The Mongols

Ivan Haoyuan Edison

Essential Questions

How did the mongols invasion of Europe impact western societies?

Did the Mongols establish, considerably, the largest empire in history?

Timeline1206 A Mongol chief named Temujin (1162-1227) was proclaimed the supreme ruler of the Mongols ("Genghis Khan")

1026-1233 Genghis Khan led conquests from northern China to Persia and the Caspian Sea

1227 Genghis Khan died in battle at the siege of Hsingchungfu, the capital of West Xia (China)

1227 Genghis Khan's son Og”dei was chosen by Mongol clan leaders to become the new khan

1235 The second wave of Mongol conquest began in 1235 under Genghis Khan's son Ögedei Khan (ruled 1227-1241).

1237-1240 Genghis Khan's grandson Batu and another general named Subotai led armies to the west which conquered Russia and established the Khanate of the Golden Horde

1241 A Mongol army under Batu continued into Hungary and forced King Bela IV to flee to the Adriatic Sea. However, Batu's army withdrew from Europe in 1241 when Og”dei died, and Batu returned to join the other khans in the selection of a new supreme ruler.

1244 A Mongol army led by Subotai conquered Anatolia in 1244 and linked up with Crusader king of Constantinople

1251 the sons of Tuli (another son of Genghis Khan) took control of Mongol succession.

1251-1259 Mangu (Hulagu) Khan (1217- 1251-1259) took Persia, Syria and Mesopotamia

1258 The Mongols under Mangu sacked the Muslim Seljuk capital at Baghdad and executed the caliph.

1260 First Muslim victory against the Mongols achieved by Fatimid Mamluks at Ain Jalut in Syria

1260 Mangu's brother, Kublai Khan, became the Mongol leader

1275-1295 Venetian trader Marco Polo lived in the Mongol Empire

1279 Mongols completed the conquest of southern China and established the Chinese Yuan dynasty which lasted until 1368

1294 Kublai Khan died

1295 Mangu's descendant Ghazan converted to Islam in 1295, rather than Christianity, because it was the "stronger" religion.

1368 Kublai Khan's sons were incompetent leaders, so a peasant and former monk named Zhu Yuanzhang led a rebellion that ended the

Yuan dynasty and founded the Chinese Ming dynasty

CREA

Mongols Expansion across Eurasia1203–1205 Genghis khan reunited mongol tribes in the region

1227 Genghis Khan died in a battle and expansion continues under Ögedei Khan

1279 Reached its largest territory

By 1294 the empire had split into: Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Yuan Dynasty (Great Khanate)

Genghis Khan

● 1st Khagan of the Mongol Empire(Supreme Khan of the Mongols)

● Proclaimed Mongol Empire in Spring 1206, died on18 August 1227

● Successor, Ögedei Khan ● United many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia

● started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest

of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties

Mongol Invasions and ConquestsCovered much of Asıa and Eastern Europe

● Central Asia

Genghis Khan forged his Mongol Empire in Central Asia, starting with the unification of the Mongol and Turkic confederations such as Merkits, Tartars, Mongols, and Uighurs.He then continued expansion of the empire via conquest of the Qara Khitai and the Khwarazmian dynasty.

● West Asia

The Mongols conquered, either by force or voluntary submission, the areas today known as Iran,Iraq, Syria, Caucasus and parts of Turkey.

Mongol invasions and conquests

East Asia

Genghis Khan and his descendants launched numerous campaign of China, invading the Western Xia in 1209, defeating the Jin dynasty in 1234 and defeating the Song dynasty in 1279. They conquer the rest of Yunnan, forced Korea to capitulate through invasions, but failed in their attempts to invade Japan to two typhoons that destroyed the entire mongol fleets.

Mongol invasions and conquests

Europe

They invaded and destroyed Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus', before invading Poland, Hungary and Bulgaria, and others. The Mongols destroyed and annihilated all of the major cities of Russia with the exceptions of Novgorod and Pskov within three years.

Historians regard the Mongol raids and invasions as some of the deadliest conflicts in human history up through that period.

ConsequencesDepopulation

Mongols’ brutal invasion across the map led to dramatic declines in populations in many areas. In North China, the population fell from 50 million to about 9 million.

Agricultural Loss

Partly it was a decline in population, and partly it was long-term damage to agricultural productivity caused by the destruction of the irrigation system.

The Muslim world was especially hard-hit, with damage by the Mongols in the East, and the fall of Islamic-held areas in Spain in the West.

Militaryhttps://youtu.be/szxPar0BcMo?t=329 (5:30-6:55)

Military

● Invincible horse archers● High mobility● Use of fire weapons and gunpowder● Use of siege weapons

Trade Silk Road

The Mongols encouraged and support the foreign merchants even before Genghis Khan uniting the tribes. The merchants are treated well by the Mongols because of the following reasons:

1. Mongols produced little needed goods and relied on trade.

2. Merchants provided information about neighboring cultures.

3. Merchants served as diplomats and official traders.

Life style

● The Mongols were nomads and they lived in a small group with 2-3 families.

● There are many traditions, customs, and teachings regarding the protection and care of Mother Nature. Tearing up flowers and grass, allowing filth into water systems, digging up and destroying land, killing of animals and destruction of forests are considered sins and are thus strictly prohibited even today.

● Kids were taught survival skills in an early age , they were taught how to use a bow and arrow , how to cook and sew and how to collect dry animal dung for firewood.

Religion-The Mongol Empire practiced different kind of religions such as Buddhism , Christianity , Islam , Daoism etc.

-Genghis Khan set up an institution to ensure complete religious freedom.

-Buddhism was the major religion in the Yuan Dynasty.

Religion-Genghis Khan was interested in different kinds of religion.

- He gave power to the religious leaders and they didn’t need to pay any taxes.

-The Mongol leaders would invite the religious leaders to debate with each other so that they could explore and learn about various religions.

-In the capital city of the Mongols ,Karakorum. It had a Buddhist lamasery , two mosques , a Christian church and temples of other religions.

Legacy1.The Mongols reinvigorate cross-Eurasian trade. Silk Road.

2.They increased communication between Europe and Asia.

3.The Mongols were almost unprecedentedly tolerant of different religions.

Tekudar, sultan of the Persian-based Ilkhanate

The other side….https://youtu.be/szxPar0BcMo?t=509 (8:30-10:10)

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