The Nagoya Protocol

Ex-situ Collections:

Advantages

Ex-situ Collections:

Advantages

Briefly I am going to:

Explain the Protocol

Explain its implications for research

Show how it helps ex-situ collections

Use the example of the Australian

Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) to

show an existing collection has

successfully prepared for the Protocol.

The Nagoya Protocol on Access to

Genetic Resources and the Fair and

Equitable Sharing of Benefits arising

from their Utilization – (in 10 minutes)

Adopted CBD Oct 2010 - in force 2013?

Signed 92 Countries, Ratified 5 – needs

50 then 90 days to commence operation

Applies to In-situ and Ex-situ biological

material

Applies to material within national

jurisdiction

Nagoya Protocol Creates first global trading and

investment system in the use of gentic

resources

6 years in Negotiation – not perfect

Applies to material taken for purpose of

research on its genetic and biochemical

make-up

Purpose is to ensure countries with

natural resources can reliably get a

share in value created from those

resources

Nagoya Protocol

Typical products derived from Genetic

resources include:

Pharmaceuticals

Industrial Enzymes

Biofuels

Cosmeceuticals

Nutraceuticals

Climate adaptive organisms drought,

salt, temp etc

Limited only by imagination

Nagoya Protocol

Does not cover:

– Commodity trade - ie fishing, lumber,

grains, essences, wild harvest and

Includes:

– Special Provision for Non-commercial

Research ie introduces provision for

simplified procedures

Nagoya Protocol- Operation

1. Responsible Country issues Research

Permit

2. Permit contains reference to obligation

to share in benefits (as agreed)

3. Permit registered in Montreal and

creates an internationally recognized

certificate of compliance

4. All countries are required to ensure

Permit material brought in is utilized in

accordance with original Permit

Nagoya Protocol Acronyms and Code decoded:

CBD = Convention on Biological

Diversity = protecting biodiversity

ABS- Access and Benefit Sharing = what

you get if the NCI gets lucky

PIC –Prior Informed Consent = The

Research Permit

MAT –Mutually Agreed terms = the

benefit sharing agreement or contract eg

agreement with National Cancer Institute

Nagoya Protocol

CHM – Clearing House Mechanism =

international permit registry

NFP – National Focal Point =

designated country information source

NCA – National Competent Authority =

country permit issuer

Nagoya Protocol – ABS

elsewhere ABS is under treaty negotiation in the

World Intellectual Property Organization

FAO International Treaty for Plant

Genetic Resources for Food and

Agriculture deals with ABS

UN Law of the Sea – negotiations now

underway (wait for Lyle’

World Health Organization ABS and

pathogens – Bird Flu deal

Ex-situ Collections - opportunity

In-situ collecting– advantage:

Source of new species,

polymorphism,

less research competition

Cool places, and colleagues

have tans and muscle tone

Eg Craig Venter's research

schooner and crew

Ex-situ Collections - opportunity

In-situ –Disadvantage:

cost,

Time

Transport and curation logistics

taxonomic identification,

raw sample, &

permits & national

bureaucracies

Australian Institute of Marine Science Marine

Science Bio resources Library

Example of a Public Ex-situ collection ready

for Post-Protocol new research interest

Porife

ra

Pla

cozoa

Ort

honectid

a

Dic

yem

ida

Cnid

aria

Cte

nophora

Pla

tyhelm

inth

es

Gnath

osto

mulid

a

Nem

ert

ea

Nem

ato

da

Nem

ato

morp

ha

Acanth

ocephala

Rotife

ra

Gastr

otr

icha

Kin

orh

yncha

Loricifera

Ta

rdig

rada

Pria

pula

Mollu

sca

Kam

pto

zoa

Pogonophora

Sip

uncula

Echiu

ra

Annelid

a

Onychophora

C

rusta

cea

C

helic

era

ta

U

niram

ia

Chaeto

gnath

a

Phoro

nid

a

Bra

chio

poda

Bry

ozoa

Echin

oderm

ata

Hem

ichord

ata

U

rochord

ata

C

ephalo

chord

ata

V

ert

ebra

ta

Marine Benthic

Marine Pelagic

Freshwater Benthic

Freshwater Pelagic

Terrestrial Moist

Terrestrial xeric

Symbiotic ecto

Symbiotic endo

0

5

Habitat Number*

*1=1-100

2=100-1,000

3=1,000-10,000

4=10,000-100,000

5=>100,000

The seafloor is the most biodiverse place on earth

- Based on diversity of macro-organisms

Superimposed with bacterial symbiont diversity

0.1

R 177

R 185

R 7

R 141

R 43

R006 R 98 R 165 R 78

R 214

R 219

R 171

R 11 R 18

R 124

R 84

R 19

R 106

R 122

R 130

E.coli

R 180

R 58

R 187

R 93

R 13 R 202

R 14 R 211

R 28

R 140

R 63

R 33 R 25

R 125

Subgroup II

Subgroup III

Subgroup I

(Predominantly Actinobacteria)

(Predominantly Green Non- Sulfur

and - Proteobacteria)

(Predominantly - Proteobacteria)

30%

41%

29%

•High biodiversity of microorganisms found in the stable community within the GBR sponge Rhopaloeides

odorabile. Webster et al 2001 App Env Microbiol

•3000 different species of bacteria (deep sequencing). Webster et al 2010 Env Microbiol

Reduced overheads for Partners

High cost of specialist and properly curated & documented biodiversity collections

Uncertainties over supply (re-supply for development and supply for market)

Legal certainty to commercialise – access and benefit sharing clarity, transaction costs

Bioresources libraries provide economy of scale

Legal Certainty

Already CBD and ABS National Law

Compliant and years of ABS experience

Organized for the Nagoya Protocol:

- Choice of being:

A Designated National Competent

Authority or

Passing on its Permits and benefit-

sharing agreements to the Central

National Competent Authority

Marine Bioresources Libraries

Collection locations

AIMS Bioresources Library

What do bioresources libraries look like?

Frozen bulk

extracts

compounds fractions crude extracts

Cryopreserved pure cultures

ferment and

extract

Quality Control

Recollectability

SAMPLE SUPPLY

Taken from Paterson and Anderson, Science 21 October 2005

Aquaculture of drug leads

Bryostatin Analogue A

Total Synthesis

Yondelis (ET-743)

Hemi-Synthesis (bacterial fermentation +

chemical modifications)

Marine Invertebrate Culture

Great Barrier Reef Product Rhopaloides odorabile Bath sponges /Collagen/Spongiatriols Xestospongia exigua Anti-tumour actives Ianthella basta Bastadins Ianthella spp (2) Bastadins Phakelia sp Anti-tumour actives Coscinoderma sp Bath sponges /Collagen Sarcophyton sp Cytotoxic compounds Western Australia Haliclona nsp Salycilihalamide A Mycale spp (2) Mycalamides? Lissoclinum lobatum Lobatamides? Ircinia spp (2) Collagen New Zealand (NIWA) Mycale hentscheli Peluroside/Pateamine Lissodendoryx n.sp Halichondrin B

Shotgun Cloning and Heterologous Expression

of the Patellamide Gene Cluster as a Strategy

to Achieve Sustained Metabolite Production Paul Long1, Walter Dunlap2, Chris Battershill2, and Marcel Jaspars3

1University of London School of Pharmacy 2Australian Institute of Marine Science

3University of Aberdeen

NHS

ON N

NH

ON

NH

S

N

NH

O

O

O

O

2

NHS

ON N

NH

ON

NH

S

N

NH

O

O

O

O

1

Cloning marine DNA

to supply

drugs from the sea”

ChemBioChem 6: 1760-1765 (2005)

Patellamide D Ascidiacyclamide

Cancer Letters 71: 97-102

A marine natural product, Patellamide D, reverses

multidrug resistance in a human leukemic cell line

Uncultured

Prochloron

symbionts

Lissoclinum

patella

cultlurable marine microbes

Fastest growing

field in marine

natural products

chemistry

scalable production

Nicole Webster

Rhopaloeides odorabile FISH

Blunt et al 2007

Bioresources Libraries

- carry the ABS overhead for 3rd party access

Cancer

Viral

Antibiotics

Central Nervous System

Agrichemical

Paints

Industrial Enzymes

Environmental

remediation

Toxin detection

Mineral Processing

UV Blocking

Conclusion

Public Ex-situ Collections provide legal

certainty under the Nagoya Protocol

Marine or Terrestrial, they are an

important part of the new global ABS

system

Biotechnology supersedes the 17th

century idea of economic botany; lets

hope it also revalues biodiversity.

Thank you!

Geoff Burton

Adjunct Senior Fellow, United Nations University Institute of

Advanced Studies