the musculoskeletal system - long branch public · pdf filemusculoskeletal system ......
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The Musculoskeletal System
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Building Bodies
Cells: Made of molecules such as lipids (fats), glucose
(sugar), glycogen (startch) proteins etc. These are the basic
building blocks creating animal structures.
Tissues: Collection of cells organized for a particular
function. Ex: skin, muscles
Organs: collections of tissues. Ex: Liver
Organ system: collection of tissues that work together and
have special functions in the body.
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Organ Systems:
Circulatory
Respiratory
Renal
Digestive
Reproductive
Skeletal
Muscular
Endocrine
Nervous
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Skeletal + Muscular Systems =
Musculoskeletal System
Skeletal System:
Comprised of bone joined by cartilage and ligaments
Provides support for the body and protects the brain & organs
Bone is the main component, material inside of bones is
marrow which produces blood cells.
Muscular System:
Made up of muscle tissue to move the body.
Functions:
1. Structure 3. Minerals reserve
2. Protection 4. Blood cell production
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Animal vs. Human Skeleton
Humans have a clavicle or COLLAR BONE
Differing Rib Pairs:
Humans = 12
Cattle = 13+
Poultry = 7
Rabbit = 12
Humans have NO coccygeal vertebrae (tail)
Human wrist = animal carpus
Human ankle = animal tarpus
Human foreman and leg have wider range of motion than animals.
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Human vs. Animal Skeleton (cont.)
Number and placement of teeth:
Humans = 32 evenly spaced
Cattle = teeth mostly in back, approximately 8 up front
Rabbit = all located in front of mouth
Dogs = have 2 sets (milk teeth= 24) to 6 months old = 42
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Skulls:
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Bone Structure: Bone Cells:
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Living bone is made up of:
50% water
26% mineral
20% protein
4% fat
Dried bone made up of:
70% inorganic minerals- calcium, phosphate for hardness & strength
30% organic components- collagen fibers and cells give elasticity.
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Bone Structure: Diaphysis: Body of long bone
Epipysis: enlarged ends of
long bone
Metaphysis: joining point
between diaphysis and
epiphysis
Periosteum-Thin protective
layer of bone
Medullary cavity: space in
bone filled with bone marrow
Endosteum: thin inner
protective layer in the
medullary cavity.
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Bone
Structure:
Label the
Parts of the bone
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Bone Types:
Long: provide support and levers for movement, makes up most of skeleton. Ex: leg and arm bones.
Short: found where long bones connect, knee, provide a way to keep long bones apart and minimizes friction.
Flat: supply an area of attachment for muscles and protect animals vital organs. Ex: bones in a skull
Sesamoid: provide specialized protection such as the kneecap
Pneumatic bone: contain air space like the facial sinus cavities.
Irregular: serve specialized functions, such as vertebrae, which serve to protect the spinal cord.
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Bone Types:
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Diagram of the Bone
Directions Diagram
Using your supplies you will need to
create a diagram of the bone
You must label the part AND give a
description of its purpose.
Include/Label the following parts:
Epiphysis (Proximal and distal)
Metaphysis
Bone Marrow
Endosteum
Periosteum
Diaphysis
Medullary Cavity
Artery
Grading:
•Labeling: 15 points
•Information: 10 points
•Creativity/Quality: 5 points
Total Points: 30
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Parts of the animal skeleton: Axial skeleton: contains the skull, vertebrae, ribs and
sternum, the parts necessary for organ, nerve and brain
protection.
Appendicular skeleton: consists of:
Pectoral limb- skeletal parts of the front legs and shoulders
Pelvic limb – parts of the hind legs pelvic girldle
PelvicPectoral
Axial
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Parts of the vertebral column (Axial)
Cervical = neck
Thoracic = chest/body
Lumbar: back
Sacral = pelvic
Coccygeal (caudal) = tail
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Axial Skeleton
1. Cervial: There are
cervical vertebrae in ALL
mammals.
Humans have 7
How many does a giraffe
have???
2. Thoracic: always have rib
attached and spine on top
True, False, Floating Ribs
3. Lumbar: Lower back
Carnivores vs. Herbivores
4. Sacral: Pelvic Region
Fused on ventral side
Carnivore vs. Herbavore
5. Coccygeal: Tail
Used for balance
Larger to smaller
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Appendicular Skeleton:
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Bovine Skeleton *Use your worksheet to label the skeletons
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Feline Skeleton
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Human Skeleton
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Skull structure of a horse:
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Common
Fractures: Open (compound): broken bone that penetrates
through skin.
Closed: does not penetrate through skin
Compression: Spine /Vetebral breaks
Sress: often seen in athletes from overuse, lower
force of break but often
Avulsion: injury where tendon or ligament
attaches to bone (pulls off bone)
Greenstick: incomplete break, side break or
bending. Often in young children.
Transverse: Complete break without penetrating
skin
Comminuted: splintered or crushed into pieces
Impacted: compressed together, common with hip
fractures or by breaking a fall.
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Connective Tissue:
Specialized cells that support and protect the body and its organs. These are embedded in extracellular material produced by connective tissue cells called the MATRIX.
Bone: Mineralized cellular tissue
Cartilage: cellular tissue
Tendons: Connects muscles to bones; Fibrous and composed of collagen
Ligaments: Connects bone to bone; Fibrous and contains ELASTIN which helps in stretching.
Adipose tissue: cells filled with lipids (fat)
Blood: special connective tissue suspended in matrix called plasma.
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Joints: Fibrous:
joined with dense connective tissue
NO movement
Called suture in skull
Ex: Vertebrae in spine
Cartilage:
Connected with cartilage
Ex: growth plate in young animals which will be replaced with bone or SYMPHYSIS found between pelvis or lower jaw
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Joints (Cont.)
Synovial joints:
Truly moveable joints
Made up of dense layer of bone
Covered with layer of Articular
Cartilage
Enclosed in joint capsule
Lubricated with Sunovial fluids
(carries nutrients)
Some have a Meniscus: hard
cartilage pad which cushions the
bone ends.
Pivot Joints found in Neck and Forearm Ball & Socket found in hips and shoulders
Hinge: found in apendage
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HINGE
Ball and Socket
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Types of Muscle:
Skeletal: voluntary muscle, attaches to the skeleton to allow for motion. Controlled by nerves
Smooth: involuntary muscle, located in hollow organs such as Gastrointestinal tract, bladder and blood vessels.
Cardiac muscle- involuntary muscle, found in the heart
Note:
Involuntary muscles function at ALL times
Muscle cells, aka MYOFIBERS organize into parallel rows.
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Types of muscle (cont.)
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How muscles “move it move it” Nerve cells (neurons) simulate contraction through
myofilaments
Nerve impulse stimulates release of calcium that is stored in the endoplasmic reticulum
Calcium flow causes filaments to slide across each other
While relaxing, calcium is transported back to endoplasmic reticulum.
This whole process require energy (ATP)
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Muscle and Neuron Structure:
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Neuron Structure: Dendrites: tree-like extensions. Help increase surface area covered
with synapse which receive information.
Axon: elongated fiber that transmits neural signal
Cell Body: Makes proteins and uses energy for growth
Myelin sheath: protective layer around axons
Terminals: Conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body.
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Handmade Neuron: (INDIVIDUAL)
Using pipe-cleaners, create the structure of a Neuron.
Label and describe the following:
-Dendrites -Cell Body -Myelin -Axon -Terminals
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How does muscle become meat???
Immobilization: render the animal unconscious
Exsanguination: removal of animals blood
Rigor Mortis: muscles stiffen after death.
Occurs because there is no supply of energy to pump calcium
back. No energy = no relaxation of muscles = rigor mortis
Grading:
Yield and Quality
Cutting: Cut into wholesale and retail cuts
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Muscle Contraction and Rigor Mortis
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Marbling:
(Quality Grade)