the napoleonic era. i. napoleon bonaparte war w/brit., austria, & sardinia gave opps. for rising...
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The Napoleonic Era
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I. Napoleon Bonaparte
War w/Brit., Austria, & Sardinia gave opps. for rising leaders
1795-1799: Napoleon Bonaparte Suppressed uprising in Paris Corsican Military school in Fr. (artillery officer) Ambitious & military genius
Napoleonic Wars (1796-1815)
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Could move troops rapidly to critical pts. 1796: Directory appointed Nap. to lead army against Aust. &
Sardinia Defeated Aust. 4 times Took control of northern Italy Directory worried about his rising status
Nap. cont’d to seek new conquests (Egypt) 1798: Nap. failed near Alexandria (Brits.) Lied about successes—still the hero!!
Second Coalition: Brit., Aust., & Russia Drove Fr. out of Italy
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A. Napoleon’s Seizure of Power
Poor domestic conditions gave Nap. opp. By 1799: people had lost confidence in Directory Plot to place Nap. in power
Drove out 4 directors Dissolved Directory coup d’etat (seizure of power by force)
Nap. became dictator of Fr. 1799-1814: Napoleonic Era or Age of Napoleon People accepted this He supported changes by Fr. Rev.
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II. Napoleon & the Consulate
Nap. reorganized admin. of Fr. Executive branch (3 Consuls) –the Consulate
Nap. = “First Consul”
None of Consulate’s legislative bodies had real power Nap. submitted his const. to people for vote thru a
plebiscite People approved
Fr. laws revised into the Napoleonic Code Promoted authority over individual rights
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Nap. est. Bank of Fr. Public education Civil Rights of the Clergy (1790)
Nap. signed the concordant w/Pope (1801) Restored position of Church in Fr.
Nap. destroyed the Second Coalition He kept his promises for peace, govt., & economic
prosperity
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III. Napoleon as Emperor
1804: people declared Fr. an empire & Nap. as Emperor
Coronation at Cathedral of Notre Dame Nap. undermined Pope’s authority
Fr. Empire was great! Was Brit. next?
Third Coalition
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Battle of Trafalgar (1805) Brit. destroyed Fr. & Spanish fleets Brit. no longer in danger
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A. The Continental System
Nap. sought to disrupt Brit. trade The Continental System = Fr. blockade of Brit.
Isles Brits. imposed blockade against Fr.
Hurt Fr. Nap. cont’d to win Dec. 1805: Third Coalition collapsed
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B. The Reorganization of Euro
by 1808: Nap. dominated Euro Aust. & Prussia signed treaties Russia allied w/Fr. Confederation of the Rhine Abolished H.R. Emp. Unified all northern Italian states Placed members of fam. on conquered thrones
Napoleonic Code, abolished feudalism & serfdom Awakened a nationalist spirit in those conquered
Opposition copied Nap’s military strategies
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C. The Peninsular War
1807: Port. refused to observe Continental System Fr. occupied Port.
Nap. conquered Spain Placed Joseph Bonaparte (bro) on throne 1808: Spanish revolt
Brits. sent army to Spain & Port. Peninsular War—1808-1814
1814: Spain gave Joseph the boot New const. = limited monarchy
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D. Catastrophe in Russia
Czar Alexander I = alarmed w/Nap’s domination Continental System disrupted Russian/Brit. Trade
1812: Russia ignores it Nap. invaded Russia w/his Grand Army
Not as “driven” as earlier Fr. armies Spring 1812: Nap. marched into Russia Russian approach = scorched-earth policy Fall 1812: Fr. captured Moscow
Russians burned it Harsh Russian winter
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Oct. 19, 1812: Fr. Retreat Nap’s retreat = one of greatest military disasters By Dec. = Grand Army lost over 2/3 of troops Russians pursued Fr.
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E. Final Defeat
W. Euro. monarchs broke ties w/Nap. Prussia, Aust., G.B. joined Russia (alliance) Nap’s old strategy failed Oct. 1813: Nap. defeated at Saxony March 1814: allies captured Paris Nap. gave up claims to throne
Retired to Elba
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Allies = Fr. will NEVER disrupt Euro again! Restored Bourbon monarchy (Louis XVIII)
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F. The Hundred Days
Restored Bourbons made many enemies Nap plotted his return (escaped from Elba)
If there be one among you who wishes to kill his Emperor, he can. I come to offer myself to your assaults.
Nap triumphed in Paris—began prd. called the Hundred Days Louis = fled
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Prussia, Brit., & Netherlands moved into Fr. June 18, 1815: Fr. army defeated at Waterloo Nap. abdicated, Bourbons returned Nap. sent to St. Helena (d. 1821)