The New Power Balance

A Time of –isms and -ations

Transportation and Innovation

Why were railroad so influential?Why were railroad so influential?

Railroads consumed huge amounts of land and timber for ties and bridges. Throughout the world,

railroads opened new land to agriculture, mining, and other human exploitation of natural resources.

Other Innovation

• Steel Industry• Bessemer process

• Chemical Industry• Synthetic dyes

• Explosives• Civil engineering (TNT)

Electrification

Electricity

• 1870s: New efficient generators that turned mechanical energy into electricity • First ‘arc lamps’• Then incandescent lamps, streetcars, subways, and

electric motors for industry

• Alleviated the urban pollution caused by horse-drawn vehicles

• Created a huge demand for copper (used to harness electricity)• Bringing Chile, Montana, and southern Africa more

deeply into the world economy

POPULATION and URBANIZATION

Reasons for increase: • Drop in death rate

• Higher crop yields

• Grain from newly opened lands in North America

• More abundant year-round diet as a result of canning and refrigeration

Changes in urban life• Mass transportation networks

• Sewage and water supply

• Gas and electric lighting

• Police and fire departments

• Sanitation and garbage removal

• Zoning—divided into industrial, commercial and residential zones and w/in residential—different zones for different classes

• Air quality worsened

European Cities of 100,000 or More, 1800

and 1900

The Modernization of Paris, ca. 1850-1870

PopulationBetween 1850 and 1914, Europe saw very rapid population growth, while emigration from Europe spurred population growth in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Argentina. As a result, the proportion of people of European ancestry in the world’s population rose from one-fifth to one-third.

Asians also migrated in large numbers during this period, often as indentured laborers, to areas such as the Caribbean, Brazil, and California.

“Women-ism”

• “Separate spheres”

•Popular in Victorian Age (1837-1901)

•Men at work; women at home

•Legalized discrimination of women

•Suffrage

•Working class women = low status

•Lives of toil and pain (think of those readings on factory life)

SOCIALISM

NATIONALISM Pre-1871

•Language– biggest factor in national identity •Re-draw state lines to accommodate linguistic,

religious, and cultural differences?

•Nationalism and Liberalism

UNIFICATION

• Italy• 1860 – 1870• Count Cavour

• North• Pitted France and Austria

against one another• Garibaldi

• Unified the South

• Germany• 1866-1871• Before: Prussia, Austrian Empire,

and other small states• Otto von Bismarck = Prussian

Chancellor• Wilhelm I = German monarch

(Prussian emperor)• Prussia = strong, advanced

military• Germany gets Alsace & Lorraine

= uh oh! (future problems, Germany v. France)

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The Unification of Italy, 1858-1870

Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel

Garibaldi leading "Red Shirts"

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The Unification of Germany, 1865-1871

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Wilhelm Proclaimed Emperor

NATIONALISM Post-1871

•Political advantage

•Oppression of minorities

•Spencer and use of Darwin’s theories

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.Japan, 1800-1898

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Matthew Perry arriving in Japanese harbor

1853

Admiral Perry to Tokugawa Shogunate:

“Open your doors to Americans”

Large American ships—symbol of –tend to threaten the Japanese

Japanese view of America

Expansion and Modernization of Japan,

1868-1918

MODERNIZATION—JAPAN

Meiji Restoration• Yamagata Aritomo

joined with other provincial leaders to overthrow the Tokugawa

• Focus on modernized military and industrialization

• Eyes on China (who is now weak)

• Took Manchuria in early 1900s• Japan now an imperial

power

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IMPERIALISM—JAPAN • 'View Show' to play video