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10Chapter

Contents:

Syllabus reference: 4.1

The normal distribution

A The normal distributionB Probabilities using a calculator

C Quantiles or k-values

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Y:\HAESE\IB_STSL-3ed\IB_STSL-3ed_10\299IB_STSL-3ed_10.cdr Tuesday, 6 March 2012 2:13:30 PM BEN

OPENING PROBLEM

300 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION (Chapter 10)

A salmon breeder catches hundreds of adult fish. He is

interested in the distribution of the weight of an adult

salmon, W . He records their weights in a frequency table

with class intervals 3 6 w < 3:1 kg, 3:1 6 w < 3:2 kg,

3:2 6 w < 3:3 kg, and so on.

The mean weight was 4:73 kg, and the standard

deviation was 0:53 kg.

A frequency histogram of the data was bell-shaped

and symmetric about the mean.

Things to think about:

a Can we use the mean and standard deviation only to estimate the proportion of salmon whose

weight is:

i greater than 6 kg ii between 4 kg and 6 kg?

b How can we find the weight:

i which 90% of salmon are less than ii which 25% of salmon are more than?

A continuous random variable is a variable which can take any real value within a certain range. We

usually denote random variables by a capital letter such as X. Individual measurements of this variable

are denoted by the corresponding lower case letter x.

For a continuous variable X, the probability that X is exactly equal to a particular value is zero. So,

P(X = a) = 0 for all a.

For example, the probability that an egg will weigh exactly 72:9 g is zero.

If you were to weigh an egg on scales that weigh to the nearest 0:1 g, a reading

of 72:9 g means the weight lies somewhere between 72:85 g and 72:95 g. No

matter how accurate your scales are, you can only ever know the weight of an

egg within a range.

So, for a continuous variable we can only talk about the probability that an event

lies in an interval, and:

P(a 6 X 6 b) = P(a < X 6 b) = P(a 6 X < b) = P(a < X < b).

The normal distribution is the most important distribution for a continuous random variable. Many

naturally occurring phenomena have a distribution that is normal, or approximately normal. Some

examples are:

² physical attributes of a population such as height, weight, and arm length

² crop yields

² scores for tests taken by a large population

THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONA

frequency

w (kg)

4 5 73 6


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Y:\HAESE\IB_STSL-3ed\IB_STSL-3ed_10\300IB_STSL-3ed_10.cdr Tuesday, 13 March 2012 9:10:25 AM BEN

THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION (Chapter 10) 301

Once a normal model has been established, we can use it to make predictions about a distribution and to

answer other relevant questions.

HOW A NORMAL DISTRIBUTION ARISES

Consider the oranges picked from an orange tree. They do not all have the same weight. The variation

may be due to several factors, including:

² genetics

² different times when the flowers were fertilised

² different amounts of sunlight reaching the leaves and fruit

² different weather conditions such as the prevailing winds.

The result is that most of the fruit will have weights close to the mean, while fewer oranges will be much

heavier or much lighter.

This results in a bell-shaped distribution which is symmetric about the mean.

A TYPICAL NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

A large sample of cockle shells was

collected and the maximum width of each

shell was measured. Click on the video clip

icon to see how a histogram of the data

is built up. Then click on the demo icon

to observe the effect of changing the class

interval lengths for normally distributed

data.

THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVE

Although all normal distributions have the same general bell-shaped curve, the exact location and shape

of the curve is determined by the mean ¹ and standard deviation ¾ of the variable.

For example, we can say that:

² The height of trees in a park is normally distributed

with mean 10 metres and standard deviation

3 metres.

² The time it takes Sean to get to school is normally

distributed with mean 15 minutes and standard

deviation 1 minute.

Notice that the normal curve is always symmetric about the vertical line x = ¹.

VIDEO CLIP

DEMO

x (m)¹ = 10

x (min)¹ = 15


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STANDARD DEVIATIONINVESTIGATION 1


If a continuous variable X is normally distributed with mean

¹ and standard deviation ¾, we write X » N(¹, ¾2).

Click on the icon to explore the normal probability density

function and how it changes when ¹ and ¾ are altered.

The purpose of this investigation is to find the proportions of normal distribution data which lie

within ¾, 2¾, and 3¾ of the mean.

What to do:

1 Click on the icon to start the demonstration in MicrosoftR°

Excel.

2 Take a random sample of size n = 1000 from a normal distribution.

3 Find the sample mean x and standard deviation s.

4 Find:

a x ¡ s and x + s b x ¡ 2s and x + 2s c x ¡ 3s and x + 3s

5 Count all values between:

a x ¡ s and x + s b x ¡ 2s and x + 2s c x ¡ 3s and x + 3s

6 Determine the percentage of data values in these intervals.

7 Repeat the procedure several times. Hence suggest the proportions of normal distribution data

which lie within:

a ¾ b 2¾ c 3¾ from the mean.

For a normal distribution with mean ¹ and standard deviation ¾, the proportional breakdown of where

the random variable could lie is shown below.

Notice that: ² ¼ 68:26% of values lie between ¹ ¡ ¾ and ¹ + ¾

² ¼ 95:44% of values lie between ¹ ¡ 2¾ and ¹ + 2¾

² ¼ 99:74% of values lie between ¹ ¡ 3¾ and ¹ + 3¾.

We can use these proportions to find the probability that the value of a normally distributed variable will

lie within a particular range.

DEMO

DEMO

We say that and

are the of

the distribution.

¹ ¾

parameters

34 13. % 34 13. %

13 59. % 13 59. %

2 15. %0 13. % 0 13. %2 15. %

Normal distribution curve

¹ ¾-3 ¹ ¾-2 ¹ ¾- ¹ ¾+ ¹ ¾+3¹ ¾+2¹


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The chest measurements of 18 year old male footballers are normally distributed with a mean of

95 cm and a standard deviation of 8 cm.

a Find the percentage of footballers with chest measurements between:

i 87 cm and 103 cm ii 103 cm and 111 cm

b Find the probability that the chest measurement of a randomly chosen footballer is between

87 cm and 111 cm.

a i We need the percentage between

¹ ¡ ¾ and ¹ + ¾.

) about 68:3% of footballers have a

chest measurement between 87 cm

and 103 cm.

ii We need the percentage between

¹ + ¾ and ¹ + 2¾.

) about 13:6% of footballers have a

chest measurement between 103 cm

and 111 cm.

b We need the percentage between

¹ ¡ ¾ and ¹ + 2¾.

This is 2(34:13%) + 13:59%

¼ 81:9%.

So, the probability is ¼ 0:819 .

EXERCISE 10A

1 Explain why it is likely that the distributions of the following variables will be normal:

a the volume of soft drink in cans

b the diameter of bolts immediately after manufacture.

2 State the probability that a randomly selected, normally distributed value lies between:

a ¾ below the mean and ¾ above the mean

b the mean and the value 2¾ above the mean.

3 The mean height of players in a basketball competition is 184 cm. If the standard deviation is 5 cm,

what percentage of them are likely to be:

a taller than 189 cm b taller than 179 cm

c between 174 cm and 199 cm d over 199 cm tall?

4 The mean average rainfall of Claudona for August is 48 mm with a standard deviation of 6 mm.

Over a 20 year period, how many times would you expect there to be less than 42 mm of rainfall

during August in Claudona?

5 The weights of babies born at Prince Louis Maternity Hospital last year averaged 3:0 kg with a

standard deviation of 200 grams. If there were 545 babies born at this hospital last year, estimate

the number that weighed:

a less than 3:2 kg b between 2:8 kg and 3:4 kg.

Example 1 Self Tutor

87 95 103 111¹ ¾- ¹ ¾+

¾¾¾

¹ ¾+2¹

34 13. % 34 13. %

13 59. %

x79¹ ¾-2

¾

¹ ¾- ¹ ¾+2¹ x

34 13. % 34 13. %

13 59. %


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6 The height of male students in a university is normally distributed with mean 170 cm and standard

deviation 8 cm.

a Find the percentage of male students whose height is:

i between 162 cm and 170 cm ii between 170 cm and 186 cm.

b Find the probability that a randomly chosen student from this group has a height:

i between 178 cm and 186 cm ii less than 162 cm

iii less than 154 cm iv greater than 162 cm.

7 Suppose X » N(16, 32). Find:

a P(13 6 X 6 16) b P(X 6 13) c P(X > 22)

8 When a specific variety of radish is grown without fertiliser, the weights of the radishes produced

are normally distributed with mean 40 g and standard deviation 10 g.

When the same variety of radish is grown in the same way but with fertiliser added, the weights

of the radishes produced are also normally distributed, but with mean 140 g and standard deviation

40 g.

Determine the proportion of radishes grown:

a without fertiliser with weights less than 50 grams

b with fertiliser with weights less than 60 grams

c i with and ii without fertiliser with weights between 20 and 60 g

d i with and ii without fertiliser with weights greater than 60 g.

9 A bottle filling machine fills an average of 20 000 bottles a day with

a standard deviation of 2000. Assuming that production is normally

distributed and the year comprises 260 working days, calculate the

approximate number of working days on which:

a under 18 000 bottles are filled

b over 16 000 bottles are filled

c between 18 000 and 24 000 bottles (inclusive) are filled.

Using the properties of the normal probability density function, we have considered probabilities in

regions of width ¾ either side of the mean.

To find probabilities more generally we use technology.

Suppose X » N(10, 2:32), so X is normally

distributed with mean 10 and standard deviation

2:3 .

How do we find P(8 6 X 6 11)?

Click on the icon to find instructions for these processes.

PROBABILITIES USING A CALCULATORB

GRAPHICS

CALCULATOR

INSTRUCTIONS

8 10 x11


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If X » N(10, 2:32), find these probabilities:

a P(8 6 X 6 11) b P(X 6 12) c P(X > 9). Illustrate your results.

X is normally distributed with mean 10 and standard deviation 2:3 .

a Using a Casio fx-CG20:

From the STATISTICS menu, press F5 (DIST) F1 (NORM) F2 (Ncd)

) P(8 6 X 6 11) ¼ 0:476

b Using a TI-84 Plus:

Press 2nd VARS (DISTR) 2 : normalcdf ( :

) P(X 6 12) ¼ 0:808

c Using a TI-nspire:

From the calculator application, press menu 6 : Statistics > 5 : Distributions >

2 : normalcdf ... :


) P(X > 9) ¼ 0:668

P P >(X > 9) = (X 9).

For continuous

distributions,

10811

x

1210 x

109 x


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In 1972 the heights of rugby players were approximately normally distributed with mean 179 cm

and standard deviation 7 cm. Find the probability that a randomly selected player in 1972 was:

a at least 175 cm tall b between 170 cm and 190 cm.

If X is the height of a player then X is normally distributed with ¹ = 179, ¾ = 7.

a

P(X > 175) ¼ 0:716 fusing technologyg

b

P(170 < X < 190) ¼ 0:843 fusing technologyg


TI-84 PlusCasio fx-CG20 TI- spiren


x179170 190

x179

175


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EXERCISE 10B

1 X is a random variable that is distributed normally with mean 70and standard deviation 4. Find:

a P(70 6 X 6 74) b P(68 6 X 6 72) c P(X 6 65)

2 X is a random variable that is distributed normally with mean 60and standard deviation 5. Find:

a P(60 6 X 6 65) b P(62 6 X 6 67)

c P(X > 64) d P(X 6 68)

e P(X 6 61) f P(57:5 6 X 6 62:5)

3 X is a random variable that is distributed normally with mean 32 and standard deviation 6. Find:

a P(25 6 X 6 30) b P(X > 27) c P(22 6 X 6 28)

d P(X 6 30:9) e P(X < 23:8) f P(22:1 < X < 32:1)

4 Suppose X » N(37, 72).

a Use technology to find P(X > 40).

b Hence find P(37 6 X 6 40) without technology.

5 A manufacturer makes nails which are supposed to be 50 mm long. In reality, the length L of the

nails is normally distributed with mean 50:2 mm and standard deviation 0:93 mm. Find:

a P(L > 50) b P(L 6 51) c P(49 6 L 6 50:5)

6 A machine produces metal bolts. The lengths

of these bolts have a normal distribution with

mean 19:8 cm and standard deviation 0:3 cm.

If a bolt is selected at random from the machine,

find the probability that it will have a length

between 19:7 cm and 20 cm.

7 Max’s customers put money for charity into a collection box in his shop. The average weekly

collection is approximately normally distributed with mean $40 and standard deviation $6.

a In a randomly chosen week, find the probability of Max collecting:

i between $30:00 and $50:00 ii at most $32:00 .

b In a 52 week year, in how many weeks would Max expect to collect at least $45:00?

8 Eels are washed onto a beach after a storm. Their lengths

have a normal distribution with mean 41 cm and standard

deviation 5:5 cm.

a If an eel is randomly selected, find the probability

that it is at least 50 cm long.

b Find the proportion of eels measuring between 40 cm

and 50 cm long.

c How many eels from a sample of 200 would you

expect to measure at least 45 cm in length?

It is helpful tosketch the normaldistribution and

shade the area ofinterest.


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9 The speed of cars passing the supermarket is normally distributed with mean 56:3 km h¡1 and

standard deviation 7:4 km h¡1. Find the probability that a randomly selected car has speed:

a between 60 and 75 km h¡1 b at most 70 km h¡1 c at least 60 km h¡1.

Consider a population of crabs where the length of a shell, X mm,

is normally distributed with mean 70 mm and standard deviation

10 mm.

A biologist wants to protect the population by allowing only the

largest 5% of crabs to be harvested. He therefore asks the question:

“95% of the crabs have lengths less than what?”.

To answer this question we need to find k such that

P(X 6 k) = 0:95 .

The number k is known as a quantile, and in this case the 95%quantile.

When finding quantiles we are given a probability and are asked to calculate the

corresponding measurement. This is the inverse of finding probabilities, and we

use the inverse normal function on our calculator.

Example 4

If X » N(23:6, 3:12), find k for which P(X < k) = 0:95 .

X has mean 23:6 and standard deviation 3:1 .

QUANTILES OR k-VALUESC

Self Tutor

GRAPHICS

CALCULATOR

INSTRUCTIONS


If P(X < k) = 0:95 then

k ¼ 28:7

xm

s

= 23.6= 3.1

k

95%


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To perform inverse normal calculations on most calculator

models, we must enter the area to the left of k.

If P(X > k) = p, then P(X 6 k) = 1 ¡ p.

A university professor determines that 80% of this year’s History candidates should pass the final

examination. The examination results were approximately normally distributed with mean 62 and

standard deviation 12. Find the lowest score necessary to pass the examination.

EXERCISE 10C

1 Suppose X » N(20, 32). Illustrate with a sketch and find k such that:

a P(X 6 k) = 0:348 b P(X 6 k) = 0:878 c P(X 6 k) = 0:5

2 Suppose X » N(38:7, 8:22). Illustrate with a sketch and find k such that:

a P(X 6 k) = 0:9 b P(X > k) = 0:8


k

p1 - px

Let X denote the final examination result, so X » N(62, 122).

We need to find k such that P(X > k) = 0:8

) P(X 6 k) = 0:2


k 62

20% x

) k ¼ 51:9 fusing technologyg

So, the minimum pass mark is 52.


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THE STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONINVESTIGATION 2(z-DISTRIBUTION)

z =x¡ ¹

¾

subtracting ¹ shifts the mean to 0

dividing by ¾ scales the standard deviation to 1


3 Suppose X » N(30, 52) and P(X 6 a) = 0:57 .

a Using a diagram, determine whether a is greater or less than 30.

b Use technology to find a.

c Without using technology, find: i P(X > a) ii P(30 6 X 6 a)

4 Given that X » N(23, 52), find a such that:

a P(X < a) = 0:378 b P(X > a) = 0:592 c P(23 ¡ a < X < 23 + a) = 0:427

5 The students of Class X sat a Physics test. The average score was 46 with a standard deviation of

25. The teacher decided to award an A to the top 7% of the students in the class. Assuming that

the scores were normally distributed, find the lowest score that would achieve an A.

6 The lengths of a fish species are normally distributed

with mean 35 cm and standard deviation 8 cm. The

fisheries department has decided that the smallest 10%of the fish are not to be harvested. What is the size of

the smallest fish that can be harvested?

7 The lengths of screws produced by a machine are normally distributed with mean 75 mm and

standard deviation 0:1 mm. If a screw is too long it is automatically rejected. If 1% of screws are

rejected, what is the length of the smallest screw to be rejected?

8 The weights of cabbages sold at a market are normally distributed with mean 1:6 kg and standard

deviation 0:3 kg.

a One wholesaler buys the heaviest 10% of cabbages. What is the minimum weight cabbage he

buys?

b Another buyer choose cabbages with weights in the lower quartile. What is the heaviest cabbage

this person buys?

9 The volumes of cool drink in bottles filled by a machine are normally distributed with mean 503 mL

and standard deviation 0:5 mL. 1% of the bottles are rejected because they are underfilled, and 2%are rejected because they are overfilled; otherwise they are kept for retail. What range of volumes

is in the bottles that are kept?

The standard normal distribution or Z-distribution is the normal distribution with mean 0 and

standard deviation 1. We write Z » N(0, 1).

Every normal X-distribution can be transformed into the Z-distribution using the transformation

No matter what the parameters ¹ and ¾ of the X-distribution are, we always end up with the same

Z-distribution.

The transformation z =x¡ ¹

¾can be used to calculate the z-scores for any value in the

X-distribution. The z-score tells us how many standard deviations the value is from the mean.


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What to do:

1 Use your calculator to find:

a P(0 6 z 6 1) b P(1 6 z 6 2) c P(1 6 z 6 3)

Have you seen these values before?

2 The percentages scored in an exam are normally distributed with mean 70% and standard

deviation 10%.

a Victoria scored 90% for the exam. Calculate her z-score and explain what it means.

b Ethan scored 55% for the exam. Calculate his z-score and explain what it means.

Subject Emma’s score ¹ ¾

English 48 40 4:4

Mandarin 81 60 9

Geography 84 55 18

Biology 68 50 20

Maths 84 50 15

3 The table shows Emma’s midyear exam results.

The exam results for each subject are normally

distributed with the mean ¹ and standard

deviation ¾ shown in the table.

a Find the z-score for each of Emma’s

subjects.

b Arrange Emma’s subjects from ‘best’ to

‘worst’ in terms of the z-scores.

USING THE Z-DISTRIBUTION

The Z-distribution is useful when finding an unknown mean or standard deviation for a normal

distribution.

For example, suppose X is normally distributed with mean

40, and P(X 6 45) = 0:9 .

We can find the standard deviation as follows:

P(X 6 45) = 0:9

) P³X ¡ ¹

¾6

45¡ ¹

¾

´= 0:9 ftransforming to the Z-distributiong

) P³Z 6

45¡ ¹

¾

´= 0:9 fZ =

X ¡ ¹

¾g

)45¡ ¹

¾¼ 1:28 ftechnologyg

)5

¾¼ 1:28 f¹ = 40g

) ¾ ¼ 3:90

What to do:

1 The IQs of students at school are normally distributed with a standard deviation of 15. If 20%of students have an IQ higher than 125, find the mean IQ of students at school.

2 The distances an athlete jumps are normally distributed with mean 5:2 m. If 15% of the jumps

by this athlete are less than 5 m, what is the standard deviation?

3 The weekly income of a bakery is normally distributed with a mean of $6100. If 85% of the

time the weekly income exceeds $6000, what is the standard deviation?

4 The arrival times of buses at a depot are normally distributed with standard deviation 5 minutes.

If 10% of the buses arrive before 3:55 pm, find the mean arrival time of buses at the depot.

40

0.9

x45


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REVIEW SET 10B

REVIEW SET 10A


1 The average height of 17 year old boys is normally distributed with mean 179 cm and standard

deviation 8 cm. Calculate the percentage of 17 year old boys whose heights are:

a more than 195 cm b between 163 cm and 195 cm

c between 171 cm and 187 cm.

2 The contents of cans of a certain brand of soft drink are normally distributed with mean 377 mL

and standard deviation 4:2 mL.

a Find the percentage of cans with contents:

i less than 368:6 mL ii between 372:8 mL and 389:6 mL.

b Find the probability that a randomly selected can has contents between 377 mL and

381:2 mL.

3 Suppose X » N(150, 122). Find:

a P(138 6 X 6 162) b P(126 6 X 6 174)

c P(X 6 147) d P(X > 135)

4 The length of steel rods produced by a machine is normally distributed with a standard deviation

of 3 mm. It is found that 2% of all rods are less than 25 mm long. Find the mean length of

rods produced by the machine.

5 The distribution curve shown corresponds to

X » N(¹, ¾2).

Area A = Area B = 0:2 .

a Find ¹ and ¾.

b Calculate:

i P(X 6 35) ii P(23 6 X 6 30)

6 Let X be the weight in grams of bags of sugar filled by a machine. Bags less than 500 grams

are considered underweight.

Suppose that X » N(503, 22).

a What proportion of bags are underweight?

b Bags weighing more than 507 grams are considered overweight. If the machine fills 6000bags in one day, how many bags would you expect to be overweight?

7 In a competition to see who could hold their breath underwater the longest, the times were

normally distributed with a mean of 150 seconds and standard deviation 12 seconds. The top

15% of contestants go through to the finals. What time is required to advance to the finals?

1 State the probability that a randomly selected, normally distributed value lies between:

a ¾ above the mean and 2¾ above the mean

b the mean and ¾ above the mean.

2 A random variable X is normally distributed with mean 20:5 and standard deviation 4:3 . Find:

a P(X > 22) b P(18 6 X 6 22) c k such that P(X 6 k) = 0:3 .

38x

20

A B


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REVIEW SET 10C


3 A bottle shop sells on average 2500 bottles per day

with a standard deviation of 300 bottles. Assuming

that the number of bottles is normally distributed,

calculate the percentage of days when:

a less than 1900 bottles are sold

b more than 2200 bottles are sold

c between 2200 and 3100 bottles are sold.

4 X is a random variable which is distributed normally with ¹ = 55 and ¾ = 7. Find:

a P(48 6 X 6 55) b P(X 6 41)

c P(X > 60) d P(53 6 X 6 57)

5 The life of a Xenon-brand battery is normally distributed with mean 33:2 weeks and standard

deviation 2:8 weeks.

a Find the probability that a randomly selected battery will last at least 35 weeks.

b For how many weeks can the manufacturer expect the batteries to last before 8% of them

fail?

6 A recruiting agency tests the typing speed of its workers. The results are normally distributed

with a mean of 40 words per minute and standard deviation of 16:7 words per minute.

If the slowest 10% of typists are enrolled in a typing skills course, what range of speeds are

enrolled?

7 In summer, Alison goes for a walk after school when the temperature is suitable. The temperature

at that time is normally distributed with mean 25:4±C and standard deviation 4:8±C. Alison finds

it too hot for walking 13% of the time, and too cold 5% of the time. Find Alison’s range of

suitable walking temperatures.

1 X is a random variable that is normally distributed with mean 80 and standard deviation 14.

Find:

a P(75 6 X 6 85) b P(X > 90) c P(X < 77)

2 Suppose X » N(16, 52).

a Find P(X < 13).

b Without using technology, find:

i P(X > 13) ii P(13 6 X 6 16)

3 The daily energy intake of Canadian adults is normally distributed with mean 8700 kJ and

standard deviation 1000 kJ.

What proportion of Canadian adults have a daily energy intake which is:

a greater than 8000 kJ b less than 7500 kJ

c between 9000 and 10 000 kJ?

4 Suppose X » N(30, 82). Illustrate with a sketch and find k such that:

a P(X 6 k) = 0:1 b P(X > k) = 0:6


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5 The weights of suitcases at an airport are normally distributed with a mean of 17 kg and standard

deviation 3:4 kg.

a Find the probability that a randomly selected suitcase weighs between 10 kg and 15 kg.

b 300 suitcases are presented for check-in over a one hour period. How many of these

suitcases would you expect to be lighter than 20 kg?

c 3:9% of the suitcases are rejected because they exceed the maximum weight limit. Find

the maximum weight limit.

6 Suppose X is normally distributed with mean 25 and standard deviation 7. We also know that

P(X > k) = 0:4 .

a Using a diagram, determine whether k is greater or less than 25.

b Use technology to find k.

7 The times that participants take to complete a fun-run are normally distributed with mean

65 minutes and standard deviation 9 minutes.

a Find the probability that a randomly selected person takes more than 80 minutes to complete

the fun-run.

b A total of 5000 people participate in the fun-run.

i How many of these people will complete the fun-run in less than one hour?

ii Simon is the 1000th person to complete the fun-run. How long does Simon take?


0 05 5

25

25

75

75

50

50

95

95

100

100 0 05 5

25

25

75

75

50

50

95

95

100

100


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