the native-non-native dichotomy in minority language contexts. comparation between irish and galicia

7/30/2019 The native-non-native dichotomy in minority language contexts. Comparation between Irish and Galicia

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Language Problems & Language Planning35:2 (2011), 139159. di 10.1075/lplp.35.2.03oroissn 02722690 / e-issn 15699889 Joh Bjam Publhg Compay

Te native-non-native dichotomy inminority language contexts

Comparo btw Irh a Galca*

Bratt ORourk a Frao RamalloHrot-Watt Uvrty / Uvra Vgo

I morty laguag cotxt, th am of laguag polcy a plag ta-tv frqutly to hac thr urvval propct by crag vualkowlg a u of uch laguag a varty of ocal cotxt. T uccof uch polc p o a varty of factor. T clu th ablty ofpolcy to courag matac of th laguag amogt xtg pakr (tho-call atv pakr of th laguag) a t rvval amogt vual th commuty who o logr pak t a who hav bcom atv pakr of

aothr laguag, typcally, th omat laguag. Howvr, th tak of polcymakr a laguag plar o ma mor cult by ocolgutc,oco-coomc, oco-gographcal a ologcal rc btw atvpakr a o-atv wcomr to th laguag. Rathr tha formg au pch commuty, atv a o-atv pakr of th mortylaguag vry o thmlv a bg ocally a lgutcally compat-bl. T purpo of th artcl to xam th atv-o-atv chotomy two morty laguag cotxt: Irh th Rpublc of Irla a Galca th Autoomou Commuty of Galca.

Keywords: atv pakr, o-atv pakr, morty laguag, Irhlaguag, Galca laguag

T cocpt of atv pakr ha frqutly gur lgutc a t rlattra, clug ocolgutc a appl lgutc. ypcal to ofth cocpt hav t to raw o th aum a that atv pakr m-gly at proccy a laguag (Pycook 4) a coquc of grow-

g up pakg t th hom, havg th laguag a thr mothr togu, havgacqur t from brth (Frth & Wagr ) a blogg to a pch commu-ty wth a trog htorcal aocato wth th laguag. Eow wth thqualt, atv pakr hav t to b oppoto to co laguag


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140 Bratt ORourk a Frao Ramallo

pakr a th rpotory a guara of th tru or authtc laguag, thmol ttr or, Chomkya trm, th al pakr (Chomky ).

Howvr, clafyg pakr of a laguag wth a atv-o-atv -chotomy ha b how to b problmatc ( for xampl Dav , ;Kachru ; Phllpo ; Rampto ; Sgh , ; Dorr ) at oly from a abtract cocpto of laguag that a atv pakr ca b uambguou trm (Blooml , Chomky ). Howvr, froma ocolgutc prpctv th cocpt mor cult to a a rctrlatohp btw mothr togu, plac of org, kowlg of a laguag aatv pakr caot alway b aum. I fact, th trm mothr togu tlfambguou (Skutabb-Kaga & Phllpo , Pokor ). A wth attmpt

at g a atv pakr of a laguag, t qually cult to trm whatth mothr togu of a vual rally , partcularly multlgual ttg.Natv pakr a mothr togu ca thrfor b rgar a cocpt whch may way rforc a tatc pctur of ocolgutc ralty. A uch, thyar cocpt whch ar of omwhat lmt utlty crbg htroglococt whch multpl lgutc co a laguag mak up th lgutcrprtor of a populato. What prhap mor mportat ot that pakrar atv or o-atv pr but that a pakr thy tfy wth a crta

laguag or lgutc co a labl t a thr ow (Rampto , Sgh ).T clacato of th atv pakr thu cotruct by pakr thmlva corrpo to a culturally, a oppo to aturally, cotruct tty(Park ).

Dpt ambgut a ral truth about who ca a caot b a aatv pakr, th trm othl frqutly u a a labl to tguh b-tw rt typ of pakr. Ajctv uch a authtc, pur a atar o aocat wth th trat of atv pakr, whl o-atv pakru of laguag t to b crb a artcal, cotamat a acqur.Frqutly, atv pakr tak o th rol of what ca b crb Bouru() trm a th legitimate speaker. I othr wor, atv pakr clam au-thorty ovr what form of laguag a way of pakg cor corrctor approprat. T bac prm, that a atv pakr ha mor authorty thath o-atv pakr, ha b look at from rt pot of vw. Frkkotuy of ault larr of Catala, for tac, challg th oto that atvpakr hav mor authorty ovr th laguag tha othr k of pakr. Shobrv that ocal cla wa mor mportat tha rt laguag trmg

authorty (Frkko : ). I fact, tut wth th gratt ablty to proucormatv Catala a to rct th grammatcal a orthographc rul of or-matv Catala wr awar mot authorty, ptly of thr ral ablty topak or tract Catala.


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Natv-o-atv chotomy morty laguag 141

T clac to of th atv pakr a ur of th pur, authtc orlgtmat form of laguag ha rcv corabl attto th ara of

co laguag acquto, partcularly th tachg a larg of Eglh aa co laguag. Tr ar ow mor o-atv pakr tha atv pakrof Eglh (Crytal ; Graol , ), thr a co laguag lar-r or a a rult of coloato. I th w cotxt, labllg th atv pakra th legitimate speakerha com ur much cruty. T cocpt of WorlEglh (Holborow , Kachru ) rct th w prpctv a movaway from th mor tratoal urtag of atv pakr a a ur of Brt-h or Amrca Eglh favour of o-atv or w pakr of th laguag( Phllpo , Jk ).

abl blow how th mrgg chag th lgutc prtg of a-tv a o-atv pakr of Eglh. Linguistic prestige urtoo hra th valu gv to a lgutc varty l wth th ococoomc tatu oft pakr ( Woolar ), a valu whch t to b aocat wth thtaar laguag varty. Linguistic prestige ca b tguh from language

prestige, whch th valu gv to laguag a objct trm of ocal mobl-ty, uually lk to thr cluo th ucato ytm a accg thlabour markt. I th ca of morty laguag, th lk btw kowlg of

th laguag a th proc of ocal moblty cottut th ma motvat-g forc bh thr proucto a rproucto (Wllam : 4).

Whl atv pakr hav tratoally b rgar a th arbtr of qual-ty a authorty a thrfor th hgh prtg pakr, th ca of globalEglh a w cotxt mrgg whch th formr prtg of th atvpakr hg a at lat partly bg trafrr to th o-atv pakr.T apparac of th cocpt of global laguag, uch a Eglh, ha callto quto th rlvac of th atv pakr, who a a obtacl to thfr vlopmt of th laguag. Graol (: 4) argu that th w,raply mrgg clmat, atv pakr may cragly b t a part ofth problm rathr tha th ourc of a oluto a atv pakr acct maym too rmot from th popl that larr xpct to commucat wth. Tm to uggt a urlyg global-local to at play. If o-atv Eg-lh pakr outumbr atv pakr world-wide, th vry cocpt rm uthat th tattc ar global. Yt, u of prtg a prcpto about th wEglh whch ar mrgg rt part of th worl ar gotat locally( for xampl Pycook , ). Morovr, th oto of prtg ot

uform acro all commut (Mlroy ) a tcto to b mabtw ovrt a covrt prtg. Whl crta lgutc co may b morpotvly valu trm of ocal tatu, othr may hav a h tatu lkto group olarty or thc tty.


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able . Lgutc prtg cotuum atv-o-atv chotomy of a worllaguag

World Language (e.g. English)Majority Global

Natv pakr Hgh Hgh-low*

No-atv pakr Low Low-hgh*

* hgh-low rprt a cotuum from hgh to low prtg; low-hgh rprt a cotuum from lowto hgh prtg

Te non-native or new speaker in minority language contexts

Whl trt th atv-o-atv chotomy of Eglh ha mrg a amportat l of lgutc vtgato, l attto ha b gv to xplor-g th chotomy morty laguag rarch. A abl how, cotra-tcto to th hgh prtg valu tratoally aocat wth bg a atvpakr of a omat worl laguag uch a Eglh, th clac mol of whatt ma to b a atv pakr of a morty laguag ha t to b ba oa low-prtg a tgmat ocal tty, org lttl ctv for atv

pakr to wat to mata th laguag or for wcomr to lar t. A xcp-to to th mol Catala, whch pt bg a morty laguag ha tra-toally joy hgh ocal prtg ( Woolar ). Nvrthl, hr aloth authorty of th atv pakr omtm challg. Frkko (: )ha how that atv pakr, partcularly amogt th olr grato, o otalway hav acc to ormatv or taar Catala a ca o clam l au-thorty ovr th laguag tha w pakr.

able . Lgutc prtg cotuum for atv-o-atv chotomy of mortylaguag

Minority Language

Classical model Model post-

revitalization

Natv pakr Low Low

No-atv pakr Hgh Hgh-low*

* hgh-low rprt a cotuum from hgh to low prtg.

Whl th am of o wll-tto laguag polc morty laguagcotxt typcally to crat a u pch commuty, frqutly bcau oflgutc, ocolgutc, ococoomc, oco-gographcal a ologcal f-frc btw atv a o-atv wcomr to th laguag th group


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prcv thmlv a bg ocally a lgutcally compatbl. Morovr,lk th atv-o-atv chotomy for Eglh, may morty laguag

cotxt th umbr of o-atv pakr o urpa th umbr of atvpakr. A w wll our cuo of Irh, th alray a ralty. Whlth ot yt th ca for Galca, ocolgutc urvy pot to a movmt that rcto, partcularly amogt th yougr grato (IGE , Ramallo). T quto of who bcom th legitimate speaker th w ocol-gutc cotxt bcom a prtt quto.

Nvrthl, whl laguag polc may morty laguag cotxt havucc rag th tatu of th low-prtg laguag, th polc hav otcarly ra th tatu of th atv pakr who varty of laguag ha

urgo a r-tgmatato th lght of a wly crat taar form oflaguag. Morovr, a abl how, th ococoomc poto of th atvpakr o rma uchag, matag a uborat a low prtgtatu comparo wth o-atv pakr who t to com from urba,ml-cla ctor of th populato. T prtg valu of th morty laguagmay hav h upwar, but th prtg frqutly t to b th rctoof th o-atv pakr, a oppo to th atv pakr of th laguag.

Howvr, th lgutc prtg or tatu aocat wth th o-atv

pakr o ma utabl (a llutrat th Hgh-Low cotuum a-bl ) by a purt cour whch attmpt to prortz form abov fucto; thcour frqutly maft wh crta pakr way of ug laguagar corrct by othr (Kurhla , Domguz-Sco ). T purt ol-ogy mmz th prtg valu of o-atv pakr of morty laguag,abov all amogt tho pakr who o ot hav a hgh lvl of comptc th laguag (Robrt ). I th rmar of th papr, w xam th atv-o-atv chotomy wth rfrc to two uch morty laguag ca: Irh th Rpublc of Irla a Galca th Autoomou Commuty of Galca orth-wtr Spa.

Te native-non-native dichotomy in Irish and Galician

Natv pakr of Irh a Galca hav t to b crb a uch by vr-tu of havg ga proccy thr rpctv laguag th hom a ofblogg to a commuty of pakr that htorcally aocat wth th la-

guag. T atv pakr of Irh, or cainteoir dchais (mag atv pakr),cam to b aocat wth a umbr of mall, cattr a gographcally o-lat commut alog th orth-wtr, wtr a outhr coatal ara ofIrla. T ara wr alo amogt th mot coomcally prv part of


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th coutry, urg hght lvl of povrty a mgrato. Sc th v-tth ctury, Eglh ha com to b rcog a th laguag of prtg a

ocal moblty a, wth th xcpto of th prphral ara, th majorty ofth populato Irla ha bcom moolgual pakr of Eglh. Accor-g to th cu, l tha v prct of th populato wr rtur amoolgual pakr of Irh.

A th Irh cotxt, th atv pakr of Galca, orfalante tradicional,ha t to b lk to a crta gographcal ara, pccally rural Galcaor a aldea (vllag). Whl thr lttl formal ata avalabl o th umbra oco-mographc trbuto of Galca pakr at th of th -tth a arly twtth ctury, om formato ca b gla from th

Mapa Sociolingstico de Galicia, whch uc from th rport accout of thlaguag pok by rpot grapart that , .% of Galcacotu to b moolgual Galca pakr (Frz a Rorguz Nra: ). Morovr, Spah wa pok oly Galca ct a amogtctor of th mrgg ptt bourgo a tllctual ml cla.

Up utl , ovr ty prct of Galca lv rural ara, wth ltha t prct coctrat Galca urba ctr (R-Doval ). Tv ca b tak to corrpo looly to th lgutc v btw Galca

a Spah pakr at th tm. Although laguag h away from Galca hab comparably lowr tha t wa for Irh, at th of th tth c-tury Galca, lk Irh, wa aocat wth a tgmat ocal tty, orglttl th way of ymbolc captal. Both laguag urwt proc of l-gutc rvtalzato through laguag polcy a plag tatv atg fromth Irla a th Galca (ORourk ).

T matac of th Irh laguag cor ara cotu to b a kyprorty for th wly-form pt Irh govrmt th pot- p-ro, who aw th mportac of th commut a a rpotory of oral Irh,ubrok trato a rch om (Dora ). T cattr lamaof urvvg Irh-pakg commut bcam collctvly kow a th Gael-tacht. T wor Galtacht, mag th Irh-pakg populato Irla(a Scotla, whr t wrtt Gahaltach) a ol wor but wa uto gat a pcc gographcal rgo Irla followg th publcato ofth rport of th Commo of Iqury to th Prrvato of th Galtacht, Jauary (Mac Golla Chrot , Walh ).

A out-mgrato a populato wr ky charactrtc of Galtacht ar-

a, curbg uch tr through a rgoal vlopmt programm wa aa ky lmt matag thm a Irh-pakg ( Rag ). Howvr,alog th polcy of laguag matac cor Irh-pakg part of thcoutry, th Irh govrmt aopt a co fact of laguag polcy, whch


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wa rct towar th rvtalzato of th laguag ara whr t ha cato b pok. O of th ky agc mploy th rtorato of th laguag

wa th ucato ytm. T am of th fact of th polcy wa to r-tach thlaguag to what ha bcom a promatly Eglh-pakg populato (Laor ).

Although th Galca ca, th proc of laguag h to th omatlaguag ha b lowr tha t wa for Irh, thr ha othl b a grow-g tcy th co half of th twtth ctury, partcularly amogt thyougr grato, to wtch to Spah. At th bgg of th twtth rtctury, Galca cotu to b promatly rural, wth 4 pr ct of th pop-ulato lvg mucpalt of l tha , habtat a pr ct

mucpalt of l tha , (IGE ) but cra urbazato c th ha l to a roo of th Galca-pakg htrla a a rult of m-grato to Spah-pakg urba ctr a wll a wtr Europa coutr arch of work. T ococoomc a oco-tructural chag Galcacoc wth th ufavourabl oco-poltcal coto for th laguag ur-g th Fraco ctatorhp () urg whch corcv maur wr put plac, prohbtg th u of Galca (alog wth Catala a Baqu) publcoma (Frta ). Formal attmpt to ar laguag u Galca thu

pa a comparably hortr pro tha Irh (ORourk ) a ot bg totak hap utl th , followg Spa trato to mocracy, th co-txt of a l ctralz poltcal ytm whch grat autoomou tatu to thrt rgo of Spa, clug Galca. T allow rgoal govrmt(th Autooma) to vlop thr ow laguag polc a thu l to Galca,Catala a Eukra (Baqu) gag co-ocal tatu th ara whr thywr pok.

Although th vo btw Galca-pakg rural ara a Spah-pakg ct (maly coctrat Galca coatal ct of Vgo, A Corua,Potvra a Frrol) ha ot b gv a ocal labl (a th ca wth Irh),thr ar frqut rfrc to th a of two Galca (Rorguz Gozlz: ), rctg gographcal rc th rgo ocolgutc ralty.A w hav th Irh cotxt, at th of tth ctury th trrto-ral ara t a Irh-pakg a latr ocally kow a th Gaeltachtalray cottut a mall lama compar wth th promatly Eglh-pakg rmar of th coutry. Howvr, wh laguag polcy favour ofth Galca laguag wa tally ttut th , Galca wa tll th

umrcally omat laguag th rgo. Ulk th two-prog polcy ofmatac a rvtalzato th Irh cotxt, a blakt polcy approach,g for th autoomou commuty a a whol, wa aopt for Galcaa largly gor trrtoral rc th trbuto of Galca pakr


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(Lorzo Surz : ). Laguag polcy for Galca rvolv arou Normal-izacin Lingstica (Laguag Normalato), promotg th cluo of Gal-

ca oma from whch t ha com to b htorcally abt. A th caof Irh th pot- pro, th mol of ocolgutc prtg whch wacotruct Galca from ctr o th lgtmato of Galca a wlla t cluo th ucato ytm, publc ctor mploymt a th m-a. T am wa to hac th ocal valu of th autochthoou laguag, -couragg t matac amogt xtg atv pakr a t rvtalzatoamogt wcomr to th laguag.

A ara of tratgc cocr laguag plag tatv for Irh aGalca wa th puttg plac of th cary fratructur to ur that

th u of th laguag throughout thr rpctv populato bcam a ral-ty. I th publc ctor, for tac, kowlg of Irh wa ma a compuloryrqurmt a comptc th laguag bcam part of th amt foravacmt wth Cvl Srvc poto ( Ra 4). Polc a laguagplag maur, partcularly urg th arly ca of th twtth c-tury, alo chag what Rag, followg Bouru, rfr to a th rul ofth ocal moblty proc Irla at th tm, by awarg bt to thowth a proccy th laguag ( Rag : ). Smlarly, th ca of

Galca th proc of ctralzato whch mrg a a rult of th SpahCottuto cotrbut to th lgutc mpowrmt of th octy.T Galca laguag bga to b rqur th publc ctor a ovr th patthrty yar thr ha b mark cra ttutoal upport for th la-guag, partcularly through t lgal rcogto a t cluo th ucatoytm a th ma (Bwck ). A a rult of th chag, th valu ofIrh a Galca ha b hac, couragg atv pakr to matathr rpctv laguag a pottal o-atv to wat to lar a rvtal-z thm. I makg th chag, attmpt wr ma to altr th gatv o-cal mag that ha htorcally com to b aocat wth th laguag bycovrtg coomc a ocal palt (Dora ) to coomc rwar.

A wll a th tatu-hacg apct of laguag polcy for Irh a Gal-ca, attto wa alo gv to corpu plag a attmpt to mor thlaguag a rr thm utabl for mor-ay fucto, clug thru ltratur, ucato a ky formal oma. Both laguag ha prv-ouly joy log ltrary htor atg from th vth ctury th caof Irh a th thrtth ctury for Galca. Tu th ba of a ltrary a

wrtt laguag xt wh rvtalzato movmt for Irh a Galcamrg th lat tth ctury. Howvr, th lat grat pro whchthy ha appar a wrtt laguag lay vral ctur th pat. A Dora(4: 44) mphaz, th ca of Irh what ha b a brllat ltrary


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laguag urvv th moumt that ha b prouc by t practtor;but o far a th pok laguag wa cocr, what rma wa rutc

charactr, urvvg aly u almot xcluvly amog a paatry. A mlarpattr ca b t th ca of Galca, whr, although th laguagcotu to b u by th majorty of th populato, th populato wa maup of rural paat (Ramallo ).

T u of formg a taar laguag th Irla of th a Galca th ra challgg quto for laguag plar bothcotxt. Wh Irh wa tablh a th rt ocal laguag of th Irh tat , thr wr thr ma alct pok, corrpog to vart u Ultr, Coacht a Mutr. Accorg to Baoll (: ), o of th a-

lct of Irh ha ay obvou uprorty prtg or umbr, although th factthat Irla rt Cottuto wa wrtt pur outhr alct may uggtth xtc of crta hrarch acro th rt vart. Nvrthl, thouthr alct ot mrg a th gl prtg form a ta a compro-m wa u wh comg up wth a taar (ulloch ).

Dpt t trally homogou apparac, rt alct a oco-lct of Galca ca b t. Tr ma lgutc bloc atr, ctrala wtr, ach cotag vual ub-vart ca b t (Fr-

z R ). Although th pok form of Galca ar uc by Spa-h, howg th ct of a log pro of laguag cotact (Rojo 4, Ramallo), th alo p o gography. T Galca pok ara alog thcoat o cor, a , to b th purt a lat uc by Spa-h. T taarato proc ha, othl, ma xplct attmpt at rplac-g xtg Spah-rv trmology wth mor Galcaz quvalt.

Te changing profle o Irish and Galician speakers

Eort to mata th Galtacht a Irh-pakg hav ot mt wth full ucca th umbr of Irh pakr th ara ha cotu to fall. T cl trgratoal tramo of th laguag ha alray bgu th v-tth ctury a cotu to avac throughout th tth a twt-th ctur. Tr wa a clar brak th htorcal lk btw th laguaga th commuty a th umbr of atv Irh pakr hg to Eglh co-tu. T cra u of th laguag th commuty coc wth a o-

gog cl rt-laguag pakr, a a growg umbr of co-laguagpakr of Irh acqur lgutc comptc th laguag through th uca-to ytm a ot th hom. All cator ovr th ca c th tablh-mt of th pt tat hav uggt a urltg pattr of


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cl atv pakr. T g of th mot rct major ocolgutctuy o Irh th Galtacht ( Gollag, Mac Doacha a othr )

corm th, patg a clar pctur of cl th u of Irh a a commutylaguag th ara.T rvtalzato of Irh out th cor Irh-pakg part of th cou-

try ha, howvr, may way b mor uccful tha th laguag ma-tac polcy. T umbr th populato clamg ablty th laguaghav cra wth vry cu. Accorg to th cu rult, thr ar,, Irh pakr th Rpublc of Irla a oly 4, of th lv o of th ocally gat Galtacht ara. Tr ha thu b a grau-al cra th umbr of co-laguag pakr. Ty ca b a

o-atv bcau thr proccy th laguag ha ot rult from bgbrought up wth th laguag th hom or th commuty, but ta fromhavg acqur t at chool a a acamc ubjct, or a mallr, but oth-l crag, umbr of ca, from havg att mmro-typ choolg.

Smlarly, Galca blakt polcy ot provg ay mor uccful ma-tag cor Galca-pakg ara a ot curbg th proc of lgu-tc ubttuto that ha alray bgu vral ctur back. T rult thatth umbr of atv pakr cotu to cl a Galca-pakg rural

hartla ar hrkg through out-mgrato to Galca ct (Ramallo ).Som twty-v yar of ocolgutc tu o th laguag thu pot to aucrta futur. T rag of fuctoal oma whch Galca ow uha b xpa. Ablty to pak, ra a wrt th laguag amogt thtr populato ha cra gcatly a laguag atttu hav aubtatal mprovmt. Howvr, th trgratoal tramo of th la-guag ha cl (IGE ).

A wth Irh, th cl atv pakr of th laguag ha to a crtagr b coutract by a cra th umbr of o-atv pakr ofGalca, partcularly amogt th yougr grato, through thr xpour toth laguag th ucato ytm. Polcy provo th ara of ucatohav upport a blgual tratgy amg to tablh a cotxt whch, at th of formal choolg, all Galca ar xpct to hav qual proccy both laguag. Howvr, th ucato ytm ha t to hav a Catla-zg ct o o-call atv pakr of Galca, from tratoal Galca-pakg rural commut, a a uctly Galcazg ct o urbawcomr to th laguag, to brg about ubtatal cra laguag u.

Sococoomc a oco-tructural chag Galca hav mat that, a Ir-la, thr ha b cra mgrato from rural to urba ara arch ofwork. Trfor, th tratoally Galca-pakg troghol ar bg ro.Although thr cotu to b mor atv pakr of Galca tha wcomr


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to th laguag, a rt tr mrgg, amogt th yougr gratopartcularly, whch thr ar mor o-atv tha atv pakr. Tu, a

wth Irh, a chag th prol of Galca pakr mrgg. A th Irhcotxt, Galca thr ha b a cra th umbr of co-laguagpakr of Galca, pcally amogt th yougr ag group. I Galca thumbr rportg Galca a th rt laguag whch thy lar to pakfll from % to 4% ovr th pat v yar. Moolgual pakr of Galcaalo fll by % ovr th am pro. T cl ha, howvr, b coutr-act by a cra th umbr rportg blgualm both Galca aSpah (IGE ). A a rult of laguag polc ucato ovr th prv-ou thrty yar, practcally all Galca ur th ag of thrty-v, who hom

laguag ot Galca, hav acqur both oral a wrtt comptc thlaguag (Ramallo ).

Laguag polc for Irh a Galca hav thu h om of th ow-rhp of th laguag from th atv to th o-atv pakr. T h owrhp op up th quto of who ar ow cor th lgtmat pak-r of th laguag a of pottal to btw th two group a thyattmpt to cotrol th proucto a trbuto of a w t of lgutc r-ourc (Hllr , ; Hllr a Mart-Jo ).

Social and economic divides

T lk btw ucato a th labour markt a th uc of laguagpolcy th ara cotrbut to chag th oco-mographc prol ofIrh a Galca pakr. Rag () uggt that, to rvr th procof laguag h to Eglh, th Irh Stat u t authorty to chag th truc-tur of th laguag markt prvalg Irla orr to hac th ymbolc,cultural a coomc valu attachg to comptc to pak Irh. A a rultof th polcy, uccv ocolgutc urvy c hav fou that thowth th hght lvl of ablty Irh a wth mot potv upport for thlaguag ar amogt ml-cla, ucat a urba ctor of th populato.Smlarly, th Galca cotxt, although th govrmt provo for th la-guag wa g for th whol populato, Homa (: 4) ot thatlaguag plag tatv th ara of ucato a crta ctor of thlabour markt woul alo m to cat a trog focu o youg urba ml-

cla pakr. A wth Irh, o-atv pakr of Galca po a hgh grof cultural a ocal captal a ar thrfor otably rt from atv ortratoal pakr. I both th Irh a Galca cotxt th chagg prolof thr rpctv pakr ha to varyg gr hac thr ocal vblty.


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What counts as the legitimate way o speaking?

I both Irla a Galca, atv a o-atv pakr hav varyg lgu-tc comptc. Socolgutc urvy o th Irh laguag ( CILAR ;Rag a Gla 4, 4; Mac Grl ) hav how that lgutcablty ot uform acro co-laguag larr, ragg from a capactyto pak a fw wor rght up to what th urvy trm atv pakr ablty,wth oly a vry mall prctag clamg th lattr. To who lar Irh a aco laguag alg thmlv wth varyg gr of ucc to o of thrgoal alct, but aopt a varty of th laguag that grally clot toStaar Irh. A Dora (4: 4) uggt, th taar t to b a

artcal, a to pakr of lvg Irh alct Galg BL th (Dubl Irh) o tlt a uatural (Hly : ). T chool-ba kowlg owhch o-atv t to p, la to what atv pakr omtm lablbook-Irh, prcv a cotag archac vocabulary, phra a ologm.T prcpto ar om way catv of what Kabl () rfr to a thomtm uay rlatohp btw th atv a o-atv Irh pakra th o-accptac of Galg Bhal tha Clath. Trfor, atv pakro ot carly accpt larr a qual a r wth thr group. T

may xpla why o-atv pakr who wh to cotu ug Irh pat thcoary chool lvl ar xpct to choo a alct wth whch to alat rath-r tha u th artcal orm of th taar. I othr wor, purm a au-thtcty ar o valu ovr morty th ca of Irh (Garla : ).Tu, a Cottr (: ) ot, whl Staar Irh u a rat by Irhocty ttuto, th prtg targt for pakr rma th varou alctof th Galtacht. Nvrthl, wrtt oma of u, th taar woul mto b rcog a th prtg orm. hIfar (), for tac, ot thatar havg b aopt by th ucato ytm a by all tat agc, thtaar took o t ow yamc to bcom th oly accptabl form motoma of wrtt Irh uag.

Somwhat mlar obrvato ca b ma th Galca cotxt, whrthr ar alo to btw th lgtmacy attrbut to th taar varty ofGalca u by th o-atv or w pakr a th tratoal pch ofrural atv pakr. Socolgutc urvy o lgutc comptc amogtco-laguag pakr of Galca how that a hghr prctag rport abltyto pak th laguag rrpctv of whthr thy ar atv pakr (IGE ).

Hgh lvl of comptc th laguag acro th populato qut grallyca part b xpla by th hgh gr of tllgblty btw Galca aSpah. Bcau th cotact laguag ar vry mlar ytax a lxco,almot th tr populato ha pav comptc th morty laguag.


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Nvrthl, a wth th cotuum of rport comptc lvl of Irh pak-r, th typology of pakr of Galca alo vry vr. Although th catgory

of atv pakr tll lgtmat, for th futur of th laguag t rlvac omwhat lmt, gv th progrv cl th catgory of pakr.Lk o-atv pakr of Irh, neofalantes (w pakr) of Galca t

to pak Staar Galca, havg lar t through formal choolg a op-po to trgratoal tramo wth th hom a th commuty whch thy lv. T mor taar varty of laguag u by th pakr o crb a book-Galca a V Galca (Igla a Ramallo )a, accorg to Lpz Varccl (ct l Vall : ), ha l to crtcmof a laguag form whch frqutly prcv a artcal, al a full of

rror.T taar form of Galca ha alo l to th tgmatato of atv

pakr way of pakg, partcularly amogt olr a coomcally poorrpakr who t to aocat Staar Galca wth a purr, mor corrct,mor authtc a mor xmplary way of pakg. T appart what rfrr to a catrapo (Catla rag), a rogatory trm o u by atvpakr to crb thr ow way of pakg. T rfrc to w pak-r u of Galca rct may of th tgma aocat wth alctal form of

Galca a prjucal blf hl partcularly by olr Galca pakr abouttratoal Galca. Ty alo rforc th prcpto that Staar Galca th w prtg orm. T tgma woul othl m to b appar-g amogt yougr atv pakr of Galca, who o logr hav prjucalblf about th laguag a a rult of th tatu-hacg ct of t cluo th ucato ytm.

Diering ideologies

I ologcal trm, o-atv pakr of Irh a Galca ar alo vry f-frt from atv pakr of th laguag. Hly (), for tac, talkabout Irh laguag thuat, whom h crb a almot varably m-l-cla a uually urba-br, a much lk th Galtacht for thrtc that prrvg Irh com bfor all othr corato, clugattag proprty or partcpatg th full bt of mor commuca-to. T tatu of Irh a th ocal laguag of th Irh Stat, a tat to whch

atv a o-atv blog, u by o-atv to jutfy thr clam toom owrhp of th laguag. T mportat rol gv to Irh a a ymbol ofthc or group tty amogt th populato hgh amogt atv a o-atv alk. Accorg to atoal urvy, btw half a two-thr of th


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populato attach a trog thocultural valu to th laguag ( Rag ,). Trfor, v tho th populato wth oly a fw wor of Irh lay

clam to om owrhp of th laguag.Although th pat atv pakr of Galca coul b Bouzaa() trm a pakr by cty, w pakr ar ow cg to u Gal-ca ovr Spah a thu to tak o a mor yamc rol th rvtalzatoproc (Fra-Co ). For wcomr to Galca th choc frqutly to hav ologcal urpg that t to b ocally, poltcally aculturally loa. U of Galca, partcularly amogt yougr ag group a urba cotxt, frqutly a a ologcal poto wth poltcal co-otato a aocat wth Galca atoalm. Spakg Galca urba

cotxt thu bcom a form of mark or tgmat bhavour, partcularly ocal cotxt a amogt ocal group whr th laguag ha b htor-cally abt (ORourk , ).T pt th fact that Galca atoal-m ha b a much wakr poltcal forc Galca, comparo to Baqua Catala atoalm Euka a Cataloa. It may thrfor b th cathat uch prcpto ar bg vlop out th rgo ( Catl, for -tac), a atttu Mar towar Spa othr rgoal laguag, Catalaa Eukra, ar hapg th way popl (clug Galca thmlv) vw th

Galca laguag.

Concluding remarks

At rt ght th Irh a Galca laguag par woul m to rprt vry f-frt laguag cotact tuato. T mot obvou rc ar () th truc-tural tac btw th laguag cotact (Irh cotact wth Eglha Galca cotact wth Spah), () thr oco-poltcal tatu (Irh a thocal laguag of th Stat a Galca a co-ocal wth th AutoomouCommuty of Galca) a () thr umrcal trgth: l tha v prct ofth populato ar actv pakr of Irh compar to xty prct th caof Galca (for mor tal cuo ORourk, ). Dpt th f-frc, th urvval propct of both laguag ar thrat by th ogogcl trgratoal tramo th hom a a commuty laguag-. Accorg to Fhma (), th famly-hom-ghbourhoo-commutyxu ky th proc of rvrg laguag h. T xu alo of cour

cloly lk to th atv pakr, who, l wth th clac to of thcocpt, omo brought up pakg th laguag th hom a bloggto a pch commuty whch ha htorcal t wth th laguag. T qutothrfor : Do th cl of th atv pakr quat to th vtabl cl


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of a laguag? Ca morty laguag uch a Irh a Galca urvv wthoutatv pakr?

I orr to awr th quto t of cour cary, a w hav arguhr, to quto th to of atv pakr tlf, a cocpt whch, a w havhow, ha b wly cott rlato to lgua fraca uch a Eglh. T

valty of th cocpt ca alo b cott morty laguag cotxt ucha Irh a Galca. Almot a ctury of laguag polcy a plag maurfor Irh hav how that ort to mata th Galtacht a Irh-pakg ot ucc a th umbr of Irh pakr wth th commut ha co-tu to b ro. It thu follow that ot all Irh pakr th Galtacht cab cla a atv pakr th clac urtag of th trm a a

cotuum of pakr xt. Gollag () uggt a typology of pakrtyp ragg from atv pakr ( a a vual from th Galtachtwho ha b brought up through th mum of Irh) to Eglh pakr (- a omo who caot covr Irh a ot actvly larg th la-guag). Btw th two xtrm h lt four othr catgor whch h lablo-atv pakr, m-actv pakr, co-laguag pakr, a larr.T tuato complcat furthr by th cra umbr of co-laguagpakr of Irh who hav ga comptc th laguag through th uca-

to ytm. It thu lkly that th trm atv Irh pakr or cainteoir dchaiswll bcom mor ambguou a that thr wll b much bat about labl ucha atv, o-atv, larr, a o o. T ambgut ar alray mrggamog ut Irh pakr who part ar ot atv pakr of th laguagbut who thr chlr to a Gaelscoil(Irh-mum chool) a urba co-txt uch a Dubl. How o w clafy th pakr?

Although atv pakr of Galca, a urtoo th clac to ofth trm, cotu to b a majorty, th tr chagg amogt th yougrgrato. Ovr th comg ca, th tcto btw thfalante tradicio-nal(tratoal pakr) a th neofalante (w pakr) lkly to bcom morblurr. Whl wth th catgory ofneofalantes thr ar vral ub-catgor(Fra Co ), th grc labl t to b u to crb a crta groupof Galca pakr who har a commo t of oco-mographc, ocol-gutc a oco-poltcal charactrtc. Nw pakr t to b fou amogtyougr ag group, a ar o mor ml-cla a urba-ba. Ty alot to b hghly awar of th pottal thrat to th urvval of th Galca la-guag a co to bcom Galca pakr ar o poltcally motvat.

Laguag polc am at crag th commucatv comptc of thtaar varty of morty laguag through agt uch a th ucato y-tm or th ma ca, a w hav th Irh a Galca cotxt, brgabout chag laguag atttu a attract w pakr to th laguag.


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Whl t ulkly that a laguag ca urvv wthout atv pakr, mor-ty laguag cotxt th grato of o-atv pakr who ca bcom w

pakr of th laguag ca play a mportat rol th proc of laguagrvtalzato. Such w pakr ca r-tat th proc of trgratoaltramo th hom a commuty a thu hav th pottal to cratw grato of atv pakr. At th am tm, howvr, th ucat, ur-ba a mor ml-cla prol of th w pakr a thr u of th wprtg varty of th laguag o tac thm from tratoal atv pak-r both th form of th laguag thy u a th fucto thy gv to t u.I morty-laguag cotxt, gatv ct of tracto wth atv pak-r o th part of o-atv or w pakr ca pottally ruc opportut

for pakg a morty laguag ( ORourk, forthcomg), hrg bothort o th part of larr to bcom ut pakr a thr pottal co-trbuto to laguag rvtalzato (McEwa-Fujta : ). Tr thrfor,a Nwcomb (: 4) uggt, a to bttr urta th rlatohpbtw atv a o-atv pakr of morty laguag a to way toabl th group to work togthr mor prouctvly.

Notes* T projct wa fu by th Carg rut for th Uvrt of Scotla a w thakthm for thr grou upport. W alo thak th two aoymou rvwr for thr com-mt o arlr ra of th work.

1. T trm o-atv a w pakr ar u hr trchagably. Both crb pak-r who lar th laguag out th hom a who ca to varyg gr bcom ac-tv pakr of th laguag. I th Galca cotxt th lgutc mlart wth t cotactlaguag, Spah, ma that all Galca ar rcptvly blgual both laguag. It otthrfor cult for a o-atv pakr of Galca to bcom a w pakr of th la-

guag. By comparo, th ca of Irh, whr th lgutc tac from t cotact la-guag, Eglh, much gratr, opportut for laguag u lmt th pottal to bcom aactv pakr.

2. Apart from th rural a urba v, th umbr of mall- to mum-z tow Galca ha alo grow ovr th cour of th twtth ctury.

3. Poltcal chag Galca brought a to th ocalt-atoalt coalto wthth comg to powr of a ctr-rght govrmt. T poltcal chag alo brought wththm chag laguag polcy a lglato th ara of ucato. T chag wr th

ubjct of gcat poltcal bat Galca. Although th prc of Galca prmarya coary chool ucato qual to that of Spah, pr-chool th laguag of thclaroom ba o th chlr hom laguag. T ma that urba cotxt, whrth majorty of chlr ar brought up pakg Spah th hom, th prc of Galcafor pr-chool ag group low or o-xtt.


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for: Stafor U. P.

Resumo

A dicotoma entre falante nativo e neofalante en contextos de minorizacinlingstica: unha comparacin entre Irlanda e Galicia

E cotxto lgua mortara, o obxctvo a catva poltca placac l-

gtca , a mo, mllorar a a prpctva uprvvca, aumtao o u co-cmto o u uo tr a pobac uha vara cotxto oca. O xto tapoltca p uha vara factor, tr o qu cl a capaca a poltcapara mpular o matmto a lgua tr o falat tracoa (o omao falatatvo) a a rvtalzac tr o vuo a comua qu o a fala. No ob-tat, a tarfa o rpoabl poltca a placac lgtca atopa, co frcuca,culta rvaa a frza ocolgtca, oco-comca, oco-xogrca olxca tr o falat atvo o ofalat. E vz formar uha comua fala ucaa, o falat atvo o ofalat lgua mortara mota vc vcomo ocal lgtcamt compatbl. O obxctvo t artgo aalzar a cotomatr falat atvo ofalat ou cotxto lgua mortara, rla aRpblca Irlaa galgo Galca.


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Resumo

La dikotomeco denaska-nedenaska en lingvomalplimultaj kuntekstoj: Komparojinter la irlanda kaj la galega

E lgvomalplmultaj kutktoj, lgvopoltkaj kaj lgvoplaaj lpaoj o cla plcrtgla travvoprpktvoj la kocraj lgvoj pr plgrago la co kaj utlgo tujlgvoj varaj ocaj kutktoj. La ukco taj poltkoj pa vraj faktoroj. I-tr l trova la kapablo poltkoformao tmul korvao la lgvo tr kztatajparolatoj (la tlomataj akaj parolatoj la lgvo) kaj a rvvgo tr tuj, kuj plu parola kaj far akaj parolatoj ala lgvo, kutm la oma lgvo. am,la tako poltkofaratoj kaj lgvoplatoj ta o komplkata oclgvtkaj, koo-

mkaj, ocgograaj kaj ologaj frcoj tr akaj parolatoj kaj akaj ovuloj la lgvo. Atata form uugta parolkomuumo, akaj kaj akaj parolatoj la malplmulta lgvo o kora oc kaj lgv akorgblaj. La ua artkolocla kzam la kotomo aka-aka la kutkto u malplmultaj lgvoj:la rlaa la Rpublko Irlao kaj la galga la Atooma Komuumo Galgo.

Authors addresses

Bratt ORourkDpartmt of Laguag a Itrcultural

StuHrot-Watt UvrtyEburgh EH4 4AS, UK

[email protected]

Frao RamalloFaculta Floloxa rauc

Dpartamto rauc LgtcaUvra VgoPraza a Catga, / Vgo (Galca), Spa

framallo@uvgo.

About the authors

Bernadette ORourke Lcturr Spah a Gral Lgutc th Dpartmt ofLaguag a Itrcultural Stu, Hrot-Watt Uvrty, Eburgh. Hr work focu o

ocolgutc, morty laguag a multlgualm. Sh author ofGalician and Irish inthe European Context().

Fernando Ramallo Sor Lcturr Lgutc at th Uvrty of Vgo, Spa. H workfocu o ocolgutc, cour aaly a laguag vrty. H th co-tor of thjoural Sociolinguistic Studies.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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the native-non-native dichotomy in minority language contexts. comparation between irish and galicia

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