the nano membrane toilet - sustainable sanitation alliance · the nano membrane toilet alison...
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The Nano Membrane Toilet Alison Parker, Bruce Jefferson, Ewan
McAdam, Rob Dorey, Athanasios Kolios,
Sean Tyrrel, Phil Longhurst, Simon Bolton,
Glenn Leighton, Ben Martin, Paul Jones,
Richard Franceys, Chris Rose,
Elise Cartmell
#nanomembrane
User interface
• Accepts waste as a mixed stream
• For a single household
• Aspirational design to encourage household
purchase
• Odour free
Overall concept
Fibres run the length of
the module, the inside of
the fibres is known as the
lumen
A hollow volume
encircles the fibres,
known as the shell
Shell
input
Shell
output
Lumen
output
Conventional
pervaporation
Water vapour collection
Odours
Modular system gives
options
One size fits all?
Key challenges
Encapsulation using EHDA
nano-web
nano-membrane
fluid removal stage
nano-spinnerets
encapsulated
waste product
a) virgin materials
poly ε-caprolactone
b) reclaimed materials
(HDPE plastic bags)
Spray
HV
HEAT
Coalescence
nano-spinnerets
Multiple spray heads
Simultaneous operation
Formation of nano-web
Key questions
Maintenance
• 6 monthly visit by maintenance company to replace:
• Membrane cartridge
• Bead cartridge
• Polymer
Initial results
What is poo? A review of the medical literature
Chris Rose
Box Plot of Mass Wet (g/day)
Median = 128
25%-75%
= (106, 168)
Non-Outl ier Range
= (51, 250)
Outl iers
Extremes0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Ma
ss W
et
(g/d
ay)
Values from 116 studies
Box Plot of Mass Wet (g/day)
Median = 128
25%-75%
= (106, 168)
Non-Outl ier Range
= (51, 250)
Outl iers
Extremes0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Ma
ss W
et
(g/d
ay)
Mean faecal
wet mass
(g/cap/day)
Faecal mass
in response
to dietary
fibre intake
Values from 25 studies Fibre intake (g/day)
We
t m
ass (
g/d
ay)
Liquid generation
Variable Range
Volume l/cap/day 0.5-2.45
Water Content % 91.5-96
Urine generation rate (n=14)
Potential liquid inputs
Variable Quantity
Stool water l/cap/day (mean) 0.1
Urine l/cap/day 0.5-2.45
Anal cleansing l/wash 0.35-3
Pour flush toilet water l/flush 1-3
Estimated total water content
l/cap/day
1.95-8.55
Dry Matter Generation
Component of dry matter Quantity
Stool g/cap/day 4-102
Urine g/cap/day 50-75
Anal wiping g/cap/day 6*
Urinary wiping (women, presuming 6
urinations a day) g/cap/day
36*
Menstrual pads and flow g/cap/day 34*
Estimated total solid content
g/cap/day
130-253
*Data from Parker and Gallagher (1992)
Potential solid inputs
Data from 47 studies
Box Plot of Moisture %
Median = 74.6
25%-75%
= (72, 78)
Non-Outl ier Range
= (63, 86)
Outl iers
Extremes62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
Mo
istu
re
%
Box Plot of Moisture %
Median = 74.6
25%-75%
= (72, 78)
Non-Outl ier Range
= (63, 86)
Outl iers
Extremes62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
Mo
istu
re %
Mean water content
of faeces (%)
Faecal Composition
, Median
25%-75%
Min-Max
Outliers
ExtremesProtein Fat Carbohydrate Fibre
Faecal Composition
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26g
/ca
p/d
ay
Chemical
Nature of
Faeces
Box Plot of COD mg/g
Median = 1380
25%-75%
= (567.43, 1450)
Non-Outl ier Range
= (101, 1671)
Outl iers
Extremes0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
CO
D m
g/g
Box Plot of COD mg/g
Median = 1380
25%-75%
= (567.43, 1450)
Non-Outl ier Range
= (101, 1671)
Outl iers
Extremes0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
CO
D m
g/g
Physical Nature
Lewis and Heaton (1997)
Bristol Stool Form
0
10
20
30
40
50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Bristol Stool Form Number
% s
too
l n
um
bn
er
ob
serv
ed
Iran (Adibi et al 2007)
UK (Heaton et al. 1991)
Bristol stool chart
Contact us
http://www.nanomembranetoilet.org
@nanomembrane