the move away from laissez-faire int 2 cradle to the grave
TRANSCRIPT
The Move Away from Laissez-faire
Int 2 Cradle to the Grave
Ideology of Laissez-faire
• Describes government attitudes to the welfare of its people in the 19thC
• Most people accepted that poverty and hardship were not things the government could or should do anything about
• Governments became increasingly prepared to become involved in social policy
• Eg. Education Acts, Public Health Acts, Factory & Mines Acts
Why did so many believe in LF
• MONEY – government involvement = cost
• = taxes have to go up (middle classes having to pay more but the money not being spent on them)
• “Why should we help people who are too lazy to help themselves?”
Samuel Smiles• Book called Self Help
(1859)• “Self help is the root of all
genuine growth” = best way to avoid poverty
• Believed that effort and positive thinking could make anything possible
• Encouraged people to improve themselves through hard work
• Led to inventions, fortunes, Industrial Revolution
Self Help
• “Heaven helps those who help themselves”
• The spirit of self help constitutes the true source of national strength and vigour
• Smiles warned against governments helping people too much
• Bad = makes men helpless• Role of governments should be very
limited
Whatever is done for man or classes, to a certain extent takes
away the stimulus and necessity of doing for themselves; and where
men are subjected to over-guidance and over government, the inevitable
tendency is to render them comparatively helpless…it is every
day becoming more clearly understood, that the function of
government is negative and restrictive, rather than positive and
active.
Importance?• Led to belief poverty could be beaten by hard work and
positive thinking alone• Smiles said himself that any help given by government to
the poor was useless because “no laws, however stringent, can make the idle industrious, the thriftless provident, or the drunken sober”
• Only way to escape poverty was through your efforts
Self Help• Average worker could
avoid poverty by working hard and saving some wages
• Savings could be used whenever the worker was out of a job, or became unable to work because of illness or old age
• Duty of the individual to look after themselves
• Those that didn’t were either idle, unable or unwilling to save, or drunks
What Self Help was there?
• Worked for those who had a regular income
• Mostly skilled• Could save money in a number of
places
Places to save if you had a regular income
Friendly societies
Popular choice, benefits given out based on contributions made. By 1890’s 8,000,000
made a contribution. Also ran social events e.g. gala days,
annual parades
Savings Banks
Popular with servants and those saving for their children. ‘Penny savings banks’ were aimed at the
very poor who could only save very small amounts. Encouraged
good habits and behaviour
The Co-operative Movement
Formed by working class. Communities would get together to provide low cost food and services for themselves e.g. a grocery
store or a funeral parlour
Critics• Not everyone liked idea of
self help• Argued not everyone could
save for a ‘rainy day’• Henry Mayhew in his great
study of London Labour and the London Poor (1861) identified that casual labourers were unable to save regularly because they did not have regular employment
• Lack of education and poor health also stopped many improving their lives
• Not possible for everybody to improve by positive thinking alone
Summary• Self help meant that people could escape poverty
by saving money and living a sensible life. Such ideas were popular
• Working class were encouraged to save through organisations like Friendly Societies and Savings Banks
• Working class helped themselves by setting up co-operative stores to provide good food/services at a fair price
• Not everyone believed that all poor people could save money for a ‘rainy day’