the modern world formed on horseback
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the modern world formed on horseback. the modern world formed on horseback. Part 1 – Temujin , a personal history Part 2 – Moving out of the Steppe Part 3 – Lasting effects. Putting Temujin into context. Julius Caesar. Father was governor of province - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
the modern world formed on horseback
Part 1 – Temujin, a personal historyPart 2 – Moving out of the SteppePart 3 – Lasting effects
the modern world formed on horseback
Putting Temujin into contextJulius Caesar• Father was governor of province
• Mother descended from an aristocratic family• Became Emperor by routing an already weak
Senate• After death Roman Republic dissolved
Putting Temujin into context
Alexander the Great
• Father was king of Macedon• Became king when father died
• Left behind no heir and Empire quickly fell apart
Putting Temujin into context
Napoleon
• Noble family with immense wealth• Coup against French republic and
elected leader of military government
• Ended up exiled, died of stomach cancer, and had little impact outside of Europe
Temujin• Father was killed when he was 9• Mother was a second-wife and victim of kidnapping• Spent childhood in abject poverty and slavery• Became Khan through 15 years of constant warfare• After death children and grandchildren established
empires on three continents
Putting Temujin into context
aka – Genghis Khan
Tribal Divisions on the Steppe
The Clan – Basic Social Building-block
Relations Between Clans
Tribal Divisions on the Steppe
Steppe People in a Larger Political World
Tribal Divisions on the Steppe
Steppe Peoples’ Greatest EnemyThemselves
Tribalism…………Elitism……………Fractioned……….Feuding…………..
Tribal Divisions on the Steppe
Tribal Divisions on the SteppeThe Secret History of the Mongols
• Written between 1227 and 1300 A.D. likely by someone who knew Temujin personally
• Written in the Uyghur script (Mongolian) and translated into Chinese by 1300 A.D.
• A mix of myth, folklore, military history, and political propaganda
• But also a remarkable insight into Mongolian society
• Russian and Chinese communist governments attempted to destroy it in the 1940-1960s as they feared it would lead to Mongolian nationalism
• Becomes much more accessible after fall of USSR and is now considered a key story for all Mongolians
Tribal Divisions on the SteppeThe Secret History of the Mongols
The story to this point….
• Mongols are a small tribe who were ruled by Ambaghai
• Ambaghai has recently died in a battle against the Tartars, another nearby tribe
• Temujin’s father has recently kidnapped his second wife, Hogelun from another nearby tribe
Tribal Divisions on the Steppe Reading Guide
Ambaghai Khan – local leader of Temujin’s clan
Yesugei – Temujin’s father
Hogelun Ujin – Temujin’s mother
Temujin = Chinngis Khan = Genghis Khan
Khasar, Khachigun, Temuge, and Temulun = Temujin’s siblings
Begter and Belgutei – Temujin’s half-brothers
Tribal Divisions on the SteppePost-Fratricide
Kidnapping as a Pivotal Event
Tribal Divisions on the Steppe
Tribal Divisions on the SteppeTemujin as military leader
Uniting the SteppeHow is Temujin so
successful in uniting the steppe
people?Classic theories
…………….Military prowess……….Sociopathic bloodlust
……………………Technology
Uniting the SteppeHow is Temujin so
successful in uniting the steppe
people?Surprisingly….
his treatment of family life?
Uniting the Steppe• Distribution of wealth among widows and children
• Adoption of women and children from conquered groups
• Decimal system for organizing military and society
• Destruction of aristocracy
• Forbade kidnapping and enslavement of steppe peoples
• All children considered legitimate
Moving off the Steppe
Mongol Steppe
Jurchen Dynasty
Song Dynasty
TangutUyghur
War with ChinaMongol allies- Khitan (prior rulers of China)
- Tangut (Tibetan Buddhists)
- Uighur (Chinese Muslims)
Moving off the Steppe
Moving off the Steppe
What were some of the reasons given for the success of the Mongols?
China Campaign• Perfect ability to siege
cities
• First taste of Wealth
• Destroy Greatest Enemy
• Acquire Chinese scientists, engineers, scribes, artists, and intellectuals
Moving off the Steppe
Control over the Silk Road – working with Muslim UighursConflict with central asian sultans – played the Arabs and Persians against the Turkish leadersWar against the elite
Moving off the Steppe
War in Central Asia
Moving off the Steppe
Mongol Steppe
Jurchen Dynasty
Song Dynasty
TangutUyghur
Khwarezmian Empire
Moving off the Steppe
Moving off the Steppe
Central Asian Expedition• Control over Silk Road and
Commerce
• Closer contact with Islam
• Propaganda becomes important tool
• Focus on destroying Aristocracy
• Brings Muslim metal-workers, scribes, religious leaders, and glass-blowers back to Asia
The beginning of the end• Temujin’s sons fight over
succession
• Rift between eldest and others over parentage
• Temujin’s reliance on friends over family
After Genghis………..
Mongol Steppe
Jurchen Dynasty
Song Dynasty
TangutUyghur
Khwarezmian Empire
Russian TerritoriesBulgariaHungary
Poland
After Genghis………..
European Invasion
• Very little wealth accrued
• Showed sons and grandsons were capable of leadership
• Brought European miners, clergy, and architects back to Asia
Breakup of the Empire
Long-term impacts of mongol empire
• Tied together Middle East, Central and Eastern Asia
• Exchange of goods, ideas, beliefs, language
• Tremendous wealth created for artists
• Control shifted from Sultans to Khans and Chinese – begins the economic decline of the Islamic world
• Transformation from pastoralists to traders – still based on constant movement and work with animals
Silk Road and Trade
Long-term impacts of mongol empire
• Gunpowder brought to Middle East and Europe
• Chinese astronomy, chemistry, and agriculture spread to Islamic countries
• Islamic knowledge of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine brought back to China
• Standardized calendar
• Printing with moveable letters
• Religious freedom
Technology and
Knowledge
Long-term impacts of mongol empire
• Middle East and Eastern Europe greatly weakened
• China became dominant force in Asia, Tibet’s influence increased
• Western Europe largely untouched by military, but gained benefits of new technologies as well as weakened enemies
Power Balance
Long-term impacts of mongol empire
European Renaissance?• Most important technological
advancements of Renaissance• Gunpowder• Printing with movable
type• Compass
• ALL brought to Europe through Mongols
• Secular government and religious tolerance also important concepts pushed by Mongols
• Mongol attacks on Islamic countries helped European power interests