the montreal protocol india's success story...

THE MONTREAL PROTOCOLINDIA'S SUCCESS STORY

OZONE CELLMINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE

GOVERNMENT OF INDIANEW DELHI, INDIA

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1ST PRIZEHrishi Kumar

Apex Public School, Sant Nagar, Burari, Delhi

PAINTING COMPETITION

2ND PRIZEAarohi Mehta

East Point School, Vasundhara Enclave, Delhi

3RD PRIZEPrachi Gupta

Laxman Public School, Hauz Khas Enclave, New Delhi

THE MONTREAL PROTOCOLINDIA'S SUCCESS STORY

"Keep Cool and Carry On: The Montreal Protocol"

OZONE CELLMINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE

GOVERNMENT OF INDIANEW DELHI, INDIA

2018

CONTENTS

1. Ozone Layer ............................................................................................................... 1

Concentration of Ozone in the atmosphere .............................................................. 1

Good and Bad Ozone ............................................................................................ 2

Measurement of Ozone in the atmosphere ............................................................... 3

Ozone Measurement over India .............................................................................. 4

What is UV Radiation? .......................................................................................... 4

Ozone Depletion .................................................................................................. 4

Beginning of Threat to Ozone Layer ....................................................................... 6

The Antarctic Ozone Hole ...................................................................................... 7

Environmental Effects of Ozone Depletion ............................................................... 8

The Real Alarm .................................................................................................... 9

International Action ........................................................................................... 10

Evolution of the Montreal Protocol ....................................................................... 10

Recovery of Ozone Layer ..................................................................................... 11

Status of Ratification of Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol and Amendments ....... 11

Multilateral Fund ............................................................................................... 12

Alternatives to Currently Used Ozone Depleting Substances ..................................... 12

2. India's Commitment to the Montreal Protocol .............................................................. 15

Status of ODS Phase-out in India ......................................................................... 15

Sector-wise Approved Projects .............................................................................. 16

Sector Phase-out Plans ....................................................................................... 16

CFC Production Sector Phase-out Project in India ................................................... 16

Accelerated Phase-out of CFCs ............................................................................. 16

Halon Production and Consumption Phase-out in India ........................................... 17

CFC Phase-out in Foam Manufacturing Sector ........................................................ 18

CFC Phase-out in RAC Sector ............................................................................... 20

National CFC Consumption Phase-out Plan (NCCoPP) ............................................... 20

Strategy for Solvent Sector to Phase-out ODSs in MSMEs in India ............................ 21

National CTC Phase-out Plan ................................................................................ 22

CFC Phase-out in Aerosol Sector........................................................................... 23

National Strategy for Transition to non-CFC MDIs and Plan for Phase-outof CFCs in Manufacturing of Pharmaceutical MDIs................................................... 24

Accelerated Phase-out of HCFCs ........................................................................... 25

India’s HPMP ..................................................................................................... 26

HPMP Stage-I .................................................................................................... 26

HPMP Stage-II ................................................................................................... 31

Fiscal Measures .................................................................................................. 34

Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 ........................... 34

Important Provisions of the Ozone Depleting Substances(Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 ................................................................... 34

Amendments ..................................................................................................... 35

Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol ................................................................ 36

New Initiatives .................................................................................................. 38

India Cooling Action Plan ................................................................................... 38

Training & Certification of Refrigeration & Airconditioning Service Techniciansunder Skill India Mission .................................................................................... 39

Participation in Montreal Protocol Meetings .......................................................... 40

Awareness Generation......................................................................................... 43

World Ozone Day ............................................................................................... 43

Newsletter ........................................................................................................ 44

Participation in ACREX 2018 ................................................................................ 44

Meetings........................................................................................................... 45

Workshops ........................................................................................................ 45

Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Servicing Sector Society ..................................... 46

Website ............................................................................................................ 46

MIS for ODS Phase-Out Activities ......................................................................... 46

Monitoring System in India ................................................................................. 46

Awards and Recognitions .................................................................................... 47

Other Activities .................................................................................................. 47

Key to Success .................................................................................................. 48

3. India's Achievements to Date of the Montreal Protocol Regime....................................... 49

4. How can you help to Protect the Ozone Layer? ............................................................. 55

Actions that an individual can take to protect the ozone layer ................................ 55

5. Ozone in our Atmosphere .......................................................................................... 57

Twenty Questions and Answers about the Ozone Layer ............................................ 57

1

Keep Cool and Carry On: The Montreal Protocol

The small blue and green planet we call homeis a very special and unique place. We live onthe only planet in our solar system and possiblyin the galaxy, where life is known to exist. Alllife exists within thin film of air, water, andsoil. This spherical shell of life is known as thebiosphere. The biosphere can be divided intothree layers; the atmosphere (air), thehydrosphere (water), and the lithosphere (rockand soil). It is the unique attribute of theEarth's atmosphere that allows it to be ahabitable place for humans, animals, microbesand plants, as we know them.

The atmosphere is a mixture of gases andparticles that surround our planet. When seenfrom space, the atmosphere appears as a thinseam of dark blue light on a curved horizon.

The Earth's atmosphere is divided into severallayers. The lowest region, the troposphere,extends from the Earth's surface up to about10 to 15 kilometres (km) in altitude. Theheight of the Mount Everest is only about 9km. Virtually, most of the human activitiesaffects the troposphere. The next layer, thestratosphere, continues from 10 km to about50 km.

Earth's Atmospheric Layers

1. OZONE LAYER

Concentration of Ozone in the Atmosphere

Ozone is a tri-atomic molecule of oxygen insteadof normal two. It is formed from oxygennaturally in the upper levels of the Earth'satmosphere by high-energy ultraviolet (UV)radiation from the Sun. The radiation breaksdown oxygen molecules, releasing free atoms,some of which bond with other oxygenmolecules to form ozone.

Stratospheric Ozone Production

About 90 per cent of all ozone formed in thisway lies between 10 km and 50 km above theEarth's surface - this part of the atmosphere iscalled the stratosphere. Hence, this is knownas the 'Ozone Layer'. Even in the ozone layer,ozone is present in very small quantities; itsmaximum concentration, at a height of about17-25 km, is only ten parts per million. Theozone layer was discovered in 1913 by theFrench physicists Charles Fabry and HenriBuisson.

Since solar radiation is the strongest over thetropics, the global ozone is formed in tropics.However, strong solar radiation also causesrise of air to high altitudes and ozone istransported away from the equator towards thepoles where it accumulates in the cold sub

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polar regions. At the equatorial regionformation and photochemical depletion ofozone take place simultaneously and ozonecannot accumulate in this region. In the polarregion there is accumulation of ozone becausephotochemical depletion is low and due totransport of ozone from equator. Therefore, inwinter the highest ozone values are observedover the Polar regions as long as there is noother disturbing influence.

Total ozone at any point from Earth's surfaceto Stratosphere is quantified in Dobson Units(DU). One hundred DU equals the quantity ofozone that would form a layer of 1mm thick atsea level if compressed at Standard Temperatureand Pressure (STP).

Typical distribution of ozone is about 240 DUnear the equator with a maximum of 440 DUduring early spring at high latitudes in theArctic and 360 DU in the Antarctic. When theconcentration of ozone, over any area, fallsbelow 220 DU, we call it Ozone Hole.

Ozone is an unstable molecule. High-energyradiation from the Sun not only creates ozone,but also breaks it to oxygen, recreatingmolecular oxygen and free oxygen atoms. Theconcentration of ozone in the atmospheredepends on a dynamic balance between creationand destruction of ozone.

Concentration of Ozone in Atmosphere

Good and Bad Ozone

"Good" ozone is produced naturally in theStratosphere and is good because it blocksharmful UV radiations from reaching the Earth'ssurface.

Ozone is also present in the lower levels of theatmosphere (i.e. the troposphere), but in verylower concentrations than in the stratosphere.Close to the Earth's surface, most of the Sun'shigh-energy UV radiation has already beenfiltered out by the stratospheric ozone layerand therefore the main natural mechanism forozone formation does not take place in thetroposphere.

However, elevated concentrations of ozone atground level are found in some regions, mainlyas a result of pollution. Burning of fossil fuelsand biomass releases compounds such asnitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds,usually found in car exhausts, which react withsunlight to form peroxy intermediates, whichcatalyses to form ozone. This is "bad" ozone.Bad ozone is an air pollutant and is badbecause it is harmful to breathe and can damagecrops, trees, other vegetation, plastics, rubbersetc.. Ground level ozone is a main componentof urban smog.

There is little connection between ground levelozone and the stratospheric ozone layer.

UV Protection by the Ozone Layer

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Whereas the stratospheric ozone shields theEarth from the Sun's harmful rays, the groundlevel ozone is a pollutant. Ozone, formed dueto pollution at the Earth's surface, cannotreplenish the ozone layer. In addition, thoughground level ozone absorbs some UV radiation,the effect is negligible.

Measurement of Ozone in the Atmosphere

Ozone is spread from the surface of Earth uptothe top of stratosphere, 50 km as a very thinlayer. The question often asked is how is theconcentration of ozone in this thin layeris measured and quantified with a reasonableaccuracy.

Atmospheric ozone is measured both by remotesensing and by in-situ techniques.

Generally, the following three characteristics ofatmospheric ozone are routinely measured byvarious monitoring systems:

(a) Surface Ozone (b) Total Ozone over an areaand (c) The vertical profile of Ozone.

Surface ozone is generally measured by in-situtechniques using optical, chemical or electrochemical methods. The most convenient methodis the optical method which depends upon thestrong absorption of UV light at 254 nanometer(nm). The absorption is measured in a UV cellat 254 nm against another cell containing airfree from ozone. By comparing the twoirradiation signals, it is possible to determinethe concentration of ozone from 1 to 1000parts per trillion (ppt) by volume.

Total ozone is measured by remote sensingmethods using ground based instruments,measuring the intensity of absorption spectrumof ozone between 300 and 340 nm using directsun or direct full moon light and satellite basedinstruments, measuring the solar UV radiationscattered back to space by the Earth'satmosphere. The most commonly ground basedinstruments used by World MeteorologicalOrganization (WMO) global ozone network arethe Dobson and Brewer Spectrophotometers.

The most accurate and the best defined methodfor determining total ozone is to measuredirect solar radiation from ground at UV wavebands between 305 and 340 nm.

Dobson instrument measures spectral intensitiesat three wave length pairs and the Brewerspectrophotometer at f ive operationalwavelengths. Moon light as a source of UVradiation can also be used, but the accuracy isreduced due to lower intensity of light. Foraccuracy and comparison, all spectrometers arecalibrated regularly at National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration (NOAA) subtropicalhigh altitude observatory at Mauna Loa, Hawaiiwhere other interfering air pollutants like Sulfurdioxide (SO2), Nitrous Oxide (NOx), aerosolsetc. are absent.

Vertical profile of ozone is measured with (a)Ozonesondes (b) Ground-based Dobson andBrewer Spectrophotometers using light fromzenith sky during twilight using the Umkherinversion method and (c) laser radars (LightDetection and Ranging (LIDAR)).

Ozonesondes measure the concentration ofozone as a function of height by a wet chemicalmethod (ozone liberating iodine when bubbledthrough potassium iodide solution andmeasured electro chemically) during its balloonborne ascent to an altitude of about 35 km (midstratosphere). They operate regularly in allclimatic regions and have been the backbone ofozone profiling since 1960.

The latest method of vertical profiling of ozoneis the LIDAR system in which a short laser pulseat a wave length in the UV ozone absorptionspectrum is sent towards the zenith. Backscattered radiation is measured as a function oftime which gives the height and its intensitygives the concentration of ozone. Two wave-lengths are used, one of which is absorbed byozone, and the other is not which serves as areference. The concentration of ozone measuredat different heights thus gives the verticalprofile.

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Ozone Measurement over India

Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) is thenodal agency to measure the ozone levels inIndia. IMD has established a National OzoneCentre. The centre maintains and control anetwork of Ozone Monitoring Stations locatedat New Delhi, Ranichauri, Guwahati, Nagpur,Pune, Kodaikanal, Thiruvananthapuram,Vanarasi, Port Blair and Maitri (Antarctica). Theozone data measured is regularly sent to WorldOzone Data Centre, Canada.

What is UV Radiation?

The Sun emits radiations of varying wavelengthsin the form of electromagnetic spectrum. TheUV radiation is one form of radiant energycoming out from the Sun. The various forms ofenergy, or radiations, are classified accordingto wavelength measured in nm. The shorter thewavelength, the radiation are more energetic.In order of decreasing energy, the principalforms of radiation are gamma rays, X-rays, UVrays, visible light, infrared rays, microwaves,and radio waves. The UV radiation, which isinvisible, is so named because of its wavelengthsare less than those of visible violet radiations.

Of these, UV-B and UV-C being highly energetic,are harmful to life on Earth. UV-A radiationbeing less energetic is relatively less harmful.Fortunately, UV-C radiation is absorbed stronglyby oxygen and also by ozone in the upperatmosphere. UV-B radiation is absorbed only bythe stratospheric ozone (ozone layer) and thusonly 2-3% of it reaches the Earth's surface. Theozone layer, therefore, is essential for protectionof life on the Earth by filtering out thedangerous part of Sun's radiation and allowingonly the beneficial part to reach Earth. Anydisturbance or depletion of this layer wouldresult in an increase of UV-B and UV-C radiationreaching the Earth's surface leading todangerous consequences for the life on Earth.The ozone layer, therefore, acts as Earth'ssunscreen.

Ozone Depletion

At any given time, ozone molecules areconstantly formed and destroyed in thestratosphere. The total amount, however,remains relatively stable. The dynamicequilibrium between creating and breakingdown ozone molecules depends on temperature,pressure, energetic conditions and moleculeconcentrations. The concentration of the ozonelayer can be thought of as a stream's depthat a particular location. Although, water isconstantly flowing in and out, the depthremains constant.

Natural Formation and destruction of Ozone

A - Undisturbed Ozone LayerB - Disturbed Ozone Layer

Range of Wavelengths of UV Radiations

The concentrations of ozone vary naturally withsunspots, seasons, and latitudes. The processesof variation of ozone are well understood and

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predictable. Scientists have established recordsfor several decades which show distribution ofozone during the natural cycles. It has beenobserved that each natural reduction in ozonelevels has been followed by a recovery cycle.However, convincing scientific evidences haveshown that the ozone layer is being depletedwell beyond changes due to natural processes.

Ozone depletion occurs when the naturalbalance between the production and destructionof stratospheric ozone is shifted towardsdestruction. The equilibrium can be disturbedfor instance by other molecules which reactwith the ozone molecules, and therebydestroying them. If this destruction process isfast and the creation of new molecules is tooslow to replace the destroyed ozone molecules,the equilibrium will get out of balance. As aresult, the concentration of ozone moleculeswill be reduced. An upset in this balance canhave serious consequences for life on Earth,and scientists are finding evidence of thechanged balance. As a result, the concentrationof ozone within the protective ozone shield isdecreasing.

Reaction of Chlorine with Ozone

complex series of catalytic reactions leading todestruction of ozone.

Process of destruction of ozone

When very stable man-made chemicalscontaining chlorine and bromine enter into theatmosphere, and reach the stratosphere, thesechemicals are broken down by the high energysolar UV radiation and release extremely reactivechlorine and bromine atoms. These undergo a

Large fires, certain types of marine life andvolcanic eruptions also produce chlorinemolecules. These are chemically active but mostof it gets converted into water soluble inorganiccompounds which gets washed down by rainand only traces reach the stratosphere. However,United States Environment Protection Agency(USEPA) exper iments have shown thatChlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other widelyused chemicals produce roughly 85% of thechlorine in the stratosphere.

It was also believed that large volcanic eruptionscan have an indirect effect on ozone levels.Although, Mt. Pinatubo's 1991 volcanic eruptiondid not increase stratospher ic chlor ineconcentrations, it did produce large amount oftiny particles called aerosols. These aerosolsincrease chlorine's effectiveness in destroyingozone.

The aerosols only increase depletion because ofthe presence of CFC- based chlorine. In effect,the aerosols increase the efficiency of the CFCsiphon, lowering ozone levels even morethan that would have otherwise occurred. Unlikelong-term ozone depletion, this effect ishowever short-lived. The aerosols from Mt.Pinatubo have already disappeared, but satellite,ground based, and balloon data still showozone depletion occurring closer to the historictrend.

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Beginning of Threat to Ozone Layer

For over fifty years, CFCs were thought of asmiracle substances. CFCs were first created in1928 as non-toxic, non-flammable refrigerants,and were first produced commercially in the1930's by DuPont. The first Chlorofluorocarbonwas CFC-12, a single carbon with two chlorinesand two Fluorines attached to it.

These have been used in many ways since theywere first synthesized in 1928. They are stable,inert, non-flammable, low in toxicity, andinexpensive to produce. Over the period, CFCshave been used as aerosols, refrigerants,solvents and foam blowing agents in othersmaller applications. Other chlorine andbromine-containing compounds include methylchloroform, a solvent, Carbontetrachloride(CTC), an industrial chemical, halons, extremelyef fective f ire extinguishing agents,Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) mainly usedas a refrigerant and foam blowing agent andmethyl bromide, an effective fumigant used inagriculture and grain storage.

All of these compounds have very longatmospheric life which allow them to betransported by winds into the stratosphere.

During the past 5 decades, Ozone DepletingSubstances (ODSs) including CFCs have beenemitted into the atmosphere in large quantitywhich has resulted in depletion of the ozonelayer resulting increased UV-B radiations onthe Earth surface.

UV Radiations on Earth Surface

The largest losses of stratospheric ozone occurregularly over the Antarctica every spring,leading to substantial increase in UV levels overthe region. A similar, though weaker, effect hasbeen observed over the Arctic. There was enoughevidence that ozone levels decrease by severalpercent in the spring and summer in bothhemispheres at middle and high latitudes.

Status of Global Stratospheric Ozone :September, 2017

There is also fall in ozone levels during thewinter at these latitudes in the southernhemisphere. The higher levels of loss of ozonehave been noticed since late 1970s.

In the early 1970s, researchers began toinvestigate the effect of various chemicals onthe ozone layer, particularly CFCs, which containchlorine. They also examined the potentialimpacts of other chlorine sources like chlorinefrom chlorination of water, industrial plants,sea salt and volcanoes etc. The chlorine releasedfrom such applications and from other sourcesreadily combines with water and other chemicalsand form compounds which do not reach thestratosphere. In contrast, CFCs are very stableand do not dissolve in rain. Thus, there are nonatural processes that remove the CFCs fromthe lower atmosphere. Over a period of time,the CFCs diffuse into the stratosphere wherethese interact with UV rays of short wavelength which breaks them.

The CFCs are so stable that only exposure to

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strong UV radiation breaks them. When thathappens, the CFC molecule releases atomicchlorine. It has been estimated that onechlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 ozonemolecules. The net effect is the destruction ofozone, faster than its natural creation. Toreturn to the analogy comparing ozone levelsto a stream's depth, CFCs act as a siphon,removing water faster than normal and reducingthe depth of the stream.

No one could imagine that these miraclechemicals could one day turn out to be harmfulsubstance to life on Earth. It all began when atthe f irst United Nations on the HumanEnvironment Conference at Stockholm in 1972,questions were asked about the effect of jetaircrafts on upper atmosphere. It was knownthat the high temperature jet exhausts containan appreciable amount of nitrous oxide and itwas also known that this substance cancatalytically decompose ozone. The conferenceauthor ized United Nations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP) to address this issue andfocus on the possible damage to the ozonelayer by hundreds of supersonic aircrafts thatwere expected to be in operation by the late1980s. They were also entrusted with the taskof finding out the effect of release of nitrousoxide from fertilizer manufacturing units onthe ozone layer.

These investigations did not make muchheadway and were dismissed as false alarms.

The Antarctic Ozone Hole

The term "ozone hole" refers to a large andrapid decrease in the concentration of ozonemolecules in the ozone layer. "When theconcentration of ozone over any area falls below220 DU, it is called ozone hole". The Antarctic"Ozone Hole" occurs during the southern springbetween September and November each year.The British Antarctic survey team first reportedthe hole in May 1985. The team found that forthe period between September and midNovember, ozone concentration over Halley Bay,

Antarctic, had declined by 40% from levels duringthe 1960s. Severe depletion has been occurringsince late 1970s.

The problem is worst in this part of the globe dueto extremely cold atmosphere and the presenceof polar stratospheric clouds. The land underthe ozone depleted atmosphere increasedsteadily to more than 20 million sq km in theearly 1990s and in the Antarctic spring of 1998,the area of the ozone hole exceeded 26 millionsq km and also covered some populated areas ofthe southern hemisphere. The total ozonedropped to about 97 DU on 1 October, 1998.

Evolution of the Antarctic Ozone hole(1979 - 1987 October)

Changes in Ozone concentration over Antarctica(1970-2013)

The Antarctic ozone hole grew to 28.4 millionsq. km in 2000. In the year 2002, a peculiareffect was seen, the ozone hole split into twobut the total coverage was only 15 million sq.km. In the year 2005, the size of ozone holeagain increased to 27.0 million sq. km. The

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ozone hole further grew to an extraordinarysize, 29.3 million sq. km in 2006. The size ofozone hole slightly started declining and in2008 became equivalent to the size of NorthAmerica and NOAA reported that ozone holereached to 26.5 million sq. km. in September,2008. It was also observed that the total columnof ozone dropped to its lowest count of 100 DUin September, 2008. The size of Antarctic ozonehole in September, 2009, September, 2010,September, 2011, September, 2012, September,2013 and September, 2014 were reported to be24 million sq. km., 22.2 million sq. km., 25million sq. km., 18.5 million sq. km., 21 millionsq. km. and 24.3 million sq. km. respectively.

The latest false-color view of total ozone overthe Antarctic pole. The purple and blue colorsare where there is the least ozone, and theyellows and reds are where there is more ozone.

North America, Europe, Asia, and much ofAfrica, Australia and South America. Thus,ozone depletion is a global issue and not justa problem at the South Pole. It was alsoreported that some ozone depletion also occursin the Arctic during the Northern Hemispherespring (March-May). Wintertime temperaturesin the Arctic stratosphere are not persistentlylow for many weeks and these results in lessozone depletion.

This indicates that the Montreal Protocol isworking effectively and there is a gradualrecovery of ozone layer.

The decline of ozone layer over North Pole hasalso been reported. The effect has been ascribedto solar flares and record frigid temperaturesworking with manmade chemicals.

In addition, research has shown that ozonedepletion occurs over the latitudes that include

Recent observations and several studies haveshown that the size of annual ozone hole hasstabilized and the level of ODSs has decreasedby 4 percent since 2001. But chlorine andbromine compounds have long atmosphericlife. Recovery of stratospheric ozone is notlikely to be noticeable until 2020 or little later.

Environmental Effects of Ozone Depletion

As explained earlier, ozone acts as a shield toprotect the Earth's surface by absorbing harmfulUV-B and UV-C radiation. If this ozone isdepleted, then more UV rays will reach theearth surface. Exposure to higher doses of UV-B radiations will have effects on human healthand impact on flora and fauna of terrestrial aswell as aquatic eco-systems.

Human health effects:

Sunburns, premature ageing of the skin.

3 September, 2018

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UV radiation can damage several parts ofthe eye, including the lens, cornea, retinaand conjunctiva.

As per World Health Organization (WHO),2002 report, a 10% decrease instratospher ic ozone could cause anadditional 300,000 non-melanoma and4500 melanoma skin cancers in the world.

More cataracts leading to damage to theeye vision resulting in blindness. Cataracts(a clouding of the lens) are the majorcause of blindness in the world. Ten percentthinning of the ozone layer could cause1.6 to 1.75 million more cases of cataractsworldwide every year (WHO, 2002).

Early findings suggest that exposure to UVradiation results in suppression of thehuman immune system, which may causenon-melanoma and skin cancer.

Adverse impact on agriculture, forestryand natural ecosystems:

Several of the world's major crop speciesare particularly vulnerable to increasedUV radiation, resulting in reduced growth,photosynthesis and flower ing. Foodproduction may reduce by about 1% forevery 1% increase of UV-B radiation.

The effect of ozone depletion on theagricultural sector could be significant.Many agricultural crops sensitive to theUV-B radiation of the Sun are rice, wheat,soybean, corn, sweet corn, barley, oats,cowpeas, peas, carrots, cauliflower,tomato, cucumber, broccoli etc.

A few commercially important trees havebeen tested for UV-B radiation sensitivity.Results indicate that plant growth,especially in seedlings, is more vulnerableto intense UV radiation.

Damage to marine life:Planktons are the first vital step in aquaticfood chains. In particular, plankton (tinyorganisms on the surface layer of oceans)is threatened by increased UV-B radiation.

Decreases in plankton could disrupt thefresh and saltwater food chains, and leadto species shift.

Marine fauna like fish lings, juvenile stagesof shrimp and crab have been threatenedin recent years by increasing UV-Bradiation under the Antarctic region. Lossof biodiversity in oceans, rivers and lakescould impact on aquaculture prospects.

Materials:

Wood, plastic, rubber, fabrics and manyconstruction materials are degraded byUV-B radiation.

The economic impact of replacing and/orprotecting materials could be significant.

The Real Alarm

In 1974, two United States (US) scientists MarioMolina and F. Sherwood Rowland at the Universityof California were struck by the observation ofa British scientist, James Lovelock that CFCswere present in the atmosphere all over theworld more or less evenly distributed byappreciable concentrations. They suggested thatthese stable CFC molecules could drift slowly upto the stratosphere where they may breakdowninto chlorine atoms by energetic UV-B and UV-C radiations of the Sun. The chlorine radicalsthus produced can undergo complex chemicalreaction producing chlorine monoxide, whichcan attack an ozone molecule converting it intooxygen and in the process regenerating the

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chlorine atom again. Thus, the ozone-destroyingeffect is catalytic and a small amount of CFCswould be destroying large number of ozonemolecules. Their basic theory was put to test bythe National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration (NASA) scientists and found tobe valid, ringing alarm bells in many countriesand laying the foundation for internationalaction.

International Action

The first international action to focus attentionon the dangers of ozone depletion in thestratosphere and its dangerous consequencesin the long run on life on earth was initiatedin 1977. A meeting of 32 countr ies inWashington D.C., USA initiated a Work Plan onaction on protection of ozone layer with UNEPas the coordinator.

As experts began their investigation, data piledup and in 1985, in an article published in theprestigious science journal, "Nature" by Dr.Farman, pointed out that although, there isoverall depletion of the ozone layer all over theworld, the most severe depletion had takenplace over the Antarctic. His findings wereconfirmed by Satellite observations and offeredthe first proof of severe depletion of ozonelayer. These findings stirred the scientificcommunity to take urgent remedial actions. Aframework for such actions was designed andagreed in an international convention held inVienna on 22nd March, 1985.

This, subsequently, resulted in an internationalagreement on 16th September, 1987 on specificmeasures to be taken in the form of aninternational treaty known as the MontrealProtocol on Substances that Deplete the OzoneLayer. Under this Protocol, the first concretestep to save the ozone layer was taken byimmediately agreeing to completely phase outthe production and consumption of CFCs,halons, CTC and methyl chloroform as per theagreed schedule by the Parties to the MontrealProtocol.

Evolution of the Montreal Protocol

The urgency of controlling the ODSs, particularlyCFCs was slow to pick up. The CFCs were so usefulthat the society and the industry, all over theworld, were reluctant to give up the use of CFCs.However, even as the nations adopted theMontreal Protocol in 1987, new scientific findingsindicated that the Protocol's control measureswere inadequate to restore the ozone layer. Inaddition, the developing countries had a specialsituation, as they needed the technical andfinancial assistance to enable these countries tochange over to non-ODS technologies.

In response to the prospect of increasing ozonedepletion, the governments of the world craftedthe 1987 United Nations Montreal Protocol as aninternational means to address this global issue.As a result of the broad compliance with theProtocol and its Amendments and adjustmentsand, of great signif icance, industr y'sdevelopment of "ozone-friendly" substitutes forthe now-controlled chemicals, the total globalaccumulation of ODSs has slowed and begun todecrease. In response, global ozone depletion isno longer increasing, and initial signs of recoveryof the ozone layer have been identified. Withcontinued compliance, we can expect substantialrecovery of the ozone layer by the middle of the21st century. The day the Montreal Protocol wasagreed upon, 16 September, is now celebratedas the International Day for the Preservation ofthe Ozone Layer.

Meanwhile, the report of the Scientif icAssessment Panel (SAP) of the Montreal Protocol,entrusted with the task of finding the extent ofozone depletion, showed that the actual harm tothe ozone layer was much more than predictedby theoretical models and the control measuresenvisaged by the Protocol in 1987 would not besufficient to arrest the depletion of ozone layer.More urgent action was, therefore, necessary.Therefore, at the 2nd Meeting of the Parties(MOP) to the Montreal Protocol, in London, in1990, 54 Parties as well as 42 non-Party countriesagreed on a package of measures satisfactory to

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all. It was agreed in this meeting that the widelyused and having high Ozone Depleting Potential(ODP) of 5 CFCs and 3 halons would be phasedout by the year 2000 and other minor CFCs andCTC would be controlled and eventually phasedout. A special provision was made to provide financial and technical assistance to thedeveloping countr ies with an annualconsumption of CFCs and halons less than 0.3 kgper capita (also called as Article 5 countries) intheir efforts to phase out these harmfulchemicals. These countries were also given agrace period of 10 years to phase out ODSs.

In 1991, more alarming reports came up to showthat the depletion of ozone is continuing in allaltitudes except over the tropics. It wasrecognized that the phase-out of productionand consumption of CFCs and halons is notenough to control the depletion of ozone layer.Other fluorocarbon chemicals likeHydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and methylbromide, which are also ODSs, need to becontrolled. They have also been brought underthe ambit of the Montreal Protocol in 1992through Copenhagen amendment and definingthe schedule of phase-out of HCFCs in 1999through Beijing amendment. Further, the phase-out of production and consumptions of HCFCswas accelerated in 2007 through an adjustment.

Recovery of Ozone Layer

As a result of implementation of provisions/measures under the Montreal Protocol, theatmospheric concentration of the man-madechlorine and bromine containing substanceshas begun to decline. Chlorine/bromine havereached to the maximum levels in thestratosphere in the first decade of the 21stcentury, and ozone concentrations shouldcorrespondingly be at their minimum levelsduring that time period. It is anticipated thatthe recovery of the Antarctic ozone hole hasbegun. But there is a slow rate of healingbecause of long atmospheric life of thesemanmade chemicals like CFCs, CTC, halons,methyl chloroform, methyl bromide etc. January2010 marked the end of global production ofCFCs and halons under the Protocol, and January2013 the universal control of ODS productionand consumption. In the early 2010s, the firstsigns of ozone recovery were detected. It isexpected that the beginning of this recoverywill not be conclusively detected for a decadeor more, and that complete recovery of theAntarctic ozone layer will not occur until theyear 2060 or little later. The exact date ofrecovery will depend on the effectiveness ofpresent and future regulations on the emissionof ODSs from banks (CFCs, halons etc.).

Status of Ratification of Vienna Convention,Montreal Protocol and Amendments

S. Particulars Date of No. ofNo. Enforcement Parties

1 Vienna Convention 22.09.1988 1971985

2 Montreal Protocol, 01.01.1989 1971987

3 London Amendment, 08.10.1992 1971990

4 Copenhagen Amendment, 14.06.1994 1971992

5 Montreal Amendment, 10.11.1999 1971997

6 Beijing Amendment, 25.02.2002 1971999

12


Multilateral Fund

With a view to assist the developing countriesin their phase out efforts, a Multilateral Fund(MLF) for the implementation of the MontrealProtocol was established in June, 1990. TheFund is supported by a Secretariat, co-locatedwith UNEP, but directly accountable to anExecutive Committee (Ex-Com) consisting ofseven non-Article 5 Parties and seven Article5 Parties. This governance structureaccomplished several key objectives. First, byco-locating the MLF Secretariat with UNEP butretaining its independence in a policy context,the Parties and their appointed Ex-Com wereprovided with direct control over the Fund'spolicies. Second, the balance of non-Article5 and Article 5 Parties on the Ex-Com signalleda major departure from the historic donor-driven nature of funding bodies that reflectedthe spirit of equality.

The Fund is financing incremental costs forODS phase out in Article 5 Parties. Theincremental costs, including cost of transfer oftechnology, incremental capital costs andincremental operating costs for switching overfrom ODS to non-ODS technologies enablingthe developing countr ies to phase outcontrolled substances. Enterprises which wereusing ODS based technologies prior to cut ofdates are eligible for funding for conversionfrom ODS to non-ODS technology from the MLFfor the implementation of the MontrealProtocol.

India being an Article 5 Party is eligible forreceiving technical and financial assistancefrom MLF to phase out ODSs and switchover tonon-ODS technologies.

Alternatives to Currently Used OzoneDepleting Substances

During the last two decades intensive researchhas yielded a large number of substitutechemicals as replacements to CFCs, halons,CTC, methyl chloroform, methyl bromide andHCFCs. These are summarised below on end-use basis:

Technology Options for Phase-out inRefrigeration and Air-conditioning (RAC)Sector

Sub-sector ODS used Preferredalternatives /substitutes

Domestic Refrigerant: Refrigerant:refrigerators CFC-12 HFC-134a,

HC-600a,Isobutane,HC blend,HFO-1234yf

Foam: FoamCFC-11 Blowing Agents:HCFC-141b Cyclopentane

HFC-245fa,HFC-365mfc,HFO-1234zeMethyl Formate,Methylal, Solstice-LBA, FEA-1100

Refrigerated Refrigerant: Refrigerant:Cabinets CFC-12 HFC-134a,(Deep Freezer, HC-600aIce-cream HC-blend, CO

2

cabinets, Foam: FoamBottle coolers, CFC-11 Blowing Agents:Visi coolers) HCFC-141b Cyclopentane,

HFC-245fa,HFC-365mfc,HFO-1234ze,Methyl Formate,Methylal, Solstice-LBA, FEA-1100

Water Coolers CFC-12 HFC-134a,HCFC-22 HC-blend,(for bigger HC-290,capacity) HFO-1234yf

Mobile (car, CFC-12 HFC-134a,bus, van, HFC-1234yfrefrigerated HCFC-22 HFC-152a, CO

2

trucks, train) (train) R-290, HFC-134a,HFO-1234yf,R-407C, blends ofHFCs & HFOs

Central A/C CFC-11, HFC-134a,plants CFC-12, R-410A, R-407C,

HCFC-123, HFO-1234yf,HCFC-22 HC-600a,

Ammonia, HC-290

13


Alternatives with zero ODP viz.Hydrofluorocarbon - 134a (HFC-134a) R-404A,R-407C, R-410A and R-507A have been used invar ious applications in many countries,especially in non-Article 5 countries. The low-Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerantslike ammonia, Carbon-dioxide (CO2) andhydrocarbons are also used in someapplications. Attempts are being made to useHydrocarbons like HC-290 and HC-1270 in anumber of applications, including small capacityRoom Air-Conditioners. Recently, low-GWP HFCs,also known as Hydrofluoroolifins (HFOs) arebeing applied in some applications.

Technology Options for Phase-out in AerosolSector

Technology Options for Phase-out in FoamSector

Process CFC-12, HFC-134a, R-404A,Chillers HCFC-22 R-407F, Ammonia

Ice Candy CFC-12, HFC-134a, R-407F,Machines HCFC-22 R-290, R-404A

Walk-in CFC-12, HFC-134a R-407FCoolers HCFC-22 R-404A

Room A/C HCFC-22 R-410A, HC-290,HFC-32, blends ofHFCs and HFOs

Packaged A/C HCFC-22 R-410A, R407C,HFC-32, HC-290,HC-1270

Shipping CFC-12, HFC-134a,HCFC-22 R-410A , CO

2


Perfumes, CFC-11/ Hydrocarbonshaving foams, CFC-12 Aerosolinsecticides, Propellant (HAP),paints, etc. destenched LPG,

Di-methyl Ether

Metered Dose CFC-11 Hydrofluoro-Inhalers CFC-12 alkanes (HFAs)


Flexible CFC-11 MethylenePolyurethane foam Chloride(PUF) Slabstock

Flexible Moulded CFC-11 Water blownPUF technology

Rigid PUF General CFC-11 Cyclopentane,Insulation HCFC-141b HFC-245fa,

HFC-365mfc,HFO-1234ze,HFO-1233zd(E),Methyl Formate,Methylal , Solstice-LBA, FEA-1100

Thermoware CFC-11 HFC-245fa,HCFC-141b HFC-365mfc,

Water, MethylFormate,Solstice-LBA,FEA-1100

Integral Skin PUF CFC-11 HFC-245fa, water,HCFC-141b hydrocarbons

Solstice-LBA,FEA-1100

ThermoplasticFoams Hydrocarbons, CO

2

-EPE/EPPN Foams CFC-11,CFC-12

-Phenolic Foams CFC-11

Phenolic Foams CFC-11 Hydrocarbons

CFC-11 with ODP of 1.0 as a foam blowing agentwas substituted f irst by a transitionaltechnology based on HCFC-141b with 0.11 ODP.The HCFC-141b is now being replaced by zero-ODP and low-GWP foam blowing agents likecyclopentane, methyl formate and methylal.HFC based blowing agents like HFC-245fa andHFC-365mfc have also been used in non-Article5 countries. The proposed next generation oflow-GWP foam blowing agents are likely to be

14


HFOs-1234ze, HFO-1233zd(E), methyl formate,methylal, Solstice-LBA, FEA-1100 andHydrocarbons.

Technology Options for Phase-out in FireExtinguishing Sector

During the last several years, due to intensiveResearch and Development (R&D) efforts, newsolvents have been discovered and used asalternatives to ODSs. First Hydroflouroethers(HFEs) were considered as alternative solvents.Although, satisfactory in many respects, thesewere very high cost alternatives. Some patentednon-ODS products have also been promoted asalternative solvents for electrical cleaningespecially for tape head and disk drives (Video40), flux removal and PCB cleaner (Deflex160); degreasing agent (Cold kleen 110);adhesive sticker removing, computer diskcleaning (CD-150) etc. Although, these arepatented products and their chemicalcompositions are not available but the trendis good.


Electronic and CFC-113 DI Waterprecision CTC Aqueous cleaningcleaning process

Methyl Semi-acqueouschloroform cleaning process,

organic non-halogenated,solvents,perfluorocarbons


Fire Halon-1211, Portable typeExtinguishers Halon-1301, ABC powder,

Halon-2402 CO2

Fixed typeFM200,HFCs,NAF- SI/SIII

Substitutes like ABC powder and HFC based forhalon-1211 used in portable fire extinguishershave also been developed and used. Someglobal chemical producers have developedhexafluoro propane (HFC-236fa) as an excellentsubstitute for halon-1211 fulfilling a long feltneed. It is now being manufacturedcommercially.

Technology Options for Phase-out in SolventSector

Coatings CFC-113 Aqueous solventsMethyl Trichloro ethylenechloroform

Manufacture of CTC Ethylene-dichloridepesticides and Monochloro-pharmaceuticals benzene

Metal cleaning CTC Trichloroethylene

Chlorinated CTC Aqueous rubber

Textile cleaning CTC Aqueous system,chlorinatedsolvents

15


2. INDIA’S COMMITMENT TO THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL

India became Party to the Vienna Convention forthe Protection of the Ozone Layer on 18th March1991 and the Montreal Protocol on Substancesthat Deplete the Ozone Layer on 19th June, 1992.The per capita consumption of the controlledsubstances in Annex A of the Montreal Protocoldid not cross 20 g during 1995-97 (base line), asagainst 300 g per capita limit for Article 5 Partiesunder the Protocol. India was self-sufficient inproduction of chemicals like CFCs, CTC, halonsand HCFCs. India was mainly producing and usingnine of the 96 substances controlled under theMontreal Protocol. These are CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, HCFC-22 halon-1211, halon-1301, CTC,Methyl Chloroform and Methyl Bromide.

India played a key role in the establishment of theMultilateral Fund, a f inancial mechanismestablished under the Montreal Protocol throughits London Amendment in 1990. India also playeda pro-active role in the implementation ofMontreal Protocol in the country. India hadprepared a detailed Country Program (CP) in 1993to phase-out ODSs in accordance with its NationalIndustrial Development Strategy. The objectivesof the CP were to phase-out ODSs by accessing theProtocol's financial mechanism without undueeconomic burden to consumers, producers andequipment manufacturers using ODSs. The otherobjectives of the CP were minimization ofeconomic dislocation as a result of conversion tonon-ODS technologies, maximization ofindigenous production, preference to one-timereplacement, emphasis on decentralizedmanagement and minimization of obsolescence.The CP was updated in 2006 taking into accountthe decisions of the Montreal Protocol andnational policies.

The Government of India has entrusted the workrelating to ozone layer protection andimplementation of the Montreal Protocol onSubstances that Deplete the Ozone Layer to theMinistry of Environment, Forest and ClimateChange (MoEF&CC). The MoEF&CC has set up an

Ozone Cell as a National Ozone Unit (NOU) torender necessary services for effective and timelyimplementation of the Protocol and its ODS phase-out program in India.

The MoEF&CC also constituted an EmpoweredSteering Committee (ESC), which is supported bytwo Standing Committees, namely the Technologyand Finance Standing Committee (TFSC) and theStanding Committee on Monitoring. The ESC isChaired by the Secretary of the MoEF&CC. The ESCoversees the implementation of the MontrealProtocol provisions, review of policies andimplementation of projects/plans andmonitoring.

Although, ODSs, especially CFCs and HCFCs wereused in large scale in the developed countriessince 1930s, India was slow to adopt thesechemicals. The early use of these chemicals inIndia was in RAC sector and CFCs and HCFCsneeded for this sector were imported in thecountry. The use of CFCs and HCFCs in refrigerationindustry can be traced back to 1960s. Otherindustries using CFCs and HCFCs, such as foammanufacturing industry, aerosol industry etc.,were developed only during last 35 to 40 years inthe country. With the availability of CFC-11 andCFC-12 from indigenous production started in1968, the growth of consumption of CFCs andindustry increased very rapidly.

When the CP was prepared, use of ODS as solventsis estimated to account for the maximumconsumption, both in MT as well as ODP tonne.RAC and Foam were the next large user sectors,followed by Aerosol sector. The consumption ofODSs in fire extinguishing sector was relativelysmall in terms of MT.

Status of ODS Phase-out in India

India has phased out the production andconsumption of CFCs, CTC and halons as of 1stJanuary, 2010 (except use of pharmaceuticalgrade CFCs in manufacturing of Metered DoseInhalers (MDIs) for Asthma and Chronic

16


Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD)patients). India has also phased-out productionand consumption of Methyl Chloroform andMethyl Bromide. A total of 379 projects havebeen approved and funded by the Ex-Com of theMLF for Implementation of the Montreal Protocol.A total amount of US 304,389,305 has beenapproved by the Ex-Com of the MLF to phase-out47,693 tonne of ODSs.

Sector-wise Approved Projects as on31.8.2018

Sector wise break-up of the funds approved bythe Ex-Com of the MLF for ODS phase-outprojects in India is given in the table below:

Sector No. of Funding Phase outProjects (US $) of ODP

(in Tonne)Aerosols Sector 38 13,705,006 1,702(CFC)Foams Sector 163 37,880,185 5,074(CFC)Firefighting 21 5,176,701 2,719Sector (Halons)Institutional 8 2,738,166 31StrengtheningRefrigeration & 87 31,827,256 3,983Air ConditioningSector (CFC)Solvents Sector 41 61,358,042 12,966(including CTCproduction)Production 15 84,228,000 20,107Sector (CFCand Halons)HPMP Stage-I 1 570,000 —PreparationHPMP Stage-I 1 21,294,490 342(HCFC-141b andHCFC-22)HPMP Stage-II 1 490,000 —PreparationDemonstration 1 30,000 —Project in FoamSectorPreparation(HCFC-141b)Survey on ODS 1 180,000 —AlternativesHPMP Stage-II 1 44,911,459 769(HCFC-141b andHCFC-22)Total 379 304,389,305 47,693

Source: MLF Secretariat - Inventory of approved projects.

SECTOR PHASE-OUT PLANS

CFC Production Sector Phase-out Project inIndia

The Ex-Com of the MLF in its 29th meeting heldin November 1999 approved the India's CFCProduction Sector gradual phase-out projectwith a total grant amount of US $82 million tophase-out production of 22,588 ODP tonne ofCFCs. The amount US $80 million was to beprovided as a performance based grant to CFCproducers for meeting the CFC production phase-out targets. The remaining US $2 million wasfor Technical Assistance (TA) component toestablish Project Management Unit (PMU) underthe Ozone Cell to develop and implementmonitor ing, auditing and repor tingmechanisms, in addition to conduct awarenessand training programs. The World Bank was thelead implementing agency for the project. UNEPhas been designated as the implementingagency for TA component. In this project, it wasagreed to reduce total CFC production inaccordance with the following agreed schedule:

Agreed Schedule for Phase-out ofCFC Production

Year CFC Production Phase-outQuota (MT) Quantity (MT)

1999 22,588 -

2000 20,706 1,882

2001 18,824 1,882

2002 16,941 1,883

2003 15,058 1,883

2004 13,176 1,882

2005 11,294 1,882

2006 7,342 3,952

2007 3,389 3,953

2008 2,259 1,130

2009 1,130 1,129

2010 0 1,130

Accelerated Phase-out of CFCs

India agreed at the 54th Ex-Com of the MLF

17


meeting held from 7th to 11th April, 2008 inMontreal, Canada to accelerate the phase-outof production of CFCs by 1st August, 2008 withan additional grant of US $3.17 million to theCFC producers. As per the decision, India agreedthat it will produce not more than 690 MT ofCFCs until 1st August, 2008 primarily for themanufacturing of MDIs. India's CFC producerswould sell no more than 825 MT of CFCs for MDIproduction in the years 2008 and 2009,comprising 690 MT of new production and 135MT reprocessed from existing stock. In addition,India would not import any more CFCs.

India has completely phased-out the productionand consumption of CFCs with effect from 1stAugust, 2008, 17 months ahead of the agreedphase-out schedule except the use ofpharmaceutical grade CFCs in manufacturing ofMDIs. The Ex-Com of the MLF has released thetotal grant of US $3.17 million, the grantapproved for accelerated phase-out of CFCs.

The National Strategy for Transition to Non-CFCMDIs and Plan for Phase-out of CFCs in theManufacture of Pharmaceutical MDIs has beenimplemented successfully by United NationsDevelopment Program (UNDP) as leadimplementing agency, UNEP and Government ofItaly as cooperating agencies in closecooperation with the MDI manufacturingindustry under the guidance of Ozone Cell,MoEF&CC.

Halon Production and Consumption Phase-out in India

The phase-out of consumption of halons inIndia was initiated as early as 1994. The 13thEx-Com of the MLF approved a demonstrationproject for evaluation of alternativetechnologies for halon, fire protection systemand technical assistance for sectoral strategywith a funding of US $ 309,000. It followedwith the approval of 14 individual investmentprojects by the Ex-Com of the MLF from 1995 to1999 which resulted in phase-out of 1768 ODPtonne of halons. These projects were successfullycompleted in 2001.

Subsequently, the Ex-Com of the MLF in its 34thmeeting held in 2001 at Montreal approved US$2.6 million for complete phase out of theproduction and remaining consumption of halonsin the country. This project was successfullyimplemented and achieved the objective ofcomplete phase-out of production andconsumption of halons in India, as early as 2003.

The enterpr ises, producing halons havedismantled their production plants. At present,there is no halon production in India. Thephase-out activities of production andconsumption of halons in all the enterpriseshave been successfully completed.

Fire Extinguishing Industry Structure: Therewere two halon production facilities in India atM/s Navin Fluorine International Ltd. (NFIL)and M/s SRF Ltd. M/s SRF was producing halon-1211 and halon-1301, while M/s NFIL wasproducing only halon-1211. The total productioncapacity of halon in the country was 800 MT.

There were about 200 manufacturers of fireextinguishing equipments, of which over 85%were manufacturers of portable f ireextinguishers in the country. Halons, which arepotent ODSs, were used only in about 5% of thefire extinguishing applications.

Halon Consumption: In 1991, the totalconsumption of halons in India was 750 MT,equivalent to 3,650 ODP tonne. This constituted7.2% of India's total ODS consumption andalmost 28% of the total consumption in ODPtonne. Imports accounted for 550 MT of thetotal, while 200 MT was indigenously produced.The growth rate in this sector was forecasted at15% annually.

Technology: As noted earlier, the use of halonsin fire-fighting equipments constituted onlyabout 5% of the fire-fighting applications inIndia. There were no drop-in replacementtechnologies identified. However, a wide varietyof f ire extinguishing technologies wereidentified at the time of preparation of the CP,viz., ABC powder, CO2-based systems, foambased systems, inert gases, HFC-based systems,

18


fast response sprinklers, etc. Among the priorityactions identified to address the ODS phase-out in this sector were:

– Revision of national fire-extinguishercodes and standards to promote halonalternatives;

– Halon conservation program to limitemissions;

– Establishment of a halon managementprogram, including halon banking.

Establishment of Halon Banking Facility: Theproduction of halons has been phased-outglobally at the early stage of the Protocolbecause of high ODP values of halons. Moreover,there is a large quantity of halons banked infire extinguishing equipments. The MoEF&CChas established National Halon Banking Facilityat Centre for Fire, Explosive and EnvironmentSafety (CFEES), Defence Research andDevelopment Organization (DRDO), Ministry ofDefence, New Delhi with the f inancialassistance from the MLF of the MontrealProtocol. This facility has the capability torecover, recycle and store the halons for futureuse in the existing equipment. It is worthmentioning that all the three Defence forceshave also established their own Halon BankingFacilities to meet the future requirements.

CFC Phase-out in Foam Manufacturing Sector

The Foam Manufacturing sector was one of themajor ODS consuming sectors in Indiapredominantly using CFC-11 as blowing agent.As of June 2002, 158 projects and activitieswere approved by the Ex-Com of the MLF tophase-out 4401 ODP tonne of CFCs with afunding of US $29.36 million. These projects/activities were successfully implemented andachieved the phase-out of CFCs in this sector.

The Ex-Com of the MLF, at its 37th meetingheld in July 2002 approved the foam sectorphase-out plan with a total funding of US$5.42 million to phase-out the remaining 612ODP tonne of CFC-11 in foam manufacturing

sector. UNDP was responsible forimplementation of this plan. A total of 122foam manufacturing enterprises under thissector plan have phased-out 702 MT of CFCsfrom their processes. The foam sector CFCphase-out plan has been successfullyimplemented and use of CFCs has beencompletely eliminated in foam manufacturingsector in the country.

Industry Structure: The survey of the FoamManufacturing sector carried out at the timeof preparation of CP in 1993 identified about235 foam manufacturers in India using CFCsas blowing agents. About 20% of theenterprises were large/medium size, while therest were Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises(MSMEs) in the unorganized and informalsector.

The sub-sectors identif ied were rigidpolyurethane foam, flexible polyurethane foam,integral skin polyurethane foams,thermoplastics foams (extruded polyethyleneand polystyrene foams) and phenolic foams.An important sub-sector in the Foam sector,namely, the flexible slab-stock foam mostlyconverted from CFCs to methylene chloride asthe blowing agent during 1980s due toeconomic reasons. The domestic refrigeratormanufacturers were large and main users ofCFCs in the rigid polyurethane foam sub-sector. Another important sub-sector withinthe Foam Manufacturing sector, the rigidpolyurethane foam used in the production ofinsulated thermo-ware (flasks, casseroles,water-bottles, lunch-boxes, etc), wasconsidered important due to the large numberof MSMEs involved.

There were four major producers of polyolsystems, who formed the main upstream sourceof raw materials for the polyurethane foammanufacturers and were meeting about half ofthe total demand. The remaining half of thedemand was met through imports.

ODS Consumption in Foam Sector: In 1991,the consumption of CFCs in foam manufacturing

19


sector was 1,580 MT, predominantly CFC-11,which amounted to about 31% of India's totalCFC consumption in the country. It wasestimated that the demand for foam productswould grow at 15-20% annually until 2010.The Foam sector was therefore identified asa priority sector in India for initiating phase-out activities.

Technology: The following technologicaloptions have been identified for phasing outODSs in the foam manufacturing sector. Someof the technologies, especially the low GWPtechnologies are still emerging.

Technological Options in Foam Sector

Sub-sector Interim Long TermTechnology Technology

PU RIGID FOAMDomestic HCFC-141b hydrocarbons,refrigerators - HFC-245fa,freezers HFC-134a,

HFOsSolstice-LBA,FEA-1100

Other HCFC-141b hydrocarbons,appliances HFC- 245fa,

HFC-365mfc/HFC-227ea blends,HFC-134a,methyl formate,CO

2 (water), HFOs

Transport & HCFC-141b hydrocarbons, HFOsreefers HFC-245fa,

HFC-365mfc/HFC-227ea blends,HFC-134a

Continuous HCFC-141b hydrocarbons,Panels HFC-245fa,

HFC-365mfc/HFC-227ea blends

Discontinuous HCFC-141b HFC- 245fa,panels HFC-365mfc/

HFC-227ea blends,HFC-134a,hydrocarbons,CO

2 (water),

formic acid,methyl formate

Spray HCFC-141b HFC-245fa,HFC-365mfc/HFC-227ea,Supercritical CO

2,

CO2 (water), HFOs

Pipe-in-pipe HCFC-141b hydrocarbons,HFC- 245fa,HFC-365mfc/HFC-227ea blends,CO

2 (water),

methyl formate

EXTRUDED POLYSTYRENE

XPS Sheet HCFC-142b, HydrocarbonsHCFC-22 (butane, isobutane,

pentane,isopentane),HFCs (HFC-134a,HFC-152a) &hydrocarbon / CO

2

(LCD) blends

XPS Board HCFC-142b, HFCs + blends, CO2

HCFC-22 (or CO2/alcohol),

hydrocarbons

PU FLEXIBLE FOAM

Integral Skin HCFC-141b, CO2 (water),

blends of HFC-134a,HCFC-142b and HFC- 245fa,HCFC-22 HFC-365mfc/

HFC-227ea blends,n-pentane,methyl formate

Shoe Soles HCFC-141b, CO2 (water),HCFC-142b HFC-134a

Flex moulded HCFC-141b, CO2 (water),

HCFC-142b methyl formate

Flexible Slab HCFC-141b, CO2 (water),

Stock HCFC-142b methylene chloride

It was considered strategically important tosupport the conversion of manufacturingfacilities of the polyol systems house(s) on apriority basis, to enable them to customizenon-CFC formulations, thus facilitating CFCphase-out in the downstream foammanufacturers more economically. It was alsorecognized that there were large number ofMSMEs operating in this sector, which couldnot be identified at the time of preparation of

20


the CP. However, these were addressedsubsequently.

The HCFCs like HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b and HCFC-22 are commonly used as interim substitutes tophase-out CFCs in foam manufacturing sector.The accelerated phase-out of HCFCs, as agreedat the 19th MOP held in September, 2007,would require conversion of foam manufacturingfacilities from HCFCs to non-ODS technologiesviz. hydrocarbons, HFCs, low-GWP HFCs, HFOs,Methyl Formate, Methylal etc. Phase-out ofHCFC-141 b as a foam blowing agent has beeninter alia proposed to be taken up underthe HCFC Phase out Management Plan (HPMP)Stage II.

CFC Phase-out in RAC Sector

The phase-out of CFCs in RAC sector in Indiawas initiated as early as 1993. As of July, 2002,a total of 47 investment and technicalassistance projects were approved with a totalfunding of US $22.3 million leading to a totalphase-out of 1821 ODP tonne of CFCs.Subsequently, the Ex-Com of the MLF in its38th meeting held in November 2002 approveda multi-year performance based sector phase-out plan cover ing the refrigeration(manufacturing) sector with a total funding ofUS $3.6 million to phase-out the remaining CFCconsumption of about 535 ODP tonne. UNDPwas responsible for implementation of thecommercial refrigeration component and UnitedNations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO) was responsible for implementation ofthe transport refrigeration sub-sector underthis sector-plan. A total of 157 enterprises forcommercial refrigeration (manufacturing)sector and 39 enterprises in transportrefrigeration (manufacturing) sector wereidentified during the implementation of theplan. The sector phase-out plan has beensuccessfully implemented and phased out theuse of CFCs completely in refrigeration(manufacturing) sector in the country.

RAC Industry Structure: The RAC sector inIndia has a long history from the early years

of last century. Major investments inestablishing manufacturing capacities startedin 1950s. On the upstream side, there wereonly two compressor manufacturers exclusivelyfor hermetic compressors. In addition, therewere some appliance manufacturers, whichalso had the dedicated facilities formanufacturing of hermetic compressors.However, there were several manufacturers ofopen-type compressors. Many other componentsof refrigeration systems were also manufacturedin the country.

ODS Consumption in RAC Sector: In 1991, thetotal ODS consumption in the RAC sector inIndia was 1,990 MT. This constituted about39% of India's total consumption of CFCs.About two-third of this consumption wasestimated to be used in servicing of existingequipment. The growth rate in this sector wasforecasted at 10-20% annually until 2010. TheRAC sector was, therefore, identified as anotherpriority sector in India for initiating phase-outactivities.

National CFC Consumption Phase-out Plan(NCCoPP)

The Ex-Com of the MLF at its 42nd meetingheld in April, 2004 approved the NCCoPP forthe RAC servicing sector at a total fundinglevel of US $6.388 million to phase-out 1502ODP tonne of CFCs. The Government of Germany(bilateral implementing agency) was responsiblefor implementation of this project as the leadImplementing Agency along with UNDP, UNEP,UNIDO and Government of Switzerland ascooperating implementing agencies. TheGovernment of Switzerland was responsible fortraining activities and UNDP was responsiblefor equipment support. UNEP was responsiblefor creation of awareness activities. Besides,UNEP was organizing customs and policytraining activities in collaboration with NationalAcademy for Customs, Excise and Narcotics(NACEN). UNIDO jointly with UNDP wasresponsible for implementation of CFC phase-out activities in transport refrigeration.

21


The project's main focus was on training ofrefrigeration servicing technicians who wereinvolved in servicing of RAC equipments basedon CFCs and non-ODS alternatives. It alsocovered training for Mobile Air-Conditioning(MAC), RAC equipments using Open TypeCompressor (OTC) and specifically targeted theRailways as a key institutional user of CFCrefrigerants. The project adopted a multi-pronged approach to achieve its targets. Inaddition to training, equipment support,awareness creation among the stakeholdersand capacity building of customs officers onillegal ODS trade were included.

Information dissemination and creatingawareness regarding CFC phase-out in India isof utmost importance to ensure the project'ssuccess. Various methods were employed tocreate awareness viz. video film, posters,newsletter, flyers, dealer workshops, equipmentsupport workshops, articles in newspapers anddedicated website.

NCCoPP was funded by the MLF forimplementation of the Montreal Protocol.NCCoPP took over from the Indo-Swiss-GermanProject "Ecological Refrigeration (ECOFRIG)"and Indo-Swiss Project "Human andInstitutional Development in EcologicalRefrigeration (HIDECOR)". ECOFRIG beganwithin the framework of Indo-Swiss-GermanCooperation in 1992 with an objective toevaluate the hydrocarbon technology in RACappliances for replacing CFCs. ECOFRIG projectand the HIDECOR established a training setupincluding well-developed excellent trainingmodules and a pool of trained trainersthroughout the country. The HIDECOR activities,initiated in 1998, were geographically restrictedto selected states and the target group waslimited to Micro, Small and Medium sizeServicing Enterprises in the RAC sector. NCCoPPestablished training infrastructure includingtraining cells in 15 states of India. It aimed toencourage good servicing practices among allRAC servicing enterprises, with a special focus

on those firms which were consuming morethan 50 kg of CFCs per annum. A total of 955recovery, recycling units were provided to theenterprises in four stages. Equipment supportto 120 Industrial Training Institutes (ITI) wasalso provided.

Awareness generation workshops wereconducted for servicing enterprises, so thatmost of the enterprises across the countrycould participate in the project and get theadvantage of assistance provided under theMontreal Protocol to phase-out CFCs in servicingsector.

As stated earlier, the focus of activities ofNCCoPP was training of RAC servicingtechnicians. During training, the participants/technicians were taught how to handle thealternative refrigerants, good servicing practicesand emphasis was laid on recovery, recycle,reclamation and reuse of CFCs. Therefore, thetraining programs have helped in creating ademand for recovered and reclaimedrefrigerants. Over 20,000 technicians weretrained under NCCoPP and its forerunnerprojects, ECOFRIG and HIDECOR. Therequirement of CFCs was substantially decreasedbecause of training on good service practices.The remaining requirement for servicing wasaddressed through reclamation and reuse ofCFCs. A number of reclamation centres havebeen established at various locations in thecountry, viz. Bangalore, Chandigarh, Hyderabad,Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Kolkata, and Lucknow. Thereclamation units have also been provided toIndian Railways and Defence forces.

The NCCoPP has been successfully implementedas per the schedule and achieved its objectiveof complete phase-out of CFCs.

Strategy for Solvent Sector to Phase-out ODSin MSMEs in India

The Ex-Com of the MLF in its 35th meeting heldin December, 2001 approved a project to prepare"Overall Strategy for the Solvent Sector to

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support the phase out of ODS in MSMEs inIndia" at a total cost of US $169,500implemented by UNEP in consultation with theWorld Bank and UNIDO. This project was toassist India in developing an overall strategyfor the solvent sector which would cover bothnon-investment and investment activities tosupport the phase-out of ODS in the solventsector in India and assist India in meeting its2005, 2007 and 2010 commitments for thesolvent sector. The aim of the project, at theoperational level, was to develop approachesfor assisting MSMEs which use solvents in Indiathrough training, Solvent AlternativeTechnology Service (SATS), informationdissemination and investment and non-investment activities.

The project was completed successfully by UNEPand submitted the report to the Ozone Cell andthe World Bank. The outcomes of the strategydocument were incorporated in the preparationof the National CTC Phase-out Plan prepared bythe World Bank.

National CTC Phase out Plan

The Ex-Com of the MLF at its 40th meeting heldin July, 2003 approved the National CTC Phaseout Plan at a total funding level of US $52million to phase-out 11553 ODP tonne of CTCproduction and 11505 ODP tonne of CTCconsumption. This included US $10 millionunder the bilateral assistance program with theGovernments of Germany, France and Japancontributing US $2 million, US $3 million andUS $5 million respectively.

Out of the total amount, US $28.5 million wasallocated for CTC production phase-out, US $21.5million for CTC consumption phase-out and US$2 million were allocated for TA component. TheWorld Bank is the lead implementing agency,the Governments of Germany, France and Japan(bilateral agencies) and UNIDO were cooperatingagencies for implementation of the National CTCconsumption phase-out activities. Besides,UNDP, on behalf of Government of Japan, is

responsible for executing conversion activitiesfrom CTC to non-ODS technologies in large andmedium enterprises in metal cleaning sub-sectors.

Production Sector: The CTC producingenterprises, M/s. SRF Ltd., New Delhi, M/s.Chemplast Sanmar Ltd., Chennai, M/s. GujaratAlkalies and Chemicals Ltd., Vadodara signedthe performance agreement and submitted anIndemnity bond for meeting the productionphase-out targets. M/s. Shriram Rayons Ltd.,Rajasthan and M/s. NRC Ltd., Mumbai havealready closed down their production facilities.The production of CTC in the country hassuccessfully been phased out as of 1st January,2010 except co-production of CTC during theproduction of chloromethane and the co-produced CTC is being used only for feedstockapplications.

Consumption Sector: CTC was used as feedstockprimarily in the production of CFCs and DV Acidchloride. CTC was also used in India as aprocess agent and a solvent. For process agents,CTC was used in sectors such as chlorinatedrubber, chlorinated paraffin, pharmaceutical,and agro-industries. CTC was used as a solventin the textile, garment industries, metalcleaning etc.

In 2006, a total of 103 CTC projects, coveringboth process agent and solvent applicationswere identified and the phase-out of CTC inthese applications was taken up by theimplementing agencies. The CTC consumptionphase-out projects have been successfullyimplemented and resulted in phase out of2,080 ODP tonne of CTC. The consumption ofCTC had been phased out completely in thecountry since 1st January 2010 as per theMontreal Protocol schedule.

Technical Assistance was provided to replaceCTC used in stain removal work for small garmentmanufacturers and metal cleaning. The fastreduction in the supply of CTC had increasedthe CTC price significantly in the country and

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that motivated the MSMEs to move away fromCTC. GIZ carried out extensive work in testingof alternatives that meet health, safety andenvironmental standards. A countrywide surveywas carried out to identify MSMEs using CTC inthe metal cleaning sub-sector. The surveyidentified 44 eligible MSMEs which were usingCTC in metal cleaning. These enterprises wereprovided funding towards incremental capitaland operating costs for phasing out of CTC inmetal cleaning sector.

The achievement of CTC phase-out in two widelydispersed industry sectors, namely, the garmentmanufacturing and metal cleaning has alsobeen realized through awareness programmesand policy measures, especially those whichinfluenced the availability and pricing of CTCand its alternatives.

The production and consumption of CTC havebeen completely phased-out as of 1st January,2010.

Since 2011, the Ozone Cell, MoEF&CC has beencarrying out technical assistance activities,including awareness for sustaining the phase-out of CTC in different applications, except infeedstock use.

As part of the remaining activities under theTechnical Assistance component of the projectthe following activities have been conducted:

a) 12 stakeholder consultative workshopswere organized across the country withthe objective to create awareness to allthe concerned stakeholders on all issuesrelating to ODS, including sustainability ofODS phase out, particularly CTC, issuesrelated to reporting mechanisms, includingfor CTC, which continues to be produced,primarily from DV acid chloride production,to be used for feed stock applications.

b) A study on CTC usage in India for feedstockapplications was carried out to assess theco-production of CTC during production ofChloromethane and document the use of

CTC in various feed stock applications.The report of the study is underfinalization.

c) A publication of National CTC Phase out:India's Success Story was developedhighlighting India's achievements in thephase out of production and consumptionof CTC as per the Montreal Protocolschedule. The proactive steps taken aswell as measures taken to address thechallenges during implementation are alsohighlighted. The publication is underfinalization.

CFC phase-out in Aerosol Sector

Aerosols are widely used in several applicationsinvolving propellants, including perfumes,shaving foams, insecticides, pharmaceuticals,paints and inhalers. CFC-11 and CFC-12 werecommonly used as propellants in this sector. Bythe end of 2002, a total of 26 investments andtechnical assistance projects were completedwith a total funding of US $6.5 million, leadingto a total phase-out of 637 ODP tonne of CFCsin Industrial Aerosol Sector. The Ex-Com of theMLF in its 38th meeting held in November,2002 approved a terminal umbrella project inthis sector with a funding of US $0.58 millionto phase-out remaining CFC consumption ofabout 52 ODP tonne in this sector. Theconsumption of CFCs in aerosol sector had beencompletely phased-out as early as December,2003.

Industry Structure: The total production ofaerosol containers in 1991 was estimated to be45 million, of which over 90% used CFCs aspropellants. About 200 aerosol manufacturerswere identified, concentrating mainly in thewestern and northern parts of India. Allenterprises were in the private-sector. Asignificant majority of these enterprises (about70%) were MSMEs, many of which were in theinformal sector, principally, manufacturingpersonal care products such as perfume anddeodorant sprays.

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ODS Consumption in Aerosol Sector: In 1991,the Aerosol sector consumed 1,100 MT of CFCs(about 40% CFC-11 and 60% CFC-12), whichamounted to about 22% of India's total CFCconsumption at that time. It was estimatedthat the demand for aerosol products wouldgrow at 20% annually until 2000, 18% annuallyuntil 2005 and 15% annually until 2010. Theseestimates were based on considerations such asemerging customer base for personal careproducts, entry of multinational corporationsin India leading to expansion of themanufacturing base in this sector, reduction intaxes on cosmetic aerosols, etc.

Technology: Hydrocarbon based aerosolpropellants were identified in most of theaerosol sub-sectors as the preferred substitutetechnology for phasing out CFCs, specifically,butane, destenched Liquefied Petroleum Gas(LPG), etc.

The MSMEs predominantly used locallydeveloped manual propellant filling machines,which were suitable for CFC propellants, butconsidered unsafe and unsuitable forhydrocarbon-based substitute propellants.Moreover, many of the MSMEs hadmanufacturing facilities in locations which couldbe considered unsafe for handling hydrocarbon-based propellants. Thus, safety measures forhandling hydrocarbons including safety trainingand audits were identified as important inputs,in addition to investments needed forconversions.

The consumption of CFCs in Aerosol Sector hasalready been completely phased out as early asDecember, 2003 except use of pharmaceuticalgrade CFCs in manufacturing of medicalaerosols, MDIs for Asthma and COPD patients.

National Strategy for Transition to non-CFCMDIs and Plan for Phase-out of CFCs inManufacturing of Pharmaceutical MDIs

The National Strategy for Transition to Non-CFCMDIs and Plan for Phase-out of CFCs inmanufacturing of Pharmaceutical MDIs was

approved by the Ex-Com of the MLF in its 56thmeeting held in November, 2008 with a totalfunding of US $10.2 million to phase-out 704.03ODP tonne of CFCs. This project articulatedIndia's national strategy for transition to non-CFC MDIs gradually without affecting the Asthmaand COPD patients and the elimination of CFCconsumption in manufacturing of MDIs in India.

The National Strategy for phase-out of CFCs inMDIs had been implemented successfully byUNDP as lead implementing agency inassociation with Government of Italy (bilateralagency) and UNEP, in close cooperation withthe MDI manufacturers under the guidance ofOzone Cell, MoEF&CC.

National Awareness Workshops were organizedfor the stakeholders, especially the MDImanufacturers and physicians treating theasthma and COPD patients. A workshop on"Phase-out of CFCs in MDIs Transition StrategyImplementation and Adoption of CFC freeAlternatives in India" was held on 5th October,2009 at the All India Institute of MedicalSciences (AIIMS), New Delhi in collaborationwith Ministry of Health and Family Welfare(MoHFW) and UNEP. Another NationalConsultative Workshop on Policy andRegulations was organized on 20th May, 2010at Central Drugs Standard Control Organization,MoHFW, New Delhi. A regional awarenessworkshop on phase-out of CFCs inmanufacturing of MDIs was organised on 1stOctober, 2010 at Pune. These workshops werewell attended by the stakeholders includingmedical representatives. The medicalrepresentatives are the key stakeholders tocreate awareness among the physicians acrossthe country. During the workshops the MDImanufacturers shared that a number of CFC freeMDIs have been developed and placed in themarket.

The pharmaceutical grade CFCs were neededduring transition phase in 2010 and beyond bythe MDI manufacturing industry. The samewere obtained through the Essential Use

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Nomination (EUN) process of the MontrealProtocol for 2010. India submitted the EUN for2010 for 350.6 MT of pharmaceutical grade CFCsand the 21st MOP held in November, 2009approved 343.6 MT of CFCs for India for 2010.India had also submitted the EUN for the year2011 for 192.3 MT, but the same was withdrawnin consultation with MDI manufacturers as theprogress made by MDI manufacturers wascommendable and the MDI manufacturersdecided not to seek any CFCs for manufacturingof MDIs for 2011 and beyond. The MDImanufacturers have converted all the CFC basedMDI formulations to CFC-free and placed in themarket. Currently, all the formulations of MDIsavailable in the market are CFC-free since 2011.

The 22nd MOP held in November, 2010congratulated India for its outstandingachievement in early phase-out of the use ofpharmaceutical grade CFCs in manufacturing ofMDIs.

UNDP, as lead implementing agency, carriedout an independent verification through a MDIInternational Expert in November, 2012 for allthe 4 MDI manufacturing facilities to verify thephase-out of use of CFCs in manufacturing ofMDIs. The ver if ication conf irmed thatconversion from CFC based MDIs to CFC-freeMDIs has already been achieved in India.

A verification-cum-review of progress made byeach of the manufacturers was undertaken bythe MLF through an independent expert alongwith UNDP to ascertain the implementation ofCFC phase-out in the manufacturing of MDIs inFebruary, 2014. It was reported that CFCs havebeen phased-out in manufacturing of MDIs inthe country.

UNEP under the guidance of Ozone Cell,MoEF&CC organized two awareness workshops,one at Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM)University, Chennai on 19th August, 2014 andanother at Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Instituteof Medical Sciences (SGPGI), Lucknow on 25thAugust, 2014 with the objective to create

awareness for sustaining the phase-out ofpharmaceutical grade CFCs in a critical medicaluse. Both these workshops were well attendedby the physicians and pharmaceuticalrepresentatives who are the key stakeholdersfor promoting CFC-free MDIs among the asthmaand COPD patients.

Recognizing the efforts and the pro-active roleplayed by the MDI manufacturers in the phaseout of CFCs in the manufacturing of MDIs, allthe 4 MDI manufacturers were presented aplague during the awareness workshop on 19thAugust 2014.

Accelerated Phase-out of HCFCs

The control schedule of the Montreal Protocolfor Article 5 Parties for phase-out of HCFCsprior to the 19th MOP was as follows:

Consumption

Base level: 2015

Freeze: January 1, 2016

100% reduction: January 1, 2040

Production

Base level: Average of production andconsumption in 2015

Freeze: January 1, 2016, at the base levelfor production

100% reduction: January 1, 2040.

The 19th MOP held in September, 2007 tooka decision to accelerate the phase-out ofproduction and consumption of HCFCs fordeveloped and developing countries. The newphase-out schedule for Article 5 Parties as perthe decision of the 19th MOP is as follows:

Base level: average of 2009 and 2010.

Freeze: January 1, 2013



67.5% reduction: January 1, 2025

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100% reduction: January 1, 2030 with aservice tail of 2.5% annual average duringthe period 2030-2040.

The accelerated phase-out schedule of HCFCsfor Article 5 parties is also depicted below:-

sector which is still under consideration by theEx-Com of the MLF.

India's HPMP

The implementation of the accelerated phaseout schedule for HCFCs was a challenging task,especially the Stage-I targets, the 2013 freezeand 10% reduction in 2015, in emergingeconomies like India where there was growth inthe use of these chemicals. These chemicals arewidely used in various applications includingRAC manufacturing, foam manufacturing, RACservicing and other sectors. There was a lack ofavailability of technically proven, economicallyviable and environment friendly technologies.The annual consumption growth of thesechemicals has been in the range of 10% to15%. In actual sense, this amounted to phase-out of 30% to 40% by 2015, which was quitesignificant reduction in a very short time frame.This necessitated a long-term vision andplanning to successfully meet the obligationsof the accelerated phase-out schedule of HCFCs.

Considering the future activities relating tophase-out of HCFC production and consumptionin India to meet the compliance target as per theaccelerated phase-out schedule, the UNDP wasdesignated as the Lead Implementing Agencyfor HCFC phase-out in consumption sector andthe UN Environment (formerly UNEP), UNIDO,The World Bank and bilateral agencies comprisingof Government of Germany and France etc., ascooperating implementing agencies.

HPMP Stage-I

The 56th meeting of the Ex-Com of the MLFheld in November 2008 approved thepreparation of HPMP Stage-I for India. Soonthereafter, detailed stakeholder consultativemeetings including sectoral working groupmeetings for the foam manufacturing, RACmanufacturing and RAC servicing sectors wereheld. Based on the outcome of these meetings,a "Roadmap for phase-out of HCFCs in India"describing the long-term vision and action planincluding the policy instruments for phasing

Allowing for servicing an annual average of 2.5% during theperiod 2030-2040

The implementation of the accelerated phaseout schedule for HCFCs was a challenging task,especially the Stage-I targets, the 2013 freezeand 10% reduction in 2015, in emergingeconomies like India where there was growthin the use of these chemicals. These chemicalsare widely used in various applications includingRAC manufacturing, foam manufacturing, RACservicing and other sectors. There was a lackof availability of technically proven,economically viable and environment friendlytechnologies. The annual consumption growthof these chemicals has been in the range of10% to 15%. In actual sense, this amountedto phase-out of 30% to 40% by 2015, whichwas quite significant reduction in a very shorttime frame. This necessitated a long termvision and planning to successfully meet theobligations of the accelerated phase- outschedule of HCFCs.

Based on the decision of the 19th MOP, theEx- Com of the MLF in its 54th meeting heldin April 2008 vide its decision 54/39 approvedthe guidelines for preparation of HPMP Stage-I in Article 5 Parties. The 60th Ex-Com heldin April 2010 finalized the guidelines forphase-out of HCFCs, except for the production

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out of production and consumption of HCFCs inIndia was developed and launched in October2009.

The Indian Polyurethane Association (IPUA)which represents key manufacturers andsuppliers in polyurethane industry for furtheringthe interest of the polyurethane industry inIndia and the Refrigeration and Air-conditioningManufacturing Association (RAMA), whichrepresents key manufacturers and suppliers inRAC industry for furthering the interest of theRAC industry in India, were entrusted with theresponsibility of preparation of sectoralstrategies in the foam and RAC manufacturingsectors, in close cooperation with the UNDPand Ozone Cell, MoEF&CC. Both IPUA andRAMA conducted surveys involving marketresearch consulting agencies and collected data,based on questionnaire developed for thepurpose.

The sectoral strategies for phase out of HCFCsin foam and RAC manufacturing sectors weredeveloped after analysis of the data and takinginto account the phase-out targets to beachieved for HCFCs as per the accelerated phaseout schedule of the Montreal Protocol, thepolicy guidelines of the Ex-Com of the MLF andthe present and likely future industry structurein the respective sectors. India prioritizedphase-out of HCFC141b (having high OzoneDepleting Potential (ODP) in foammanufacturing sector in the large HCFCconsuming enterprises. The RAC Servicingstrategy was prepared by GIZ, Govt. of Germanyas implementing agency. All the sectoralstrategies were developed in close cooperationwith the Ozone Cell, MoEF&CC and theImplementing agencies.

The consumption phase out limits for India areas follows:

ROADMAP FOR PHASE-OUT OF HCFCs IN INDIA AT A GLANCE

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HCFC Phase-out Limits for India

Montreal Protocol Maximum ConsumptionAllowable Consumption of LimitLevels of Annex C (ODP tons)Group 1 Substances

Baseline (2009-2010 average) 1608.20

2013- Freeze on baseline levels 1608.20

2015- 90% of the baseline 1447.38

2020- 65% of the baseline 1045.33

2025- 32.5% of the baseline 522.67

2030- 2.5% of the baseline 40.21

2040- No consumption 0

The HPMP Stage-I was finalized to addressphase out of HCFC 141 b in 15 large enterprisesin the domestic refrigeration, continuoussandwich panel and discontinuous sandwichpanel subsectors. Also, technical and financialassistance was secured for 15 systems housesfor developing HCFC free polyol formulations,which would assist the Micro Small and MediumEnterprises (MSMEs) to cost-effectively phase-out HCFCs as this was critical for phase-out ofHCFCs in the foam sector during HPMP Stage-II. In addition, in the RAC servicing sectoractivities comprising technicians training,institutional strengthening for effective use ofHCFC based equipment and awareness andenforcement training as part of the enablingcomponent, were also included.

The HPMP Stage-I was approved by the Ex-Comof the MLF in its 66th Meeting held in April,2012 to reduce 341.77 ODP tonne of HCFC fromthe starting point of 1691.25 ODP tonne witha total funding of US $ 23,011,537 includingimplementing agency support costs.

Since the approval of the HPMP Stage-I, severalactivities have been undertaken by the OzoneCell, MoEF&CC in close cooperation with theimplementing agencies and stakeholders. AStakeholders Workshop was organized inFebruary, 2013 during which the HPMP Stage-I was launched and implementation of activitieswas initiated towards achieving the compliancetargets for the HPMP Stage-I in accordancewith the agreement signed between the Ex-Comof the MLF and the Government of India.

Phase-out activities in the Foammanufacturing sector

Conversion projects from HCFC 141b to non-ODSblowing agents have been successfullyimplemented in 8 domestic refrigeration, 2continuous sandwich panel and 5 discontinuoussandwich panel sub-sectors. All the 15enterprises have stopped using HCFC-141b as ablowing agent in the foam manufacturing sectorfrom 1.1.2015. The phase-out as well as project

A two-day stakeholder workshop was organizedin October, 2011 for finalization of sectoralstrategies and overarching HPMP Stage-I. Basedon the inputs received during the workshopand keeping in view the phase out targets to beachieved as per the accelerated phase outschedule for HCFCs, the domestic andinternational requirements for acceleratedphase-out and the Ex-Com prioritization policyof substances to be phased-out based on OzoneDepleting Potential (ODP), availability ofalternative technologies and the capability ofthe industry to adapt to these alternativetechnologies, India prioritized phase out ofHCFC 141b in the foam manufacturing sector inlarge manufacturing enterprises, who couldeffectively handle cyclopentane as a blowingagent, the available low GWP alternative havingnegligible ODP.

2009-10

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implementation has also been independentlymonitored and verified through a third-partyconsultant appointed by the UNDP.

Systems Houses assisted under the project havedeveloped formulations based on HCFC freealternatives that can be adopted by the userenterprises. The use of non-ODS pre-blendedpolyols is f inding acceptability and itspenetration is determined by commercialfactors. The System Houses have used Ecomate,Methylal and cyclopentane as blowing agentsfor developing pre-blended polyols.

Phase-out activities in the RAC servicingsector

GIZ Proklima and UN Environment arecooperating agencies for implementation ofactivities under the servicing sector, whichincludes technicians training and awarenessgeneration under the HPMP. GIZ Proklima hasbeen entrusted with the responsibility tocoordinate with UN Environment for theenabling component.

Implementation of technicians trainingprograms

The training programs for the RAC techniciansin room air conditioners up to 2 ton wereconducted in the country, through two trainingmodules, one module was for installers and theother module for service technicians. Both thetraining modules included theory classes andpractical sessions. The trainings were conductedin urban and semi urban cities / towns in thecountry. The trainings were organized throughthe network of Training Partners and the teamof trainers in the country. The trainers weretrained through three Training of Trainersprograms by leading international faculty/consultants, wherein, 50 trainers were trained.Training materials comprising presentations,handbook, to be used as a reference material,posters and stickers were developed for thetechnicians and the trainers. The handbook wasprepared in English and Hindi. The performance

of the trainers and the quality of the trainingprograms were monitored by externalconsultants. About 10% of the trainingprograms were monitored. Each Training Partnerwas supported by set of equipment and toolsrequired for conducting the practical / handson training during the training programs. UnderHPMP I, a total of 11,276 technicians through408 training programs. Under the module forservicing - a total 9,240 technicians were trainedthrough 332 training programs and under themodule for installers - a total 2,036 technicianswere trained through 76 training programs.

Strengthening of training for institutionalusers

Institutional users like Defence sector andIndian Railways have a substantial inventory ofall their HCFC based equipment / appliances.Both defence sector and Indian Railwaysundertake phase-out measures as part of theirinstitutional policy. Training programs wereorganized for technicians of both these users.One training program for the Defence sectorand three training programs for the IndianRailways have been organized. The GovernmentIndustry Training Institutes (ITIs) trainsstudents in the trade of RAC. Their presentsyllabus is proposed to be adapted to ODS freeservicing and Good Service Practices for HCFCbased systems. Discussions with the DirectorateGeneral for Employment and Training (DGET)officers were held for syllabus updation.

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Reclamation Centres

Promotion of recovery and reclamation in theprivate sector on a pilot basis was initiated.This would facilitate assessment of loop holesand support required by the reclamation centres.Two regional workshops were organized.Observations and findings from these meetingsand regional workshops were shared with theCore Group constituted for monitoring theimplementation of the Montreal Protocolactivities in the country.

Enabling Component (awareness andcommunication, enforcement training,capacity building and trade controls

The UN Environment has been implementingactivities under the enabling component forthe ser vicing sector, building sectorinterventions, enforcement training, tradecontrols, policy and regulation and awarenessgeneration. The following are the main activitiesthat have been implemented:

Creating awareness among the RAC sector stakeholders by organizing workshops for RAC spareparts dealers, refrigerant suppliers, Heating,Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC)contractors, RAC associations viz. RAMA, IndianSociety of Heating, Air-conditioning &Refrigeration Engineers (ISHARE), Academia,Customs, Environmental Non-GovernmentalOrganizations (NGOs), Government officers andofficials, service sector technicians, railways.The workshops covered topics relating to GoodServicing Practices, recovery, recycling andreclamation of refr igerants, alternativetechnologies and refrigerants, phase-out ofHCFC, impact of ODS on the environment. Theworkshops highlighted on the upcomingchallenges with respect to technology andemerging alternative refr igerants likeHydrocarbons and Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)and HFC blends, tools and equipment for goodservicing and their demand by servicetechnicians, strengthening adequate knowledgeon issues of flammability, toxicity coupled with

impact on best operating practices of alternativerefrigerants, preventing leakage of refrigerantsduring transfer from larger to smaller cylinders.

Refrigerant identifiers worth US$140,000 wereprocured and supplied to the Customs.Refrigeration and Air-conditioning ServiceSector Society (RASSS) was established andregistered as a society under the SocietiesRegistration Act (XXI of 1860) and as amendedby Punjab Amendment Act, 1957. At present,the headquarters of RASSS is in Chandigarhwith branches/chapters in the states of Punjab,Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Haryana and UttarPradesh with over 400 members including 250companies.

Flyers, Posters and Stickers were designed,printed and distributed during the technicianstraining programs to get them acquainted withthe Good Servicing Practices, which have beenexplained through easy to understandcaricatures.

To disseminate information about the project,its activities and other relevant information awebsite has been developed (www.rasss.org).

The remaining awareness activities includepreparation of videos on Good ServicingPractices, newsletter to keep the techniciansand concerned stakeholders up to date onupcoming alternative refrigerants, developmentof amendments for non-HCFC building codesand template for amending curriculum ofarchitectural colleges to include ODS issues.These activities shall be completed by the endof 2017.

The enforcement capacity building with respectto mainstreaming HCFC issues/subjects in thegeneral training curricula of National Academyof Customs Indirect Taxes and Narcotics (NACIN)has been initiated and is likely to be completedby the end of 2017.

Impacts of HPMP Stage-I

India successfully met the 2013 target of freezeof HCFC production and consumption and 10 %

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phase-out targets of HCFCs in 2015, as per theaccelerated phase out schedule of the MontrealProtocol.

Through the HPMP Stage-I, a total of 341.77ODP tonne of HCFCs have been phased out, ofwhich 310.53 OPD tonne is of HCFC 141b in thefoam manufacturing sector and 31.24 ODP tonneis for HCFC-22 in the RAC servicing sector, inaccordance with the agreement between theGovernment of India and the Ex-Com of theMLF. The net direct emission reductions arethus 3,071,260.5 CO

2 eq.tonne.

HPMP Stage-II

The Ex-Com of the MLF in its 72nd meeting heldin May, 2014 has approved US $ 490,000 for thepreparation of HPMP Stage-II for India withUNDP as the lead implementing agency inassociation with UN Environment and GIZ,Government of Germany as cooperatingagencies. The HPMP Stage-II would addressphase-out of HCFCs in various sub-sectors offoam manufacturing, RAC manufacturing andRAC servicing sector. The HPMP Stage-II wouldalso include strategy for awareness among thestakeholders and training of enforcementofficers across the country.

The Ex-Com of the MLF during its 74th meetingheld in May, 2015 approved the policy guidelinesfor HPMP Stage-II in the consumption sector.

In order ensure proactive involvement andownership of HCFC phase-out by the industry,industry associations, namely, RAMA and IPUA,were involved in the HPMPtage-II preparationprocess. Under the overall supervision andguidance of the, MoEF&CC, IPUA and RAMAwere responsible for providing sector inputs forachieving HPMP Stage-II targets. They also hadthe responsibility for carrying out survey of theFoam and RAC sectors respectively and forinformation out-reach at the sector-level. TheImplementing and bilateral agencies providedtechnical inputs, guidance for HPMP preparationprocess and inputs for HCFC phase-out.

To adequately inform the stakeholders of the

challenges and opportunities in complying withthe phase-out schedule for HCFCs, 3 workshopseach in foam and RAC sectors were held inDelhi, Mumbai and Chennai during October2015 by the IPUA and RAMA for their respectivesectors. The workshops were well-attended andserved as a platform for both informationoutreach and exchange with participants ondata collection process and the prevailing policyguidelines for HPMP. Inputs were provided bytechnical experts on industry trends and statusof alternatives for various applications.

Appropriate questionnaires and formats forreporting information and data were developedin cooperation with the implementing agencies.IPUA and RAMA were engaged for collectingdata at sectoral/sub-sectoral level and fordeveloping sector-level strategies andrecommendations, for achieving reductions inHCFC consumption. IPUA and RAMA engagedprofessional survey agencies for data collectionat enterprise-level.

The data analysis at the sector level includedclassification based on historical and presentHCFC consumption by sub-sector andapplication, eligible and ineligible enterprisesand their consumption, projected growth trendsuntil baseline and thereafter, requiredreductions in HCFC consumption for meetingthe phase out targets as per the acceleratedphase out schedule for HCFCs and availability ofdeployable alternative technologies for eachsector/subsector. At the national level, datareconciliation was carried out throughinteractions with DGFT and Directorate Generalof Commercial Intelligence and Statistics(DGCIS), Ministry of Commerce and Industryand a draft HPMP stage-II was developed. Astakeholder's workshop was held on 5th August2016 at New Delhi where in the draft HPMPStage-II was presented. Based on the inputsfrom the workshop, the HPMP Stage-II wasfinalised and submitted to the Ex-Com of theMLF.

The Ex-Com of the MLF in its 77th meeting held

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in December, 2016 approved India's HPMPStage-II for the period 2016 to 2023 to reduceHCFC consumption by 60 per cent of thecountry's baseline and deduct 769.49 ODPtonnes of HCFCs from the remaining HCFCconsumption with a funding of US $48,315,261including implementing agency support costs.

Approval of India's HPMP Stage II

India's HPMP Stage-II was considered andapproved at the 77th meeting of the ExecutiveCommittee (Ex-Com) meeting of the MLF forImplementation of the Montreal Protocol heldfrom 28th November to 2nd December, 2016 atMontreal, Canada.

Under HPMP Stage-II, India has secured 48.3million USD form the MLF includingimplementing agencies support costs for the

implementation of the Montreal Protocol forphasing out 8,190 MT of HCFC consumptionbetween 2017 to 2023, in order to meet thecompliance target under Montreal Protocol for2020. Around 400+ enterprises including 300+Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)in the foam manufacturing sector and 6 largeair conditioning manufacturing enterprises,who volunteered to participate, would besupported under HPMP Stage-II for conversionfrom HCFCs to non-HCFCs technologies.

HFCF Reductions through HPMP Stage-II

The required level of reduction in HCFCsconsumption in the year 2020 as per the targetunder the Protocol and the allowableconsumption of HCFCs in different years in therange of 2017 - 2023, as per the approvedHPMP-II is given in table below.

Table 18: Reductions for Compliance with 2020 and approved targets as per HPMP Stage-II

S.No. Particulars 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

1 Montreal 1447.38 1447.38 1447.38 1447.38 1045.33 1045.33 1045.33 1045.33Protocol Reduction 90% of 90% of 90% of 90% of 65% of 65% of 65% of 65% ofSchedule (ODP baseline baseline baseline baseline baseline baseline baseline baselinetons)

2 Maximum 1447.38 1447.38 1433.63 1103.85 832.32 799.76 698.82 643.28allowable 90% of 90% of 89.15% of 68.64% of 51.75% of 49.73% of 43.45% of 40% ofconsumption baseline baseline baseline baseline baseline baseline baseline baselineas per HPMP-II(ODP tons)

l Reductions — — 13.75 329.78 271.53 32.50 100.94 55.54Required(ODP tons)

Reductions for Compliance with 2020 and approved targets as perHPMP Stage-II

Impact of HPMP Stage-I And HPMP Stage-II in Phase-out of HCFCs

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Impact of HPMP Stage-II

Ozone Layer Protection

Successful implementation of the HPMP Stage-II in India will result in a sustainable phase-outof 769.49 ODP tons of HCFCs.

Direct GHG emissions

Due to the relatively high GWP of HCFCs, theirphase-out will result in reduced direct GHGemissions. The net contribution towardsreduction of direct CO2 emissions due tosuccessful implementation of HPMP Stage-IIare 4,262,100 MT CO2 Eq. per year from 2020and 7, 697, 600 MT CO2 Eq. per year from 2023.

The HPMP Stage-II specifically focusses on theMSME sector in foam manufacturing. Adequateattention has also been given to synergize theRAC servicing sector training under HPMP Stage-II with the Skill India Mission of the Governmentof India, in order to multiply the impact ofskilling and training. It is estimated that nearly,16000 service technicians will be trained underHPMP-II.

The HPMP-II also provides for promotion ofenergy efficiency, development building codesintegrating HCFC phase out issues, cold chaindevelopment with non-HCFC alternatives anddevelopment of standards for new non-ODS andlow GWP alternatives, while transitioning awayfrom HCFCs. It is expected that there would bea net direct CO2-equivalent emission reductionsof about 8.5 million metric tonne annually from2023 onwards.

Under the Montreal Protocol, the acceleratedphase out of HCFCs is underway with a phaseout of HCFCs by 2030. HCFCs presently arebeing used in various sectors, inter aliaincluding Refrigeration and Air conditioningsector, foam manufacturing sector etc. Thesesectors, as such, are cross-cutting and aredirectly related to sectors such as urbandevelopment, agriculture through cold chainsector, and industrial development. India is

undertaking phase-out of HCFCs through theimplementation of HPMP.

The HPMP-II was launched on 6th March, 2017at New Delhi by late Shri Anil Madhav Dave, thethen Hon'ble Minister of Environment, Forestand Climate Change in a stakeholder meetingwhere of f icers of the Ministries andOrganizations of the Central Government, StateGovernments, representatives from industries,stakeholders including NGOs and implementingagencies associated with the implementationof the HPMP II viz. UNDP, GIZ and UNEP, werepresent.

Launch of the HCFC Phase-Out Management Plan Stage - IIin a function held on 6th March, 2017, at New Delhi, India

The UNDP appointed a third party for carryingout due diligence of the enterprises thatparticipated in the survey carried out by IPUAfor the foam manufacturing sector and the 6enterprises that volunteered to participate inthe HPMP Stage-II. Based on recommendationsof UNDP on the third-party verification reportsof enterprises, the Ozone Cell has initiatedsigning of Memorandum of Agreements (MOAs)with the enterpr ises in both foammanufacturing and air conditioningmanufacturing sectors.

Project implementation agreements have beensigned with the UN environment for the enablingactivities and with the GIZ, Proklima,Government of Germany for activities in theRAC Servicing Sector.

As part of the implementation of activities in

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the servicing sector, two Training of Trainers(TOT) workshops have been organized inBengaluru and Jaipur during August 2018. Thetraining programmes for the RAC technicianswill commence from October 2018.

Fiscal Measures

The Government of India has granted exemptionfrom payment of Customs and Excise duties oncapital goods required for ODS phase outprojects funded by the MLF since 1995. In1996, the Government of India further extendedthe benef it of Customs and Excise dutyexemptions for ODS phase-out projects whichwere not funded by the MLF. The benefit isavailable subject to the condition thatenterprise gives clear commitment for stopusing the ODSs in all future manufacturingoperations af ter the completion ofimplementation of project(s).

The benefit of duty exemption has beenextended for new capacity as well as expansionof capacity with non-ODS technologies since1997.

The Indian financial institutions have decidednot to finance/re-finance new ODS producing/consuming enterprises.

The Tariff Advisory Committee (TAC), a statutorybody under the Insurance Act, 1938 has decidedto grant suitable discounts on fire insurancepremiums if alternative fire extinguishing agentsare used in place of halons in fire extinguishingsystems.

Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation andControl) Rules, 2000

In accordance with the National Strategy forODS phase-out, the MoEF&CC, Government ofIndia, has notified Ozone Depleting Substances(Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000 in theGazette of India on 19th July, 2000, coveringvarious aspects viz. production, consumption,export and import of ODSs. These rules havebeen subsequently amended from time to time.Most recent amendment being in 2014.

Important provisions of the Ozone DepletingSubstances (Regulation and Control) Rules,2000

These Rules prohibit the use of CFCs inmanufacturing var ious products beyond1.1.2003 except in MDIs and for other medicalpurposes. Similarly, use of halons is prohibitedafter 1.1.2001 except for servicing. Other ODSssuch as CTC and methyl chloroform and CFC forMDIs were allowed to be used upto 1.1.2010.Further, the use of methyl bromide has beenallowed upto 1.1.2015. Since HCFCs are low-ODP substances and are also used as interimsubstitutes to replace CFCs, these are allowedto be used upto 1.1.2030 as per the MontrealProtocol accelerated phase-out schedule.

As per Rules, there is a need for compulsoryregistration of ODS producers, manufacturersof ODS based products, importers, exporters,stockists and sellers and the same provision isapplicable to manufacturers, importers andexporters of compressors and other productscontaining ODSs. They are also required tomaintain records and file periodic reports formonitoring production and consumption ofODSs. Enterprises which have received financialassistance from MLF for the implementation ofthe Montreal Protocol for switchover to non-ODS technology have to register the date ofcompletion of their project(s) and declare thatthe equipments used for ODS have beendestroyed. Creation of new capacity orexpansion of capacity of manufacturing facilitiesof ODSs and ODS based equipment have beenprohibited. Purchasers of ODSs formanufacturing products containing ODSs, arerequired to declare the purpose for which ODSsare purchased. All imports and exports of ODSsand products containing ODSs require a license.

The recommendation of the MoEF&CC is essentialbefore issuing any license for import and exportof ODSs and products containing ODSs by theDirectorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT),Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

These rules also specify phase-out dates for

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different ODSs in manufacturing of productsusing these ODSs. In addition, these Rules alsoban trade in ODSs with non-Parties.

Amendments

The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation &Control) Rules, 2000 have been amended in2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007 and 2014.

The 2001 Amendment extended the last date ofregistrations from one year to two years afterthe commencement of the Rules. TheAmendment 2003 refers to a correction of atypographic error. The amendment 2004specified the date of registration for substanceslisted in Group IV of Schedule I (CTC) and forsubstances listed in Group VI of Schedule I(HCFCs) on or before 31st December, 2004 andon or before 19th July, 2007 respectively.Subsequently, the Rules were amended in 2005,the registration date for substances listed inGroup IV of Schedule I (CTC) was extended upto31st December, 2005. The Rules were furtheramended on 18th September, 2007. As per theamended rules, registration has been extendedfor substances listed under Group I, Group II,Group III and Group IV upto 31st December,2009, in case of substances in Group VI upto31st December, 2039 and in case of substancesin Group VIII upto 31st December, 2014 and theexisting registered enterprises need not applyfor renewal.

The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulationand Control) Rules, 2000 have been amendedto align with the accelerated phase-out ofHCFCs. A draft amendment of ODS AmendmentRules, 2014 was prepared by the Ozone Cell,MoEF&CC and circulated among the concernedstakeholders, including industry associations,DGFT etc. Subsequently, a consultative meetingwas organized in October, 2012 where a largenumber of stakeholders participated in themeeting to further discuss the salient featuresof the amendment.

The draft amendment was updated incorporatingthe inputs received from the participants during

the meeting and written comments sent by theparticipants. The draf t amendment wassubmitted to the Ministry of Law and Justice forvetting after due approval of the then Hon'bleMinister for Environment, Forest and ClimateChange.

The draft of amendment of Ozone DepletingSubstances (Regulation and Control) Rules waspublished in the Gazette of India in May, 2013for inviting comments/suggestions from thepublic on the draft Rules. Subsequently, theOzone Depleting Substances (Regulation andControl) Amendment Rules, 2014 were publishedon 4th April, 2014 in the Gazette of India. Thesalient features of the Ozone DepletingSubstances (Regulation and Control)Amendment Rules, 2014 are:

The production and consumption of GroupVI substances (HCFCs) has been proposedto be controlled according to theaccelerated phase-out schedule of theMontreal Protocol.

Introduction of quota system by theGovernment for production andconsumption of Group VI substances(HCFCs) for non-feedstock applications andmonitoring and reporting system for allfeedstock applications including use ofCarbontetrachloride in order to complywith phase-out targets of the productionand consumption of Group VI substances(HCFCs).

Prohibition of issuance of license for importand export for Group I, Group II, GroupIII, Group IV and blends containing ODSsincluding Group VI substances exceptrecovered, recycled and reclaimed ODSs orfor EUN, if any or ODSs for destruction orfor feedstock applications.

Prohibition of issuance of license for importof pre-blended polyols containing GroupVI substances (HCFCs).

Ban on creating new capacities to

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manufacture products made with orcontaining Group VI substances (HCFCs).

In order to control the inventory of HCFCbased refrigeration and air-conditioningequipments and reduce the consumptionof HCFCs in servicing of these equipmentsin future years, import of air-conditioningand refrigeration equipments and otherproducts using HCFCs from 1st July, 2015has been prohibited.

Exemption for production of Group VIsubstances (HCFCs) for the Protocolapproved feedstock uses in manufacturingof other chemicals, with negligibleemissions, if any.

Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol

It is significant to note that the negotiationsfor phasing down of HFCs under the MontrealProtocol were initiated way back in 2009, butthese negotiations gathered momentum onlyafter India submitted an amendment proposalfor phase down of HFCs under the MontrealProtocol in April, 2015. The Indian Amendmentproposal was crafted in a way to balance theneeds of our rapidly growing economy andachieve maximum climate benefit. There were 4amendment proposals viz (i) North AmericanProposal (Canada, USA and Mexico), MicronesiaAnd Island States Proposals, Indian Proposaland (iv) European Union Proposal.

The issue of phase down of HFCs under theMontreal Protocol was also brought into focusthrough Joint Statement of Prime Minster ofIndia and President of United State of America(USA) in June, 2016, wherein, it was resolvedto work to adopt an HFC amendment in 2016with increased financial support from donorcountries to the MLF to help developingcountries with the implementation, and anambitious phase down schedule, under theMontreal Protocol pursuant to the DubaiPathway, agreed by the 27th Meeting of Partiesheld at Dubai, United Arab Emirates from 1st to5th November, 2015.

The 27th MOP decided to work within theMontreal Protocol to the HFC amendment in2016 by first resolving challenges by generatingsolutions in the contact group on the feasibilityand ways of managing HFCs at the MontrealProtocol meetings and then address theamendment proposals. It was also decided bythe 27th MOP to hold a series of Open EndedWorking Group (OEWG) and other meetingsincluding an Extraordinary MOP in 2016.

In the two OEWG meetings (37th OEWG andResumed 37th OEWG) the parties were able toaddress identified challenges for managingHFCs. During the 3rd Extraordinary MOP held inVienna, a new joint proposal was submitted byUSA, European Union, Japan, New Zealand,Australia (JUSSCANZ) according to which thedeveloped countries had suggested one singlecommon baseline years for production andconsumption of HFCs for developing countriesi.e. 2017-2018-2019 and freeze year as 2021.However, various developing countries proposedas many as six different baselines range from2017 to 2030, and freeze year ranging from2021 to 2031.

India represents only around 2% of the globalproduction and consumption of HFCs but ourmanufacturing and consumption sector isexpected to grow at a rapid pace in future. Ourchallenge, therefore, was to secure internationalagreement on a regulatory regime that servedthe global expectations and yet protect ournational interest.

India has been a strong advocate of theprinciple of Common but Dif ferentiatedResponsibility in the matter of global actions toprotect environment and also that nationalcircumstances need to be factored in for arrivingat any durable agreement related to climate.

At the commencement of negotiations in Kigali,India piloted realistic baseline of 2024-2026for developing countries and which protectsIndia's interests. As per the agreement reachedin Kigali, India will freeze its manufacturing

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and consumption of HFCs in 2028 and startreducing it from 2032 to 2047 with reference tothe baseline years 2024, 2025 and 2026. TheFreeze year is subject to technology review andcould be further deferred to 2030. Theagreement facilitates adequate carbon spacefor growth on domestic industry whileminimizing the cost to the economy during thetransition period.

India had consistently taken a position that thebaseline and freeze years should be at such afuture date which allows for growth of economywhile minimizing cost to the economy. TheIndian delegation also had steadfastly raisedthe issues of Intellectual Property Rights ofnon-HFC technologies, the high cost of thesetechnologies and resultant cost to economy intransitioning away from HFCs.

In the Kigali Amendment, it has been agreedthat the developing countries will have two setof baselines - one for the early movers in whichcase it will be 2020-2021-2022 and the otherfor those whose national circumstances weredifferent and the manufacturing of HFCs andconsumption in whose case was still rising inthe absence of clear alternative technologies.In case of such countries the agreed baselineyears are 2024, 2025 and 2026. An allowanceof HCFC component of 65% was also added inthe baseline of India in order to compensate forthe upward movement of baseline years inIndian amendment proposal, the HCFCcomponent was only 32.5%.

At the same time, it has also been agreed thatthe developed countries will reduce theirproduction and consumption of HFCs by 70% in2029. India will complete its phase down in 4steps from 2032 onwards with cumulativereduction of 10% in 2032, 20% in 2037, 30% in2042 and 85% in 2047.

The Montreal Protocol had no arrangement tilldate to incentivise improvement in energyefficiency in case of use of new refrigerantsand technology. On India's initiative, it was

agreed in Kigali that the MLF under the MontrealProtocol will pay for maintaining or increasingthe energy efficiency with new technology.Funding for R&D and servicing sector indeveloping countries has also been included inthe agreed solutions on finance.

The amendment to Montreal Protocol agreed inKigali has facilitated the creation of aninternational regime of regulatory actions andfinancial support for treating this set ofchemicals in the same manner and with thesame urgency as was accorded to other OzoneDepleting Substances in the past.

Details of the elements of the agreed HFCphase-down schedule are provided in tablebelow:

A5 parties A5 parties Non-A5(developing (developing partiescountries) - countries) - (developed

Group 1 Group 2 countries)

Baseline Average HFC Average HFC Average HFCformula consumption consumption consumption

for 2020- for 2024- for 2011-20132022+65% of 2026+65% + 15% of HCFChydrochloro- of HCFC baseline*fluorocarbon baseline

(HCFC) baseline

Freeze 2024 2028 -

1st step 2029 - 10% 2032 - 10% 2019 - 10%

2nd step 2035 - 30% 2037 - 20% 2024 - 40%

3rd step 2040 - 50% 2042 - 30% 2029 - 70%

4th step - - 2034 - 80%

Plateau 2045 - 80% 2047 - 85% 2036 - 85%

* For Belarus, Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan,Uzbekistan, 25% HCFC component of baseline and differentinitial two steps (1) 5% reduction in 2020 and (2) 35%reduction in 2025

Notes

1. Group 1: Article 5 parties not part of Group 2

2. Group 2: Bahrain, India, the Islamic Republic ofIran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, SaudiArabia and the United Arab Emirates

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3. Technology review in 2022 and every five years.

4. Technology review four to five years before 2028to consider the compliance deferral of two yearsfrom the freeze of 2028 of Article 5 Group 2 toaddress growth in relevant sectors above certainthreshold.

India has been able to secure an agreementthat provides adequate space for growth of oureconomy, while providing adequate time forindustry to shift to sustainable alternatives inthe interest of environment. The agreedarrangements will minimize the cost toconsumers in transitioning away from HFCs andprovide for domestic innovation to develop inthe sector of new generation refrigerants andrelated technologies.

NEW INITIATIVES

India Cooling Action Plan

Cooling is an essential part for economicgrowth and development. in Article 5 countries.The Refrigeration and Air-conditioning sectoris a major consumer of electricity. The directand indirect emissions of the RAC Sector relateto use of refrigerants and energy consumed bythe equipment. It is a widely known fact thatabout 90% of the total emissions fromrefrigeration and air conditioning equipment isbecause of energy consumption. The KigaliAmendment to the Montreal Protocol, for thefirst time, has recognized linkages betweenmaintaining and/or improving energy efficiencyof the RAC equipment with refrigerant transitionunder the Montreal Protocol.

Keeping in view that energy efficiency is amajor driver for technology choice under theKigali Amendment and considering the needfor an integrated view to be taken with respectto cooling for maximization of climate benefitsunder the Kigali amendment, the Governmentof India has initiated the development of IndiaCooling Action Plan (ICAP), which provides along-term perspective and guidance withrespect to cooling needs. The proposed planwould integrate issues of energy efficiency,refrigerant transitions, technology choices,reduction of cooling load, focus on servicingsector, and having an innovation ecosystem fordevelopment low GWP technologies.

In order to develop the ICAP, a Focused Group

HFC Phase-down Schedule forDeveloped Countries

HFC Phase-down Schedule forDeveloped Countries

After the Kigali meeting a Note seeking ex-post facto approval of the Cabinet for thenegotiating position of India with respect tothe proposals for amendment to the MontrealProtocol of the Vienna Convention for Protectionof Ozone Layer was submitted on 7th November,2016.

The Cabinet considered the note and approvedthe proposals contained in of the Cabinet Noteas 30th November 2016.

The success of negotiations at Kigali is a resultof the spirit of collective action, accommodationand flexibility by all the parties to ensure thebest possible outcome which addresses theneeds of all countries and leads to maximumclimate benefits.

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Discussion with industry and think tanks onthe way forward was held on 16th October2017, which was followed by stakeholderdiscussion on ICAP framework on 20th Dec.2017. A national level stakeholder consultationwas held on 17th January 2018 where morethan 80 experts from industry, academia, thinktank, and different ministries participated.

After these detailed stakeholder consultations,the Ministry constituted seven thematic workinggroups on 6th February 2018 with detailedterms of reference to prepare thematicdocuments / reports on the following (i) spacecooling, (ii) cold chain, (iii) air conditioningand refrigeration technology, (iv) R&D andProduction Sector - Alternative Refrigerantsand technologies, (vi) Servicing Sector, (vii)Transport Air conditioning (car, bus, train andMetro air conditioning) and (viii) Cross cuttingpolicy regulation and other internationalConventions. The thematic groups have beenmeeting regularly for development ofdocumentation along with an action Plan forShort, medium and long-term interventions,which would then be integrated into the NCAP.Each of the thematic groups compriserepresentatives from government Departments/organizations, industry, R&D institutions,academia, individual experts and think tanks.

The ICAP shall provide a perspective plan 20-year perspective plan (2018-2038) and policyrecommendations, to address the coolingrequirement across sectors while providing forways and means to provide thermal comfortand access to sustainable cooling to all,involving multi-stakeholders to synergizeactions for addressing cooling demand acrossall areas: technology, manufacturing, energyef f iciency and the environment, whilereemphasizing the principles enshrined in theCountry Programme of India for phase out ofODS i.e. to have minimum economic dislocationand obsolescence cost and maximize indigenousproduction to twin environment and economicgains.

Given the cross-cutting nature of coolingdemand, the ICAP implementation proposesactive collaboration among the relevantministries as well as the private sector entities.The draft ICAP will be launched on the WorldOzone Day after which comments will beinvited. The ICAP will be finalized afterappropriately incorporating the comments.

Training and Certification of Refrigerationand Air-conditioning Service techniciansunder Skill India Mission

Air conditioning and refrigeration is animportant and critical sector both for socialand economic development in the country. Airconditioning is becoming a necessity for healthyworking and living environment, andrefrigeration is an essential component of thecold chain for the preservation and distributionof perishable food. Servicing sector is importantnot only because it consumes a large proportionof the total consumption of refrigerants likeHCFCs and HFCs but also it has been the majorsource of emissions of these chemicals to theenvironment in the country. The quality ofservicing would also maintain the energyefficiency of the serviced equipment resultingin saving in electricity consumption. The useof proper servicing practices would not onlyresult in savings in refrigerant and consumptionand emissions but also reduce electricityconsumption in the serviced equipment. Mostof the technicians engaged in this sector arefrom the unorganized sector without formaltechnical education and/or training and thesetechnicians have learnt by working in the fieldover several years.

It is estimated that there are more than200,000 RAC service technicians in the countrywith most of them being in the informal sector.The current penetration of ACs in the countryis around 4-6%. It is projected that therewould be a rapid increase in the AC penetration.This would also lead to increase in the numberof RAC technicians.

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The Ozone Cell, MoEFCC had developed aproject jointly with the Electronic Sector SkillCouncil of India (ESSCI) for upskilling andcertifying 100,000 RAC service techniciansunder the Skill India Mission - Pradhan MantriKaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) of Ministry ofSkill development. Through this proposal notonly the livelihood opportunities of the RACservice technicians working in the informalsector would be enhanced though upskillingand certification but most importantly thiswould have significant positive environmentalimpacts through reduction leakage ofrefrigerants and increase in the energyefficiency in the operation of RAC equipment.

The project was launched on 2 August 2018 inthe presence of Hon'ble Minister forEnvironment, Forest and Climate Change,Hon'ble Minister for Skill Development andEntrepreneurship (MSDE) and the Hon'bleMinister of State for Environment, Forest andClimate Change. A Memorandum ofUnderstanding between the MoEF&CC and MSDEfor implementing the project was signed by theJoint Secretaries of the two ministries duringthe launch function. Implementation of theproject has begun and Training of Trainersprogrammes are currently underimplementation.

PARTICIPATION IN MONTREAL PROTOCOLMEETINGS

Meetings of the Executive Committee of theMultilateral Fund for the Implementation ofthe Montreal Protocol - Significant Outcomes

As per the Kigali Amendment to the MontrealProtocol, the Executive Committee of theMultilateral Fund for the Implementation ofthe Montreal Protocol is to develop costguidelines for phasing down ofHydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in the production,consumption and servicing sectors in thedeveloping countries by 2018. These costguidelines shall operationalize the fundingsolutions agreed as part of the Kigali

Amendment and shall determine the quantumof funding, which shall be made available bythe developed countries to the MultilateralFund for supporting HFC phase down activitiesin the developing countries.

The negotiations on the cost guidelines startedsince April 2017, India actively participated inthe deliberations on the cost guidelines andhas in the 80th and 81st meetings, able tosecure the incorporation of provision foradequate funding for energy efficiency andservicing sector in the negotiating text of theCost Guidelines. In addition, India was able tomake the ExCom agree for undertakingcomprehensive deliberations on phaseout ofHFCs in the production sector. The importanceof these negotiations is that these costguidelines when developed shall be used toprovide funding to projects from developingcountries including form India by MLF underHFC phase down. India also actively pursuedfor an assessment to be undertaken by the MLFSecretariat the issue relating to closure ofHCFC-22 Production swing plants and whiledoing so, there should be no disincentive forpro-active actions taken by any Party.

Conference of the Parties to the ViennaConvention on the protection of the ozonelayer and MOP to the Montreal Protocol

Meeting of the parties (MOP) to the MontrealProtocol - Significant Outcomes

Energy efficiency

On India's initiative, it was agreed in 2016 atKigali, Rwanda that the Multilateral Fund shalldevelop a cost guidance for maintaining orincreasing the energy efficiency in therefrigeration and air conditioning equipmentwhile making refrigerant transition whilephasing down HFCs under the MontrealProtocol.

ln order to operationalize this decision, Indiaintroduced a Conference Room Paper (CRP)with other proponents in the 39th Open Ended

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Working Group (OEWG) held from 11th to 14thJuly 2017 on the issues related to financial andtechnical support for energy efficiency inArticle-5 Parties (developing countries).

The CRP was considered and deliberated in the29th Meeting of Parties to the Montreal Protocol(MOP) held from 20th to 24th November 2017.A contact group to further discuss the CRPsubmitted by India along with Bahrain, Kuwait,Lebanon and Saudi Arabia and African Stateswas established during the MOP. The developedcountries were initially not so forthcoming onthe issue, emphasizing that Energy Efficiencyhas not been dealt under the Montreal Protocolearlier and is not compliance target under theKigali Amendment, which deals with phasedownof HFCs. Also, many other bodies providefunding for energy efficiency. Further it wasemphasized that the scope of the topic iswide much beyond the jurisdiction of theProtocol.

The Indian delegation actively and forcefullyput forth the view that the Kigali Amendmenthas formalized and enshrined maintainingand/or enhancing energy eff iciency ofrefrigeration and air-conditioning equipmentwhile making refrigerant transitions in theMontreal protocol. Also, that the KigaliAmendment deals with climate impacts andglobal warming potential. Thus, EnergyEfficiency of RAC equipment while makingrefrigerant transition is an integral part of theKigali Amendment and needs to be dealt underthe protocol. The important aspect is to clearlydefine the scope of technology requirementsand the associated costs through a focusedstudy of TEAP, before the 40th OEWG meetingin July 2018 in Vienna.

India was able to pilot after sustained andintensive negotiations the adoption DecisionXXIX/10 in the MOP emerging out of the CRPon the issues related to financial and technicalsupport for energy efficiency in Article-5 Partiessubmitted by India and other proponents.

Vide Decision XXIX/10 of the MOP, the

Technology and Economic Assessment Panel ofthe Montreal Protocol shall inter alia assess (i)Technology options and requirements, (ii)Related costs including capital and operatingcosts, (iii) Capacity-building and servicingsector requirements in relation to maintainingand/or enhancing energy efficiency in therefrigeration, air-conditioning and heat-pumpsectors and submit a comprehensive to theParties for further consideration. In addition,the Ozone Secretar iat shall hold aninternational workshop on the subject for theParties in Vienna in July 2018.

This is a signif icant f irst step inoperationalization of dovetailing energyefficiency and refrigerant transition under theMontreal Protocol framework, which willsignificantly enhance the overall climatebenefit.

Replenishment of the Multilateral Fund forthe period 2018-2020

The Multilateral Fund provides funding to thedeveloping countries for transitioning fromODS to non-ODS technology. India was oneof the members of the contact group formedby the MOP to f inalize the level ofreplenishment of the MLF by the developedcountries. India played a key role in thediscussion on the replenishment. The ContactGroup met several times and discussed variouselements and arrived at a figure of US $540million replenishment of the MLF for thetriennium 2018-2020. It may be mentionedhere in the prevailing international regime areplenishment of 540 million USD for the 2018to 2020 of the MLF is a very significantachievement. The decision to this effect wasadopted by the high-level segment of the 29thMOP.

High level Segment of Conference of theParties to the Vienna Convention on theprotection of the ozone layer and Meeting ofthe parties (MOP) to the Montreal Protocol

Secretary, EF&CC made the statement during

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the high level segment of 29th MOP on behalfof India. Secretary, MoEFCC also participatedin Ministerial Round-table in the High LevelSegment of MOP on "Identifying futureopportunities and priorities" wherein heunderlined the past successes of the MontrealProtocol highlighting the key points which ledto its success globally and in India which werewide and comprehensive stakeholderparticipation and technical and financialassistance mechanism under the Protocol. Healso set forth the future opportunities andpriorities under the protocol including foref fective implementation of the KigaliAmendment. Many of the ideas stated bySecretary EFCC were echoed by Mr. Erik Solheim,Executive Director, UN Environment.

Ministerial Round-table discussion, on"Identifying future opportunities andpriorities"

Round-table discussion, on the theme"Identifying future opportunities andpriorities", was held on the morning of 23November 2017. Secretar y Ministry ofEnvironment, Forest and Climate Change, Mr.C.K. Mishra participated in the same on behalfof India.

India was able to successfully underline thepast successes of the Montreal Protocolhighlighting the key points which led to itssuccess globally and in India which includedwide and comprehensive stakeholderparticipation and technical and financialassistance being the key. The futureopportunities and priorities under the protocol

including for effective implementation of theKigali Amendment were also articulated. Manyof the ideas stated by Secretary EFCC as headof Indian Delegation were echoed by Mr. ErikSolheim, Executive Director, UN Environment.

Side Event on an Integrated Approach toCooling: Maximizing Climate Benefits underthe Kigali Amendment

MoEFCC, Government of India and UNEnvironment OzonAction's ComplianceAssistance Programme, successfully organizeda side event during the margins of the High-Level Segment of the Joint 11th COP to theVienna Convention and 29th MOP to theMontreal Protocol organized a side event on23rd November 2017 on the theme "AnIntegrated Approach to Cooling: MaximizingClimate Benefits under the Kigali Amendment".

Executive Director, UN Environment, Mr. ErikSolheim was the Chief Guest. The Side eventwas attended by Mr. Gilbert Bankobeza, ChiefLegal Officer, Ozone Secretariat, Ms. ShamilaNair Bedoulle, Head, OzonAction Branch, UNEnvironment. Secretary EFCC was also present.The event was well attended by Parties, Thinktanks, representatives of UNDP, GIZ othermultilateral and bilateral agencies, and industryrepresentatives.

The Side event highlighted the steps taken bythe Ministry to follow an integrated approachto cooling for maximizing climate benefitsunder the Kigali Amendment recognizing thecross sectoral nature of cooling. The importanceof a detailed understanding of the coolingrequirement and better technological optionsto address the cooling need was underscored.The need for an integrated solution to thecooling requirement of the country was stressedas the "Whole is greater than sum of theparts". The initiative of Ministry ofEnvironment, Forest and Climate Change todevelop a National Cooling Action Plan whichintegrates energy efficiency as key part of thesolution for cooling, has a long term integratedMinisterial Round table organized during the high level

segment of the 29th MOP on 23rdNovember, 2017

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perspective, focusses on maximizing climatebenefits through energy efficiency, promotesmart space cooling and refrigerant strategies,give a push to skilling in service sector, havean innovation ecosystem for development oflow GWP alternatives to high GWP HFCs washighlighted at this important forum.

Late Shri Anil Madhav Dave, the then Hon'bleMinister of State (independent charge)environment, forest and climate change,Government of India was given the OzoneAward under the Political Leadership categoryfor the Leadership provided by India duringthe Kigali Amendment Negotiations during theHigh-level Segment of the 29th MOP.

Meeting of the Open-Ended Working Groupof the Parties to the Montreal Protocol

India continued its intensive negotiations onthe issue of energy both during the workshopon energy efficiency opportunities whilephasing down HFCs organized prior to the 40thOEWG as well as during the meeting of theOEWG. Stating that the TEAP providedinformation on energy efficiency issues inmore general. India emphasized that the TEAPhad not considered the relative performance ofalternative low GWP substances. The criteriaand methodology used for assessing projectsis not clear. While the funding proposed isminiscule, the challenges and opportunitiesregarding energy efficiency need to be broughtout clearly. India proposed for inclusion in theupdated report of the TEAP, to be presentedto the 30th MOP scheduled to be held inNovember 2018 at Quito, Ecuador (a) anassessment of relative performance ofalternatives to various options regarding energyefficiency, including capacity, which the TEAPreported in its 2009 progress report. (b) clearand concise technical information on thetechnology options and requirements as wellas the associated challenges (c)a matrix forthe different technological interventions andtheir costs with respect to maintaining /enhancing energy efficiency while phasing

down HFCs (d) to quantify the context/sitespecific impacts on environmental benefits ofEnergy Efficient equipment and (e) to addressthe 'price hump' for uptake of energy efficienttechnologies and finance measure to overcomethe 'price hump'.

Awareness Generation

The National Ozone Unit (NOU) has undertakencomprehensive public awareness campaign toensure that the industries and public at largeare aware about the ill effects of ozonedepletion, and undertake necessary ODS phase-out activities and support the policies toprotect the ozone layer.

World Ozone Day

World Ozone Day is organized every year in thecountry on 16th September, since 1995.

30th anniversary of the Montreal Protocol and23rd World Ozone Day was celebrated on 16thSeptember 2017 at Convention Centre, IndiaHabitat Centre, New Delhi.

A pan-India awareness campaign launched bythe Environment Ministry on the occasion ofthe 30th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol.This campaign was among the most widespreadcountrywide engagements of the Ministry forawareness generation, carried out with theactive partnership of States through schoolsand academic/research institutions spreadacross the country. The awareness campaignsaw participation of students from more than13,000 schools and reached out to 214 districtsacross 16 states of the country. Competitionswere held in various states and awards weregiven to prize winning students at the statelevel.

The awareness campaign was implemented withactive collaboration from State Governments,Regional Offices of the Ministry, Subordinateorganizations and Autonomous bodies of theMinistry, State Nodal Agencies under theNational Green Corp Scheme of the Ministry,

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and the ENVIS centers spread across thecountry.

A special website was created for widerparticipation and engagement of stakeholdersand students across the country.

On occasion of the World Ozone Day, thepublication "Montreal Protocol: India's SuccessStory" was released giving latest informationon ODS phase-out in the country andtechnologies adopted for phasing-out of ODSs.In addition, poster design, painting, sloganwriting competitions were organized amongschool children. Prizes for the winning entriesin each category of the competitions wereawarded by the Chief Guest. Ten specialinformation posters for school students weredeveloped on Montreal Protocol and these weredisseminated across the country.

air conditioning equipment, designed to bemore energy efficient that promoted ozoneand climate-friendly alternative technologiesto HCFCs and HFCs in the RAC sector.

The following two videos were launched on theOzone Day:

India's achievements in implementationof Montreal Protocol, and

HCFCs phase-out and Energy Efficiency inbuildings.

Handbook on HCFC Phase-out and EnergyEfficiency in Buildings and the first edition of'newsTRAC; and a newsletter for servicetechnicians in Refrigeration and Air-conditioning (RAC) sector were released by theHon'ble Minister EFCC on the occasion.

News letter

A newsletter for service technicians inRefrigeration and Air-conditioning (RAC) sectorwas launched on the World Ozone Day on 16thSeptember 2017. Three issues of the newsletterhave been published and widely circulated.

Participation in ACREX 2018

The Ozone Cell, MoEFCC along with UNDP, UNEnvironment and GIZ participated in ACREX2018 in Bangalore. ACREX 2018 is Asia'slargest exhibition of Heating, Ventilation Air-conditioning and Refrigeration (HVACR)industry. The Exhibition was inaugurated byHon'ble MEFCC and Executive Director, UNEnvironment. The focus of the exhibition wason Heating, Ventilation Air-conditioning andRefrigeration (HVACR), including green andenergy efficient buildings and the cold chain.

An Ozone2Climate Industry Roundtable withthe theme "Innovations in Energy Efficientand Climate Friendly HVAC&R Technology inIndia" was organized on 22nd February 2018.The objective of the Roundtable is to engagestakeholders including industries in adiscussion on zero-ODP, low-GWP and energy

Release of "The Montreal Protocol: India's Success Story"during "30th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol and 23rdWorld Ozone Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer"function held on 16th September, 2017 at New Delhi, India

Piquor - online selfie stand and infographicsrelating to past achievements of MontrealProtocol were arranged for wider publicengagement.

An "Ozone2Climate Technology Roadshow" wasalso organized to showcase technologies whichare based on non-ozone depleting substanceswith low global warming potential. TheRoadshow was organized in association withRAMA, IPUA, EESL, GIZ and UNDP. Theexhibitors, showcased current refrigeration and

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efficient alternatives in Heating, Ventilation,Air-conditioning and Refrigeration (HVAC&R)sector while considering the whole life cycleassessment of the climate impact of the finalproduct.

Meetings

Interagency meeting with UNDP, UNEnvironment and GIZ was held on 18thSeptember, 2017 under the Chairmanshipof Shri A. K. Jain, Additional Secretary,MoEF&CC.

Meeting of the Committee on Monitoringwas held under the Chairmanship ofChairman, Central Pollution Control Board.

A Focused Group Discussion with industryand think tanks on way forward to NationalCooling Action Plan was organized underchairmanship of Shri Anil Jain, AdditionalSecretary, MoEF&CC on 16th October 2017.

A meeting with industry stakeholders todiscuss issues relating to 80th Meeting ofthe Ex-Com and 29th MOP was held underthe Chairmanship of Shri A. K. Jain,Additional Secretary, MoEF&CC.

A meeting to review the Montreal Protocolprojects and activities implemented byUNDP as lead agency was held on 1stDecember 2017 under the Chairmanshipof Mr. Gyanesh Bharti, Joint Secretary,MoEF&CC.

A meeting with industry stakeholders todiscuss the outcomes of the 80th Ex-Comand 29th MOP was held under theChairmanship of Mr. Gyanesh Bharti, JointSecretary, MoEF&CC.

A review meeting with UNDP to discussprogress of MLF Projects implemented byUNDP under the Chairmanship of ShriGyanesh Bharti, Joint Secretary, Ministryof Environment, Forest and Climate Change(MoEF&CC) was held on 27th December2017.

A National Stakeholder consultationmeeting on National Cooling Action Planwas held on 17th January 2018 underchairmanship of Shri Anil Jain, AdditionalSecretary.

A meeting of the apex committee for theNCAP was held on 1st March 2018 underthe Chairmanship of Shri. C.K. Mishra,Secretary, EFCC.

Several meetings of the thematic groupsof the NCAP were organized from Februaryto August 2018 to discuss the progress ofthe NCAP.

Meeting of the Empowered SteeringCommittee (ESC) for Implementation ofthe Montreal Protocol was held on 26thMarch 2018 under the Chairmanship ofMr. C.K. Mishra, Secretary, EFCC.

Two meetings of the Technology andFinance Standing Committee were held on21st September, 2017 and 16th February,2018.

Meeting of the Steering Committee underthe Chairmanship of Mr. A.K. Jain,Additional Secretary was held on 29thJuly 2018 wherein the draft document ofeach thematic group was reviewed.

Several consultative meetings wereorganized on a regular basis for interactionwith industry, Government departmentsetc., on issues relating to MontrealProtocol Implementation.

Several meetings were held with theofficials of Electronics Skill Sector Councilof India on the Project for upskilling andcertifying 100,000 RAC service techniciansunder the Skill India Mission

Workshops

Four workshops were conducted incollaboration with EESL on HCFC phase-out, energy efficiency in building sectorat Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata.

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As part of the non-investment componentof HPMP Stage-I, Regional Awarenessworkshops have been organized in acrossthe country in association with GIZProklima and UN Environment ComplianceAssistance Program (CAP), Regional Officefor Asia and the Pacific (ROAP), Bangkok.

Two workshops at Chennai and Ludhianawere organized by the RASSS wherein thetwo new chapters were also started atthese two locations.

Training, workshops were organized acrossthe country for RAC servicing techniciansby GIZ, Government of Germany as partof the remaining activities in theRAC Servicing Sector strategy of HPMPStage-I.

A Risk Profiling workshop was held incollaboration with UN EnvironmentBangkok from 20-22 June, 2018 whichwas attended by about 20 participantsincluding 7 participants from NACEN India.

Workshops on technology policy andawareness among stakeholders have beenorganized from time to time across thecountry for successful implementation ofthe phase-out of HCFCs as per the MontrealProtocol schedule.

Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning ServicingSector Society

The servicing sector comprises of servicingenterprises and service technicians which aremostly from unorganized and informal sectorand are spread all over the country.

UNEP Regional Office for Asia and the Pacificunder the guidance of the Ozone Cell, MoEF&CCencouraged the servicing sector to formRefrigeration and Air-Conditioning ServicingSector Society (RASSS). Presently RASSS hasabout 1500 members and 5 chapters.

Website

The Ozone Cell first launched its website

www.ozonecell.com in the year 1999. Aninteractive website of Ozone Cell has been re-developed.

MIS for ODS phase-out activities

A comprehensive MIS for all activities relatingto ODS phase-out including the regulatoryframework under the ODS Rules, projectimplementation and monitoring has beendeveloped.

Monitoring System in India

A detailed monitoring mechanism has beenestablished by the Ozone Cell, MoEF&CC toensure that the funding support provided fromthe MLF through implementing agencies isbeing fruitfully utilized by the enterprises. Thekey aspects relating to monitoring mechanismare as follows:

The MoEF&CC has constituted a StandingCommittee on Monitor ing under theChairmanship of Chairman, Central PollutionControl Board (CPCB) with Members fromconcerned Departments, Industry Associationsand the Ozone Cell, MoEF&CC. The Committeereviews the data collected and analysed by theOzone Cell, MoEF&CC from ODS producers,DGFT, Directorate General of CommercialIntelligence and Statistics (DGCIS), etc., onproduction, imports, exports and user industryin the country. The production, import andexport data is collated in the Article 7 formatof the Montreal Protocol for submission to theOzone Secretariat. The Standing Committee onMonitoring is an advisory body to the ESC. TheArticle 7 data thus vetted by the StandingCommittee on Monitoring is submitted to theESC for its approval and then it is submittedto the Ozone Secretariat.

The Ozone Cell has been convening regularmeetings with representatives of the WorldBank, UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO and BilateralAgencies with a view to note the progress ofimplementation and to sort out short term

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problems, which might occur during theimplementation process. Further, Director,Ozone Cell, MoEF&CC is holding periodicmeetings with industries to monitor theirimplementation progress for ODS phase-out.

Awards and Recognitions

The Ozone Cell of India has been conferredwith several awards/appreciations/recognitionsfor successful implementation of the MontrealProtocol and its ODS phase out activities.

Late Shri Anil Madhav Dave, the then Hon'bleMinister of State (independent charge)environment, forest and climate change,Government of India was given the OzoneAward under the Political Leadership categoryfor the Leadership provided by India duringthe Kigali Amendment Negotiations.

On behalf of India, the award was received bySecretary, Ministry of Environment, Forest, andClimate Change. The Award ceremony was heldin Montreal during the first day of high levelsegment of 29th MoP.

A team from the Secretariat of theMultilateral Fund (MLF) for implementationof Montreal Protocol led by the ChiefOfficer, Mr. Eduardo Ganem visited Indiaduring the period 12-16 February 2018 tounderstand India's efforts to adopt OzoneDepleting Substances (ODS) free, low-Global Warming Potential (GWP)technologies in different sectors. The visitwas organized pursuant to the visit ofSecretary, Ministry of Environment, Forestand Climate Change (MoEF&CC) to the MLFSecretar iat during September 2017,wherein an invitation was extended to theMLF Secretariat to visit India.

The Senior Monitoring and EvaluationOff icer, MLF accompanied by anindependent consultant visited Indiaduring March 2018 for evaluation of RACservicing sector implementation underHPMP Stage-I During the mission, theteam visited a sample of three trainingsites in three cities (Chandigarh, Bangaloreand Ahmedabad) and collected informationthrough direct observation and discussionswith the stakeholders. Discussions werealso held with the Ozone Cell and thebilateral implementing agency (GIZ)representatives. The team also hadinteraction with the officials of NationalAcademy of customs and Indirect Taxesand Head UN Environment India office onimplementation of the enablingcomponent.

Data on production, consumption, exportand import of ODSs is being collectedfrom various sources, collated andsubmitted to the Secretariat for the ViennaConvention and the Montreal Protocol(The Ozone Secretariat) and the CountryProgram Progress Report (CPPR) to theSecretar iat of the MLF for theimplementation of the Montreal Protocolby the end of September each year as perthe Article 7 of the Montreal Protocol.

Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Forest, and ClimateChange Shri C. K. Mishra receiving the Political LeadershipAward on behalf of Late Shri Anil Madhav Dave during the

high level segment of 29th MoP.

Other activities

Recommendations were issued toenterprises for import and export of ODSsand ODS based equipment for gettinglicense from the Directorate General ofForeign Trade (DGFT).

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Key to Success

India attributes its success in achieving rapidprogress of ODS phase out on the following:

Identifying the priority sub-sectors forearly phase-out.

Choosing wisely a project portfolio withthe right mix of investment and non-investment activities.

Involving key stakeholders early in thephase-out process at both planning andimplementation levels.

Sending clear messages from theGovernment to various stakeholders bynotifying appropriate regulations andpolicies.

Awareness raising activities for key targetgroups.

Increasing the capacity of the Ozone Cellby its active involvement in the RegionalNetwork of ODS of ficers and otherinternational fora.

To create awareness among thestakeholders producing and consumingHCFCs.

Monitoring of production and consumptionsectors for complete phase-out of ODS.

Mechanism for more involvement of Statelevel organizations in ODSs phase-outactivities.

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3. INDIA'S ACHIEVEMENTS TO DATE OF THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL REGIME

Achievements

Contribution and achievements of India for theprotection of the stratospheric ozone andimplementation of the Montreal Protocol aremulti-fold. ODS producing and consumingindustry in the country were motivated bycreating extensive awareness about the illeffects of the ozone layer depletion in the earlystage of the Montreal Protocol. Simultaneously,activities related to the Montreal Protocol wereinitiated as early as in 1989 by establishing atask force for evaluating the use of ODSs andestimating sector wise consumption of ODSs.

India not only developed and put in placepolicies/regulations for phase-out of ODSs asper the Montreal Protocol Schedule within thecountry, but also played a visionary role sincethe inception of the Montreal Protocol includingin the key policy negotiations on behalf of thedeveloping nations.

India debated extensively to make industrializedcountries to realize their historic responsibilityfor production, consumption and emissions ofODSs, that has caused the stratospheric ozonehole. Subsequently, India played a vital role forsetting up the financial mechanism as early as1990 to provide technical and financialassistance to the developing countries. Today,the financial mechanism has proved to be thekey element in making the Montreal Protocol asuccessful Environmental Treaty.

India became a Party to the Vienna Conventionfor the Protection of the Ozone Layer on 18thMarch, 1991 and the Montreal Protocol onSubstances that Deplete the Ozone Layer on19th June, 1992. India, during the last 23years has made outstanding contributions forthe protection of ozone layer.

Comprehensive Ozone Depleting Substances(Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 were

developed and put in place under theEnvironment (Protection) Act 1986, which wereutmost important for the successfulimplementation of ODS phase-out in a vastcountry like India. These rules set the deadlinesfor phasing-out of various ODSs. The uniquefeature of these Rules was banning the use ofCFCs and halons in manufacturing of newequipment as early as from 1st January, 2003.This has not only achieved the early phase-outof CFCs and halons in the country, but alsoreduced the inventory of ODS based equipmentwhich resulted in reduction of servicingrequirements.

Another significant achievement was phase-out of production and consumption of virginhalons as early as 2002, being high-ODPchemicals.

India had successfully organized the 18th MOPto the Montreal Protocol, 50th Meeting of theEx-Com of the MLF and 37th Meeting of theImplementation Committee during October-November 2006. The High Level Segment of theMOP was inaugurated by the then Hon'blePrime Minister of India and the preparatorysegment by the then Hon'ble Minister ofEnvironment, Forest and Climate Change. Alarge number of Ministers of various countriesheaded their delegations to the MOP. The OzoneSecretariat and the Parties to the MontrealProtocol appreciated the arrangements of themeeting and hospitality of the country.

India accelerated the phase-out of productionand consumption of CFCs with effect from 1stAugust, 2008, 17 months ahead of the MontrealProtocol schedule except use of pharmaceuticalgrade CFCs in manufacturing of MDIs for Asthma,COPD and other respiratory ailments within thecountry and other Article 5 Parties.

The Ozone Cell, MoEF&CC received "The Montreal

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Protocol Implementers Award, 2007" on theoccasion of 20th Anniversary of the MontrealProtocol, for its extraordinary contributions inthe effective implementation of the MontrealProtocol and the global effort to protect theozone layer. "The Stratospher ic OzoneProtection Award, 2008" was also conferred onDr. A. Duraisamy, Director, Ozone Cell inrecognition of his exceptional contribution toglobal environmental protection and forleadership in ozone layer protection by UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency,Washington, DC.

The phase-out of ODSs in MSMEs, which werewidely scattered were handled using aninnovative approach, realizing that MSMEs arehaving relatively a large share in Indianeconomy. Several sector-wise umbrella projectswere formulated in a number of sectors viz.aerosol sector, foam manufactur ing,refrigeration manufacturing, to cater to theneeds of MSMEs. These enterprises wereprovided need based appropriate equipment forconverting their operations from ODS to non-ODS technologies. Safety issues in usingflammable propellants like Hydrocarbon AerosolPropellant (HAP) by small aerosol fillers wereaddressed adequately.

The phase-out of use of CFCs in RAC ServicingSector was an extremely challenging taskbecause it involved the informal sectorcomprising of a large number of very tinyenterprises. These enterprises were locatedthroughout the country, including in smalltowns and rural areas. NCCoPP and itsforerunning projects (ECOFRIG and HIDECOR)not only addressed this sector in a very effectivemanner by training more than 20,000 servicingtechnicians but also provided equipmentsupport to a large number of enterprises. Thiswas one of the significant achievementsaddressing the informal sector in the country.

Another challenging task was to phase-out theproduction and consumption of CTC, especially

in the consumption sector which involved alarge number of MSMEs and tiny enterprisesusing CTC as solvent. This sector was successfullyaddressed through an umbrella project andprovided technical assistance to replace CTCused in garment manufacturing as well asmetal cleaning.

India successfully phased-out the productionand consumption of CFCs, CTC and halons as of1st January, 2010.

Another critical challenge was to phase out theuse of pharmaceutical grade CFCs inmanufacturing of MDIs. The National Strategyfor Transition to Non-CFC MDIs and Plan forPhase-out of CFCs in the Manufacture ofPharmaceutical MDIs was implemented by UNDPas lead implementing agency, in associationwith UNEP and Government of Italy in closecooperation of MDI manufacturers under theguidance of Ozone Cell, MoEF&CC. The MDImanufacturers have done a commendable workand converted all the CFC based formulations ofMDIs to CFC-free and placed in the market asearly as in 2011 with the due approval ofCentral Drug Standard Control Organization,MoHFW. India sought pharmaceutical gradeCFCs through EUN only for 2010 and withdrewthe nominations for 2011 in consultation withMDI manufacturers. Accordingly, India informedthe 22nd MOP to the Montreal Protocol thatIndia would not seek any CFCs for manufacturingof MDIs through EUN for 2011 and beyond. The22nd MOP congratulated India for itsoutstanding contribution and achievement inthis area.

The implementation of National Strategy forTransition to non-CFC MDIs and Plan for Phase-out of CFCs in Manufacturing of PharmaceuticalMDIs has resulted successful phase-out ofpharmaceutical grade CFCs in manufacturing ofMDIs as of December, 2012, 11 months prior tothe schedule approved by the Ex-Com of theMLF. India was one of the first countries toswitch over from CFC to non-ODS in MDImanufacturing.

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Recognizing the importance and challenges inimplementation of the accelerated phase-outof HCFCs as per the decision of the 19th MOPheld in September, 2007, India initiatedactivities as early as 2008 and developed andlaunched the Roadmap for Phase-out of HCFCsin India in October, 2009 describing the longterm vision and action plan. Since then, anumber of activities have been carried out,including awareness workshops, collection andcollation of data on consumption of HCFCs,preparation of sectoral strategies. UNDP onbehalf of India prepared the HPMP Stage-Itaking into account the sectoral strategies andavailability of low-GWP technologies. The HPMPStage-I was submitted to the MLF Secretariatfor the consideration and approval of the 66thEx-Com of the MLF for the Implementation ofthe Montreal Protocol with due approval of theMoEF&CC.

India's HPMP Stage-I was approved by Ex-Comin its 66th meeting held in April, 2012 for theperiod 2012-2015 to meet the 2013 and 2015phase-out targets of HCFCs.

India successfully met the 2013 target of freezeof HCFC production and consumption and 10 %phase-out targets of HCFCs in 2015, as per theaccelerated phase out schedule of the MontrealProtocol.

Through the HPMP Stage-I, a total of 341.77ODP tonne of HCFCs have been phased out, ofwhich 310.53 OPD tonne is of HCFC 141b in thefoam manufacturing sector and 31.24 ODP tonneis for HCFC-22 in the RAC servicing sector, inaccordance with the agreement between theGovernment of India and the Ex-Com of theMLF. The net direct emission reductions arethus 3,071,260.5 CO2 eq.tonne.

HPMP Stage II

The 72nd meeting of the Ex-Com held in May,2014 has approved the preparation of HPMPStage-II for India with UNDP as the leadimplementing agency in association with UN

Environment and GIZ, Proklima, Government ofGermany as cooperating agencies.

HPMP Stage-II of India has been prepared forassisting the country in achieving compliancewith the Montreal Protocol phase out target forconsumption of HCFCs inter alia with completephase-out of HCFC-141b, consumed exclusivelyin foam manufacturing sector. India's HPMP-IIalso includes activities that build on alreadyimplemented HPMP Stage-I activities.

The 77th meeting of the Ex-com held from 28thNovember to 2nd December, 2016 approved theHCFC Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP)Stage-II for India. Under HPMP II, India hassecured 48.3 million USD from the MultilateralFund including implementing agencies supportcost for phasing out 8,190 MT or 769.49 ODPtonne of HCFC consumption between 2017 to2023, in order to meet the compliance targetsunder Montreal Protocol for 2020. Around 400+enterprises including 300+ Micro, Small andMedium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the foammanufactur ing sector and 6 large airconditioning manufacturing enterprises wouldbe supported under HPMP II for conversionfrom HCFCs to non-HCFC technologies."

India has voluntarily followed a low carbondevelopment path in HPMP Stage II, whilephasing out HCFCs by adopting non-ODS, lowGWP and energy-efficient technologies in itsHPMP, which is unlike growth paths taken bymany countries in the developed world. TheHPMP has been developed in a manner thatindustrial obsolescence and adverse economicimpacts to the industry are minimized and thecompliance targets of the Montreal Protocol areachieved.

India's HPMP has may unique initiatives both inthe choice of conversion technologies adoptedand in having a specific component on sectorbased policy development for phase out ofHCFCs. The cross sectoral nature of HCFC phase-out activities has been recognized. EnablingActivities for policy development in energy

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eff iciency, green procurement, standarddevelopment for new HCFC alternatives, coldchain development, building sector will beundertaken.

Successful implementation of the HPMP Stage-II in India will result in a sustainable phase-outof 769.49 ODP tons of HCFCs. Due to therelatively high GWP of HCFCs, their phase-outwill result in reduced direct GHG emissions. Thenet contribution towards reduction of directCO2 emissions due to successful implementationof HPMP Stage-II are 4,262,100 MT CO2 Eq. peryear from 2020 and 7, 697, 600 MT CO2 Eq. peryear from 2023.

The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulationand Control) Rules, 2000 have been amendedto align with the accelerated phase-out ofHCFCs. The Ozone Depleting Substances(Regulation and Control) Amendment Rules,2014 were published on 4th April, 2014 in theGazette of India.

HFC - 23 incineration

India has taken a lead and issued an order forincinerating the HFC-23, a by-product of HCFC-22 refrigerant production, voluntarily by theproducers of HCFC - 22. HFC-23 gas, a potentgreenhouse gas, with GWP of 14800, is producedas a by-product of HCFC-22 manufacturing, andif vented out in environment, is a threat to theenvironment. India announced this stepvoluntarily without a commitment of financialsupport from the MLF, which shows thedetermination and commitment of the countryon climate issues.

India Cooling Action Plan

Recognizing the cross cutting use ofrefrigeration and air conditioning technologiesin various sectors and close linkage of energyefficiency with refrigerant transitions whilephasing down HFCs, it has been decided todevelop a India Cooling Action Plan. This planwould inter-alia integrate the phase out ofODSs/phase down of HFCs while maximizing

energy ef f iciency of air-conditioningequipment's.

The ICAP shall provide a perspective plan 20-year perspective plan (2018-2038) and policyrecommendations, to address the coolingrequirement across sectors while providing forways and means to provide thermal comfortand access to sustainable cooling to all,involving multi-stakeholders to synergizeactions for addressing cooling demand acrossall areas: technology, manufacturing, energyeff iciency and the environment, whilereemphasizing the principles enshrined in theCountry Programme of India for phase out ofODS i.e. to have minimum economic dislocationand obsolescence cost and maximize indigenousproduction to twin environment and economicgains.

Given the cross-cutting nature of coolingdemand, the ICAP implementation proposesactive collaboration among the relevantministries as well as the private sector entities.The draft ICAP will be launched on the WorldOzone Day after which comments will be invited.The ICAP will be finalized after appropriatelyincorporating the comments.

Training and Certification of Refrigerationand Air-conditioning Service techniciansunder Skill India Mission

The Ozone Cell, MoEFCC had developed a projectjointly with the Electronic Sector Skill Councilof India (ESSCI) for upskilling and certifying100,000 RAC service technicians under the SkillIndia Mission - Pradhan Mantri Kaushal VikasYojana (PMKVY) of Ministry of Skill development.Through this proposal not only the livelihoodopportunities of the RAC service techniciansworking in the informal sector would beenhanced though upskilling and certificationbut most importantly this would have significantpositive environmental impacts throughreduction leakage of refrigerants and increasein the energy efficiency in the operation of RACequipment.

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A Memorandum of Understanding between theMoEF&CC and MSDE for implementing the projectwas signed by the Joint Secretaries of the twoministr ies dur ing the launch function.Implementation of the project has begun.

Kigali Amendment

India provided strong political and policyleadership during the negotiations for the KigaliAmendment to the Montreal Protocol. The roleof India was crucial in the adoption of theKigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.The success of negotiations at Kigali is a resultof the spirit of collective action, accommodationand flexibility by all the parties to ensure thebest possible outcome which addresses theneeds of all countries and leads to maximumclimate benefits.

India piloted the concept of two base lines forthe developing countries (group 1: 2020-2021-2022; China and others, and group 2: 2024-2025-2026; India and others) and adifferentiated phased down time schedule tofactor in the needs of developing countries.This was the first time in the Montreal Protocolthat the concept of two baseline has beenadopted both for developed and developingcountries.

The freeze for the production and consumptionof HFCs for India would be in 2028. The freezeyear can be deferred to 2030 subject totechnology review. In addition to productionand consumption of HFCs in the baseline year,65% of HCFC baseline has also been added toprovide for adequate carbon space for thedevelopment of the country. India hasundertaken to complete its phase down in 4steps from 2032 onwards with cumulativereduction of 10% in 2032, 20% in 2037, 30% in2042 and 85% in 2047. This agreementfacilitates adequate carbon space for growth ondomestic industry while minimizing the cost tothe economy and consumers during thetransition period.

On India's initiative, energy efficiency was

included for the first time in the MontrealProtocol as an agreed finance solution whilephasing down HFCs. India provided strongpolitical and policy leadership during thenegotiations for the Kigali Amendment to theMontreal Protocol. Funding for R&D andservicing sector in developing countries hasalso been included in the agreed solutions onfinance.

Estimated Climate Impact of Kigali Amendment by 2100

India has been able to secure an agreementthat provides adequate space for growth of oureconomy, while providing adequate time forindustry to shift to sustainable alternatives inthe interest of environment. The agreedarrangements will minimize the cost toconsumers in transitioning away from HFCs andprovide for domestic innovation to develop inthe sector of new generation refrigerants andrelated technologies.

Negotiations in Montreal Protocol Meetings

India actively participated in the deliberationson the cost guidelines and has in the 80th and81st meetings, able to secure the incorporationof provision for adequate funding for energyef f iciency and servicing sector in thenegotiating text of the Cost Guidelines.

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On India's initiative, it was agreed in 2016 atKigali, Rwanda that the Multilateral Fund shalldevelop a cost guidance for maintaining orincreasing the energy ef f iciency in therefrigeration and air conditioning equipmentwhile making refrigerant transition whilephasing down HFCs under the Montreal Protocol.

India was able to pilot after sustained andintensive negotiations the adoption Decision

XXIX/10 in the MOP emerging out of the CRP onthe issues related to financial and technicalsupport for energy efficiency in Article-5 Partiessubmitted by India and other proponents. Thisis a significant first step in operationalizationof dovetailing energy efficiency and refrigeranttransition under the Montreal Protocolframework, which will significantly enhancethe overall climate benefit.

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4. HOW CAN YOU HELP TO PROTECT THE OZONE LAYER?

"Being Ozone friendly" means takingindividual action to reduce and eliminateimpacts on the stratospheric ozone layer causedby the products that you buy, the appliancesand equipment that your household or businessuses, or the manufacturing process used byyour company. Products made with, orcontaining ODSs such as CFCs, CTC, HCFCs,halons, methyl chloroform and methyl bromidecan contribute to ozone layer depletion.

Actions that an individual can take to protectthe ozone layer:

Be an Ozone-friendly consumer

Buy products (aerosol spray cans, refrigerators,air-conditioners, MDIs, fire extinguishers, etc.)that are labelled "ozone friendly" or "CFCfree". The product labels should indicate thatthey do not contain ODSs such as CFCs orhalons. Ask for more information from theseller to ensure that the product is ozonefriendly. Tell your neighbour that you are theproud owner of "ozone friendly" products.

Be an ozone-friendly homeowner

Dispose of old refrigerators and appliancesresponsibly. CFC and HCFC refrigerants shouldbe removed from an appliance before it isdiscarded. Portable halon fire extinguishersthat are no longer needed should be returnedto your fire protection authority for recycling.Consider purchasing new fire extinguishers thatdo not contain halon (e.g. dry powder) asrecommended by your fire protection authority.

Be an ozone-friendly farmer

If you use methyl bromide for soil fumigation,consider switching to effective and safealternatives that are currently being used inmany countries to replace this ozone damaging

pesticide. Consider options such as integratedpest management that do not rely on costlychemical inputs. If you don't currently usemethyl bromide, don't begin to use it now (youwill have to get rid of it in the future).

Be an ozone-friendly refrigeration servicingTechnician

Ensure that the refrigerant you recover from airconditioners, refrigerators or freezer duringservicing is not "vented" or released to theatmosphere. Regularly check and fix leaks beforethey become a problem. Start refrigerantrecovery and recycling programme in your area.

Be an ozone-friendly office worker

Help your company in identifying which of theexisting equipments (e.g. water coolers, air-conditioners, cleaning solvents, f ireextinguishers etc.) are based on ODSs. Developa plan replacing them with cost-effective non-ODS based equipments/eproducts. Become anenvironmental leader within your office.

Be an ozone-friendly company

Replace ODSs used in your premises and in yourmanufacturing processes. Contact your NOU tosee if you are eligible for financial and technicalassistance from the MLF. The productsmanufactured in your company are based onODSs, plan and implement conversion ofproduction line to non-ODSs technologies thatdo not destroy ozone layer.

Be an ozone-friendly teacher

Inform your students about the importance ofprotecting the environment and in particular,the ozone layer. Teach students about thedamaging impact of ODSs on ozone layer, healthand what steps are being taken internationallyand nationally to solve this problem. Encourage

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your students to spread the message to theirfamilies.

Be an ozone-friendly community organizer

Inform your family, neighbours and friendsabout the need to protect the ozone layer andhelp them get involved. Work with NGOs to helpthe community. Start information campaignsand technical assistance projects to phase outODSs in your city, town or village.

Be an ozone-friendly citizen

Read and learn more about the effects of ozonedepletion on people, animals and theenvironment. Also learn about your nationalstrategy and policies to implement the MontrealProtocol and ODS phase-out program in yourcountry. Get in touch with your country's NOUand learn how you can get involved on anindividual level.

Website: www.ozonecell.com

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5. OZONE IN OUR ATMOSPHERE

Twenty Questions and Answers about theOzone Layer

Q.1. : What is ozone and where is it in theatmosphere?

Ozone is a gas that is naturally presentin our atmosphere. Each ozone moleculecontains three atoms of oxygen and isdenoted chemically as O3. Ozone isfound primarily in two regions of theatmosphere. About 10% of atmosphericozone is in the troposphere, the regionclosest to Earth (from the surface toabout 10-16 kilometers (6-10 miles)).The remaining ozone (about 90%)resides in the stratosphere betweenthe top of the troposphere and about50 kilometers (31 miles) altitude. Thelarge amount of ozone in thestratosphere is often referred to as the"ozone layer."

Q.2. : How is ozone formed in theatmosphere?

Ozone is formed throughout theatmosphere in multistep chemicalprocesses that require sunlight. In thestratosphere, the process begins withan oxygen molecule (O2) being brokenapart by UV radiation from the Sun.In the lower atmosphere (troposphere),ozone is formed by a different set ofchemical reactions that involve naturallyoccurring gases and those frompollution sources.

Q.3. : Why do we care about atmosphericozone?

Ozone in the stratosphere absorbs a

large part of the Sun's biologicallyharmful UV radiation. Stratosphericozone is considered "good" ozonebecause of this beneficial role. Incontrast, ozone formed at Earth'ssurface in excess of natural amountsis considered "bad" ozone because itis harmful to humans, plants, andanimals. Natural ozone near the surfaceand in the lower atmosphere plays animportant beneficial role in chemicallyremoving pollutants from theatmosphere.

Q.4. : How is total ozone distributed overthe globe?

The distribution of total ozone over theEarth varies with location on timescalesthat range from daily to seasonal. Thevariations are caused by large-scalemovements of stratospheric air and thechemical production and destruction ofozone. Total ozone is generally lowestat the equator and highest in PolarRegions.

Q.5. : How is ozone measured in theatmosphere?

The amount of ozone in the atmosphereis measured by instruments on theground and carried aloft on balloons,aircraf t, and satellites. Someinstruments measure ozone locally bycontinuously drawing air samples intoa small detection chamber. Otherinstruments measure ozone remotelyover long distances by using ozone'sunique optical absorption or emissionproperties.

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Q.6. : What are the principal steps instratospheric ozone depletion causedby human activities?

The initial step in the depletion ofstratospheric ozone by human activitiesis the emission, at Earth's surface, ofgases containing chlorine and bromine.Most of these gases accumulate in thelower atmosphere because they areunreactive and do not dissolve readilyin rain or snow. Natural air motionstransport these accumulated gases tothe stratosphere, where they areconverted to more reactive gases. Someof these gases then participate inreactions that destroy ozone. Finally,when air returns to the loweratmosphere, these reactive chlorine andbromine gases are removed from Earth'satmosphere by rain and snow.

Q.7. : What emissions from human activitieslead to ozone depletion?

Certain industr ial processes andconsumer products result in theemission of ODSs to the atmosphere.ODSs are manufactured halogen sourcegases that are controlled worldwide bythe Montreal Protocol. These gasesbring chlorine and bromine atoms tothe stratosphere, where they destroyozone in chemical reactions. Importantexamples are the CFCs, once used inalmost all refrigeration and airconditioning systems, and the halons,which were used in fire extinguishers.Current ODS abundances in theatmosphere are known directly from airsample measurements.

Q.8. : What are the reactive halogen gasesthat destroy stratospheric ozone?

Emissions from human activities and

natural processes represent a largesource of chlorine- and brominecontaining gases that enter thestratosphere. When exposed toultraviolet radiation from the Sun, thesehalogen source gases are converted tomore reactive gases containing chlorineand bromine. Some reactive gases actas chemical reservoirs that convert toform the most reactive gases, namelychlorine monoxide (ClO) and brominemonoxide (BrO). The most reactivegases participate in catalytic reactionsthat efficiently destroy ozone. Mostvolcanoes emit some reactive halogengases that readily dissolve in water andare usually washed out of theatmosphere before they can reach thestratosphere.

Q.9. : What are the chlorine and brominereactions that destroy stratosphericozone?

Reactive gases containing chlorine andbromine destroy stratospheric ozone in"catalytic" cycles made up of two ormore separate reactions. As a result,a single chlorine or bromine atom candestroy many thousands of ozonemolecules before it leaves thestratosphere. In this way, a smallamount of reactive chlorine or brominehas a large impact on the ozone layer.A special situation develops in PolarRegions in the late winter/early springseason where large enhancements inthe abundance of the most reactivegas, chlorine monoxide, leads to severeozone depletion.

Q.10. : Why has an "ozone hole" appearedover Antarctica when ODSs are presentthroughout the stratosphere?

ODSs are present throughout the

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stratospheric ozone layer because theyare transported great distances byatmospheric air motions. The severedepletion of the Antarctic ozone layerknown as the "ozone hole" occursbecause of the special atmospheric andchemical conditions that exist thereand nowhere else on the globe. Thevery low winter temperatures in theAntarctic stratosphere cause polarstratospheric clouds (PSCs) to form.Special reactions that occur on PSCs,combined with the relative isolation ofpolar stratospheric air, allow chlorineand bromine reactions to produce theozone hole in Antarctic springtime.

Q.11. : How severe is the depletion of theAntarctic ozone layer?

Severe depletion of the Antarctic ozonelayer was first reported in the mid-1980s. Antarctic ozone depletion isseasonal, occurring primarily in latewinter and early spring (August-November). Peak depletion occurs inearly October when ozone is oftencompletely destroyed over a range ofaltitudes, thereby reducing total ozoneby as much as two-thirds at somelocations. This severe depletion createsthe "ozone hole" apparent in imagesof Antarctic total ozone made usingsatellite observations. In most yearsthe maximum area of the ozone holefar exceeds the size of the Antarcticcontinent.

Q.12. : Is there depletion of the Arctic ozonelayer?

Yes, significant depletion of the Arcticozone layer now occurs in most yearsin the late winter/early spring period(January-March). However, themaximum depletion is less severe than

that observed in the Antarctic and ismore variable from year to year. A largeand recurrent "ozone hole," as foundin the Antarctic stratosphere, does notoccur in the Arctic.

Q.13. : How large is the depletion of theglobal ozone layer?

Depletion of the global ozone layerbegan gradually in the 1980s andreached a maximum of about 5% in theearly 1990s. The depletion has lessenedsince then and now is about 3.5%averaged over the globe. The averagedepletion exceeds the natural year-toyear variations of global total ozone.The ozone loss is very small near theequator and increases with latitudetoward the poles. The larger polardepletion is attributed to the latewinter/early spring ozone destructionthat occurs there each year.

Q.14. : Do changes in the Sun and volcaniceruptions affect the ozone layer?

Yes, factors such as changes in solarradiation, as well as the formation ofstratospheric particles after volcaniceruptions, do influence the ozone layer.However, neither factor can explain theaverage decreases observed in globaltotal ozone over the last three decades.If large volcanic eruptions occur in thecoming decades, ozone depletion willincrease for several years afterwards.

Q.15. : Are there controls on the productionof ODSs?

Yes, the production and consumptionof ODSs are controlled under a 1987international agreement known as the"Montreal Protocol on Substances thatDeplete the Ozone Layer" and by its

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subsequent Amendments andAdjustments. The Protocol, now ratifiedby all 197 United Nations members,establishes legally binding controls onnational production and consumptionof ODSs. Production and consumptionof all principal ODSs by developed anddeveloping nations will be almostcompletely phased out before themiddle of the 21st century.

Q.16. : Has the Montreal Protocol beensuccessful in reducing ODSs in theatmosphere?

Yes, as a result of the Montreal Protocol,the overall abundance of ODSs in theatmosphere has been decreasing forabout a decade. If the nations of theworld continue to comply with theprovisions of the Montreal Protocol,the decrease will continue throughoutthe 21st century. Those gases that arestill increasing in the atmosphere, suchas halon-1301 and HCFC-22, will beginto decrease in the coming decades ifcompliance with the Protocol continues.Only after midcentury will the effectiveabundance of ODSs fall to values thatwere present before the Antarctic ozonehole was observed in the early 1980s.

Q.17. : Does depletion of the ozone layerincrease ground-level UV radiation?

Yes, UV radiation at Earth's surfaceincreases as the amount of overheadtotal ozone decreases, because ozoneabsorbs UV radiation from the Sun.Measurements by ground-basedinstruments and estimates made usingsatellite data provide evidence thatsurface ultraviolet radiation hasincreased in large geographic regionsin response to ozone depletion.

Q.18. : Is depletion of the ozone layer theprincipal cause of climate change?

No, ozone depletion itself is not theprincipal cause of climate change.Changes in ozone and climate aredirectly linked because ozone absorbssolar radiation and is also a greenhousegas. Stratospheric ozone depletion andincreases in global tropospheric ozonethat have occurred in recent decadeshave opposing contributions to climatechange. The ozone-depletioncontribution, while leading to surfacecooling, is small compared with thecontribution from all other greenhousegas increases, which leads to surfacewarming. The total forcing from theseother greenhouse gases is the principalcause of observed and projected climatechange. Ozone depletion and climatechange are indirectly linked becauseboth ODSs and their substitutes aregreenhouse gases.

Q.19. : Have reductions of ODSs under theMontreal Protocol also protectedEarth's climate?

Yes. All ODSs are also greenhouse gasesthat contribute to climate forcing whenthey accumulate in the atmosphere.

Montreal Protocol controls have led toa substantial reduction in the emissionsof ODSs over the last two decades.These reductions have provided theadded benefit of reducing the humancontribution to climate change whileprotecting the ozone layer. WithoutMontreal Protocol controls, the climateforcing contribution from annual ODSemissions could now be 10-fold largerthan its present value, which would bea significant fraction of the climateforcing from current CO

2 emissions.

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Q.20. : How is ozone expected to change inthe coming decades?

Substantial recovery of the ozone layerfrom the effects of ODSs is expectednear the middle of the 21st century,assuming global compliance with theMontreal Protocol. Recovery will occuras ODSs and reactive halogen gases inthe stratosphere decrease in the coming

decades. In addition to responding toODSs, future ozone amounts willincreasingly be influenced by expectedchanges in climate. The resultingchanges in stratospheric ozone willdepend strongly on the geographicregion. During the long recovery period,large volcanic eruptions couldtemporar ily reduce global ozoneamounts for several years.

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Release of "Poster" on the occasion of 30th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol and 23rd World Ozone Day" on 16thSeptember, 2017 at New Delhi, India.

Release of "The Montreal Protocol: India's Success Story" on the occasion of 30th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol and23rd World Ozone Day" on 16th September, 2017 at New Delhi, India.

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Award Winning Students on the occasion of 30th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol and 23rd World Ozone Day" on 16thSeptember, 2017 at New Delhi, India.

Dr. Harsh Vardhan, Hon'ble Minister for Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Government of India visiting "IndustryExhibition organized on the occasion of 30th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol and 23rd World Ozone Day" on 16th

September, 2017 at New Delhi, India.

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Shri Anil Kumar Jain, Additional Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Government of India addressing theparticipants during the "Stakeholder Consultation National Cooling Action Plan" held on 17th January, 2018 at New Delhi, India.

Dr. Harsh Vardhan, Hon'ble Minister for Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Government of India, officers of the Ministries,representatives of GIZ and RAC Service Sector Association are also present at the stall of Refrigeration & Air-conditioning

Servicing Sector Society (RASSS) in "Industry Exhibition" held on the occasion of 30th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocoland 23rd World Ozone Day" on 16th September, 2017 at New Delhi, India.

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Participants attending the "Stakeholder Consultation National Cooling Action Plan" held on 17th January, 2018 at New Delhi,India.

Dr. Harsh Vardhan, Hon'ble Minister for Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Government of India and Mr. Erik Solheim, ExecutiveDirector, UN Environment, inaugurating Joint stall of Ozone Cell, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government

of India, UNDP, UNEP and GIZ "ACREX India - 2018" Exhibition held from 22nd to 24th February, 2018 at Bangalore.

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Shri Gyanesh Bharti, the then Joint Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of Indiaaddressing the participants during workshop an Energy Efficient and Climate-Friendly HVAC&R Technology in India at

ACREX India 2018 at Bangalore.

Joint stall of Ozone Cell, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India, UNDP, UNEP and GIZ in"ACREX India Exhibition 2018" on 22nd to 24th February, 2018 at Bangalore.

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Dr. Harsh Vardhan, Hon'ble Minister for Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Government of India addressing the participantsduring Signing of Memorandum of Understanding for joint project on Upskilling Air-Conditioner service Technicians underRecognition of Prior learning (RPL) component of under the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, in the presence ofShri Dharmendra Pradhan, Hon'ble Minister for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, Government of India on 2nd August 2018.

Shri Dharmendra Pradhan, Hon'ble Minister for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, Government of India addressing theparticipants during Signing of Memorandum of Understanding for joint project on Upskilling Air-Conditioner service Technicians

under Recognition of Prior learning (RPL) component of under the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, in the presence ofDr. Harsh Vardhan, Hon'ble Minister for Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Government of India on 2nd August 2018.

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Dr. Harsh Vardhan, Hon'ble Minister for Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Government of India and Shri DharmendraPradhan, Hon'ble Minister for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, Government of India and Dr. Mahesh Sharma,

Minister of State for Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Government of India during Signing ofMemorandum of Understanding for joint project on Upskilling Air-Conditioner service Technicians under Recognition of

Prior learning (RPL) component of under the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana on 2nd August 2018.

Signing of Memorandum of Understanding for joint project on Upskilling Air-Conditioner service Technicians under Recognitionof Prior learning (RPL) component of under the Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana between Ministry of Environment,

Forest and Climate Change and Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship on 2nd August 2018, in the presence ofDr. Harsh Vardhan, Hon'ble Minister for Environment, Forest & Climate Change and Shri Dharmendra Pradhan,

Hon'ble Minister for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship.

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Dr. Mahesh Sharma, Minister of State for Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Government of India visited theOzone Cell, MoEF&CC stall during World Environment Day Exhibition 2018 at Delhi.

Stall of Ozone Cell, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India, at the World Environment DayExhibition, 2018 on 02nd to 05th June, 2018, India Gate lawns at Delhi.

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Shri C.K. Mishra, Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change participating in Ministerial Round tableorganized during the high level segment of the 29th Meeting of Parties to the Montreal Protocol held on 23rd November, 2017.

On behalf of India, the award was received by Shri C.K. Mishra, Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Forest, and ClimateChange. The Award ceremony was held in Montreal during the first day of high level segment of 29th Meeting of Parties

to the Montreal Protocol.

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Side event An Integrated Approach to cooling: Maximising Climate Benefits under Kigali Amendment during the High levelsegment of 29th Meeting of Parties to the Montreal Protocol held on 23rd November, 2017.

Side event An Integrated Approach to cooling: Maximising Climate Benefits under Kigali Amendment during the High levelsegment of 29th Meeting of Parties to the Montreal Protocol held on 23rd November, 2017.

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Painting competition Second Prize winning entry of Aarohi Mehta, East Point School, Dallupura, Vasundhra Enclave, Delhiorganized on the occasion of 24th World Ozone Day, 2018 at New Delhi

Painting competition First Prize winning entry of Hrishi Kumar, Apex Public School, Sant Nagar, Burari, New Delhi organizedon the occasion of 24th World Ozone Day, 2018 at New Delhi

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Painting competition Third Prize winning entry of Prachi Gupta, Laxman Public School, Hauz Khas Enclave, New Delhiorganized on the occasion of 24th World Ozone Day, 2018 at New Delhi

Poster competition First Prize winning entry of Yash Garg, Bal Bharati Public School, Sector -21, Noida, Uttar Pradeshorganized on the occasion of 24th World Ozone Day, 2018 at New Delhi

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Poster competition Third Prize winning entry of Sweety Verma, Jain Bharati Mrigavati Vidyalaya, G.T. Karnal Road, Delhiorganized on the occasion of 24th World Ozone Day, 2018 at New Delhi

Poster competition Second Prize winning entry of Anandi Singh, Springdales School, Upper Ridge Road Junction, Pusa Road,New Delhi organized on the occasion of 24th World Ozone Day, 2018 at New Delhi

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Slogan competition First Prize winning entry of Jasreen Manocha, Oxford Senior Secondary School, Vikas Puri, New Delhiorganized on the occasion of 24th World Ozone Day, 2018 at New Delhi

Slogan competition Second Prize winning entry of Shiksha Goyal, Ramjas School, Anand Parvat, New Delhi organized on theoccasion of 24th World Ozone Day, 2018 at New Delhi

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Slogan competition Third Prize winning entry of Soni Pal, G.S.K.V. Hastsal, Near LIG Flats, New Delhi organized on theoccasion of 24th World Ozone Day, 2018 at New Delhi

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1ST PRIZE Yash Garg

Bal Bharati Public School, Noida

POSTER COMPETITION

2ND PRIZEAnandi Singh

Springdales School, Pusa Road, Delhi

3RD PRIZESweety Verma

Jain Bharati Mrigavati Vidyalaya, G T Karnal Road, Delhi

Design & Printed by: Viba Press Pvt. Ltd. - 9810049515

WHOM TO CONTACT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT OZONE

Ozone CellMinistry of Environment,

Forest and Climate Change Government of India

Core 4B, 2nd Floor, India Habitat CentreLodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003

Tel. : 011-2464 2176Fax: 011-24642175

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]: www.ozonecell.in

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