the national innovation system (nis , national system of innovation)
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The National Innovation System (NIS , National System of Innovation) is the flow of technology and information among people, enterprises and institutions which is key to the innovative process on the national level . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The National Innovation System
(NIS, National System of Innovation) is the flow of technology and information among people, enterprises
and institutions which is key to the innovative process on the national level.
According to innovation system theory, innovation and technology development are results of a complex set of relationships among actors in the system, which includes enterprises, universities and government
research institutes.
(Source: Wikipedia)
A national system of innovation has been defined as follows:
.. the network of institutions in the public and private sectors whose activities and interactions initiate, import, modify and diffuse innovations (Freeman, 1995)
the elements and relationships which interact in the production, diffusion and use of new, and economically useful, knowledge ... and are either located within or rooted inside the borders of a nation state (Lundvall,1992)
... a set of institutions whose interactions determine the innovative performance ... of national firms (Nelson,1993)
.. the national institutions, their incentive structures and their competencies, that determine the rate and direction of technological learning (or the volume and composition of change generating activities) in a country. (Patel and Pavitt,1994)
(Source: Wikipedia)
Territorial Innovation SystemDemand’s
needsTechnologies’ state
of the artPossible economic and social benefits
Technological opportunities
Innovation opportunities
Innovation
Target: •Innovation development and diffusion, to obtain economic benefits•Knowledge as a private goodActivities:•Internal R&D•Funding external R&D•Cooperation with research institutions
Universities and research centres
Government
Firms
Target: •Scientific discoveries•Knowledge as a public goodActivities:•Research financed by firms and public institutions
Target: •Sustaining innovation development and diffusionActivities:•Establishing Norms•Giving R&D Incentives
Source: Romano, Passiante, 1997
Milieu innovateur
Industrial district
Regional innovation Systems
New industrial spaces
Local production systems
Learning region
Territorial innovation models
Source: Moulaert, Farid sekia, 2003
New industrial spaces
Core of innovation dynamicsA result of R&D and its implementation;Application of new production methods
institutions( JIT, etc.)
Role of institutionsSocial regulation for thecoordination of inter-firmtransactions and the dynamicsof entrepreneurial activity
Regional developmentInteraction between social
regulation and agglomerated production systems
CultureCulture of networking and social interaction
Types of relations among agentsInter-firm transactionsTypes of relations with the environment
The dynamics of community formation and socialreproduction
Source: Moulaert, Farid sekia, 2003
Industrial district (ID)
Core of innovation dynamicsCapacity of actors implement
innovation in system of common values
Role of institutionsInstitutions are ‘agents’ and enabling social regulation, fostering innovation and development
Regional developmentTerritorial view based on spatial
solidarity and flexibility of districts; this flexibility is element
of this innovation
CultureSharing values among ID agents; trust and
reciprocity
Types of relations among agentsThe network is a social regulation mode and a source of discipline. It
enables a coexistence of bothcooperation and competition
Types of relations with the environmentThe relationships with the environment impose
some constraints and new ideas; must be able to react to changes in the environment; ‘rich’
relations; limited spatial view of environment Source: Moulaert, Farid sekia, 2003
Local production systems
Core of innovation dynamicsCapacity of actors implement
innovation in system of common values
Role of institutionsInstitutions are ‘agents’ and enabling social regulation, fostering innovation and development: focus on role of governance
Regional developmentDiffuse industrialization, i.e. socio-
economic development based on an evolutionary process
without rupture
CultureRole of social-culture
context in development
Types of relations among agentsInter-firm and inter-institution
networksTypes of relations with the environment
Capacity of agents in modifying their behaviour according to the changes in
their environment. Very ‘rich’ relations: third dimension of support space Source: Moulaert, Farid sekia, 2003
Milieu innovateur
Core of innovation dynamicsCapacity of firms to innovate
through the relationships with other agents of the same milieu
Role of institutionsVery important role of Institutions in the research process (university, firms, public agencies, etc.)
Regional developmentTerritorial view based on
milieux innovateurs and onagent’s capacity of innovatingin a cooperative atmosphere
CultureCulture of trust and
reciprocity links
Types of relations among agentsThe role of the support space:strategic relations between thefirm, its partners, suppliers and
clients
Types of relations with the environmentCapacity of agents in modifying their behaviour
according to the changes intheir environment. Very ‘rich’relations: third dimension of
support space Source: Moulaert, Farid sekia, 2003
The relationship between learning, growth of knowledge and innovation in Territorial Innovation Systems
(source: Bjorn Johnson, 1992 in National Innovation System, Lundvall, 1992)
interactive learninglearning by producinglearning by searchinglearning by exploring
creativeforgetting
institutionalimpact forgetting
innovation
institutionalimpact
selection
interactive learninglearning by producinglearning by searchinglearning by exploring
creativeforgetting
institutionalimpact forgetting
stock ofknowledge
and itsremembering
innovativeideas and projects
innovation
institutionalimpact
selection
•Marshall-based approaches and the “industrial districts” approach•Evolutionary approach, as developed in the “milieu innovateur” approach
Three different mechanisms through which learning takes place in a Territorial Innovation System
Transfer of knowledgeCreation of new knowledge
Retrieval of knowledge
Knowledge assets generated by learning processesKnowledge assets
Knowledge transfer Systemic Knowledge assets Conceptual Knowledge assets
Knowledge creation Routine Knowledge assetsExperiential Knowledge assets
Knowledge retrieval Systemic Knowledge assets
Regional innovation Systems (RIS)
Core of innovation dynamicsInnovation as an interactive,
cumulative and specific processof research and development
(path dependency)
Role of institutionsInstitutions lead to a regulationof behaviour, both inside andoutside organizations
Regional developmentView of the region as a systemof “learning by interacting/ and
by steering regulation”
CultureThe source of learning
by interacting
Types of relations among agentsThe network is an
organizational mode of ‘interactive learning’
Types of relations with the environmentBalance between inside specific
relations and environmentconstraints; ‘rich’ relations Source: Moulaert, Farid sekia, 2003
Learning region
Core of innovation dynamicsInnovation as an interactive, cumulative
and specific process of research and development (path dependency); stress
of coevolution of technology and institutions
Role of institutionsInstitutions lead to a regulationof behaviour, both inside andoutside organizations
Regional developmentDouble dynamics:
technological and techno-organizational dynamics;
economic and institutionaldynamics
CultureStrong focus on interaction
between economic and social cultural life
Types of relations among agentsNetworks of agents (embeddedness)Types of relations with the environment
Balance between inside specificrelations and environmentconstraints; ‘rich’ relations Source: Moulaert, Farid sekia, 2003
The emerging phenomenon of the Virtual Clusters (VC) and their learning processes
Internet Infrastructure
Five class of participants: Customers,
Context Providers, Content provider,
Commerce service providers, Infrastructure providers (Internetworked Enterprises – IE)
Customer centrality
upstream transactions with suppliers
downstream transactions with distributors and clients
horizontal transactions with competitors or other institutions
Rules and standard
•E-leaning processes from markets•E-learning processes trough alliances
Source: Passiante, Secundo, 2002
e-learning process characteristics
delivered to end users via computers
focused on the broadest view of learning
networked
Source: Passiante, Secundo, 2002
An emerging virtual environment: the Innovation Virtual System (IVS)
not related necessarily to a physical space
developed at different ontological levels, where interactions amplify the knowledge creation processes of the organisations
autonomous, self-sufficient unit, that may connect to others IVS for expanding knowledge
result of organic interactions among its participants, based on a knowledge vision, rather than a mechanistic planning
knowledge participants necessary conditions: autonomy, creative chaos, intentional overlapping of information, diversity, trust and commitment
Source: Romano, Passiante, 1999
Some stylised facts of the innovation emphasised by the Innovation Virtual System (IVS)
innovation as a non-linear process
innovation as first and foremost new practical knowledge
knowledge creation related to a balance between communality and diversity of knowledge
learning and discovery related to the interactive mechanism with the context environment through which selection occurs
Source: Romano, Passiante, 1999
An integrated model of the IVS e-learning processes
ENABLING TOOLS AND e-LEARNING PLATFORM
KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER
KNOWLEDGE CREATION
KNOWLEDGE RETRIEVAL
“Virtual” BA
Learning level:IndividualTeam Organisation Inter organisation
Learning ModesCognitive learningCultural learningAction learning
IEs
with
com
mon
nee
ds to
le
arn
Incr
ease
d kn
owle
dge
capa
city
for
inno
vatio
n
ENABLING TOOLS AND e-LEARNING PLATFORM
KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER
KNOWLEDGE CREATION
KNOWLEDGE RETRIEVAL
“Virtual” BA
Learning level:IndividualTeam Organisation Inter organisation
Learning ModesCognitive learningCultural learningAction learning
IEs
with
com
mon
nee
ds to
le
arn
Incr
ease
d kn
owle
dge
capa
city
for
inno
vatio
n
Source: Passiante, Secundo, 2002
Correspondence between Knowledge transfer processes and e-learning platform functionalities
Manager and administrator functionalities
User Functionalities
Portal-based access to a variety of content, activities, communities and tools, based on user profile. Wireless and other alternative access.
Creation and assembly of content and activities Powerful search capabilities across structure, content and metadata.
Development and management of individuals and communities Integration of tools for virtual meetings, virtual workspaces, virtual classrooms, discussions, group scheduling, etc. Peer-to-peer information sharing
Monitoring and reporting for “people managers,” training coordinators, knowledge or content managers, etc.
Content and activity management
Workflow, lifecycle, process automation and security functions applied to the validation and publishing of content. Integration of external content, portals, etc.
Source: Passiante, Secundo, 2002
Correspondence between Knowledge creation processes and e-learning platform functionalities
User Functionalities User-configurable proactive agents which monitor sources and repositories to automatically alert users to relevant new information
Creation and assembly of content and activities Object-oriented content and activity creation and/or integration with leading XML and other authoring tools
Development and management of individuals and communities Management of individuals, competencies, expertise, temporary and permanent groups/communities.
Content and activity management
Automatic indexing of unstructured content, automatic categorization to a taxonomy and automatic creation of taxonomies to provide content in context. Link management capabilities for maintaining relationships among elements.
Source: Passiante, Secundo, 2002
Correspondence between Knowledge retrieval processes and e-learning platform functionalities
User Functionalities Powerful search capabilities across structure, content and metadata.Dynamic delivery/access to specific content, activities and communities based on profiles, assessment or other data, or queries
Creation and assembly of content and activities Easy importing of external or existing content.Publishing to any number of devices, including Web
Content and activity management
A relational or object-oriented repository (support for multiple repositories also desirable) of content and activities, which allows granular storage of XML content and all other formats, with descriptive and category metadata to facilitate retrieval.
Development and management of individuals and communities Features to allow users to rate content, provide alternatives and comments
Manager and administrator functionalities Management of resources and facilities for training, meetings Source: Passiante, Secundo, 2002
A comparison between Territorial and Virtual Innovation Systems
Teritorial Systems Virtual Systems
Geographic space Virtual space, that parallels the behavioural setting and rules of the physical space with some that are based on electronic linkages between computers
Geographic proximity
Analysis of a link space
Focus on physical notion of distance and connectivity: the role of geographical space in generating opportunities to access more effectively and efficiently to information and knowledge
Focus on a virtual notion of distance and connectivity as a substitute and a complement of physical interactions
Information/knowledge accessibility : network latency, deliverability, availability of the network and servers
Analysis of the geographical space
Source: Passiante, Secundo, 2002