the need of integrated nutrient management for …integrated management is critical to increase...

International Journal of Food & Nutrition

ISSN: 2311-357X, Volume 4, Issue 1, page 1 – 13 Zambrut

Zambrut.com. Publication date: December, 2019.

Fikadu-Lebeta, W., Diriba-Shiferaw, G. & Mulualem-Azene, M. 2019. The Need of Integrated Nutrient

Management for Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Production ............

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The Need of Integrated

Nutrient Management for

Coriander (Coriandrum

sativum L.) Production

Fikadu-Lebeta W.1, Diriba-Shiferaw G.

2 & Mulualem-Azene M.

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1Fikadu-Lebeta W.,

2Diriba-Shiferaw G. &

3Mulualem-Azene M.

1Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences,

Arsi University, P.O. Box 193, Asella, Oromia, Ethiopia 2Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Ambo University, P.O.

Box 19, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia

1. INTRODUCTION

Coriander is a member of the parsley (Apiaceae) family (Sharma et al., 2012; Khan, 2019). It is

native to the Mediterranean and Middle East, and found wild in Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan. The

cultivation of coriander has been since antiquity and was one of the first spices used by mankind

Abstract: The main objective of this review was to overview the role of integrated nutrient

management for coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) crop production with putting direction

on how to increase production and productivity by considering factors such as soil, climate

and varieties particularly in Ethiopia. Nutrient application from all sources such as

organic, inorganic and biofertilizers are very important for increasing crop production.

Like other crops, coriander also requires nutrients for growth and development. The soil

needs continuous input as nutrients are exported or leached out from the soil. Integrated

soil nutrient management is critical to increase productivity and efficient use of available

nutrients. Management of soil fertility status using the right fertilizer at the right rate is a

basic approach for nutrient management and can be applied to coriander production as

well. The integrated nutrient management which combines the use of organics; manures,

composts, biofertilizers and inorganic fertilizers increases product yields, improve quality

and minimize nutrient losses to the environment. The combinations of those nutrients

together with optimum ratio are a way forward to achieve reasonable yield and increasing

the quality of coriander. Therefore, integrated nutrient application of organic,

biofertilizers and inorganic fertilizers is the best option to increase the yield potential,

benefit cost ratio and quality attributes of coriander

Keywords: Coriander, integrated nutrient management, fertilizers, variety, growth and

yield, climate and soil.

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(Sharma et al., 2012). It’s mentioned in the Bible, where the size of “manna” is compared to that of

coriander (Exodus, 16:31) and the seeds have been found in ruins dating back to 5000 B.C. The name

coriander comes from the word “koris”, which means “a stink bug”, indicates the strong aroma given

by the leaves when bruised (Sharma et al., 2012; Filippone, 2018).

Coriander is an annual plant which has slender green stems that can grow up to 40-60 cm and the

leaves resemble parsley leaves (Mahr, 2017). The lower leaves are compounded, while the upper leaves

are finely divided into very narrow segments (Blade et al., 2016). It produces white flowers and light

brown seeds. The seeds are round and tannish brown. They are available in most markets as spice

(Diederichsen, 1996; Mahr, 2017).

Coriander can refer to both herb and spice. Herbs are the fresh, leafy part of a plant (JSS, 2018).

Spices come from the seeds, root or bark of the plant and are considered any edible part of the plant,

besides the leaf, that can be used for seasoning; some plants have both. Therefore, most of the time

cilantro refers to the leaves while coriander is to indicate the seeds.

Coriander is used in cooking, as an ingredient in preparation of different food dishes, and can be

distilled into essential oils (Filippone, 2018; JSS, 2018). Cilantro leaves and coriander seeds taste very

different and cannot be substituted for each other in recipes (Filippone, 2018). The leaves have

different taste as compared to its seeds (Bhat et al., 2014). Coriandrum sativum is one of the most

useful essential oil bearing spices as well as medicinal plants (Mandal and Mandal, 2015). Coriander

seeds contains high amount of minerals which are very important to regulate body’s metabolism and

widely used in folk medicine in addition to its use as a seasoning in food preparation (Sharma et al.,

2012; Mandal and Mandal, 2015). It is an essential component of ayurvedic medicine used for

treatment of digestion and gastric ailments. Essential oils of its seed extracts possess numerous valuable

constituents which could be exploited for the preparation of medicinal combatants against several acute

and chronic diseases (Sharma et al., 2012; Khan, 2019). It is very low in saturated fat however,

contains good amount of linoleic acid which is a good source of α-tocopherol and vitamin K (Bhat et

al., 2014).

Ethiopia has a long history in using spices as food ingredients and medicinal purposes. In

addition, Ethiopia is considered as the homeland for many spices such as korarima, long pepper, black

cumin, bishops weed and coriander (Hilde and Daphne, 2003). Some literatures also pertaining that

coriander apparently had Ethiopian origins; other key spices arrived much later, when Ethiopia began

to have contact with Europe (Kloman, 2014).

Production of coriander continues to be constrained by a number of factors that can reduce yield

quantity and quality like other crops (Wang et al., 2013). Among those factors, fertilizer management

has considerable practical importance. Fertility status of the soil can be reduced due to leaching,

exporting, mineralization, immobilization or other means. Therefore, extensive fertilizer applications

are required to meet the crop demand of nutrients to obtain good return (Reetz, 2016). However,

continuous application of suboptimal doses of fertilizers may leads to depletion of nutrient reserves in

the soil. To meet the crop nutrient requirements, it’s essential to apply nutrients from different sources

in modern cropping system (Mahajan and Gupta, 2009). It’s stated that integrated use of chemical

fertilizers with organic manures and biofertilizers were found to be the most promising to maintain

higher productivity and provide sustainable crop production (Tripathi et al., 2013; Biramo, 2018).

Despite Ethiopia has a diverse favorable agro-ecologies, germplasm availability and released

opportunities; research attention given to coriander crop is very low (Awas et al., 2016). The overall

productivity of coriander is low due to lack of fertilizer management (Habtewold et al, 2017). Due to

the continuous decrease in nutrient content of the soil, integrated nutrient management is very

important for efficient use of nutrient resources and for long-term maintenance of soil fertility (Biramo,

2018). Therefore, the plant nutrients from all sources are needed for higher crop production (Reetz,

2016).

In considering the above points, this literature presents a brief review about the role of integrated

nutrient management in coriander production with direction for how to use in a sustainable manner.

2. OVERVIEW OF ETHIOPIAN CORIANDER

Coriander has been cultivated so far and contains a long history in Ethiopia. The native names for

coriander indicated that it has a long tradition of cultivation. For example; in Amharic it’s called






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(Dembilal), in Afan Oromo (Debo or Shukar), in Tigrigna (Tsagha or Zagda) and in Konso (Tibichota)

(Habtewold et al., 2017). In addition, most Ethiopian people use coriander as house holding spice

preparation. The powder of pepper which is very important in vegetarian dishes is prepared by using

coriander as ingredients. Coriander helps with flatulence and cramps, relieves indigestion, and can

serve as an aphrodisiac (Diederichsen, 1996; Zuberi et al., 2014). It is also one of the ingredients in

bread preparation and in treating serious coughing (Tesfa et al., 2017).

Coriander can be found in almost every market in Ethiopia. This is because of small-scale

cultivation in gardens is widespread. The Ethiopian types have well-developed rosettes from four to

nine basal leaves of characteristic shape. The heterophylly is only slightly expressed, and the plants

have many leaves and are much branched (Diederichsen, 1996). The aroma of Ethiopian coriander is

somewhat felt between cumin and cardamom (Kloman, 2014). Harvesting is done from November to

January (ITC, 2010). Appearance of red pod is an indication of maturity to harvest. Harvesting is

practiced by uprooting the plant and sun dried and then threshed (ITC, 2010; Tesfa et al., 2017).

2.1 Climate and Soil Requirements

The most spices grown and traded throughout the worlds are the products of tropical region. But,

coriander can grow over a much wider range of tropical and non-tropical environments (UNIDO &

FAO, 2005; Awas et al., 2016). Cilantro/coriander is a cool-season herb that grows best in full sun and

fertile, well-drained soils (Miller and Drost, 2018). The crop is well suited to growing on a range of

soils (Miller and Drost, 2018; Habtewold et al., 2017), but it performs best on well-drained loam and

sandy-loam soils. The soil pH requirement of coriander ranges 4.5 to 8.0 with an optimum of 6.3.

Although the crop is heat loving, it has an optimum growing temperature of 18°C (Blade et al., 2016).

In Ethiopia, coriander is an important cash crop for farmers in the relatively highland areas. It is

often cultivated in altitude ranges from 1200 to 2200 m.a.sl. It also requires 120 to 400 mm rainfall per

growing period. Coriander can be cultivated successfully under a wide range of climatic and soil

conditions (Diederichsen, 1996; Awas et al., 2016). However, frost-prone areas must be avoided

particularly during flowering and seed formation stages. Relatively cool weather during early stage

favors better vegetative growth, while relatively high temperature favors both yield as well as quality of

seed. For green leaves purpose, it can be grown throughout the year provided moisture is made

available (Blade et al., 2016). It is usually grown as a rain-fed crop, although it can be grown with

irrigation where required (Miller and Drost, 2018). Coriander can be cultivated on almost all type of

soils provided sufficient organic matter is available. Rich loam soil is best suited and heavy soils

having better water retention capacity and vertisols are also suited under rain fed conditions

(Habtewold et al., 2017).

2.2 Variety

Ethiopia is a center of primary diversity for coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). However, the

current knowledge about its biology, variety development and agronomy are neither complete nor

conclusive under Ethiopian conditions (Mengesha et al., 2018). The research attempt made so far on

spices as a whole is relatively very limited and recent phenomena in Ethiopia. Only a few production

technologies have been developed and a few improved varieties released for limited areas. However,

production technologies developed were limited because of not yet multiplied and popularized to

farmers. As a result, the overall productivity and quality is low and the production systems so backward

(Habtewold et al., 2017). According to the study conducted to test trial on 49 coriander accessions,

there existed variability among accessions. The study brought out the presence of substantial genetic

variability for the important traits among genotypes suggesting clue to improve the productivity of the

crop through selection and breeding that enhance its cultivation (Mengesha et al., 2018). Studies have

also indicated that there is wide range of genetic diversity for coriander improvement in Ethiopia.

Accordingly, hybridization among accessions from different clusters of 81 coriander genotypes

identified in the study could lead to considerable genetic improvement by following appropriate

selection strategies in the segregating generations (Awas et al., 2016). The only three released varieties

are; Indium 01, Walta-I and Denkinesh (Table 1).






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Table 1: Released coriander varieties in Ethiopia

Name

released

Variety

Releasing

Research

Center

Year of

Release

Yield

ton ha-1

Recommended agro-climatic

conditions for production

Indium 01 DZARC 2008 1.0-2.4 Mid and high altitude

Walta-I SARC 2006 1.0-2.4 Mid and high altitude

Denkinesh TNSRC &

KARC 2017 2.56 Mid and high altitude

Source: (Habtewold et al., 2017; MoANR, 2017); Where: DZRC-Debre-Zeit Research Center, TNSRC-

Tepi National Spices Research Center, KARC-Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, SRC-Sinana

Research Center

2.3 Coriander Production Status

Ethiopia has around 18 major agro-ecological zones and various agro-ecological subzones. There

are suitable climates for growing more than 146 types of crops and have been producing a number of

spices. Among 109 spices shortlisted by International Organizations for the Standardization (ISO), the

country produces not less than 50. Out of 50 most produced spices and herbs, 23 are trading as export

items. Ethiopia mainly produces ginger, turmeric, cumin, rosemary, cardamom, capsicum, fenugreek,

coriander, korarima, black pepper, hot pepper, rue, celery and thyme (EIC, 2019). For example, the

markets in Dire Dawa and Harar were found to sell more of fenugreek and coriander, whereas the

Jimma-Aggaro markets are specialized in selling cardamom, korarima, ginger and garlic. On the other

hand, in Hosaina market; fenugreek, caraway, garlic, and coriander were more common (Fullas, 2009).

Coriander production has a long history in Ethiopian agriculture as it was produced locally in the

garden as common spices (Kloman, 2014). The productivity of coriander varies depending on the agro-

ecology under which it’s grown and the type of variety. It ranks second among the seed spices

produced in Ethiopia in terms of area coverage next to fenugreek and the third in terms of yield next to

black cumin. As stated in the 2007 annual report of the Ethiopian Ministry of Agriculture and Natural

Resource, about 21645 ha of land are covered by coriander with its annual production estimated to be

around 1535 tons. The national average productivity is 0.25 ton ha-1

. However, yields of 1.0 to 2.4 ton

ha-1

have been found from the two released varieties of “Indium 1” and “Walta-I” (Habtewold et al.,

2017).

According to Ethiopian spice sub-sector, exports in 2009/10 of coriander were at the same level

as in 2008/09 (ITC, 2010). But, according to Yimer (2010), the volume of coriander export is at

decreasing rate from the year 2005 to 2010. The crop is mainly exported to Singapore and Yemen

which is followed by UAE and Djibouti (Yimer, 2010). However, according to FAO (2019) report, area

harvested and production of coriander together with other spices in Ethiopia is at increasing rate.

Figure 1: Total area coverage and production of coriander together with other spices (Anise, Badian

and Fennel) in Ethiopia. Source: FAO (2018).






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3. NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF CORIANDER

Crop nutrient management is important phenomena in agricultural crop to provide ample nutrient

demand for crop growth and development throughout the growing period. If the amount of any nutrient

is limiting, there is a potential for yield loss in production (Reetz, 2016; Basak et al., 2017). By several

means nutrients are exported from the fields where crops are grown and nutrient supply in the soil can

become depleted. Thus, supplementing is required through application of external fertilizers.

Furthermore, the farmer’s economic returns have increased substantially due to fertilizer use in crop

production (Reetz, 2016).

Improved varieties of highland seed spices such as coriander, black cumin and fenugreek were

proved to be performing very well in highlands of Ethiopia with enough soil nutrient management

(Hailemichael et al., 2016). Cilantro requires good soil fertility; otherwise, the production and

productivity is reduced. In addition, the crop responded to fertilizer limitation; the leaves become pale

yellow. However, soil that is too rich can also cause a diluted flavor (JSS, 2018). As a solution, the

current area of investigation in crop production; integrated nutrient management encompasses varied

concepts and applications. It involves three basic components; microbial inoculants (bio-fertilizers),

inorganic and organic fertilizers (Srivastava and Ngullie, 2009).

3.1 Organic Fertilizers Requirements

Basically, organic fertilizers are a by-product of biological materials. These fertilizers take longer

time to release nutrient in the soil. Because they take long time for decomposition, plants may face lack

of nutrients if not applied timely. Literature stated that organic fertilizer can influence different

attributes of coriander crop. It can influence production through adding nitrogen to the soil (legumes),

nitrogen conservation (by reducing leaching) and making nitrogen available to plant (Rayns and

Rosenfeld, 2010). But, intensive use of organic fertilizers alone can affect physico-chemical properties

of the soil which results in decreased soil fertility status (Chauhan et al., 2012). Organic fertilizer

including farmyard manure, poultry manure and compost are used for several decades ago in the

history of different agricultural crops. These fertilizers are environmentally eco-friendly when

compared to inorganic fertilizers (Chauhan et al., 2012; Ahmad et al., 2017).

The study have shown that the highest number of leaves branch-1

(6.24), highest leaf area (14.95

cm2) and minimum days taken to harvest (40.75) was recorded from plants received poultry manure in

comparison to farmyard manure and compost. Accordingly, compost led to late germination (14.33) of

coriander crop, while early germination (11.66) occurred in poultry manure (Ahmad et al., 2017). The

quick germination in poultry manure is due to enriched nitrogen content as compared to farmyard

manure and compost. Also some organic manure possesses organic acid that help in quick germination

of the seed. But, total soluble solids (B0) and chlorophyll content (mg cm

-2) do not significantly

affected by the application of organic fertilizers (Ahmad et al., 2017).

Utilization of vermicompost is the most excellent means of reducing environmental pollution,

soil degradation and removal in discriminate use of chemical fertilizers. It’s reported that

vermicompost is rich in nutrients like O, C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and Br when compared to

farmyard manure. The higher germination percentage (94%), root length (8.4cm), shoot length

(24.8cm), plant fresh weight (16.7 g), plant dry weight (7.8g), total chlorophyll (6.8 mg.fr.wt),

carotenoids (2.25 mg.fr.wt) and protein (23.32 mg.fr.wt) was recorded in vermicompost application at

90 days after sowing of coriander plant. The minimum recorded in control at 90 days after sowing of

coriander plants (Ravimycin, 2016). But, vermicompost is found to be more useful when supplied with

inorganic fertilizers. Accordingly, the study reported that the solely application of vermicompost and

inorganic fertilizers did not influence coriander crop rather integrated application of vermicompost (7.5

t ha-1

) with 25% recommended NPK (25: 12.5: 12.5 kg ha-1

) produced maximum biomass (28.2 q ha-1

),

seed (10.82 q ha-1

) and oil yield (6.53 kg ha-1

) of coriander (Singh, 2011).

Vermicompost also increases growth rate because of water and mineral uptake by plants such as;

nitrogen and phosphorus. Fresh weight of coriander plant increases because of vermicompost

application. In relation to this, the study has shown that the highest fresh weight of plant (85.4 g), dry

weight of plant (79.6 g), and biomass yields (19924 kg ha-1

), were obtained with applying 9 ton ha-1

of

vermicompost. However, combined application of vermicompost (9 ton ha-1

) and biostimulant

(azotobacter and azospirillum) inoculated seed was helpful in the development and production of






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coriander as interaction of vermicompost and biostimulant increased dry weight of the plant to (83.7 g)

(Darzi et al., 2014).

In general, agro-environmental problems are not limited to the use of chemical fertilizers only but

also occur with organic fertilizers. Both organic and chemical fertilizers have the potential of

environmental pollution. Organic fertilizers contain nitrogen rich materials, high extractable nutrients

(P, K, Ca, MG, Cu, Zn,) and can significantly raise soil fertility in the medium to long term. Thus,

continued application of organic fertilizers will increase levels of soil nutrients, could cause a buildup

of some nutrients, and loss of nutrients to the environment. In addition, decomposition of organic

material is strongly affected by temperature and soil moisture thus nutrients may be released when

plant does not need them. Only a limited amount of organic material is available and it is generally

difficult to meet crop nutrient demands through organic fertilizers alone. This implies that crops can

suffer initial starvation from nutrient immobilization prior to mineralization (Sharma and Chetani,

2017). Therefore, the best option is to apply nutrients from different sources; organic, inorganic and

biofertilizers (Chauhan et al., 2012).

3.2 Bio-fertilizers Requirements

The use of bio-fertilizers increases the soil potency. These are low cost and safety for the

environment, therefore make bio-fertilizers advantageous as an alternative to mineral fertilizers.

Application of biofertilizers provides effective implementation of biological mechanism of plant

nutrition, growth promotion and protection (Hnamte et al., 2013). Biofertilizers have also emerged as

an important component of integrated nutrient supply system and have shown promise to improve crop

yields and nutrient supplies. Azotobacter, potassium solubilizing bacteria and azospirillum are the most

wide spread biofertilizers significantly contributing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to plants and

also providing resistance to drought situation. However, information regarding the use of biofertilizers

is very limited (Mounika et al., 2018).

The plant treated with biofertilizers become physiologically more active and enables to

synthesize required amount of hormones or to build up adequate food reserves. Accordingly, the use of

bio-fertilizers significantly promoted early flowering, fruit setting and seed maturity as compared to

uninoculated plants (along with NPK, vermicompost and cow dung manures) in coriander production.

With combined inoculation of biofertilizers consisting of Azospirillum, Azotobacter, PSB and KM

along with vermicompost and NPK, have greater influence on early 50% flowering (61.66 days), 50%

fruit setting (79.49 days), seed setting (96.79 days), complete maturity (103.96 days), and the highest

seed yield (13.34 q ha-1

) (Hnamte et al., 2013).

The Study have also found that biofertilizers application recorded the highest plant height at

harvest (70.78 cm), number of primary branches at harvest (6.72), secondary branches per plant (15.51)

and lowest days to maturity (96.75) (Mounika et al., 2018). Coriander yield can be increased by the

application of bio-fertilizer. But, the most significant plant height (55.23 cm), umbel number per plant

(74.25), weight of 1000 seeds (8.50 g), dry weight of plant (17.83 g), seed yield (2378 kg/ha), was

obtained from treatment with combination of recommended dose of 100% K and 75% NP along with

Azotobacter, Azospirillum and PSB. Therefore, biofertilizers are more beneficial when applied with

other organic and inorganic fertilizers (Sahu et al., 2013).

3.3 Inorganic Fertilizers Requirements

Maintaining and keeping soil health has paramount importance for sustainability of ecosystem.

The effect of long-term application of inorganic fertilizers on soil biological properties is of topical

importance for up keeping soil health. Nitrogen supplying fertilizers upon hydrolysis also produce

ammonium, decrease soil pH and affecting activities of those microbes (Basak et al., 2017). Farming

can be more profitable with higher crop yield through use of those inorganic NPK fertilizers. But, wide

disparities in NPK ratio along with inability of integrated use of all sources of plant nutrients

deteriorate soil health and thus nutrition of plants (Reetz, 2016).

Micronutrients applications have influenced growth, yield attribute and yield of coriander

significantly. For instance, soil application of copper (11 kg ha-1

) with foliar application of iron (0.5 %

W/v) resulted in early germination i.e. in 10.22 and 10.11 days after sowing, respectively. Maximum






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yield was recorded 1651.54 kg ha-1

and 1633.62 kg ha-1

in the above said treatments, respectively

(NRCSP, 2013).

Nitrogen and phosphorus are the two major nutrient required for good production or yield of

coriander. Increasing seed yield of coriander ultimately depends on good yield contributing characters,

which results from proper dose of fertilizers. To standardize the rate of two major nutrients nitrogen

and phosphorus, studies have shown that, significantly maximum number of umbels plant-1

(17.93),

umbellate umbel-1

(6.69), seeds umbel-1

(18.34), seed yield plant-1

(4.01 g), seed yield plot-1

(341g) and

seed yield ha-1

(12.36 q) were recorded with treatment N (60kg ha-1

) and P (50 kg ha-1

) instead of

highest dose of both nutrients. But, umbellate per umbel and seeds per umbel interaction effect was

found to be non-significant (Pooja et al., 2017). Accordingly, the experiment results revealed that

application of 60 kg N ha-1

promoted seed yield (1483 kg ha-1

) and stover yield (1760 kg ha-1

) with

higher net return (65976 ha-1

) and benefit cost ratio (3.48) over untreated (Javiya et al., 2017).

Conversely, frequent application of nitrogen fertilizers is likely to increase the concentration of nitrate

in ground water which is detrimental to human health (Elasbah et al., 2019).

Application of phosphorus enhanced significantly growth and yield attributes. For example, 40 kg

P2O5 ha-1

increased seed yield (1388 kg ha-1

) and stover yield (1613 kg ha-1

) of coriander. The yield

further increased with increasing level of P2O5 but could not reach up to level of significant. The

maximum net realization of (61008 ha-1

) obtained with 60 kg P2O5 ha-1

, but benefit cost ratio maximum

(3.26) was obtained with 40 kg P2O5 ha-1

. It also significantly increased content and uptake of NPK kg

ha-1

at 60 kg N ha-1

and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1

in seed and stover (Javiya et al., 2017).

It’s that balanced fertilizer application improved the availability of phosphorous, nitrogen and

other nutrients, helped in increasing the yield attributing characters (Mounika et al., 2018). However,

the continuous use or excess supply of inorganic fertilizers as source of nutrient in imbalanced

proportion is also a problem, causing economic inefficiency, damage to the environment and in certain

situations harm plants themselves and also to human being who consume them (Dolker et al., 2017).

4. EFFECTS OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON CORIANDER

4.1 The Importance of Integrated Nutrient Management

To meet the entire crop nutrient requirement, different fertilizer types have to be applied in an

integrated manner, as applying of single dose of nutrient can’t fulfil the crop nutrient demands

(Mahajan and Gupta, 2009).

Intensive inorganic fertilizer usage in agriculture causes so many health problems and

unrecoverable environmental pollution. Inorganic fertilizers accumulate salt which expends more

energy to draw water from the soil and cause plants to appear wilted or dried out and if there is a

rainfall shortly after applied, fertilizers wash away and can pollute streams, ponds and other water

bodies. It can also leach away from the root zone of plants. It may enter through plant to the food chain

and they get accumulated and harm human health (Sharma and Chetani, 2017).

Organic fertilizers take longer time to release nutrient in the soil. Continued application of

organic fertilizers increase levels of soil nutrients, could cause a buildup of some nutrients, and loss of

nutrients to the environment (Chauhan et al., 2012; Sharma and Chetani, 2017). Rather, these need to

be used in an integrated manner following a management technology which is practicable,

economically viable, socially acceptable, and ecologically sound (Mahajan and Gupta, 2009).

The approach involving multiple microbial inoculation (biofertilizers) along with enrichment

organic manures or crop residues by loading with inorganic fertilizers is increasingly been shown to

modulate nutrient dynamics within the rhizosphere, which is usually termed integrated nutrient

management (Srivastava and Ngullie, 2009). Furthermore, as compared to organic, inorganic fertilizers

are costly and unaffordable to farmers. The best remedy for soil fertility management is therefore a

combination of both inorganic and organic fertilizers, where inorganic fertilizer provides nutrients and

organic fertilizer mainly increases soil organic matter and improves soil structure and buffering

capacity of the soil.

Several researchers have demonstrated the beneficial effect of integrated nutrient management in

mitigating deficiency of many secondary and micronutrients (Biramo, 2018). The study have shown

that INM enhances the yield potential of crops over and above achievable yield with recommended

fertilizers, and results in better synchrony of crop nitrogen needs due to (a) slower mineralization of






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organics, (b) reduce nitrogen losses to environment through denitrification and leaching of nitrate, (c)

enhanced nutrient use efficiency and recovery by crops, and (d) improves soil health and increase

productivity. Therefore, integrated nutrient application can increase crop yields in various cropping

systems and it’s important in ensuring long-term sustainability of the system (Aulakh, 2010).

4.2 Effects on Growth and Yields of Coriander

Cultivation of nutrient responsive crop using eco-friendly innovative techniques like integrated

use of organic manures along with inorganic fertilizer for sustainable use of available resources has

proved to be best way to increase production level (Nabi et al., 2018). Integrated nutrient management

is a crucial and the most efficient in increasing the growth and yield potential of coriander crop (Jhariya

and Jain 2017). Accordingly, studies have found that integration of organics with inorganic source of

nitrogen (urea) resulted in significant influence on various growth and other parameters as compared to

sole application of various levels of nitrogen through urea. Maximum number of lateral branches plant-1

(8.50) and minimum days taken for 50% germination (19.63) was recorded by treatment with 50%

nitrogen through urea and 50% nitrogen through vermicompost (Nabi et al., 2018).

Similarly, study found that combined application of organic and inorganic manure and fertilizer

were improve soil fertility and crop yield of coriander. The use of integrated nutrient such as

vermicompost, Nitrogen and phosphorus as organic and inorganic sources was recorded the best yield

of coriander. A combined application of vermicompost (2.5 t ha-1

) with N level (40 kg ha-1

) and P level

(20 kg ha-1

) significantly increased all the yield, quality and uptake parameters; where vermicompost

increased seed (10.11 q ha-1

), stover (16.71 q ha-1

) and biological yield (26.81 q ha-1

), oil and protein

content, total N, P and K uptake by coriander over the other treatments. And Nitrogen; 40 kg ha-1

increased the seed, stover and biological yield by 73.80, 37.98 and 50.89 percent respectively over

control. This is due to improved overall growth and profuse branching due to nitrogen fertilization

coupled with increased net photosynthesis on one hand and greater mobilization of photosynthates

towards reproductive structures (Sanwal et al., 2017). In addition, the use of integrated nutrient

management of 75% RDF (where 100% RDF is 15-40-20 NPK Kg ha-1

), vermicompost (5t ha-1

),

Azospirillum and PSB (5g kg-1

of seed as seed inoculation with 5 kg ha-1

as soil application) recorded

maximum number of seeds per umbel (40.40), 1000 seed weight (13.71 g), minimum number of days

taken to seed setting (78.43 days), seed harvest (89.46 days), maximum seed yield per plant (5.50g),

seed yield per plot (385.00 g) and seed yield per hectare (1283.33 kg) (Suman et al., 2019).

When farmyard manure, recommended dose of fertilizers (100%), and biofertilizers (Azotobacter,

Azospirillum, PSB) are combined, it increases mean fresh weight of the leaf ha-1

, 381.9% more over

untreated. Dry plant weight ha-1

of 0.79 ton was recorded in farmyard manure, recommended dose of

fertilizers (100%), and biofertilizers (Azotobacter, Azospirillum, PSB) treatment and the lowest mean

dry plant weight ha-1

of 0.35 ton without treatment (Jhankar et al., 2017).

According to the research conducted to find out the effect of integrated nutrient management on

growth and yield attributes in radish and its residual effect in coriander in radish-coriander cropping

sequence, adoption of either FYM (20 t ha-1

), fertilizer (80:60:80 NPK kg ha-1

), PP with organic

methods, and IIHR microbial consortium (12.5 kg ha-1

) or FYM (20 t ha-1

), fertilizer (80:60:80 NPK kg

ha-1

), PP chemicals, and IIHR microbial consortium (12.5 kg ha-1

)], had significant positive influence

on vegetative growth such as plant height (15.20-16.39 cm), leaves plant-1

(5.83-6.18). However,

significantly highest leaf yield was observed in treatment with vermicompost (12.5 t ha-1

) (PP with

organic methods) (4.53-4.60 kg plot-1

), and FYM (20 t ha-1

) (PP with organic methods) with IIHR

microbial consortium (12.5 kg ha-1

) (PP with organic methods) (55.93-56.79 q ha-1

) (Dash et al., 2019).

For example, the following table shows the maximum seed yield gained when nutrient is applied in

integrated manner as compared to sole application.

Several authors have been agreed up on integrated nutrient application as it is sustainable,

ecofriendly and free of contamination. Applying any fertilizer lonely cannot fulfill crop nutrient

demand. The highest seed yield of coriander is obtained when different fertilizers are combined

together. Applying of inorganic fertilizers lonely have increased seed yield of coriander crop. However,

the best profit is obtained when those nutrients are supplied with organic fertilizers and biofertilizers.

Like inorganic fertilizers, organic fertilizers are also more profitable if added with other sources of






9

nutrients. In general, growth and yield of coriander is doing better when nutrient is applied in an

integrated manner (Table 2).

Table 2: The maximum seed yield of coriander obtained by different fertilizer application

Fertilizers Seed yield (kg ha-1

) Researchers

Phosphorus 982 Pooja et al., 2017

Vermicompost 1011 Sanwal et al., 2017

FYM 1217 Kumar et al., 2015

BF 1350 Aishwath et al., 2012

Potassium 1489 Solanki et al., 2017

Nitrogen 1499 Sharma et al., 2016

Sulfur 1499 Solanki et al., 2017

RDF+FYM + PSB 1680 Tripathi et al., 2013

Poultry manure + RDF 1916 Dadiga et al., 2015

NPKS 2090 Yousuf et al., 2014

RDF, KNP + AZB + AZP + PSB 2378 Sahu et al., 2013

Where, RDF – Recommended dose of fertilizers, VC – Vermicompost, FYM – Farm yard manure, PSB

– Potassium solubilizing bacteria, AZB – Azotobacter, AZP - Azospirillum.

4.3 Effects on Quality Attributes of Coriander

Quality of coriander is highly responded to nutrient application. According to the study

conducted to evaluate the effects of bio-fertilizers and micronutrients foliar spray, seed inoculation

with azospirillum and phosphate solubilizing bacteria and foliar spray of zinc sulphate (0.5%)

recorded maximum seeds per umbel, 100 seed weight, seed yield g per plant, seed yield kg per

hectare, essential oils and oleoresins content (Mounika et al., 2018). Seed inoculation with azospirillum

and PSB recorded maximum quality characters; essential oil content (0.89%) and oleoresins content

(0.75%).

Accordingly, the combined application of biofertilizers (250 g ha-1

), vermicompost (5 ton ha-1

),

and 50% NPK RDF as 30:15:15 kgha-1

is superior in registering the maximum essential oil (%) in

vegetative parts of the plant at different growth stages, in dried seeds after harvest and the amount of

different compounds (α-pinene, β-pinene, Linalool and Geraniol) within the essential oil (Jhariya and

Jain, 2017). Therefore, INM in coriander led to best yield of quality attributes in coriander production

such as essential oil, oleoresin and compounds in volatile oil.

4.4 Effect on Benefit Cost Ratio

Coriander is one of the most important economic crops (Khan et al., 2019). To obtain an

excellent economic return, optimum fertilizer application has great importance. Accordingly, the study

found that the use of RDF (100%) through fertilizers and combinations of different organic and

inorganic sources produces the maximum grain yield, net return, and benefit cost ratio in coriander

production; maximum yield (1024 kg ha-1

), net returns (Rs. 59556 ha-1

or 24417.96 ETB) and benefit

cost ratio (3.66) which is closely followed by 50 % RDF through fertilizers and 50 % RDF through

vermicompost (Godara et al., 2014).

Application of different fertilizers alone leads to the lowest net profit and benefit cost ratio.

However, when fertilizers are combined during application, the profit is increased. Accordingly, the

maximum net profit Rs. 107689 ha-1

(44152.49 ETB) and benefit: cost (2.09) is obtained in the

treatment having a soil application of inorganic fertilizer (100% of RDF), bio-fertilizers; azotobacter,

azospirillum and PSB (2.5 kg ha-1

and farmyard manure (5 t ha-1

) (Jhankar et al., 2017). Similarly, it’s

also reported that 60 kg N ha-1

(half dose of nitrogen as basal and remaining half dose at 30 days after

sowing) and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1

(full doses of phosphorus as basal) is optimum for higher production & net

returns from coriander (Javiya et al., 2017). In addition, the study also found that the application of

50% RDF, farmyard manure (5 t ha-1

) and PSB (2.5 kg ha-1

) recorded net return Rs 37280 ha-1

(15284.8

ETB) and benefit cost ratio (4.38). Therefore, integrated nutrient application is very important in

improving the physicochemical and biological conditions of the soils and finally helped in increasing






10

the net profit by maximizing benefit cost ratio (Tripathi et al., 2013; Jhankar et al., 2017; Pooja et al.,

2017).

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDATION

Coriander is one of the most useful spices and medicinal plants in Ethiopia. Despite the diverse

favorable agro-ecologies, germplasm availability and released opportunities; research attention given to

coriander crop is very low in Ethiopia. That’s why the overall productivity and quality is low and the

production system is so backward. Among several factors contributing to yield reduction, fertilizer

management is of great importance.

Integrated nutrient management is very important approach for increasing coriander growth, yield

and quality. In addition, it is sustainable, ecofriendly and free of contamination. Furthermore, in

considering the economy, INM was found to be the most profitable in increasing benefit cost ratio by

maximizing net profit.

Even though integrated nutrient management is important, there is no enough literature that

clearly states the nutrient management for different crops in Ethiopia particularly for coriander. That’s

why the average yield of coriander is low which might be due to weak nutrient management. Generally,

INM is the best option for maximizing coriander production and productivity in which the environment

is safe and sustainable. Therefore, studies have to be conducted on nutrient management practices in

order to increase productivity of coriander through sustainable production system.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Above all, I thank Almighty God for giving me health and strength for completion of this review

paper. Then my appreciation goes to Ambo University for developing this course in MSc curriculum of

Horticulture. Finally, I have great thanks for Dr. Diriba Shiferaw and Dr. Mulualem Azene for their

help through commenting, guidance and encouragements starting from title selection to the final review

write up.

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