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THE NON-OBSERVANCE OF GRICE’S COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE
AND CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE IN CRISTIANO RONALDO’S
INTERVIEW ON THE JONATHAN ROSS SHOW
A Thesis
Submitted to Faculty of Letters and Humanities
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Bachelor Degree
by:
DIMAS FAJAR ADRIANSYAH
1113026000081
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2017
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ABSTRACT
This research aims to analyze the non-observance of maxims that contains
in the conversation between Jonathan Ross, the presenter of The Jonathan Ross
Show, and Cristiano Ronaldo as the guest that published in YouTube on November
14th
, 2015 using the cooperative principle and conversational implicature theory
which was initiated by Paul Grice. This research uses qualitative methodology and
documentation technique as the data collecting method.
As the results, this research contains nineteen non-observance of maxims
that performs by Jonathan Ross and Cristiano Ronaldo. Those nineteen non-
observance of maxims consist of three types of maxim‟s non-observance, which
are flouting a maxim, violating a maxim, and opting out a maxim. Overall, the
speakers has performed sixteen times of flouting a maxim, two times of violating
a maxim, and two times of opting out a maxim. Every maxim‟s non-observance
that occurs in this conversation also generates conversational implicature and
there are only four generalized conversational implicatures while the rest are
particularized conversational implicatures because the topic of this conversation
mostly discusses about the personal life of Cristiano Ronaldo which requires
special knowledge to understand the implicit meaning in their utterances.
Keywords: cooperative principle, non-observance of maxims, conversational
implicature
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
education, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the thesis.
South Tangerang, July 2017
Dimas Fajar Adriansyah
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
All praises be to Allah SWT, God of the universe, who has given a great
pleasure, strength, power, spirit, healthiness, and His unlimited idea to me in
accomplishing this thesis. Peace and salutation are given to the great prophet
Muhammad SAW who had successfully changed the world into a wonderful place
to live.
Afterwards, I would like to express my gratitude to my parents who have
always been a great supporter and motivator for me, also to my older brother for
his little assistance in finishing this thesis.
Furthermore, I also would like to deliver my gratitude to the people who
have an important role in completing this research:
1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.A, as the Dean of the Faculty of Letters and
Humanities.
2. Drs. A. Saefudin, M.Pd, as the Head of English Letters Department.
3. Elve Oktafiani, M.Hum, as the Secretary of English Letters Department.
4. Abdurrosyid, S.S., MEIL. as the advisor of my thesis, for his unforgettable
guidance to me during this research.
5. All of the lecturers of English Letters Department who have taught a
precious knowledge during my study.
6. All of the staffs of English Letters Department for the assistance during
my study.
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7. Ahmad Syopian, for being my best friend and for his remarkable
assistance during my study and this research.
8. Marsya Tarinawadani, for her everlasting love and support given to me for
about four years.
9. All members of Baling (Aninda, Dhita, Steffi, Nanda, Fara, Yudis, Dini)
for being my closest friends during my study.
10. All friends who have been accompanying me since the first semester of
my study.
South Tangerang, July 2017
The Writer
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TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................... i
APPROVAL SHEET ............................................................................ ii
LEGALIZATION ................................................................................. iii
DECLARATION ................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................ vii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................ 1
A. Research Background ............................................................... 1
B. Research Focus .......................................................................... 3
C. Research Questions ................................................................... 4
D. Research Objectives .................................................................. 4
E. Research Significance ............................................................... 5
F. Research Methodology.............................................................. 5
1. Research Method ................................................................. 5
2. Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis ............. 6
3. Research Instrument ........................................................... 7
4. Unit of Analysis ................................................................... 7
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CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................ 8
A. Previous Research ..................................................................... 8
B. Theory ........................................................................................ 10
1. Cooperative Principle ......................................................... 10
2. Non-Observance of Maxims ............................................... 13
2.1. Flouting a Maxim ......................................................... 14
2.2. Violating a Maxim ........................................................ 16
2.3. Infringing a Maxim ...................................................... 17
2.4. Opting Out a Maxim .................................................... 18
2.5. Suspending a Maxim .................................................... 19
3. Conversational Implicature ............................................... 20
3.1. Generalized Conversational Implicature ................... 21
3.2. Particularized Conversational Implicature ............... 21
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH FINDINGS .......................................... 23
A. Data Description ........................................................................ 23
B. Data Analysis ............................................................................. 37
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CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ................. 57
A. Conclusions ................................................................................ 57
B. Suggestions ................................................................................. 58
WORKS CITED .................................................................................... 59
APPENDIX............................................................................................ 61
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
According to Lewis (in Bublitz & Norrick 204), language is a
social phenomenon which is part of the natural history of human beings; a
sphere of human action, wherein people utter strings of vocal sounds, or
inscribe strings of marks, and wherein people respond by thought or action
to the sounds or marks which they observe to have been so produced. The
presence of language has a significant role in human‟s life because it
becomes primary needs and activities for every people. Blakemore (3)
stated that communication serves a variety of purposes it assumes a variety
of forms. We may communicate by writing a book or making a speech,
with a torrent of words or with one, with a grunt or with silence, by
waving our arms or by raising our eyebrows.
The existence of language would be very visible in human‟s life
through conversations. Muhammad (40) stated that languages have
systems that are set up naturally. Language is an institution that has
patterns or rules which are adhered to and used (sometimes unconsciously)
by the speaker in the community to understand each other. However,
language has its own meaning which are not uttered directly by the
speakers. According to Rahardi (42-43), speaker and hearer can
communicate fluently because they both have a common background of
knowledge about what was spoken, between speaker and hearer there is a
sort of unwritten contract conversations that what was spoken was
mutually intelligible. In Grice‟s article entitled "Logic and Conversation”
he states that a speech can imply propositions that are not part of the
speech itself. The implied proposition can be called a conversational
implicature. In other words, there is some implied meaning contained in a
language named as an implicature. And what is conversationally
implicated may be due to either a generalized or a particularized
conversational implicature (Birner 62). Griffiths (4) adds that utterances
are the raw data of linguistics. Each utterance is unique, having been
produced by a particular sender in a specific situation because they are tied
to a sender and a time, utterances can never be repeated.
A conversation will be highly concerned with the theory which
initiated by Paul Grice named Cooperative Principle that makes speakers
contribution as required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted
purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which the speakers are
engaged (Thomas 61-62). Grice‟s fundamental insight was that
conversation can work only because both people are trying to be
cooperative – trying to make their contribution appropriate to the
conversation at hand. Even when one might assume the participants are in
fact being utterly uncooperative (Birner 42). Cooperative Principle‟s
theory contains four kinds of maxim that should be applied in every
conversation, there are maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of
relation, and maxim of manner. However, Thomas (64) stated that there
are some speakers who prefer not to apply those four kinds of maxims in
order to protect their privacies, incapable of speaking clearly, deliberately
choose to lie, or could be caused by other reasons. This occasion known as
the non-observance of maxim. There are five ways of failing to observe a
maxim; flouting a maxim, violating a maxim, infringing a maxim, opting
out of a maxim, and suspending a maxim (Thomas 64).
The implementation of four kinds of maxim in every conversation
is very essential because it will determine the direction of the conversation
and also make the conversation goes as it should. A significant numbers of
speakers who are not aware that their interlocutors have violated one of the
four maxims for some reason. There would be some misunderstanding
between the speaker and their interlocutors in interpreting the meaning
when they decided not to applying those maxims. Therefore, based on the
reasons above, this research contains the non-observance of maxim
committed in an interview between Jonathan Ross, the presenters of The
Jonathan Ross Show with Cristiano Ronaldo as his guest, the Portuguese
football star that extremely famous and well-known by every people all
over the world.
B. Research Focus
This research focuses on five types of non-observance of maxims
analysis that occur through the utterances in the interview between
Jonathan Ross and his interviewee, Cristiano Ronaldo in The Jonathan
Ross Show on November 14th
, 2015 and classifies the utterances into two
types of Conversational Implicature, which are Generalized
Conversational Implicature and Particularized Conversational Implicature.
C. Research Questions
In this research, there are two questions that would be analyzed, as
follows:
1. What types of the non-observance of maxims that occur through the
utterances between Jonathan Ross and Cristiano Ronaldo?
2. How the conversational implicatures can generates from the non-
observance of maxims that occur through the utterances between
Jonathan Ross and Cristiano Ronaldo?
D. Research Objectives
Based on the research questions, the objectives of this research are
as follows:
1. To identify the types of the non-observance of maxims that occur
through the utterances between Jonathan Ross and Cristiano Ronaldo.
2. To analyze the conversational implicatures that generated from the
non-observance of maxims that occur through the utterances between
Jonathan Ross and Cristiano Ronaldo.
E. Research Significance
This research is expected to give contribution for the language
learner as a reference in linguistic field which deals with the meaning of
language, which is pragmatics, particularly in cooperative principle‟s
theory and how to implement it in an interview in the form of analysis.
In practical terms, this study is expected to be useful for the people
who studying linguistics especially in the field of pragmatics. As well as it
is hoped to give a deeper understanding of the meaning of an utterance by
applying the four maxims of Cooperative Principle in every conversations.
F. Research Methodology
1. Research Method
This research is using qualitative as the research method, which is
a procedure that uses descriptive data in the form of written or spoken
words of people that can be observed. According to Kothari (5),
qualitative approach to research is concerned with subjective
assessment of attitudes, opinions and behavior. Research in such a
situation is a function of researcher‟s insights and impressions.
Wahyuni (12) stated that qualitative research is descriptive. The data
collected are in the form of words or pictures rather than numbers. The
written results of the research contain quotations from the data to
illustrate and substantiate the presentation. The data include interview
transcripts, field notes, photographs, videotapes, personal documents,
memos and official records.
Farkhan (9-10) adds that qualitative research is the study that relies
on verbal and other non-numerical data as the basis for analysis and
problem solving are being studied, such as content analysis, discourse
analysis, and naturalistic study. Qualitative research involves the use
and collection of various materials empirical, such as case studies,
personal experience, introspection, biography, interviews, observation,
historical texts, interactional visual: that describes the moment in
routine and problematic, and its meaning in the life of the individual
and collective (Rahmat 4). This method has been chosen because the
unit of analysis of this research is the transcript of the interview which
then classified into utterances that violate the four maxims of
cooperative principle.
2. Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis
The technique of data collecting in this research is documentation,
which defined as “any written or recorded material” not prepared for
the purposes of the evaluation or at the request of the inquirer
(Frechtling & Westat 57). This research uses the transcript of the
interview between Jonathan Ross and Cristiano Ronaldo as the written
sources. Once all of the data is completely collected, the analysis of the
data begins with looking at the whole interview and read the entire
transcript, identify the utterances in the interview into the types of non-
observance of cooperative principle‟s maxims, conduct an analysis of
the data found in accordance with the related theories, then make the
conclusion of the whole analysis.
3. Research Instrument
The main instrument of this study is data card, which has been
written by several relevant data in certain format. And the main
problem that becomes the research‟s object has been written as well
and becoming an entry (Subroto 43).
4. Unit of Analysis
The unit of data analysis in this research is the whole utterances
that uttered by Jonathan Ross and Cristiano Ronaldo in an interview on
The Jonathan Ross Show, the prime-time ITV chat show hosted by
Jonathan Ross, featuring light-hearted interviews with A-list talent that
published by YouTube on November 14th
, 2015 entitled “Cristiano
Ronaldo Full Length Interview - Why It Wasn't A Messi Movie, Who'll
Win Ballon d'Or?”
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Previous Research
There are several previous research related to the non-observance
of maxims analysis according to Grice‟s Cooperative Principle theory
which are as follows:
The first research is an academic journal entitled The Pragmatics
of Cooperation and Relevance for Teaching and Learning by Roger Nunn
as the author. This journal tells about the maxims of Grice, which were
never intended to be seen as a set of rules to be obeyed, could arguably
still serve as useful guiding principles for teachers. Experienced teachers
could usefully make conscious attempts to self-observe, applying Grice‟s
maxims to their spoken communication with students and might also want
to consider them as means of making written communication more
efficient. Grice‟s maxims concept are always useful for the educators. It is
not rules to follow blindly, but they do provide the reflective teacher with
a useful means of critically examining his or her own interactive behavior.
All teachers can benefit from an external means of re-assessing something
that is such an essential component of their daily practice.
The second research is a thesis conducted by Ilham Putra (2014)
entitled The Grice's Cooperative Principle in Transcript of Beyoncé's
interview on Piers Morgan Tonight. The author found 20 non-observance
of maxims in the interview as the results of this research consisting of 6
9
flouting a maxim, 2 violating a maxim, 2 infringing a maxim, 9 opting out
a maxim, and one suspending a maxim. The author also identified 20
violations of the maxims into 4 types of Cooperative Principle, which are
4 maxim of quantity, 11 maxim of quality, 1 maxim of relevance, and 4
maxim of manner.
Meanwhile, the third study is also a thesis that conducted by Jaisy
Rahman (2016), entitled Cooperative Principle Analysis in The
Conversation between David Letterman and Jim Carrey on The Late Show
with David Letterman. As the results, the author only found one kind of
the non-observance of maxims within 14 data, which is flouting a maxim
that found in 4 types of cooperative principle‟s maxim that consists of 5
flouting maxim of quantity, 2 flouting maxim of quantity and relation, 2
flouting maxim of quality and manner, 2 flouting maxim of relation, 1
flouting maxim of quantity and quality, 1 flouting maxim of quantity and
manner, and 1 flouting maxim of quality and quantity. The author also
classified the results into two types of Conversational Implicature,
Generalized Conversational Implicature and Particularized
Conversational Implicature.
Based on the research above, this study covers all aspects of those
research. If Putra‟s thesis did not analyze the types of Conversational
Implicature while Rahman‟s thesis only found flouting a maxim as the
results, this study will discuss various types of the non-observance of
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maxims and classify them into generalized conversational implicature or
particularized conversational implicature.
B. Theory
1. Cooperative Principle
Grice (26) stated that cooperative principle is to make your
conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it
occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which
you are engaged. In every conversation requires cooperation between the
speaker and the listener that makes the conversation run properly. It is
important for the interlocutors to be cooperative in a conversation in order
to maintain its effectiveness. According to Iten (122), Grice‟s Cooperative
Principle provides a means of explaining how one and the same lexical
item can receive different interpretations in different contexts. Cooperative
principle consists of four “maxims,” each of which covers one aspect of
linguistic interaction and describes what is expected of a cooperative
speaker with respect to that maxim (Birner 42). The maxims are as
follows:
1) Maxim of Quantity
The category of Quantity is relates to the quantity of information to
be provided, and under it fall the following maxims (Grice 26):
1. Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the
current purposes of the exchange).
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2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
According to Cutting (34-35), quantity means that speakers should
be as informative as is required, that they should give neither too little
information nor too much. Some speakers like to point to the fact that
they know how much information the hearer requires or can be
bothered with, and say something like, „Well, to cut a long story short,
she didn‟t get home till two.‟ People who give too little information
risk their hearer not being able to identify what they are talking about
because they are not explicit enough; those who give more information
than the hearer needs risk boring them.
2) Maxim of Quality
Under the category of Quality falls a supermaxim “try to make
your contribution one that is true” and two more specific maxims
(Grice 27):
1. Do not say what you believe to be false.
2. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
The second maxim is that of quality, which says that speakers are
expected to be sincere, to be saying something that they believe
corresponds to reality. They are assumed not to say anything that they
believe to be false or anything for which they lack of adequate
evidence (Cutting 35).
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Example (1):
A: I‟ll ring you tomorrow afternoon then.
B: Erm, I shall be there as far as I know, and in the meantime have a
word with Mum and Dad if they‟re free. Right, bye-bye then
sweetheart.
A: Bye-bye, bye.
B says „as far as I know‟, meaning „I can‟t be totally sure if this is
true‟, so that if A rings up and finds that B is not there, B is protected
from accusations of lying by the fact that she did make it clear that she
was uncertain. Most hearers assume that speakers are not lying, and
most speakers know that (Cutting 35).
3) Maxim of Relation
Grice (27) stated that there is only a single maxim in this category,
namely, “Be relevant.” According to Cutting (35), maxim of relation
says that speakers are assumed to be saying something that is relevant
to what has been said before.
Example (2):
A: There‟s somebody at the door.
B: I‟m in the bath.
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B expects A to understand that his present location is relevant to her
comment that there is someone at the door, and that he cannot go and
see who it is because he is in the bath (Cutting 35).
4) Maxim of Manner
Under the category of Manner, Grice understands as relating not to
what is said but, rather, to how what is said is to be said, he includes
the supermaxim “Be perspicuous.” and various maxims such as (Grice
27):
1. Avoid obscurity of expression.
2. Avoid ambiguity.
3. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).
4. Be orderly.
Example (3):
Thank you Chairman. Jus – just to clarify one point. There is a
meeting of the Police Committee on Monday and there is an item on
their budget for the provision of their camera.
In the example above, the speaker points to the fact that he is
observing the maxim of manner in a committee meeting (Cutting 35).
2. Non-Observance of Maxims
Based on the four maxims above, not every speaker applied those
maxims in every conversations. Grice also identify five types of the non-
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observance of maxims that caused by the inability to speak properly, nor
their tendencies to lie, which are:
2.1. Flouting a Maxim
According to Thomas (65), a flout occurs when a speaker blatantly
fails to observe a maxim at the level of what is said, with the deliberate
intention of generating an implicature. Cutting (36) added that flouting
the maxims is when speakers appear not to follow the maxims but
expect hearers to appreciate the meaning implied; when flouting a
maxim, the speaker assumes that the hearer knows that their words
should not be taken at face value and that they can infer the implicit
meaning. The following conversations are the examples of flouting of
each maxims:
Flouting a Quantity Maxim
The speaker who flouts the maxim of quantity seems to
give too little or too much information. Example (4):
A: Well, how do I look?
B: Your shoes are nice.
B does not say that the sweatshirt and jeans do not look
nice, but he knows that A will understand that implication,
because A asks about his whole appearance and only gets
told about part of it (Cutting 37).
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Flouting a Quality Maxim
According to Thomas (67), flouts which exploit the maxim
of Quality occur when the speaker says something which is
blatantly untrue or for which he or she lacks adequate
evidence. Example (5):
Late on Christmas Eve 1993 an ambulance is sent to pick
up a man who has collapsed in Newcastle city center. The
man is drunk and vomits all over the ambulanceman who
goes to help him. The ambulanceman says:
'Great, that's really great! That's made my Christmas!'
From the example above, an implicature is generated by the
speaker's saying something which is patently false. Since
the speaker does not appear to be trying to deceive the
listener in any way, the listener was forced to look for
another plausible interpretation.
Flouting a Relation Maxim
If speakers flout the maxim of relation, they expect that the
hearers will be able to imagine what the utterance did not
say, and make the connection between their utterance and
the preceding one (Cutting 39). Example (6):
A: So what do you think of Mark?
B: His flatmate‟s a wonderful cook.
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B does not say that she was not very impressed with Mark,
but by not mentioning him in the reply and apparently
saying something irrelevant, she implies it.
Flouting a Manner Maxim
Cutting (39) stated that those who flout the maxim of
manner, appearing to be obscure, are often trying to exclude
a third party, as in this example (7):
A: Where are you off to?
B: I was thinking of going out to get some of that funny
white stuff for somebody.
A: OK, but don‟t be long – dinner‟s nearly ready
B speaks in an ambiguous way, saying „that funny white
stuff‟ and „somebody‟, because he is avoiding saying „ice-
cream‟ and „Michelle‟, so that his little daughter does not
become excited and ask for the ice-cream before her meal.
2.2. Violating a Maxim
Birner (43) stated that violating a maxim is to fail to observe it, but
to do so inconspicuously, with the assumption that your hearer will not
realize that the maxim is being violated. A straightforward example of
this is a lie: The speaker makes an utterance while knowing it to be
false (that is, a violation of Quality), and assumes that the hearer won‟t
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know the difference. Violations of maxims are generally intended to
mislead. Pragmatically misleading (or potentially pragmatically
misleading) utterances are regularly encountered in certain activity
types, such as trials, parliamentary speeches, and arguments (Mey
174). Example (8):
Headmaster: You know that I now know where you went, don‟t
you?
Hannah : We were in the woods.
It is later established that Hannah‟s assertion that they were in the
woods is true, but not the whole truth (she does not volunteer the
information that they had first been to Simon Connolly‟s house „for a
little while‟). But there is nothing in the formulation of Hannah‟s
response which would allow the headmaster to deduce that she was
withholding information. This unostentatious violation of the maxim
of quantity generates the (probably intentionally) misleading
implicature that they went to the woods and nowhere else, that is, that
they did not go to the boy‟s house (Mey 174).
2.3. Infringing a Maxim
A speaker who, with no intention of generating an implicature and
with no intention of deceiving, fails to observe a maxim is said to
'infringe' the maxim. In other words, the non-observance stems from
imperfect linguistic performance rather than from any desire on the
part of the speakers to generate a conversational implicature. This type
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of non-observance could occur because the speaker has an imperfect
command of the language (a young child or a foreign learner), because
the speaker's performance is impaired in some way (nervousness,
drunkenness, excitement), because of some cognitive impairment, or
simply because the speaker is constitutionally incapable of speaking
clearly, or straightly to the point (Thomas 74). Example (9):
A: Where does C live?
B: Somewhere in the South of France.
Based on the example above, B‟s answer is less informative than is
required to meet A‟s needs. This infringement of the first maxim of
quantity can be explained only by the supposition that B is aware that
to be more informative would be to say something that infringed the
second maxim of quality, “Don‟t say what you lack adequate evidence
for”, so B implicates that he does not know in which town C lives
(Geurts 13).
2.4. Opting Out a Maxim
A speaker opts out of observing a maxim by indicating
unwillingness to cooperate in the way the maxim requires. Examples
of opting out occur frequently in public life, when the speaker cannot,
perhaps for legal or ethical reasons, reply in the way normally
expected. On the other hand, the speaker wishes to avoid generating a
false implicature or appearing uncooperative in a conversation
(Thomas 74). Example (10):
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Ruth Rendell, a famous crime novelist, was being interviewed by an
equally famous psychiatrist, Professor Anthony Clare. Clare asked
Rendell about her husband.
Clare : You married him twice. You've been interviewed many
times, but I've never seen a satisfactory explanation for that
very interesting fact.
Rendell : Well *pause* I don't think I can give you one. That is not
to say that I don't know it but I do know it but I cannot give
it. I don't think that to give it would be a very good idea,
particularly for my husband.
It is highly visible from the example above that Rendell did not want
to give the answers that requested by Clare because she still respects
her husband.
2.5. Suspending a Maxim
Mey (175) stated that several writers have suggested that there are
occasions when there is no need to opt out of observing the maxims
because there are certain events in which there is no expectation on the
part of any participant that they will be fulfilled (hence the
nonfulfillment does not generate any implicatures). According to
Thomas (77), suspensions of the maxims may be culture-specific or
specific to particular events. For example (11), in the acting
community in Britain (but not among the population at large) people
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refrain from uttering the name of Shakespeare's play „Macbeth‟
because to do so is supposed to bring bad luck. They refer instead to
'The Scottish Play', thereby failing to observe the maxim of Quantity.
3. Conversational Implicature
A conversational implicature is any meaning implied or expressed
by, and inferred or understood from, the utterance of a sentence which is
meant without being part of what is strictly said (Bublitz & Norrick 407).
According to Horn & Ward (58), Grice distinguished between what is said
in making an utterance, that which determines the truth value of the
contribution, and the total of what is communicated. Generally, not every
speaker will directly convey what they meant in their conversations. In
other words, implicatures is the implied meaning in speaker‟s utterances.
Conversational implicature can be defined as a different (opposite,
additional, etc.) pragmatic meaning of an utterance with respect to the
literal meaning expressed by that utterance. This different meaning is, in
the prototypical case, intended by the speaker and expected to be
understood (implied) by the hearer (Mey 371). Black (25) added that
conversational implicatures arise from a combination of language and
situation: the same utterance on different occasions might not generate an
implicature, or might suggest a different one. There are two types of
conversational implicature, which are Generalized Conversational
Implicature and Particularized Conversational Implicature.
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3.1. Generalized Conversational Implicature
Yule (40) stated that generalized conversational implicature occurred
when no special knowledge is required in the context to calculate the
additional conveyed meaning. Geurts (17) also added that generalized
conversational implicature is merely to indicate that it tends to arise in
such a broad range of contexts that it will not seem to depend on the
details of the context too much. For example (12):
I was sitting in a garden one day. A child looked over the fence.
The implicatures in the example above is that the garden and the child
mentioned are not the speaker‟s, are calculated on the principle that if the
speaker was capable of being more specific (i.e. more informative,
following the quantity maxim), then he or she would have said „my
garden‟ and „my child‟ (Yule 41).
3.2. Particularized Conversational Implicature
This type of conversational implicature is the contradictory from the
previous one. According to Yule (42), most of the time our conversations
take place in very specific contexts in which locally recognized inferences
are assumed. Such inferences are required to work out the conveyed
meaning which results from particularized conversational implicature.
Example (13):
Leila : Whoa! Has your boss gone crazy?
Mary : Let‟s go get some coffee.
22
The context of this example is Leila has just walked into Mary‟s office
and noticed all the work on her desk. Mary‟s response seems to flout the
maxim of relevance. In order to preserve the assumption of cooperation,
Leila will have to infer some local reason (for example, the boss may be
nearby) why Mary makes an apparently non-relevant remark. The
implicature here is essentially that Mary cannot answer the question in that
answer (Yule 43).
23
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
The main data of this research is originated from the transcript of the
interview between Jonathan Ross, as the host, and Cristiano Ronaldo, as his
guest on The Jonathan Ross Show which was published on YouTube on
November 14th
, 2015 entitled “Cristiano Ronaldo Full Length Interview - Why
It Wasn't A Messi Movie, Who'll Win Ballon d'Or?” Afterwards, the researcher
identifies the interview‟s transcript that contains the non-observance of
maxims, then classifies those utterances into two types of conversational
implicature, which are Generalized Conversational Implicature and
Particularized Conversational Implicature.
As the data, this research consists of 19 conversations that contains the
non-observance of maxims in the transcript and will be taken for further
analysis by inserting it on the data card which is useful for identifying the
types of the non-observance of maxims, classifying the conversational
implicature, and also in determining the implicature that produced in the
conversations.
24
The data below is the list of the non-observance of maxims in the interview
between Jonathan Ross (as Jonathan) and Cristiano Ronaldo (as Cristiano):
NO
DATA
DURATION
CONTEXT
NON-
OBSERVANCE
OF MAXIMS
1 Jonathan: Please
welcome the
greatest football on
the planet Cristiano
Ronaldo! So nice
to have you here!
Why do you not do
this kind of show
more often you
must be asked an
awful lot I‟m sure.
Cristiano: No
time.
Jonathan: No
time?
Cristiano: No
time.
00.09 - 01.00 The show has
just started
and the
presenter,
Jonathan Ross
welcoming
Cristiano
Ronaldo as his
guest to the
show.
Flouting a
Maxim of
Quantity
2 Cristiano: Well it
was an
unbelievable
feeling and I was
here in England for
six years yeah and I
respect English
people a lot
because they are
very polite and
their respect.
Jonathan: That‟s
like our warning.
Cristiano: That is
true, the time that I
spend here, the
people treat me
01.22 – 02.06 Cristiano was
very
impressed
with the
hospitality of
British people
that treat him
very well.
Flouting a
Maxim of
Relation
25
unbelievable and
I‟m never going to
forget that. So this
is why I say and
I'm going to repeat
English people they
are polite for me
because they
respect that.
Jonathan: Let's
talk about the
Ballon d'Or. The
Ballon d'Or is
FIFA's kind of idea
of who is the best
overall footballer
this last year.
Cristiano: Yeah.
3 Jonathan: It's not
that I don't like a
very good
relationship. Lucky
is he wearing. So
let me talk about
your time here with
Manchester United
then. How old were
you when you
came over to join
Manchester United
that you were
just…
Cristiano:
Eighteen.
03.27 – 03.46 Cristiano
explains that
actually he has
a good
relationship
with the
person that we
assumed as his
rival, Lionel
Messi. And
there is a
picture of
them sat side
by side while
attending
FIFA‟s Ballon
d‟Or.
Flouting a
Maxim of
Relation
26
4 Jonathan:
Eighteen years old
and you‟d already
left home at twelve
I think to go to
Lisbon. So you are
used to living with
mom but coming
here and meeting
British people and
having to what we
saw Alex
Ferguson. That
must have been
quite a shock in
some ways I
mention.
Cristiano: Not
really, it was the
key why I‟m
moving here to
England and
because I had I
remember the
conversation with
him when we play
a Sporting against
Manchester and we
are the a quick shot
and he tell me,
listen I‟m
interesting on you I
want that you
enjoying as we in
Manchester, it was
a key. So its
unbelievable
person they treat
me a very good is
as I say many times
he‟s like a father
for me in football.
So I have to
appreciate what he
did for me. I past
six years in
03.47 – 04.54 Cristiano
explains why
he decided to
move to
England and
stated that Sir
Alex Ferguson
is the most
important
figures for him
in football.
Flouting a
Maxim of
Quantity &
Relation
27
Manchester, very
good, I win many
titles in terms of
collective and
individual some it
was unbelievable
timing for me here
in England.
Jonathan: But
your English now
it‟s very good.
Cristiano: Well, I
try my best you
know.
5 Jonathan: You
talk about that in
the film. Why do
the film who came
to use them? How
did it added the
film when all that
happen? And what
was it that made
you want to do it?
What did you want
to share what
message you want
to send down?
Cristiano: Well
basically when the
universal coming to
me and to my team
say, listen, I'm
interesting to do
the commentary
about you. It was
like in the
beginning and I
just I mean
shocked. Movie
about me?
Jonathan: Why
me? Why not
Lionel Messi?
Cristiano: Yeah
because they are
07.32 – 08.41 Jonathan Ross
was curious
about
Cristiano‟s
movie. He
wants to know
what makes
the producer
desires to
make a
documentary
film about
Ronaldo.
Violating a
Maxim of
Quality
28
looking for the best
player in the world.
And I think the end
of the day, the last
results it's good.
I'm not shows
something fake, it's
me the people who
really know me.
My friends and my
family and then
they're not going to
surprise but I did
the movie for my
fans as you know
the guy who have
more followers it's
me not by
coincidence is
because people like
me yeah, probably.
6 Jonathan: Yeah,
what you gonna do
about that?
Cristiano: But he
changes his mind
every second you
know yeah kids.
Jonathan: How
old is he now?
Cristiano: Five.
09.34 – 09.40 Jonathan is
asking
Cristiano‟s
son desire
about wanting
to be a
goalkeeper.
Flouting a
Maxim of
Manner
7 Jonathan: How
old is he now?
Cristiano: Five.
Jonathan: Okay.
Cristiano: Yeah
five. And it
changes mind all
the time but going
to be whatever you
want and I'm not
I'm not I don't
make pressure
because my father's
and my mom never
09.40 – 09.52 Cristiano
stated that he
gave a
freedom to his
son, about
what he wants
to be in the
future.
Flouting a
Maxim of
Quantity
29
make it pressure to
me so I'm not going
to do some way.
8 Jonathan: What
about Messi?
Cristiano: No
problem. If you‟ll
do that it's because
he is smart you
know, he is a good
players.
Jonathan: That's
fair enough, that's a
good point. Your
mother obviously is
a hugely important
part of your life,
she figures quite
heavily in the
movie. She's a
passionate
supporter, she
loves whole family
you can see that.
But one thing that
amazed me is that
she says in the film
and you're there
that you were an
unwanted child she
didn't want to keep
you.
10.21 – 10.53 Previously,
Jonathan
showed the
pictures of
Rooney‟s son
that has a
temporary
tattoo of
figures of
Cristiano
Ronaldo on
his arms. And
he asked to
Cristiano what
if his son do
the same
thing? With
the Messi
figures on his
arms.
Flouting a
Maxim of
Relation
9 Jonathan: That
must be a shocking
thing the first time
you hear that. That
must be…
Cristiano: No.
Jonathan: But for
you to hear that I
know I know it
happens a lot.
Cristiano: That
means nothing in
10.54 – 11.04 Jonathan is
asking
Cristiano‟s
feeling when
he knows that
actually he is
an unwanted
child.
Violating a
Maxim of
Quality
30
my mind. Nothing.
10 Jonathan: You see
in the film how
stressed she gets.
She's very involved
in your career
when she sees you
playing. I mean it's
almost too much
for her sometimes.
Cristiano: Too
much.
Jonathan: Yeah
and she takes
tranquilizers to
help her get
through this. How
does that affect you
though knowing
you're playing but
knowing she is
going to that as
well does that ever
figure in your mind
doing a match or…
Cristiano: No, I
just make a rule.
Big games you
know, she cannot
watch. It‟s true.
Jonathan: Yeah.
11.04 – 11.31 In Ronaldo‟s
movie, his
mother
definitely has
a huge effect
to Cristiano‟s
career. She
cares so much
with him. The
movie also
tells that his
mother has a
problem with
her health.
Flouting a
Maxim of
Quantity
11 Jonathan: And
how important is
she to you now?
For example, if
someone if you had
a friend who didn't
show love to your
mother respect
your mother, how
long would they
stay a friend for?
Cristiano: They‟re
never going to be
11.42 – 12.04 Cristiano
concludes that
all of his
friends have to
respect his
mother as well
as they respect
him. Because
she has an
important role
in Cristiano‟s
career.
Flouting a
Maxim of
Manner
31
with me next to me
because I have
security and
making me sleep.
So it's something.
12 Jonathan: Okay
okay. Let me ask
you this. Once
again this is
touched upon in the
film of course you
have never
revealed and I don't
think you have
intend to reveal or
share the identity
of the mother of
your son? Ok
Cristiano‟s mother.
And the thing that
occurred to me
watching the film
was your mother is
so central and
important to your
life but he does not
have that
relationship with
his mother.
Cristiano:
Mmm…
Jonathan: Surely
that must concern
you.
Cristiano: For me
is not is not a
problem. Are you
see in the world's
many kids don't
have mom and
don‟t have dad or
dead as die your
mom's died on they
beat him up.
Cristiano‟s dad,
12.07 – 13.01 Jonathan is
wondering
why he never
reveals the
identity of the
mother of
Cristiano‟s
son. And
asking about
the life of
Cristiano‟s
son in the
future without
his biological
mother.
Flouting a
Maxim of
Quality
32
unbelievable dad.
And grandfather,
grandmother have
support of my
family.
Jonathan: Yeah.
13 Cristiano: Great.
Of course it's so
will be like why
you don't listen
some points in the
life it's private and
people have to
respect the privacy
of the people you
know when
Cristiano are going
to grow up I'm
always always
going to say this to
him because he
deserve. But I'm
not going to say
because people
want me to say.
Jonathan: Yeah.
You don't have to
know you don‟t
owe the world an
explanation is that
you obviously feel
that you without
him the truth and
be happy what is
you think I mean I
presumed he a
sweaty but when
will you share with
him?
Cristiano: I'm not
worried about that
be honest. You're
going to understand
his daddy you gotta
understand I'm sure
one hundred
13.02 – 13.59 Cristiano
stated that let
it be his
privacy in his
life. Because
every people
have to respect
someone‟s
privacies. He
added that
someday he
will give an
explanation to
his son about
his biological
mother at the
right time.
Opting Out a
Maxim of
Quality
33
percent, hundred
percent you're
going to understand
me. I'm going to
say the time when I
feel that is the right
time. I don't know
10 11 12 I don't
know. Let's see.
14 Jonathan: You
know your son, the
life he has in many
ways but not
always but in many
ways could not be
more different from
the life you had at
his age. When
you're five years
old you on Madeira
is that right?
Cristiano: Yes.
Jonathan: The
Small Island,
Portuguese island. I
guess how many
cars did your father
have when you‟re
five?
Cristiano: Small
cars I mean, at
home.
Jonathan: Toys?
Cristiano: Yeah,
toys.
Jonathan: But do
you have an actual
car?
Cristiano: No, no.
14.00 – 14.23 Jonathan is
asking about
Cristiano‟s life
when he was
five and lived
in the small
Portuguese
island named
Madeira.
Flouting a
Maxim of
Relation
15 Jonathan: He
didn't even have a
car. How many
cars do you have
right now?
14.25 – 14.32 Jonathan
measures the
property of
Cristiano by
asking how
Flouting a
Maxim of
Quality
34
Cristiano: I don‟t
know.
Jonathan: That's
that that's a…
Cristiano: Yes, I
don't know.
many cars that
he has in his
house.
16 Jonathan: The
thing that I took
away from the film
as much as
anything else was
the closeness and
the the love you
have for him and
he asked for you
it's very sweet very
special scene. This
is Cristiano with
his son in the film.
That's not me if
you could do that
within when he's
20 on your back
then I'll be
impressed. That‟s
real training, that‟s
what Rooney does.
What about other
aspects your
personal life what
about is there any
special someone in
your life right
now?
Cristiano: Have
you?
Jonathan:
Mmmm… and and
all of the few
specials?
Cristiano: I have
to figure out.
Jonathan: Yeah
with you at any…
you figured out ok.
16.01 – 17.09 Based on the
movie,
Jonathan
expresses how
close Cristiano
with his son.
Cristiano also
hiding the
identity of the
person that
close to him
while being
asked by
Jonathan.
Opting Out a
Maxim of
Quality
35
Do they know
they're competing?
Cristiano:
Someone‟s know
yeah.
17 Jonathan: Okay.
You must be
exhausted. But do
you have is it hard
meeting people and
obviously you're
may I say this
you're very
beautiful man.
Cristiano: Well,
I‟m normal.
17.10 – 17.26 Jonathan
expresses his
admiration
with Cristiano
that has a lot
of admirers
out there.
Flouting a
Maxim of
Manner
18 Jonathan: This is
normal but slightly
below. But not
your attractive man
but I wonder would
be attention with
the focus on your
life from with the
interest from the
press and so on is it
tough for you to
make that first
move to trust them
on the first time?
Cristiano: Well it's
not easy of course
not to speak
serious. It's not
easy I know fifty
percent they
approached is for
interesting it's not
just me but all the
people who are
famous, they have
this kind of
problems then
another way I think
17.29 – 18.18 Jonathan is
asking about
how he would
react with the
woman that
express their
interests to
him.
Flouting a
Maxim of
Manner
36
I'm a confidence
guy. I'm tall,
athletics, so I have
nice body but you
know so I think
sometimes other
fifty percent it's
because you know.
Jonathan: Because
they like you.
Cristiano: Yes, I
feels good.
19 Jonathan: It's
weird because they
look different on
me. Could you
maybe just do one
to be slightly more
or less the kind of
advice. How do
you like watching
the world for
English
footballers? Who
do you enjoy
watching play in
the British teams
right now?
Cristiano: Well,
I‟m gonna support
for Manchester
United.
Jonathan: Would
you have to come
back to Manchester
United?
Cristiano: As I say
many times, I'm
very comfortable in
Real Madrid now, I
feel happy.
Jonathan: But
that's kind of what
you always wanted
to be really
19.35 – 20.35 Jonathan
asked about
which clubs
that he wants
to join in the
future after
Real Madrid.
Flouting a
Maxim of
Manner
37
wouldn't it?
Cristiano: Yeah,
of course. But as
people now are like
Manchester United,
I love that club but
future, nobody
knows but right
now I feel good
and I feel happy in
Real Madrid.
B. Data Analysis
Datum 1 (00.09 – 01.00)
Jonathan: Please welcome the greatest football on the planet Cristiano
Ronaldo! So nice to have you here! Why do you not do this kind of show
more often you must be asked an awful lot I‟m sure.
Cristiano: No time.
Jonathan: No time?
Cristiano: No time.
The context of this datum is the show that had just started and
Jonathan Ross as the presenter Ross welcomed Cristiano Ronaldo as his
guest to the show. In the beginning of the show, Jonathan and the audience
greeted Cristiano with loud applauses when he came on the stage.
Jonathan asked him with the first question “Why do you not do this kind of
show more often you must be asked an awful lot I‟m sure.” then Cristiano
answered concisely “No time.” His answer seemed less informative with
that statement. And this kind of utterance is categorized as a flouting a
quantity maxim because Cristiano gives very little information in order to
answer Jonathan‟s question. But only with this answer, Jonathan
38
understands what Cristiano implies in his answer. The implicature that
produced in this datum is Cristiano wants to inform Jonathan that his
reputation as a football star, who is hugely famous and known all over the
world, he has an unlimited busyness and only has a little spare-time in his
life. The conversational implicature that contains in this datum is
particularized conversational implicature because it requires special
knowledge that the listeners have to know about Cristiano Ronaldo first
before getting to understand what he implies in his utterance.
Datum 2 (01.22 – 02.06)
Cristiano: Well it was an unbelievable feeling and I was here in England
for six years yeah and I respect English people a lot because they are very
polite and their respect.
Jonathan: That‟s like our warning.
Cristiano: That is true, the time that I spend here, the people treat me
unbelievable and I‟m never going to forget that. So this is why I say and
I'm going to repeat English people they are polite for me because they
respect that.
Jonathan: Let's talk about the Ballon d'Or. The Ballon d'Or is FIFA's
kind of idea of who is the best overall footballer this last year.
Cristiano: Yeah.
Cristiano got a very rousing welcome from the audiences at the
show located in England when he walked into the stage. Jonathan told to
him that the audiences were very excited to see him on the show. That is
why Cristiano was very impressed with the hospitality of British people
that treated him very well while he stayed in that country for six years. All
of Cristiano‟s utterances in the datum above are about the friendliness that
British people have towards him, yet Jonathan‟s answer is completely
unrelated on what Cristiano said previously by saying “Let's talk about the
39
Ballon d'Or. The Ballon d'Or is FIFA's kind of idea of who is the best
overall footballer this last year.” Jonathan generates an implicature that he
actually intends to persuade Cristiano to another interesting topic with this
answer. And this non-observance of maxims is classified into flouting a
maxim of relation.
Same as the previous datum, the conversational implicature that
contains in this datum is particularized conversational implicature because
it also requires special knowledge such as FIFA‟s Ballon D‟Or that could
only be known to people who understands football. Ballon D‟Or is the
achievement from FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football
Association) to the players who have a great season with his club or his
nation within a year.
Datum 3 (03.27 – 03.46)
Jonathan: It's not that I don't like a very good relationship. Lucky is he
wearing. So let me talk about your time here with Manchester United
then. How old were you when you came over to join Manchester United
that you were just…
Cristiano: Eighteen.
Jonathan talks about Cristiano‟s rival in the world of football, who
is Lionel Messi. He asked how the relationship between them both is, and
Cristiano explained that actually he has a good relationship with the
person that the people assumed as his rival, Lionel Messi. Jonathan
decides to ask this because there is a picture of them sitting side by side
while attending FIFA‟s Ballon D‟Or. This datum also contains flouting a
maxim of relation as in the previous one indicated by Jonathan‟s utterance
40
that seemed irrelevant with the topic he discussed recently by saying "So
let me talk about your time here with Manchester United then. How old
were you when you came over to join Manchester United that you were
just…” which also produce an implicature that Jonathan has nothing to
discussed about Lionel Messi and tends to take Cristiano into another
topic. This non-observance of maxims also generates particularized
conversational implicature because it is indeed not a common knowledge
that everyone has towards football and realize that Manchester United is
actually a football club in England which has been played by Cristiano for
six years.
Datum 4 (03.47 – 04.54)
Jonathan: Eighteen years old and you‟d already left home at twelve I
think to go to Lisbon. So you are used to living with mom but coming here
and meeting British people and having to what we saw Alex Ferguson.
That must have been quite a shock in some ways I mention.
Cristiano: Not really, it was the key why I’m moving here to England
and because I had I remember the conversation with him when we play
a Sporting against Manchester and we are the a quick shot and he tell
me, listen I’m interesting on you I want that you enjoying as we in
Manchester, it was a key. So its unbelievable person they treat me a very
good is as I say many times he’s like a father for me in football. So I
have to appreciate what he did for me. I past six years in Manchester,
very good, I win many titles in terms of collective and individual some it
was unbelievable timing for me here in England.
Jonathan: But your English now it’s very good.
Cristiano: Well, I try my best you know.
In this datum, Jonathan started to talk about Sir Alex Ferguson, the
person that became the most important figures in Cristiano‟s career as a
footballer. Cristiano also explained why he decided to move to England
and joined Manchester United. Jonathan asked about how Cristiano felt
41
when he moved to England for the first time. Yet Cristiano‟s answer
seems to give too much information in his answer by saying “Not really, it
was the key why I‟m moving here to England and because I had I
remember the conversation with him when we play a Sporting against
Manchester and we are the a quick shot and he tell me, listen I‟m
interesting on you I want that you enjoying as we in Manchester, it was a
key. So its unbelievable person they treat me a very good is as I say many
times he‟s like a father for me in football. So I have to appreciate what he
did for me. I past six years in Manchester, very good, I win many titles in
terms of collective and individual some it was unbelievable timing for me
here in England.” According to this utterance, Jonathan is only asked
about how Cristiano feels when he moved and had stayed in England for
six years, but Cristiano‟s answer creates an implicature that he wants to
share all of his accomplishments while he stayed in England to the
audience by mentioning how many titles he achieved during his time in
England which was actually not being asked at all by Jonathan. Therefore,
these utterances is considered as flouting a maxim of quantity. Then,
Jonathan replies Cristiano‟s utterance with irrelevant answer by saying
“But your English now, it‟s very good.” The reason why his answer is
irrelevant with Cristiano‟s utterance is because Jonathan implies that he
does not respond to Cristiano‟s answer which is talking about his life and
career in England for six years. Instead, Jonathan replies with how good
Cristiano is in speaking English. Hence, Jonathan has performed flouting a
42
maxim of relation in his utterance. The conversational implicature that
contains in this datum is particularized conversational implicature for the
flouting a maxim of quantity because not every people know and
recognize Sir Alex Ferguson, only few people that understand football. For
the flouting a maxim of relation, the conversational implicature produced
is generalized conversational implicature because it does not require
special knowledge and everyone knows English.
Datum 5 (07.32 – 08.41)
Jonathan: You talk about that in the film. Why do the film who came to
use them? How did it added the film when all that happen? And what was
it that made you want to do it? What did you want to share what message
you want to send down?
Cristiano: Well basically when the universal coming to me and to my team
say, listen, I'm interesting to do the commentary about you. It was like in
the beginning and I just I mean shocked. Movie about me?
Jonathan: Why me? Why not Lionel Messi?
Cristiano: Yeah because they are looking for the best player in the
world. And I think the end of the day, the last results it's good. I'm not
shows something fake, it's me the people who really know me. My friends
and my family and then they're not going to surprise but I did the movie
for my fans as you know the guy who have more followers it's me not by
coincidence is because people like me yeah, probably.
Jonathan started to talk about Cristiano‟s movie entitled “Ronaldo”
because he was curious about it and he wanted to know what makes
producer desires to make a documentary film about Cristiano. When he
asked why the producer decided to make a movie about Ronaldo instead of
Lionel Messi, Cristiano replied surprisingly “Yeah because they are
looking for the best player in the world.” This kind of utterance is
classified into violating a maxim of quality, because he created an
implicature that he declared himself as the best player in the world, which
43
makes Jonathan and all of the audiences believe that he is the best
footballer in the world. The reality is a lot of players that might be as good
as him or even better than him that we have not known before. This kind
of non-observance of maxims also generates particularized conversational
implicature that only people who know and understand football will
recognize both Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi are great players and
cannot be compared to each other because they both have amazing skills
and have a lot of achievements during their careers as a footballer.
Datum 6 (09.34 – 09.40)
Jonathan: Yeah, what you gonna do about that?
Cristiano: But he changes his mind every second you know yeah kids.
Jonathan: How old is he now?
Cristiano: Five.
Previously, there is a cut-scene of Ronaldo‟s movie that shows the
togetherness between Cristiano and his son. In the movie, his son tells
Cristiano that actually he wants to be a goalkeeper in the future. And
Jonathan is asking about Cristiano‟s opinion about his son‟s desire. Yet
Cristiano‟s answer seemed ambiguous by saying “But he changes his mind
every second you know yeah kids.” He ambiguously said “you know yeah
kids” because we do not know which aspects of the kids that Cristiano
meant in his utterance. But likely Cristiano wants to create an implicature
in his answer that actually he expects that someday his son will change his
mind not to be a goalkeeper in the future. And the presenter, Jonathan
Ross seemed understood what Cristiano meant and that is why those
utterances classified as a flouting a maxim of manner. This datum contains
44
generalized conversational implicature because every people know what it
feels to have five-year old kids and how to understand the way they think
in their age.
Datum 7 (09.40 – 09.52)
Jonathan: How old is he now?
Cristiano: Five.
Jonathan: Okay.
Cristiano: Yeah five. And it changes mind all the time but going to be
whatever you want and I'm not I'm not I don't make pressure because
my father's and my mom never make it pressure to me so I'm not going
to do some way.
The context of this datum is that Cristiano stated that he gave a
freedom to his son, about what he wants to be in the future. As a
continuation of the topic from previous datum, Cristiano explained that
actually he did not have a problem if his son had truly wanted to be a
goalkeeper; moreover, he added too much information that totally were not
being asked by Jonathan by saying “Yeah five. And it changes mind all the
time but going to be whatever you want and I'm not I'm not I don't make
pressure because my father's and my mom never make it pressure to me so
I'm not going to do some way.” However, Jonathan did not ask for further
explanation about his five-year old son, and how Cristiano was treated by
his parents when he was still five. But Cristiano generates an implicature
that he wants to give the reason why he liberates his child about what he
wants to be in the future. Therefore, this type of non-observance of
maxims is considered as a flouting a maxim of quantity. While the
conversational implicature that contained in this datum is generalized
45
conversational implicature because it still discuss Cristiano‟s son and does
not have a special knowledge to understand the context.
Datum 8 (10.21 – 10.53)
Jonathan: What about Messi?
Cristiano: No problem. If you‟ll do that it's because he is smart you know,
he is a good players.
Jonathan: That's fair enough, that's a good point. Your mother obviously
is a hugely important part of your life, she figures quite heavily in the
movie. She's a passionate supporter, she loves whole family you can see
that. But one thing that amazed me is that she says in the film and you're
there that you were an unwanted child she didn't want to keep you.
The reason why Jonathan returned to talk about Messi was because
there was a picture of Rooney‟s son that had a temporary tattoo of figures
of Cristiano Ronaldo on his arms. Then he asked to Cristiano what if his
son do the same thing with the Messi figures on his arms too. However,
Jonathan responded to Cristiano‟s answer unrelatedly. After Cristiano
stated that actually he allowed his son if he wanted to have a Messi tattoo
on his arms, Jonathan created an implicature that he seemed to take
Cristiano to discuss another topic, which was about his mother by saying
“Your mother obviously is a hugely important part of your life, she figures
quite heavily in the movie. She's a passionate supporter, she loves whole
family you can see that. But one thing that amazed me is that she says in
the film and you're there that you were an unwanted child she didn't want
to keep you.” Therefore, Jonathan had performed a flouting a maxim of
relation in his utterance. The type of conversational implicature in this
datum is particularized conversational implicature because only Jonathan
46
and Cristiano both who understands the context which is the role of
Cristiano‟s mother in his career in football.
Datum 9 (10.54 – 11.04)
Jonathan: That must be a shocking thing the first time you hear that. That
must be…
Cristiano: No.
Jonathan: But for you to hear that I know I know it happens a lot.
Cristiano: That means nothing in my mind. Nothing.
In this datum, Jonathan was asking how actually Cristiano‟s feeling
when he knew that he had been an unwanted child, yet Cristiano generates
an implicature that likely he was hiding his true feelings about his mother
by saying “No” and “That means nothing in my mind. Nothing.” And his
answer is considered as a lie and it is classified into violating a maxim of
quality because it is nearly impossible if someone gets told by their parents
that actually they are an unwanted child like Cristiano. It must affect to
their life even a little. Turns out Cristiano states that those issues means
nothing in his life. Hence, this datum contains a particularized
conversational implicature because it discusses Cristiano‟s mother
personality that obviously only be known by her own son, which is
Cristiano Ronaldo himself.
Datum 10 (11.04 – 11.31)
Jonathan: You see in the film how stressed she gets. She's very involved in
your career when she sees you playing. I mean it's almost too much for her
sometimes.
Cristiano: Too much.
Jonathan: Yeah and she takes tranquilizers to help her get through this.
How does that affect you though knowing you're playing but knowing she
is going to that as well does that ever figure in your mind doing a match
or…
47
Cristiano: No, I just make a rule. Big games you know, she cannot watch.
It‟s true.
Jonathan: Yeah.
The context in this datum was about Ronaldo‟s movie; his mother
definitely has a huge effect to Cristiano‟s career. In the movie, she
expresses how much she cares for him. The movie also tells that his
mother has a problem with her health which makes Jonathan ask about the
condition of her mother when she is attending to Cristiano‟s match and
says “I mean it's almost too much for her sometimes.” But Cristiano
responded with a very little information by only repeating what Jonathan
said which is “too much” whereas Jonathan is expecting more explanation
from Cristiano about his mother‟s condition. The implicature that
contained in Cristiano‟s utterance is he does not want to expose his
mother‟s health condition and what sickness she had to public. Therefore,
the non-observance of the maxim in this datum is flouting a maxim of
quantity and also generates a particularized conversational implicature
because the topic of the context is about Cristiano‟s mother health
condition, which is only be known by him as her son.
Datum 11 (11.42 – 12.04)
Jonathan: And how important is she to you now? For example, if someone
if you had a friend who didn't show love to your mother respect your
mother, how long would they stay a friend for?
Cristiano: They’re never going to be with me next to me because I have
security and making me sleep. So it's something.
In this datum, Jonathan was giving a question about all of
Cristiano‟s friends who do not show respect to his mother as they have
towards him then Cristiano concluded that all of his friends have to respect
48
his mother as well as they respect him because she has an important role in
Cristiano‟s career. Meanwhile, to those who do not show respect to his
mother will never be Cristiano‟s friend. Yet he stated it in an ambiguous
way by saying “They‟re never going to be with me next to me because I
have security and making me sleep. So it's something.” In his utterance, the
sentence “I have security and making me sleep” is considered as an
ambiguous expression because we do not know precisely which security
who can make him sleep. It is definitely not the actual security that makes
Cristiano sleep. However, Cristiano creates an implicature that the security
he meant is actually his own mother. And Jonathan seemed understand on
what Cristiano meant in his utterance. Therefore, particularized
conversational implicature contained in this datum because it requires
special knowledge to comprehend the context as it has been owned by
Jonathan so that he can know what Cristiano actually meant in his words.
Datum 12 (12.07 – 13.01)
Jonathan: Okay okay. Let me ask you this. Once again this is touched
upon in the film of course you have never revealed and I don't think you
have intend to reveal or share the identity of the mother of your son? Ok
Cristiano‟s mother. And the thing that occurred to me watching the film
was your mother is so central and important to your life but he does not
have that relationship with his mother.
Cristiano: Mmm…
Jonathan: Surely that must concern you.
Cristiano: For me is not is not a problem. Are you see in the world's
many kids don't have mom and don‟t have dad or dead as die your mom's
died on they beat him up. Cristiano‟s dad, unbelievable dad. And
grandfather, grandmother have support of my family.
Jonathan: Yeah.
Jonathan started to ask about the identity of Cristiano‟s son mother.
He was wandering why Cristiano had never revealed the identity of the
49
mother of Cristiano‟s son, and asked about the life of Cristiano‟s son in the
future without his biological mother. But then Cristiano replied with the
statement which does not represent what he truly feels by saying "For me
is not is not a problem.” and creating an implicature that he never intended
to tell his son the identity of his biological mother. However, every father
must have concerned about their child's condition when the child does not
know who their biological mother is. And Jonathan knew that Cristiano
must have thought about it before. It is impossible that Cristiano will never
let his son to know who his biological mother in the future. Therefore, this
type of non-observance of maxims is considered as flouting a maxim of
quality and also generates a particularized conversational implicature
because it takes place in very specific context which is in the talk about the
biological mother of Cristiano‟s child which even Jonathan did not know
her identity.
Datum 13 (13.02 – 13.59)
Cristiano: Great. Of course it's so will be like why you don't listen some
points in the life it's private and people have to respect the privacy of the
people you know when Cristiano are going to grow up I'm always always
going to say this to him because he deserve. But I'm not going to say
because people want me to say.
Jonathan: Yeah. You don't have to know you don‟t owe the world an
explanation is that you obviously feel that you without him the truth and be
happy what is you think I mean I presumed he a sweaty but when will you
share with him?
Cristiano: I'm not worried about that be honest. You're going to
understand his daddy you gotta understand I'm sure one hundred percent,
hundred percent you're going to understand me. I'm going to say the time
when I feel that is the right time. I don't know 10 11 12 I don't know. Let's
see.
50
In Cristiano‟s statement “Great; Of course it's so will be like why
you don't listen some points in the life it's private and people have to
respect the privacy of the people you know when Cristiano are going to
grow up I'm always always going to say this to him because he deserve.
But I'm not going to say because people want me to say.” he keeps
refusing to reveal the identity of his son‟s biological mother publicly for
everyone has the right to have privacy in their life. Cristiano creates an
implicature that let it be his own privacy and he did not want other people
to intervene about it because everyone has to respect someone‟s privacies.
He also added that someday he would give an explanation to his son about
his biological mother at the right time. This type of non-observance of
maxim is called as opting out a maxim of quality, because the speaker
indicates unwillingness to cooperate in the way maxim requires. This kind
of maxim‟s non-observance is definitely classified as particularized
conversational implicature for requiring special knowledge such as the
identity of the biological mother of Cristiano‟s son which is only known
by the speaker himself.
Datum 14 (14.00 – 14.23)
Jonathan: You know your son, the life he has in many ways but not always
but in many ways could not be more different from the life you had at his
age. When you're five years old you on Madeira is that right?
Cristiano: Yes.
Jonathan: The Small Island, Portuguese island. I guess how many cars
did your father have when you’re five?
Cristiano: Small cars I mean, at home.
Jonathan: Toys?
Cristiano: Yeah, toys.
Jonathan: But do you have an actual car?
51
Cristiano: No, no.
The context of this datum is that Jonathan asked Cristiano about
his life when he was five and lived in the small Portuguese island named
Madeira. While talking about Cristiano‟s home in Madeira, Jonathan
suddenly asked the irrelevant question with the topic that he asked the
number of cars of Cristiano‟s father by saying “The Small Island,
Portuguese island. I guess how many cars did your father have when
you‟re five?” However, Jonathan has performed a flouting a maxim of
relation for asking unrelated question. Jonathan generates an implicature
that actually he wants to know if Cristiano's economic condition is as rich
as it is now or not. The conversational implicature generated from this
datum is generalized conversational implicature because it discusses about
the name of a place that Cristiano come from which is quite common for
every people to recognize that there is a small island in Portugal named
Madeira.
Datum 15 (14.25 – 14.32)
Jonathan: He didn't even have a car. How many cars do you have right
now?
Cristiano: I don’t know.
Jonathan: That's that that's a…
Cristiano: Yes, I don't know.
A moment after Jonathan asked Cristiano‟s economic situation
when he was five, Jonathan brought up about Cristiano‟s wealth in the
way that he wanted to compare the property that Cristiano has before and
after entering the football world by asking how many cars that Cristiano
52
has in his house, Yet the way Cristiano answered Jonathan‟s question is
considered as flouting a maxim of Quality by uttering “I don‟t know.” and
creates an implicature that actually Cristiano has so many cars in his
garage that he has not count before. On this occasion, Jonathan has known
previously that Cristiano has a lot of cars in his garage because they were
shown in one of the scene in “Ronaldo” movie, so that he just wanted to
know Cristiano whether or not he actually knows the number of the cars
that he has. Moreover, particularized conversational implicature happens
to be in this datum because it consists of specific context such as the
quantity of cars that Cristiano has in his house which is only known by the
owner himself.
Datum 16 (16.01 – 17.09)
Jonathan: The thing that I took away from the film as much as anything
else was the closeness and the the love you have for him and he asked for
you it's very sweet very special scene. This is Cristiano with his son in the
film. That's not me if you could do that within when he's 20 on your back
then I'll be impressed. That‟s real training, that‟s what Rooney does. What
about other aspects your personal life what about is there any special
someone in your life right now?
Cristiano: Have you?
Jonathan: Mmmm… and and all of the few specials?
Cristiano: I have to figure out.
Jonathan: Yeah with you at any… you figured out ok. Do they know
they're competing?
Cristiano: Someone’s know yeah.
According to this datum, it is clearly seen that Cristiano indicates
unwillingness to cooperate in the way maxim requires in order to protect
his privacy from being exposed to the public by not answering what has
been asked to him. Aside from talking about “Ronaldo” movie, Jonathan
53
also wanted to know about someone who is close to Cristiano recently.
That is why Cristiano decided to perform an opting out a maxim of quality
by saying “have you?”, “I have to figure out”, and “someone‟s know
yeah” and also generates an implicature that Cristiano is protecting his
girlfriend‟s identity to be remain unknown by public. Furthermore, the
type of conversational implicature generated from this non-observance of
maxim is particularized conversational implicature because the context of
this datum is very specific which is talking about Cristiano‟s girlfriend
who is known only by Cristiano himself.
Datum 17 (17.10 – 17.26)
Jonathan: Okay. You must be exhausted. But do you have is it hard
meeting people and obviously you're may I say this you're very beautiful
man.
Cristiano: Well, I’m normal.
In this datum, Jonathan was expressing how much he adored
Cristiano who had a lot of fans around the world. Then he said something
ambiguously “you're very beautiful man” with an implicature that
Jonathan gives a compliment to Cristiano about his perfect life and
appearance. And it makes Cristiano assumes that Jonathan is a man who
like him in literal way. Although his opinion is completely incorrect,
Cristiano replied lightly “well, I‟m normal.” in order to sustaining the
jokes that Jonathan uttered before. However, both of them have performed
one of the non-observance of maxim which is flouting a maxim of manner
because they spoke in an ambiguous way. In accordance with the context
being discussed in this datum which is very specific, therefore this non-
54
observance of maxim generates particularized conversational implicature
that only few people could understand what exactly the meaning they have
in their utterance is.
Datum 18 (17.29 – 18.18)
Jonathan: This is normal but slightly below. But not your attractive man
but I wonder would be attention with the focus on your life from with the
interest from the press and so on is it tough for you to make that first move
to trust them on the first time?
Cristiano: Well it's not easy of course not to speak serious. It's not easy I
know fifty percent they approached is for interesting it's not just me but all
the people who are famous, they have this kind of problems then another
way I think I'm a confidence guy. I'm tall, athletics, so I have nice body
but you know so I think sometimes other fifty percent it's because you
know.
Jonathan: Because they like you.
Cristiano: Yes, I feels good.
Similar with the previous datum, this one also contains flouting a
maxim of manner as the non-observance of maxims which are indicated by
Jonathan‟s utterance “This is normal but slightly below” as a continuance
from Cristiano‟s joke in the previous datum. This expression is slightly
ambiguous and also creating an implicature because when Jonathan said it,
he gestured his right hand from the tip of the head unto Cristiano‟s
stomach which is normal, but it is not when it comes to the area under his
stomach. This utterance is certainly a joke made by Jonathan in order to
entertain the audiences. After that, Jonathan asked about how Cristiano
would react to the woman who expresses their interests to him. Then he
replied that the reason why so many women were interested to him was
mainly affected by his occupation as a football star and his reputation as
one of the most famous person in the world. And he added that it often
55
happened to a famous person like himself. Yet in the end of his statement,
he said something ambiguously such as “I have nice body but you know so
I think sometimes other fifty percent it's because you know.” indicating the
implicature that besides he is a good looking person physically, women are
interested to him likely because of his occupation and his reputation that
he has recently by saying “it‟s because you know” to Jonathan. While the
conversational implicature in this datum is particularized conversational
implicature, because it is related to Cristiano‟s personality which even
Jonathan, as his interlocutor, does not really know his personality and the
one who know it is Cristiano himself.
Datum 19 (19.35 – 20.35)
Jonathan: It's weird because they look different on me. Could you maybe
just do one to be slightly more or less the kind of advice. How do you like
watching the world for English footballers? Who do you enjoy watching
play in the British teams right now?
Cristiano: Well, I‟m gonna support for Manchester United.
Jonathan: Would you have to come back to Manchester United?
Cristiano: As I say many times, I'm very comfortable in Real Madrid
now, I feel happy.
Jonathan: But that's kind of what you always wanted to be really wouldn't
it?
Cristiano: Yeah, of course. But as people now are like Manchester United,
I love that club but future, nobody knows but right now I feel good and I
feel happy in Real Madrid.
In this datum, there are two utterances that indicate that the speaker
and the interlocutor have performed flouting a maxim of manner. The first
is performed by Jonathan. Beforehand, a picture of Cristiano wearing his
underwear brand is showed on the screen, and suddenly Jonathan said “It's
weird because they look different on me” after he saw the picture. What
56
makes his utterance sounds ambiguous is that he does not mention what
aspects making it weird and look different while he wears it. And likely
the implicature that Jonathan wants to create is the underwear looks
different on Jonathan because he does not have a body as good as
Cristiano. The second flouting a maxim of manner occurs when Jonathan
asked about which club that he wants to join in the future after Real
Madrid, the club that he has been playing currently. Jonathan would like to
know if there any possibilities that make Cristiano wants to return to
Manchester United, the club that raise him into a famous football star like
nowadays. When Jonathan asked him “Would you have to come back to
Manchester United?” Cristiano responded with the uncertainty answer
such as “As I say many times, I'm very comfortable in Real Madrid now, I
feel happy.” As we all know, the expected answer of Jonathan‟s question
is whether or not he would come back, yet Cristiano replies with his own
answer instead that showed uncertainty whether he wants to return to
Manchester United or not. The implicature that Cristiano produced is
likely he has no plan about the club that he wants to play in the future.
Meanwhile, this non-observance of maxim generates a particularized
conversational implicature, because this datum discusses about the football
club that Cristiano had played for during his career which is not too
familiar to everyone, and it requires special knowledge in the football
world to understand what is actually being talked about in their
conversations.
57
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
The implementation of the maxims of cooperative principle theory
which initiated by Paul Grice in every conversation is very essential
because it could make the conversation works effectively as it should.
However, the maxim is not always applied and tends to be violated by the
speaker in every conversation for some reasons. Based on the research
findings in the third chapter, this research contains nineteen non-
observance of maxims from the conversation between Jonathan Ross as
the host of The Jonathan Ross Show, and Cristiano Ronaldo as his guest.
The non-observance of maxims found in this research consist of three
types, namely flouting, violating, and opting out a maxim, and the flouting
a maxim is the most widely committed by the speakers in this conversation
because they expect their hearer to appreciate the meaning implied.
Moreover, those three non-observance of the maxims that are
performed in this conversation produce two types of conversational
implicature, which are the generalized conversational implicature and the
particularized conversational implicature which is also the most widely
generated in this research. It is because the topic of the conversation that
they do is talking about his movie entitled “Ronaldo”, besides, it also
58
focuses on discussing the personal life of Cristiano Ronaldo which is only
known by Cristiano himself and thus requires special knowledge as
discussed in the very specific context of this conversation in order to
understand what meanings that they implied in their utterances.
All in all, the most performed maxim‟s non-observance by
Cristiano Ronaldo is flouting a maxim in which the speaker implies the
meaning in his utterance with an expectation that his interlocutor
understands what the meaning actually is. While the other non-observance
of maxims, such as violating and opting out are committed by him in order
to protect his private life from public‟s consumption.
B. Suggestions
In the field of pragmatic studies, cooperative principle theory is the
most appropriate theory in order to identify what meanings that are
implied on every utterance in the conversation or even a speech. In
addition, on analyzing conversation, there are several different theories
suggested such as conversational analysis (repair, backchannel, turn-
taking, and overlapping), politeness strategy theory, and speech act that
could be applied and make the further research more complete.
59
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61
APPENDIX
The transcript below is the conversation between Jonathan Ross and Cristiano
Ronaldo in The Jonathan Ross Show, published on YouTube on November 14th
,
2015:
Jonathan : Please welcome the greatest football on the planet Cristiano
Ronaldo!
So nice to have you here! Why do you not do this kind of show
more often you must be asked an awful lot I‟m sure.
Cristiano : No time.
Jonathan : No time?
Cristiano : No time.
Jonathan : Just too busy?
Cristiano : Yeah, kind of. Many trainings, many games, have to travel a lot
and basically difficult, difficult and I don‟t have a lot of time.
Jonathan : But it must be a nice feeling to be here and knowing these people
are going crazy for you and people at home excited about seeing
you that must be quite a good feeling.
Cristiano : Well it was an unbelievable feeling and I was here in England for
six years yeah and I respect English people a lot because they are
very polite and their respect.
Jonathan : That‟s like our warning.
Cristiano : That is true, the time that I spend here, the people treat me
unbelievable and I‟m never going to forget that. So this is why I
say and I'm going to repeat English people they are polite for me
because they respect that.
62
Jonathan : Let's talk about the Ballon d'Or. The Ballon d'Or is FIFA's kind of
idea of who is the best overall footballer this last year.
Cristiano : Yeah.
Jonathan : You have won it three times, while Messi has won it four times.
So you hold that the moment. It‟s coming up in January I think
they will announce it.
Cristiano : January, yeah.
Jonathan : And obviously you would like it to be you?
If I had of known Sepp Blatter was coming. So what are your
estimation of how it might go and what are your feelings about
the result either way?
Cristiano : To be honest, I think he‟s going to win. Messi gonna win this
year.
Jonathan :Yeah but you know it's free for just *whistling* you know what
I‟m saying? How do you get on with Messi now? I heard you say
that you're a little bit close you‟re bit more relaxed together, you
used to seem just as a rival but now you seem more human being.
Cristiano : I don‟t have rivals, we have a normal relationship, we share this
stage then FIFA eight years there no one's did that in the past is
only as so it's good to have a good relationship with him. He play
for one club I play for another club you want the best for him want
the best for me so it's not we have a good relationship you know
we don't have, we are not home friends but you know we respect
each other.
Jonathan : It's not that I don't like a very good relationship. Lucky is he
wearing. So let me talk about your time here with Manchester
United then. How old were you when you came over to join
Manchester United that you were just…
Cristiano : Eighteen.
Jonathan : Eighteen years old and you'd already left home at twelve I think
to go to Lisbon. So you are used to living with mom but coming
here and meeting British people and having to what we saw Alex
Ferguson. That must have been quite a shock in some ways I
mention.
Cristiano : Not really, it was the key why I'm moving here to England and
because I had I remember the conversation with him when we play
a sporting against Manchester and we are the a quick shot and he
tell me, listen I'm interesting on you I want that you enjoying as we
in Manchester, it was a key. So its unbelievable person they treat
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me a very good is as I say many times he‟s like a father for me in
football. So I have to appreciate what he did for me. I past six years
in Manchester, very good, I win many titles in terms of collective
and individual some it was unbelievable timing for me here in
England.
Jonathan : But your English now it's very good.
Cristiano : Well, I try my best you know.
Jonathan : And this isn't me just being polite it is very good.
Cristiano : *laughed*
Jonathan : Back by that when you first came I guess it wasn't as good and
certainly I have spoken to all my life but I find it hard to
understand Alex Ferguson sometimes that must have been difficult
for you at first.
Cristiano : But I still don't understand him. Because I had to translate
Brazillian men.
Jonathan : So you had to translate that?
Cristiano : Of course.
Jonathan : For all British people just for Alex Ferguson?
Cristiano : Well basically only for him.
Jonathan : Yeah yeah yeah.
What things do you remember? What things did he help you
with? Which things that he teach you about to become a better
football or a better person?
Cristiano : Well I it teach me about ways and terms of personal stuff. I just
have to say thank you for what he did for me. Especially when I
remember the thing that I have more in my memories the time
when I my father was sick in the hospital and it was we are the in
there tough moment of the season because we have a we had the
important games in Champions League in the league and I say
coach I need to go to see my daddy and I was a key player, I was
very important player and he said listen, your family is the most
important that you have. If you want to go three days four days five
days you can go. This moment is what I keep for me because it was
the most important moments in my life and he shared with me.
This is why I respect him and I for me, he is the best coach I‟ve
ever had.
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Jonathan : You know you mentioned you said he was like you said this
before he was like your father in the world football and they just
mentioned your biological father who died in 2005 I think.
Cristiano : Yeah.
Jonathan : You know I think a lot of time not that close to my father but I
have a couple of memories from when I was younger I remember
very fondly which is quite special to me. Do you have memories
when you a young of you with him that you treasure above the
other memories?
Cristiano : Yes I have unbelievable memories and when I started to play
football, my father was so proud of me because you know he was a
good man of a football club and a few goals and score goals and
next they are coming in the paper like small small part and he was
so proud to put it in his paper and it shows all friends in their
neighborhood it's, it's unbelievable memories that I have and it's
great just that I have his memories in my mind of my father of the
small moments.
Jonathan : You talk about that in the film. Why do the film who came to use
them? How did it added the film when all that happen? And what
was it that made you want to do it? What did you want to share
what message you want to send down?
Cristiano : Well basically when the universal coming to me and to my team
say, listen, I'm interesting to do the commentary about you. It was
like in the beginning and I just I mean shocked. Movie about me?
Jonathan : Why me? Why not Lionel Messi?
Cristiano : Yeah because they are looking for the best player in the world.
And I think the end of the day, the last results it's good. I'm not
shows something fake, it's me the people who really know me. My
friends and my family and then they're not going to surprise but I
did the movie for my fans as you know the guy who have more
followers it's me not by coincidence is because people like me
yeah, probably.
Jonathan : Well you can't say you can't say that often enough about yourself
of course.
Cristiano : But it‟s true! Yeah so idea that is so idea for them, for my friends
especially because they always with me in the great moments and
in a bad moments - so I did for them.
Jonathan : But I shall keep this is the film Ronaldo it's available you watch
on DVD or you can stream it and be all that kind of stuff. And this
is it, Ronaldo.
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There are some going into a moment there you see Ronaldo with
his son are very funny moment there where he says he seriously
wants to be a goalkeeper do you know?
Cristiano : Yes.
Jonathan : And this is a…
Cristiano : Gonna be a huge problem for me.
Jonathan : Yeah, what you gonna do about that?
Cristiano : But he changes his mind every second you know yeah kids.
Jonathan : How old is he now?
Cristiano : Five.
Jonathan : Okay.
Cristiano : Yeah five. And it changes mind all the time but going to be
whatever you want and I'm not I'm not I don't make pressure
because my father's and my mom never make it pressure to me so
I'm not going to do some way so.
Jonathan : Well also I noticed it and I don't know how it is I don't know have
you seen that Wayne Rooney's little boy who seems like a lovely
little boy he went out to play reason he had a tattoo on his arm not
an actual tattoo I don't think. I think it was a thanks for but who
knows, so have a look at this. So you see what's on these on there,
there you go now. If your boy came home with Rooney on his
arms, will that be cool with that?
Cristiano : No problem.
Jonathan : Ok.
Cristiano : Yes, no problem.
Jonathan : What about Messi?
Cristiano : No problem. If you‟ll do that it's because he is smart you know,
he is a good players.
Jonathan : That's fair enough, that's a good point.
Your mother obviously is a hugely important part of your life, she
figures quite heavily in the movie. She's a passionate supporter,
she loves whole family you can see that. But one thing that amazed
me is that she says in the film and you're there that you were an
unwanted child she didn't want to keep you.
Cristiano : Mmm…
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Jonathan : That must be a shocking thing the first time you hear that. That
must be…
Cristiano : No.
Jonathan : but for you to hear that I know I know it happens a lot.
Cristiano : That means nothing in my mind. Nothing.
Jonathan : You see in the film how stressed she gets. She's very involved in
your career when she sees you playing. I mean it's almost too much
for her sometimes.
Cristiano : Too much.
Jonathan : Yeah and she takes tranquilizers to help her get through this. How
does that affect you though knowing you're playing but knowing
she is going to that as well does that ever figure in your mind doing
a match or…
Cristiano : No, I just make a rule. Big games you know, she cannot watch.
It‟s true.
Jonathan : Yeah.
Cristiano : I don't take her to my box or I put someone in home to go walk
with her once get when game start. This is the solution.
Jonathan : And how important is she to you now? For example, if someone
if you had a friend who didn't show love to your mother respect
your mother, how long would they stay a friend for?
Cristiano : They‟re never going to be with me next to me because I have
security and making me sleep. So it's something.
Jonathan : Okay okay. Let me ask you this. Once again this is touched upon
in the film of course you have never revealed and I don't think you
have intend to reveal or share the identity of the mother of your
son? Ok Cristiano‟s mother. And the thing that occurred to me
watching the film was your mother is so central and important to
your life but he does not have that relationship with his mother.
Cristiano : Mmm…
Jonathan : Surely that must concern you.
Cristiano : For me is not is not a problem. Are you see in the world's many
kids don't have mom and don‟t have dad or dead as die your mom's
died on they beat him up. Christian ever dead, unbelievable dead.
And grandfather, grandmother have support of my family.
Jonathan : Yeah.
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Cristiano : Great. Of course it's so will be like why you don't listen some
points in the life it's private and people have to respect the privacy
of the people you know when Cristiano are going to grow up I'm
always always going to say this to him because he deserve. But I'm
not going to say because people want me to say.
Jonathan : Yeah. You don't have to know you don‟t owe the world an
explanation is that you obviously feel that you without him the
truth and be happy what is you think I mean I presumed he a
sweaty but when will you share with him?
Cristiano : I'm not worried about that be honest. You're going to understand
his daddy you gotta understand I'm sure one hundred percent,
hundred percent you're going to understand me. I'm going to say
the time when I feel that is the right time. I don't know 10 11 12 I
don't know. Let's see.
Jonathan : You know your son, the life he has in many ways but not always
but in many ways could not be more different from the life you had
at his age. When you're five years old you on Madeira is that right?
Cristiano : Yes.
Jonathan : The Small Island, Portuguese island. I guess how many cars did
your father have when you‟re five?
Cristiano : Small cars I mean, at home.
Jonathan : Toys?
Cristiano : Yeah, toys.
Jonathan : but do you have an actual car?
Cristiano : No, no.
Jonathan : He didn't even have a car. How many cars do you have right
now?
Cristiano : I don‟t know.
Jonathan : That's that that's a…
Cristiano : Yes, I don't know.
Jonathan : That's a good point of it because there's a funny scene in the
movie where you pick your son up from school in awhile voice of
course, and you get home and say come and see which one's
missing which one‟s missing its kind and is it the Porsche but no
no look look look look you did it and he goes to a Lamborghini
when yes why didn't you see the lambo he's five and he has to
know which car is missing. So my question is do you have a worry
68
about that you have a worry about what your life will give him
going up that you didn't have because obviously although you had
from the outside for many people you had a tough life and you
didn't have those those comforts but he has maybe too many years
maybe too much available how do you approach that?
Cristiano : It's not easy, not going to be easy. But for me in my mind, the
way I thinking it's all about education. If you will give good
education it will be strong you will know and we will appreciate
the things. I cannot avoid to show him a good car, a good houses, a
good quality of life we cannot avoid you know.
Jonathan : Because you have that.
Cristiano : Yeah, I cannot avoid that. What I have to do it if you will be in
my shoes what you're going to do? It's all about education, you
have to give good education and to pass to him listen, to win this
there they work hard you know to have this house to have this car.
I cannot do that anything more.
Jonathan : The thing that I took away from the film as much as anything else
was the closeness and the the love you have for him and he asked
for you it's very sweet very special scene. This is Cristiano with his
son in the film.
That's not me if you could do that within when he's 20 on your
back then I'll be impressed. That‟s real training, that‟s what
Rooney does. What about other aspects your personal life what
about is there any special someone in your life right now?
Cristiano : Have you?
Jonathan : Mmmm… and and all of the few specials?
Cristiano : I have to figure out.
Jonathan : Yeah with you at any… you figured out ok. Do they know they're
competing?
Cristiano : Someone‟s know yeah.
Jonathan : Okay. You must be exhausted. But do you have is it hard meeting
people and obviously you're may I say this you're very beautiful
man.
Cristiano : Well, I‟m normal.
Jonathan : This is normal but slightly below. But not your attractive man but
I wonder would be attention with the focus on your life from with
the interest from the press and so on is it tough for you to make
that first move to trust them on the first time?
69
Cristiano : Well it's not easy of course not to speak serious. It's not easy I
know fifty percent they approached is for interesting it's not just
me but all the people who are famous, they have this kind of
problems then another way I think I'm a confidence guy. I'm tall,
athletics, so I have nice body but you know so I think sometimes
other fifty percent it's because you know.
Jonathan : Because they like you.
Cristiano : Yes, I feels good.
Jonathan : You‟re good looking piece of meat.
Cristiano : Yeah.
Jonathan : That in the back *pointing picture at the back*.
Cristiano : Not bad.
Jonathan : Yeah.
I want to like Alex Ferguson but my advice would be let someone
else say that first. That's you doing the whole committee is that
your cut a hug celebrating big?
Cristiano : It was a Champions league final.
Jonathan : I love the fact that you're just enjoying the photograph.
Okay. I'll let me ask you about what's going on in the future for
you because there any professional sportsman that your level of the
game obviously you have a limited career. As a player you still
going strong. What do you what do you have in mind for the future
what are you thinking of you the future? Is coaching an option?
Cristiano : No. I don‟t think so. I‟m not passionate to be a coach. Maybe I
wanna I wanna carry on with my with my brands with my shoes,
my underwear.
Jonathan : Because you‟re into the fashion in the big way?
Cristiano : Yeah. I like it. My shoes. You know I have many brands and I
want that still I want still grow with my brands.
Jonathan : Let you in the CR7 pants of course.
Cristiano : Yeah.
Jonathan : It's weird because they look different on me. Could you maybe
just do one to be slightly more or less the kind of advice. How do
you like watching the world for English footballers? Who do you
enjoy watching play in the British teams right now?
Cristiano : Well, I‟m gonna support for Manchester United.
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Jonathan : Would you have to come back to Manchester United?
Cristiano : As I say many times, I'm very comfortable in Real Madrid now, I
feel happy.
Jonathan : But that's kind of what you always wanted to be really wouldn't
it?
Cristiano : Yeah, of course. But as people now, I like Manchester United, I
love that club but future, nobody knows but right now I feel good
and I feel happy in Real Madrid.
Jonathan : When you start moving on from this level you create. Would you
do what would you go and play an LA team would you can find the
team elsewhere that kind of?
Cristiano : In my mind, I want to finish in the top level. I want to finish with
dignity. So good you know, in a good club that doesn't mean that to
go USA or Qatar or Dubai it's not good, but I don't see myself.
Jonathan : You wouldn‟t want that for you?
Cristiano : No.
Jonathan : Okay. It's lovely to having you here. Cristiano's gonna stay
around for the rest of the show. Would you join me in saying thank
you to and I'm just so excited and thrilled that you came on the
show. Mr. Cristiano Ronaldo!