

1000

TCVN 5944 - 1995

Maximum allowable concentrations of pollutants in ground water


No

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

Parameter

PH

Colour

Hardness (per CaCOs)

Total solids

Arsenic

Cadimium

Chloride

Lead

Chromium (VI)

Cyanide

Copper

Fluoride

Zinc

Manganese

Nitrate

Phenols compound

Iron

Sulphate

Mercury

Selenium

Feacal coli

Coliform

Unit

Pt - Co

mgll

mgll

mgll

mgll

mgll

mgll

mgll

mgll

mgll

mgll

mgll

mgll

mg/l

mgll

mgll

mgll

mgll

mg /I

MPN1100 ml

MPN1100 mI

Limitation value

6.5 - 8.5

5 - 50

300 - 500

750 - 1500

0.05

0.01

200 - 600

0.05

0.05

0.01

1 .O

1 .O

5.0

0.1 - 0.5

45

0.001

1 - 5

200 - 400

0.001

0.01

not detectable

3

TCVN 5945 - 2005

Industrial Waste Water Discharge Standards

Parameter limits and maximum allowable concentrations of pollutants in Industrial Waste Water Discharge


TCVN 6772 - 2000

Maximum Allowable Concentrations Of Pollutants In Domestic Wasterwater

TCVN 6986 - 2001

Parameter

1. pH 2. BOD 3. Suspended Solid (SS) 4. Settle Solids 5. Total of Suspended Solid 6. Sunfide (following H,S) 7. Nitrat (NO3-) 8. Fat and oil 9. Phosphate ( ~ 0 ~ ~ ' ) 10. Total coliforrns

Maximum Allowable Concentrations Of Pollutants In Water For Aquaculture

Unit

- mgll mgll mgll mgll mgll mgll mgll mgll MNP1 100ml


11. Zink (Zn), mgll 12. Manganese (Mn), mgll

Limitation Value Level 1

5-9 20 50 0.5 500 1 .O 30 20 6

1000

i 3 Of! ar;d grease mcj, l '6 0 1 and fat ny ' l 17. Organic Phosphate, mg/l 18. Detergent, mgll 19. Coliform, MNPII 00ml 5000 5000 5000 1 Note: F: Discharge, m3/ngay (24 gi&) F1: From 50 m3/day to under 500 m3/day. F2: From 500 m3/ngay to under 5000 m /day F3: over 5000 m3/day

2 5

Level II 5-9 30 50 0.5 500 1 .O 30 20 6

1000

1 5

1 1

Level Ill 5-9 40 60 0.5 500 3.0 40 20 10

5000

Level IV 5-9 50 100 0.5 500 4.0 50 20 10

5000

Level V 5-9 200 100 - - -

100

10000

TCVN 6962 - 2001

Maximum Allowable Vibration Level Created By Construction Works In Public And Residential Areas

Note: Exchange of vibration acceleration value into dB and vibration acceleration per m/s2

Remark

Continuous time work is not over 10 hrlday

Continuous time work is not over 10 hrlday

I Wbration acceleration, m/s2 1 0.006 1 0.010 1 0.018 1 0.030 1 0.055 1

Allowable Value

75

Baseline value

75

Baseline value

-

Marine Sediment Guidelines adopted for List II Metals of Environment Canada. TEL and PEL denote "threshold effects level" and

" probable effects level", respectively.

Period of Time

7 h - 1 9 h

1 9 h - 7 h

7 h - 1 9 h

1 9 h - 7 h

3

No.

1

2

I Wbration acceleration value, dB

L l l Canadian ~uidelines' ) Dutch (VROM) 1

Residential area 6 h - 2 2 h inside commercial, not over 14 hrlday

22 h - 6 h Baseline value service and industrial areas

Area

Areas needed special low vibration

Residential, hotel, guest house, office etc.

--

Chromium 160 380

Zinc 1 24 271

Copper 18.7 , 108 pp

15.9 42.8 35

Arsenic 7.2 41.6 55

55


60

Vanadium nv nv

Boron nv nv

Iron nv nv

Mercury*

Cadmium*

65

Washington State "No Effects Levels" for sediment quality.

0.41

5.1

70

--

75