The need for sinksin modern waste management systems

U. Kral, P. H. Brunner, D. Vyzinkarova,F. Adam, B. Stäubli, L.-S. Morf, E. Kuhn

22nd November 2016Linnaeus Eco-Tech 2016; Kalmar, Sweden

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The need for sinks

Final sinksEmissions

WasteMaterial cycle

Production & Use phase

Intermediate sinks

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Sinks are available …

© Adam Nieman© Johann Fellner© http://evac.com

Environmental compartments

e.g. Landfills

… but limited in capacity.

e.g. Thermal treatment

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How do design thewaste management system

with respect tolimited sink capacities?

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Research questions

Analysis Which sinks are available and what’s their load?

Evaluation Are the sinks overloaded now or in the future?

Design How to overcome potenial capacity limits?

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Framework

4. Indicatorω = Actual flows / Critical flows

2b. Evaluation criteria

Sinksfor waste and

emission flows

3. Critical Flows

Analysis

Evaluation

Sourceof waste and

emission flows

2a. Goals

Sink loads

1. Actual flows

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Evaluation

[t/a] Flow Critical[t/a] Flow Actual

=ω

0

1

0,8

Indicator ω

Critical range

Noncritical range

Sub-critical range

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Case study

http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/webpages/Kanton_Zuerich_Karte_1914_XX.gif

Sinks

Sinks

Sources

Sources

http://www.swiss-minergy.ch/index.asp?mode=showmapkanton&id=1

Imported waste

Waste, sewage, emissions

Exported waste

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The need for sinks

Sinks

Sinks

Sources

Sources

http://www.swiss-minergy.ch/index.asp?mode=showmapkanton&id=1

Per Capita & year

10 t solid waste4 t off-gas

6.5 kg Copper2.8 kg Zinc

0.1 kg PAH

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Bulk level

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Material flow analysis

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Clean soil into appropiate sinks

Gravelpits

Gravelpits

Sources

http://www.swiss-minergy.ch/index.asp?mode=showmapkanton&id=1

Clean soil

Clean soil

Picture taken from http://www.eberhard.ch

ω = 0.8

ω = ∞

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Planning of sink capacities

0

1

2

3

4

5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

2031

2032

2033

2034

2035

2036

2037

2038

2039

2040

2041

2042

Volu

men

[Mio

. m3]

Kies

-bzw

. Aus

hubv

olum

ina

[Mio

. m3(

fest

)/a]

Kiesabbau im Kt. ZH = frei werdendes Volumen, dass für die Ablagerung von Aushub zu Verfügung steht [Mio. m3/a]

Aushubanfall, der derzeit in Kiesgruben im Kt. ZH und im ausserkantonalen Bereich abgelagert wird [Mio m3/a]

Ausub, der in Kiesgruben im Kt. ZH abgelagert werden kann [Mio m3/a]

Überschuss an Aushub, der nicht in Kiesgruben im Kt. ZH abgelagert werden kann [Mio. m3]

Freies Restvolumen in Kiesgruben im Kt. ZH (Startwert 2013: Auffüllbares, offenes Volumen ohne den Grubenbetrieb zu behindern) [Mio. m3]

Excess until 2035~ 30 Mio. m3

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Zinc

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Zinc flow analysis

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Flows

Sinks

Indicator

Critical range

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Min

eral

düng

er

Gül

le &

Gär

gut (

flüss

ig),

Kom

post

& G

ärgu

t (fe

st)

Hofd

ünge

r

Verw

erte

tes A

ushu

b/Bo

denm

ater

ial f

ür…

Verw

erte

ter B

oden

aush

ub v

or O

rt

Verw

erte

tes B

oden

mat

eria

l inn

erha

lb B

auzo

nen

Ger

eini

gtes

Abw

asse

r

Entla

stun

gsvo

lum

en a

us d

er M

ischw

asse

rkan

alisa

tion

Rege

nwas

sere

inle

itung

vom

Tre

nnsy

stem

Filte

rasc

hen

und

WRR

-Rüc

kstä

nde

KVA

in a

kB

Expo

rtie

rte

und

depo

nier

te R

ückb

aust

offe

Ents

orgt

e Al

tlast

en in

ak

Depo

nien

Rück

stän

de d

er S

epar

atab

falla

ufbe

reitu

ng in

ak…

KVA

Filte

rasc

hen

und

WRR

-Rüc

kstä

nde

akB

Rück

baus

toffe

I

Altla

sten

I

Altla

sten

II

Rück

stän

de In

dust

rie II

I

Rück

baus

toffe

II

Verf

estig

te R

ücks

tänd

e, Ü

brig

es I

Altla

sten

IV

Rück

stän

de In

dust

rie II

Depo

nier

te S

chla

cke

im ik

B

Verf

estig

te R

ücks

tänd

e, Ü

brig

es II

I

Impo

rtie

rte

Schl

acke

Filte

rasc

hen

und

WRR

-Rüc

kstä

nde

KVA

in U

TD

Ents

orgt

er A

ushu

b im

ikB

Ents

orgt

er A

ushu

b im

akB

Boden Gewässer inkl.Sedimente

Deponien (akB) Deponien (ikB) UTD Kiesgruben

APC Residues

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Zinc flow analysis Intervention Point

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Zinc flows

Status-quo

Scenario

870

IncreasingRecycling 870

DecreasingLandfilling

Incineration Transport

Stabilization

Treatment & Recovery

Landfill

Underground storage

APC ResiduesInput

Recovered Zinc fraction

Bottom ash

Off-Gas

APC Residues

System boundary: “Treatment and recovery of municipal solid waste in the Canton Zürich, 2013”

Flows [t/yr]Stock [t]

870

Incineration Transport

Stabilization

Treatment & Recovery

Landfill

Underground storage

APC ResiduesInput

Recovered Zinc fraction

Bottom ash

Off-Gas

APC Residues

System boundary: “Treatment and recovery of municipal solid waste in the Canton Zürich, 2013”

Flows [t/yr]Stock [t]

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Zinc recovery in practice

Pictures taken from http://www.kebag.ch

Zn Recovery(FLUREC process)

MSW

Fly ash

Zinc

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PAHPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

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PAH flow analysis

Picture taken from http://www.graeperbau.de/strassenbau.html

New quality standardsfor recycling and disposal

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Status quo

52% recycling rate

0% destruction rate

System boundary: “Waste management system, 2013”

Flows: t/yrStocks: t

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Scenario

20% recycling rate

80% destruction rate

System boundary: “Waste management system, 2013”

Flows: t/yrStocks: t

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Strategy for PAH

Recycling rate52% 20%

Destruction rate0% 80%

Clean cycles and safe final sinks

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Summary and Conclusions

• Need for sinks.

• Recycling products are appropriate sinks for quality proven material.

• Thermal treatment gains importance as

• final sink for organic substances (PAH)

• recovery process for valuable material (Zn).

• Landfill and gravel pits

• are still needed (e.g. C&D waste and excavated clean soil).

• become less importance (for e.g. PAH, Zn).

• Underground storage is still needed, but is of less importance (Zn)

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Summary and Conclusions

• Waste sector plays a key rolefor the utilization of man-made sinks and protection of natural sinks.

• Long-term planning of appropriate sink capacities effectsthe control of waste flows and the design of recycling and disposal technologies.

• The indicator is a measure for the performance of waste management system with respect to limited sink capacities and supports monitoring and a reporting.

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Further reading

http://www.awel.zh.ch/internet/baudirektion/awel/de/abfall_rohstoffe_altlasten/zahlen_und_fakten/senkenbetrachtungen.html

Report

ArticlesU. Kral, P.H. Brunner, P.-C. Chen, S.-R. Chen: "Sinks as limited resources? - A new indicator for evaluating anthropogenic material flows"; Ecological Indicators, 46 (2014), S. 596 - 609.

U. Kral, K. Kellner, P.H. Brunner: "Sustainable resource use requires "clean cycles" and safe "final sinks""; Science of the Total Environment, 461-462 (2013), S. 819 - 822.

Protection and utilization of sinks by Zürichswaste and resource management

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Project members

Franz AdamElmar KuhnLeo MorfBeat StäubliChristian Sieber

Project members

Paul H. BrunnerUlrich KralDana Vyzinkarova

Acknowledgment

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Welchen Nutzen hat der Indikator?

END