the modern greek collection in the harvard library bulletin

The Modern Greek Collectionin the Harvard Library Bulletin

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Citation Layton, Ervo. 1971. The Modern Greek Collection in the HarvardLibrary Bulletin. Harvard Library Bulletin XIX (3), July 1971: 221-243.

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Harvard University - Houghton Library / Harvard University. Harvard Library bulletin. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Library. Volume XIX, Number 3 (July1971)

The Modern Greek Collection in the Harvard College Library

Evro La:ytou

'f is difficult to dctcrn1ine ,vhcn the Harvard Library began col-lecting books jn modern Greek. The first 1nention of 1-J arvard' s l 1 ol din gs in this area is found in an article published anon yn1 ousl y in 1813 in 11/Je GeueraJ Repository and Review entitled ' 10n the

literature and l~ngnage .of l\1.odern Greece.' 1 1 This article ,vas ,vrit-ten by· Ed,vard Everett, the fa1nous classicist, statesman, and orator., , v ho ,vas a.ls o un ardent phil hell enc; a f C\Y ) 7-ears later~ in 1 8 1 9 t he ,vas to becon1c one of the first An1erican visitors to Greece.~ Everett discusses the state of Jetters in Greece, its present lang\la.gct and some of i t.s f atnou s sch oois, as ,vcl 1 as the 1 ea ding in tellec tna 1 s of post-Byz an tinc tin1cs. His information ,vas gathered mostly fro1n ,\·ritings Ly travelers to Greece, especially fron1 the Appendix to Lord Byron's Cbilde Jiarold.. In thjs article., Evierett also gives the holdings in modern Greek of the Library of the Boston Athenaeun1t totalling some ten hooks in the Ro1naic1 as the modern Greek Janguage v/as then called. I-fc n1entions that nvo of the books ,vere :1lso to be found jn the Library of Harvard College: Alessio da Somavcra,s Tesoro d al/a lingua grecn-t-•o!gare ed it11linna (Paris, 17 09) and -a translation into the vernacular of the Ne"" Tcsra.n1ent by· l\1aximost the latter formcr]y in the possession of Caesar de 1\1issy·.8 It is probable that

1 ] II ( 1 81 3), 80-9 S. := For inf ornrn. don on E(hv~ rd E ,Terett ( I 794- 1 86 5 ) and his p h ilhcll en i c acth-Tj ties,

:5 ee 1 yrtl e A. Clj nc~ A 1ncri can Attitude T o·watd the Greek 1 JT ar of Ind cpend e 11c.e t

1821-1828 ( A tfanta, 1930 )t pp. 31-37; Stephen A. Larrnhcc, H elltr.s ObserJed: The A 1ne ric an E.'t"f)e r ienGe of G 1·eete, 177 5-186 J ( N e,r y:-or k, 195 7), pp. 2 8 tT.; G corge C. So, 11 is, ,cE,Tcrett-Ka pod isrcj n:s Correspondence, '1 J ounu, I of A1 ad ern History• A'X, 7I ( 1954), i72~273; George C. Soulis, 1'An1erican Travellers in Greece Ilefore 18.2: r ,ti Athene, X, no. 1 ( 1949), 8-1 r; no. 2 ( 1949), 14-15 and 46; Gf:orgc C. Sou]is 1

'' II q. 1tj') .. 1"}?"iS' O"'T'7fl-' ·r up.'i.O>:p~ T"l}f.l,b.,.,, "Ei.Xi8c:cl "t' '.Apyonr. 6r~ f J II ( 1 9 59)' 92--99; George C. Sou 1i :;, ,c II ~5: ,i:-78CLJ-' TOP j A 6'a~•6.,,-w ~1,1'.(.),, {li,:2. (I! ~i~cn 1T'(f'Dr/l'J -rls-/' 'H ::'t't"lpw-ri...:-t, .E-C'rfo, r ( I 9 s 1),

501~506. ;E E-rerett 1 ibld ... 93+ Although the date af pub]k~Jtion 1s not mentioned, the J\Te,v

Testarncnt in question is none other than the fon1ous first transfa.don of the Ne\V

22]


222 l-Jarvard Library Bulletin

Everett left one or t\vo books by Korais to the College Library, but this is difficult to con fir 111.. "\¥ c do kno,v, 11 o, v ever, that on I 1is j our ne y to Greece and Turkey in 18 r 9 he ncquircd a set of six Greek 1nanu-scripts at Constantinople ,vhich belonged to the family of a ''Greek prince in decay, ,vhich ,verc offered for sale.H 4 These manuscripts 1

\Vhich are no\v in the 1-Iarvard collection, ,vere among the first Greek n1a n user i pts to b c brougi 1 t to ti 1 e U n.i tcd States ..

Perhaps it ,vould be V{c11 to n1ention here that bcf ore his trip to Greece Everett h:=ld n1~dc the acqut1intance in l'aris of one of the greatest intellectual figures of modern Grc ece., Adan1antios KoraYs.

I flvailed myself of the opportunity thus afforded to visit a fe,v friends, "'hose society I hrid enjoyed the ,vintcr hcforci and particul:arly- the celebrated Corayl' the most learned and sagacious, as it seen1s to n1e, of the .scholars of A-1:odcm G rccc c, an cl sccon d to non c of her sons, in the services ren cl ere d by hin1 in preparing the ,vay for her Jibcrntion . _ . ·

\.Vhen I '-Yas 1 eav io g J ~a ris for J ta 1 y and G re cc el' Coray furnished me ,vi th letters to his countryn1en in the principal cities ,vhich I ,vas ljkcly to visit in Europc~n or AsiHtic Tur]{cy, a circun1st:1nce to ,vhich J ,vRS indebted for the freest ~ccess to the per:son.s ,vhosc acquaint11nce a youthful traveller could most ,,~Jsh to fom1i-- the patriotic n1erchants and learned professors1 the pron1ising young mcnl' in short the elite of n1odcrn Greece. The rcbtions thus fonned nntura Uy gave me the deepest interest in the impending future of the native land of 1itcrarurcl' philosophy, and art ....

Coray Ji,,c.d to the age of eighty-five, ~nd died at Paris in I 83 3, active almost to the b~t in his literary pursuits] ::ind hnppy in the Jiheration to ,vhich he h-ad so n1uch contributed~ of a portion of l1is country . _ I lH1.vc several letters from hi111, beautifully ,vritten in a character very nearly resen1bling that of the Didot editions of the Greek chssics; and I sc~c ,vith pk~surc the opportunity of payjng this grateful tdbute to his honored memory. 6

-\~ 1hen the Greek Revol ntion broke out in 182 1 KoraYs sent to Everett the Ad dress of the Senate of A1esseni a to the People of the United States, and Everett uanslatcd it and had it printed in the papers of the day-.. The Greek text and an English translation of this Procla-

Testament into modern Greek by 1\ 1 B-xiin os K~ l ti ou pol 1tc Si p ulJlished in Geneva in ] 638: 'H K(l!p~ .::.\tll~*/(11 T("ll) Kuplfl~' '1}f!W1/ 1 T'jlTDll XpLrr1'oi1 I • ( Gcucv~1' 1638) no,v at the An don:: r-Harvar d Th col ogical Li urary. l t ·was gi ,,.en to l-l rv;:a rd Ly Th onras H ol-lis in 18oi.

4 Edward E,·erett, ~1An Account of Some Greek l\-fanuscripts, Procured at Con-stantinople in 1819, ~nd No,v lldonging to the Lillrary of the University at Cam-bridge/' },f enioirs of tbe A-nzerican A caden1y of Arts «nd Sciences, IV, no. 2 ( 18io ), 409-4l5+

E.<l,,•,ird Eve•·etr, Tbc ill ount V cr11on Papers (Ne,v York, 1 S6o ), pp. :.62--:67.


Tbe A1oderu Greek Coliectiou 223

mation ,vas a1so pub1ished by Everett in the 1Vortb A_111erica11 Review. 6

The letters of Kora"is to Everett are deposited at the 1\-lassachusetts l-Iistoricsl Society. I-Jo,v·evcr., the Harvard College J..,ibrary possesses an i111 pressi vc collection of I( or.a'is' , v or ks, j n cl u ding com pletc sets of his ~EA.A "IJ vu<"f/ B ~f3X wO~K-11 ( Paris 1 1 8 o 7- 2 6, r 6 v.) ; II&:p pyr1, t.I£>i). "TJlltKfj~

Bt/JAtoO~KrJS (Paris, I 809-27, 9v.); )fATa.l(_ra (Parist 182 8-3 5, 7v.); T« P.£TU. 8a VWTlH- 1 t:.Vp€8et1Tl1 qvyy pa µµa r.r.n ( At h cnst I 8 8 1-9 I ' 8v. in 7 ) ; and his editions of the I1iad (Paris, 1811-20, 4v.). It also possesses all the imp.ortant editions of his complete ,vorks as ,vcll as 1nrtny editions of his voluminous cor.rcspondcnce~ fro1n the 'Er.tu-ro.X.ai rrpo,; 1"av ~µtJpVTJ5: ITpw Tmf.ra A. TI}li ( s my rna, 1 8 3 8) and th C I 8 3 9-41 edi rj on of llotas to the edition of his _~AAArJXoypaef;ta hy K. Th. Den1aras that is currently in progress. Among his single ,vorks., only· a fe,v early itcn1s ,vjll be n1cntioncd here~ ~uA.>..oy17 "T&v (is 171v t.l!·AA?JPtJOJV Bij3X:o0-,jwryv (Paris, 183 3) ; Politiscbe Er1unhnu11-gcu rt11 die H elleneu (Zi.i.rich~ 1 82 3) 1 ,vrit-teu jn Greek and in Gcrn1an; the 185 2 edjdon of his 11A6eAef,u,;:~

the second edition of his autobiography, Bfo~ ( Hcr1nou-polis, J 8 3 6); LttA.11"1.a-µa. -rro)uzµrcr·nJp£ov (Parjs, 18 2 I); and .6.1.&A.oyo~ S6o rpatK(7-v (Naup]ia~ 1830)., as ,vcll as nlany critical ,vorks on Korais and his jnflnencc. The earliest of his \rorks that the library has js his edition of Les caracteres de Tbeopbrnse d"nprer 'll1l '}}7{11J'l/SCrit du V flti-Cfl1l (Parjs~ 1799).

Another prominent philhcllcne ,vith Fiarvard connections ,vas Sa1nuel Gridley I-io,vc (l\1.D. Hnrvurd, 1824), ,vho ,vent to Greece at the hcginni~g of r 8 2 5, supplied ,virh J cttcrs of introduction by Everett to pron1incnt figures in Greece. Ho":te's involv·cmcnt ,vith Greece, both durjng the Greek Revo1ution nnd 1~ter dnring the Cretan Insurrection of 1867, is too long and co1np]icated to recite here. He ,vas given the tide of Surgeon-in-Chief of the Greek Armed Forces b)7 the Greek Governn1ent ~nd he is to this day· the hest-kno,yn An1crican philhellenc. I-Io,vc's journals, his correspondence~ and other papers are deposited in the Houghton Library., and form a valuable source for the study of the Greek history of this period. 7

e X\-71I ( 182 3 ), 414. For a inure d(:t11-iled ace<mnt of the friendship ben1teen Kora"is and Everett, sec George C. Soulis, ' 1Adamantios I(orais and Ed\\';1rd E,,cren/• A-f cl:rnges offertr if Octnve et 111elpo J\ferlier (Athenes! I 95 3)' 11, 397-407~

7 Samuc-1 Gridk:y I-Iow·e,. An Historictll Sketch of tl;e Greek Re'l.ialution (Ne,,, 1' ork 1 •818); Samuel Gridley Ho\l'(\ An 1-Jistm·icrrl Sketcb of the Greek Revolu-tion Pt!rt I~ Books 1-IV,. RC\-'. c<.1. \\'hh jntrod. nnd notes by G. Georgiades Arnakis


224 Harvard Library Bulletin

. Since the study of modern Greece (its h1nguage,. history, or other asp ccts of its cu 1 ture) has up to the present dn y· never b ccn established as a discipline at Harvard 1 the devclop111cnl of the rc1narkrtblc and in some respects unique collection on 1nodcrn Greece is 1argcly due to isolated individuals , vi thin the Harvard c on1n1uni t v ,v ho , v ere either philhcllcncs or professors -and students frun1 Grcc~e .. Although they then1selves .,vorkcd in other disciplines1 they sa,v to it that the library ,vas enriched by the purcha~e of Greek hooks. j\1oreover, b)7 be-queathing thcjr personal libraries to the University Library· they 1nade it possible for Harvard to accun1u]atc a distinguished collection ,vhicl1 in quality· can be con1pared favorably ,vith some of tl1e 111ost

famous collections on 1nodern Greece jn Europe and even in Greece itself.

Late in r 827 Colonel Alexandros Negris, a veteran of the Greek '~'ar of Independence and u nephe,v of Prince Dcznetrios Ypsilands, arrived in Boston. For a ,vhile he tried to earn ::i. living by teaching n1odern Greek. He \vas probably the first man to teach 111odcrn G-reek at I{arvard, for \Ve find an interesting entt)T in the Co1lcge Records · of r 5 Scpte1nbcr I 8 2 8: 1 'Any students ,vho ,v-ish n1ay· be pern1ittcd to attend the Instruction of 1\1r. J\1cgris ·in the 1\1.odcrn Greek 1 at 5uch times as not to interfere ,vith their regular ex~rcises.'' 8 Negris pub-lished in Boston in 18z8 A Gr11nnnnr of tbe Afodern Greek Language ( title page also in G-reck) r This n1ust he regarded -as the first grammar in n1 odern Greek ( in purist or knthnrcvousa) to be published in this country. In the preface, ,vr itten in G-reck and ~:nglish., N egris s:tys; ~'Th c scarcity of boo ks nee css~ ry for th is study . .. . an rl 111 ore over the encouragement of several learned friends in the United Statesi ha.ve induced me ·no,v to off er the ingenuous and favoured youth ·of Ameri-ca, the present treatise .. /' "'\~7e do not kno,v ,vho translated this preface into English. ·At the time of its pub1icntion Ncgrjs' Eng1ish n1ust have been scant) 7 , for all his correspondence ,viLh his An1crican friends ,vas conducted in French. The granunar ,vas published by Hilliard,. Gray, Little, 2nd "\~'ilkins, printers to the University.

One of the 111e.n ,vith ,Yhon1 Ncgris canle in contact ,v11s Ed,vard Everett. Another ,,Tas Charles Folsom ( 1794-r 872),. Librarian of the

(Austjni I966), Leuers nnd }01ffnt.1ls-of S.,-u11uel Gridley Hof-JJe! ed. Laorn. E. Richards (Boston, 1906---1909, i v ~)

i. Records of tf)e h1n;zedi{fte Govcn1111ent of H trr"vlrrd College, X! 188 (I-Jarvard University A rchi vcs) ·


Tbe 1lloderi1 Greek CoJJection 2 2 5 Harvard Liuraf}7 fro1n 1 81 3 to 1 8 2 6 and later conn ectcd 1;vi th the LT nivctsity })ress. 9 Apparent! y N cgri s' attcm pts to n1akc a Ii ving by teaching modern Greek to H ary·ard students and other E oston intcl-lec t uals proved unsuccessful. In l\1 ay· 182 9 he ,vent to Provi dcnce~ carrying ,vith hi1n a Jetter of introduction to Zachariah Allen of Provjdencc from Charles vo]so1nl ,vho ,vrotc:

I am happy1 in this connexion, to introduce tc• you CoL Negris 1 n Greek gen~ tkmnn and scho]ar., \,•hoj during a residence of nearly a year :1mong u~i has justi-fied, by his ]earned labours and his an1iable n1anners 1 the high recmnnlcndations he brought us and the good opinion "'e naturally formrd of the nephe,v of Ypsilanti, thoroughly educ:ited in hjs n:ithre Jitennure and a.frer\vards cornplct-ing his studies in France and G~rnrnny.

Co]. Ncgris hc1s been engaged in editing various Greek ,vorks here~ and in teaching 1\-f o d ern Greek in our U nj v crsi ty. He n O\ v v j sits P rovi d c n cci hoping to find in your cjty a11d its University :-i cfoss to i11~1:ruct. Any attentions you rnay-sho\\' him, I shaU gratcf ul]y a.ckno,vlcdgc . :1 ° Ho,vevcr, Providence proved to be even less promising than Can1-bridgc for the teaching of n1odcrn Greek. By 30 July r 829, ,ve find l\1egrjs in An1stcrdan1 en route to England. He finaHy settled in Edin-burgh, ,vhere he continued to teach -and edit ,vorks in n1odern Greck .. 11

On 17 July· 1828 =t y·oung Greek arrived jn Boston ,vho \vas destined to play an important role in the history of Greek letters at I-Iarv-ard and in the dcvelopn1ent of its 1'1odcrn Greek CoJlection. I-Iis nan1e ,v~s EvangcHnos Apostolidcs Sophocles\ fron1 Tsangurn.da on l\1ount Pelion.. I-.Jc ,vas brought to this country· by the A mcri cru1 Board of Con1n1issioners for Foreign l\1issions at the suggestion of the Reverend

ii The 1·c a re nine I etters of AI ex:) nd ros N egris to Ch a r Jes F o lson1 ,vr j t ten bet ,v.ecn J 818 f:lnd 1829 in the Houghton Libr~ry (l\.1S Fr 30F). Fron, thi~ correspondence it is cle~r rhat both Folsom and E,Tcrctt had befriended him :3nd that Fol~o111 hdpcd him to p ubI [sh his ,vor ks in Boston. The r...; bra r y h ~s four additional pu blic:l ti ons edited by Negris printed rn Iloston. One JS l. Rizos N~rou]os, Asparfo·, A Trt1gedy in AJodern Gr-eek, ed. A. Ncgris (Boston, 181:9). This is the second edition of tlli~ \\~or'k~ The Library- also has jrs first edjtion printed in Leipzig in l 82 3. The thrc:c others are edctions of T/Je Orntions of A esr.biue.~ 11nd Ven10.it!Jrnes ou tlJe Cro 1wnj \Vith n10 d ern G re ck P .rol cgotncn c1 and English notes by A . N c gri s ( Bo s:ton I r 8 2. 9) ; reprjnted (Boston, 1838 and r841). T·To ::ll~o contrihntc:d :;i rc,·tcw "'nide of 1. Ilizos-Neroulo~/ L-.Cou rs de l...ittcraturc Grccquc l\fodcrnc ... Gcnc,•c1 r 82$/' }l orth A1Hericnn Review, XXIX ( 1829)., 340-361. According ro Stephen A. Larr1bc:t:!, np. cit .1

p. 310~ n. lo, the trinshtor of this article ,vas Ed'iN~rd E\Terctt. Jfl Lf:ttcr of Charles Folsom to Z. Al1en ihned 8 1\·lc1y 18':29 (Harvard UnhTen;jcy

Archives). 11 See Jetter to Fols-onl from Atn~tcrdatn cbted 30 July 18i9 in


H trr!f.'ard Library Bulletin Josiah Brc,ver, ,vho had met Sophocles at Syra in 1827 at the hon1c of Anthin1os G·azis) the great teacher and scholar~ In the Annual Report of the American Board of Con1missi oners for Foreign I\1is-5ions of 182. 8 the follo,Ying infor111ation concerning Sophocle~/ ar-ri va I is recorded: i\lr. Bre,ver brought ,vfrh hitn a young rnani ,vho had possessed uncoinn1on ad-vantages for getting a knO"wledgc of the Greek cbssicsj and 1vho l-lad sho,vn hims:e]f capable oJ 1·api<l intellectual .improvement. le seen1ed desirable, that he should have the opportunity of bcco1ning acquainted \\'ith our institutions, and s hou] d rccci vc an ed ucar ion at one of our co Uegc.s. For the purpose of going through the prcpa ra tor y course of st:u d y, he has been placed in j\1, onson academy. The nan1e of this young mar1 is Evangc.linos Sophoc]es; his age about t,v en t y one. 12

Before coming to the United States, Sophocles ,vas sent to Cairo at the age of t,v elve to study under the tutelage of his paternal uncle Konstantios Sina1cis, ,vho ,vas a rnonk at the Cairo monastery or me-tohi of l\1t. Sinai. His uncle had a great influence in his early intellec-tual developn1cnt~ Sophocles returned to Greece in 1 82. o and entered the famous school of J\1iliai on I\1t. Pcliont ,vhcrc he sn1dicd \Vith Anthin1os Gazis and Gregorios Konstantas. \i\'hcn the Greek \\'ar of Independence broke out, the school at lVliliai ,vas closed and Soph-ocles returned_ to Egypt, ,vhcre he ,vorked jn the library of the n1onas-tcry .. -at C-a.iroJ at the san1e tin1c studying 1--iebrc,v and Arabic~ He returned to G·reece to,vard the end of l 826 and took: residence 2t Syros at the home of his teacher Anthin10~ Gazis. Josiah Bre,ver 111ade his acquaintance in 1 8 2 7 ,vhen he yjsited that island. Sophocles inherited son1c of his Uncle Konstantios' personal library, ,,,hich he in turn left., together ,,Tith his O\Vn c0Hectio111 to the Harvard College Library. As furrher pr<iof of his love and gr~litude for ,-vhat his uncle had done for llin1,. Sophocles established in his n1emory the Constantius Fund in the 1-Iarvard College Library in 1883~

Before his long and fa,nous career bcg2n at I-Iru:vnrd., Sophocles tat1ght Gn~ek priv'Jtel y ~t I-J~1·tf ord nnd ut Ne\\• Haven. In 183 6 he ,,,-r1s at Ne\v Haven and ,vas trying ,vjth the help of his friend) S. C. Dracc of Yale, to find private students in ancient and 1nodern Greclc Sophocles remained in ~Tc,v Haven bct\vcen the years r 8 3 6 and 1 840.

l!l Anlcricin Board of Con1n1issio-ners for Foreign l\1issions: "fi,linelee11tlJ An1uwl ReprJrt ( Ro!=;tont 1828), pr 49. For the n10:sc up-to-date account of Sophocles see G corgc C. s OU lis, "Elia. )'')'f:AC i-'~"j' '1~:1i"CJ(fTtJAto 11 I-o ¢0 KXfj t t 'A 9ri 1'0.! L v· r ( I 9 5 2.) ! I l 5-r 41 +

The bove sketch of Sopho d cs' 1 if e is mainly d rn \\'TI from the Sou 1 is arti clc+


The Aiodern Greek Collection 227

He taught privately in 1836 2nd jn the follo\ving year ,·vas appointed in:struttor in n1odcrn Greek :at Yale, ,vherc he taught fron1 1837 to 1 840. "\ ''hile at Yale he p u blishcd anony·n1ous} y his .first nrork in modern Greek, prcsutnably for the use of his .students: Koiva, q;ptta-fl~ Ka~ iBwiµara rrj~ 11f0r[pu.r.; ~Ah1}Po~ij'.i SiaAEKTOV CEv Nl't, Atp.ivr, [ N e,v I-Ia-vcn] 1 8 3 7 ) •1B

In 18 3 9 he visited Catnbridge briefl }', ,,=-here he n1adc the acquaint-ance of Cornelius Con,vn)r Felton ( 1807-1861) t an ~rdent philhcl~ lcnc ,vho \vas then Eliot Professor of Greek at Harvard. I?clton ,vas n1ost probably· instrun1entai in bringing· Sophocles to Harvard~ At any rate, Sophocles settled ju in 1842 ~nd ,vas appointed tutor of Greek nt Harvard. In the san1e y·car he published hjs gr:1n11nar of n1 o d ern G re ck in th c vcrna cnlar or dcnl o tic: A It ouuti c Gr nun, 1ar., Accov1pa11ied by a Cbresto111r1tby witb rt Vocabulary (Hartford, 1841) .1"- Jn 1860 he ,vas appointed Professor of Ancient, l\1cdicv.a1, and 1\1odcrn Greek 1 post ,vhich he held until his death in 1883.

At I-I arvard Sop hoc] es , v as much ad n1 ired and resp cctcd., not on l )T for his cru di tio n but also for his , vi t~ his kind n css and c v en his n1an }T ccccna+icitics. Anecdotes about his life ::ind style of living arc legion. His friend Henry, '\'ads,yorth Longfcllo,v ,-vas prornptcd to ren1ark, ~'he [Sophocles] makes Djogenes a possibjJity." Hi 1-Ic lived very· fru-gally in a s1naH apa.rttnent in I~ohvor.thy Hall, ,-vherc he ,vas sur-rounded h)T his belo,~cd books :;ind hi~ equally beloved chickens, ,vhich he nan1ed -after friends of the elite Can1bridgc circle. Sophocles 1vas n pjonccr in the scientific research of n1odcrn Greek philo1ogic~I studies. Due to his eccentric character 11c never kept in touch ,;,vjth coHcagucs jn Europe and his ,vork ,vas virruaUy· unkno,vn by thc1n. It , vas not until n1 u ch 1 a ter th at he , v-as disc overcd there. His , vo r k and theories pron1ptcd tl1e distjnguishcd ncohc1lenist Dirk C. I-IesscJing

1 :"I This pan1ph1et is extremely rare todar, Soulis had only seen copy at the YB:le Univ-er .. -;ity Lihrary. Ho,vever, jn 1967 '\7 alc prese11tcd :.:l copy to Houghton.

·u A scc:o 11 d cditi on ·with. rrn:i ny changes \ras hrou gh t out in ff.: 5 7 n d rr.prj n tcd in 1,860 cnt~tlcd:- Romnit or klodern Greek Gra11nnar (Boston, r857 snd r86o ). Other pubHr.:Hion.s by him ,vithin the scope of nmtl~rn Greek studks ::Lrf.': Hlstory of tbe Greek A J j) /Jn bet i 1u.:ii I b Re11mr ks on Grc e k Ort b o gra pb y a11d Pro nunc ia ti 011 ( Cr'l. 111-

bri dge, I 8 4S); cir\ G Io ss.1 ry of Later Brza n tine Greekt A f en10 irs of t fH~ A 1nc ric rm A c1rden1y of Arts and Stfr:ncri, ne,~~ ser.,. \rn ( l S-60) 624 p.; Greek t~\ricon of tbe Roni~n and lJy::urntine I'eriods~ fron1 B.C .. 146 to A.D. 1100 {Boston, l 870 )~ reprinted 1n~ n y nm es.

i:; Charles A. ''':lgnert Harv,--rrd: Four Centuries rcnd Frcedo'1Jir (New \ 7 ork:, 1950), P• I J7r


228 Hnr-vard Library B111leth1

to call hi1n the first neohellenic scho1ar. rn At his death, Sophocles bequeath cd his p crson al Ii bra.ry to I·I a.r vard as , v ell as the stereo type plates of his Lexico11; in addition, 1nost of his estate "'as used for the c n do, vn1 en t of th c Con sta nti us Fund in ti 1 c I-J arvard College Library .. l •

It is difficult to dcter111ine ho,v 1nany books, pan1phlets~ and journals ca1ne fron1 the personal library of Sophoclcs 1 since he 111ndc it a prac-tice during his 1ifetin1e to don11tc books to the Librnry.. As early as 1849 he gave to the. CoJlcgc J_..Jibrary sonic of the volun1cs of l(oraisJ H el!euike Bibliotbeke. The final bequest of 2 z January- 1 88 7, re-corded in the Record of Books Received at Harvard College, lists 211

volun1es,. 1 29 pan1phletsl and 7 nc\vspapers. l\1ost of these books arc scattered an1ong the follo\ving sections: Linguistics, A1G ( \vhich covers Byzantine and 111odern Greek history and litcn1ture), folklore, classics,. philology, :1nd the ("" section (Church l1athcrs, Orthodox E11stcrn Church). The reader ,vho pichs up a Look ,vhich belonged to Sophoc]cs ,vill often find diverting -1nd pithy cornn1ents ,vrjtten in Greek in his clear and distinct hand,vriting. The n1ost in1portant hooks given by Sophocles include those on early Greek gra111n1ars, lexicographical ,vorks, and early in1print,s f ro1n the Greek presses of \T enicc and ''ienna. \j\T c th11s find books coming fron1 the \ 7 cnetian presses of Nikolaos G-lykys and Panos Theodosiou and from the \ 7ien-nu press of Georgios ,, cndods.

A contemporary of Sophocles and a gre2t friend and colleague at I--Iarvard ,vas Cornelius Con,vay· Felton,. ,vho has already been men-tioned. Felton became Eliot Professor of Greek in 1834, and ,vas elected Presj dent of I-Iarv~rd in 18 60, a· post he he]d until his death in I 862~1s As early -as l 838 Felton's interest in modern Greek 1cners ,vas n1anifcstcd b); the publication of his Select A-1ode-r11 Greek Poe1J1s

llJ Dirk C. Hesscling, ~cEvangelinos Apostolidis Sophcc1is~ nf:.n-hcllcnfatc.,'~ Jitedc-d eel in gen de r l!oninkl ij J~c-Aka d e1n fr: vm l TV e ten sc hn p pe t Af d eel~ r1 g lcttc r ku n ll e 1

deel 59~ setie A. 110. 7 (1\n1sterdam, 19z.5) 1 pp. 1-r 6. For a di~cusston of Sophocles :ls a Enguist,.. see Solllis .. op. cit. (note n )i l 37-119• ·

17 A copy of his ,vii! is deposited in the Universit:r ArchhTcs, l'!I E [ p hra l 111] E [ 111 erton] ~' Cornelius Con \Va Y F Cl to tl n D j Ct ion a ry Of A nleri can

BiagraplJy (New Yorl::, i 939 ), Ill, pt~ 1, pp. 317-31 ~f, G. D~ K[finnlis] ~o Kr:ipn~X.rns-lC i~P ( Z".:ln tc, r 8 63 ) , 8 p. George C. Cana le or l{-a na li:s f ro1n Z:t n tc had 1ncE: F cl ton

jn Grc~c::c ·when the latter vfa.jtcd it in 185 3. He came to Cambridge in l854 and rcm::linc-d until 1861. Arno11g scvcrd Greek hooks \vhich he don,~.tc,1 to the Har-vard Colle gc Lib rn ry is ::i copy of Angelos D, Zczos 1 "'E~c d~ "Tai-' (hfr~ro;v ToiJ p..e--;6.:i' ... oL• tr~! 'rJ To& -,;;_,,. ':E\},.'tj i·wv 103-1 utTfoL• l:-01.(atµ o ( 'la n tc, 1857). Cana le al~o transl a tc.d F itz~Grecn e Hal I eek 's Af n rco Bu tz.1re s in to mod c rn G rec k ( Cam bri d gc 1 8 59) ,


The A1odern Greek CoJJectiou 229

(Cambridge, 1 8 3 8) .. He ,vas grcntl y interested in every as peer of Greek 1 if e, and this interest is cvi dent in his I ecru res u t th c I ... o,ve l I Institutet ,vhich dealt ,vith the life and culture of both ilncient ~nd modern Greece.. These Jecrures1 given in 18 5 i, 185 3 185 5, and 185 91 \Vere pub]ishcd posthun1ously ju t,v.o volumes entitled Greece: Aucieut rn;d A-1odern (Boston, 1866). During a stay· of tl1rcc months in Greece in 18 s 3 he bccarne acquainted \Vith the principal scholars and 1ntcl~ lcctuals of the tin1e Konstandnos Asopiosi IJhiEppos loannou~ .L~lcx-andros Rizos Rangavis, Perikles Argyrop.oulos~ Konsrantinos K.onto-goncs, and many others. l\1any books ,vhich bear dedications from these authors to Felton are nOlV in the 1\1u<lern Greek section of the Library. H'is interest in G·rcek cduc~tion and the life of the country· ,va s keen and , v c gather first-hand inf orn1u tion fron1 his obscrv-a tio ns a bout the intellectual f ernlent of post-revolutionary· Greece. In Greece: A11cie11t nnd Afoder11 \Ve find pa.ssages such as the follo\ving: The Uni ver.sity has a corps of nearly fort r prof es.so rs~ and an exec II cnt Ji brary of cightJ,. thousand volumes. For n country small and poor as Greece1 I think~ this state of things sho,vs t11at not a. little of the old intellcctua] spirit still sur-vives. A.lnong the professors are men ,, .. ho ,1i.·ould clo honor to any European . . U[1n·crs1ty ....

l\ 7hilc in Athens I ,vas in the hnhit of frequently visiting the ~cho61s, and remajning through the exercises. I have heard Den1osthencs on the Cro,·rn cxpfoined to eager cbs'.\eS of coarsely dressed but hrignt-cycd youth~~ "\\·ithin a stone's thro,v of the spot ,vhere., nvo-and-t'wenty centuries ago, that nrn.r-vc1ous ornrjon ,vas delivered; and not only this, but the aisles \Vere cro,vded ,vl th young 1u cni and som eti n1 es old men, ,v ho j ha v h1g an hour to spare f ron1 their d~Hy Jaborsj "\'itould come in to pick up the crumbs of instruction thnt ,verc falling frotn the rabJes of thdr more fav<>rcd. juniorsT Not once did I enter a. school~housc~ during a three n1onths' rcsjdcncc in Atbcns, 1rithout ,\ 1jt-nessing this extraordinary spectacle. In the University, ,vhcrc I constnnt1y at-renrlcd three or four courses of lccturcs:t 1 sa\\r the snmc spirit manif~ting itself. rn

Felton l::; interest in Greek education led to another publication,, T be Schools of .i11odern Greece (Boston 1 186 r). I-Ic also edited Selectious fro1JJ A.foder11 Greek lf 1riters in Prose and Poetry (Cambridge, 18 5 5) .~0 There ,ve find excerpts from IConstantinos PaparrcgopoulosJ Hi~tory of Greece; f ron1 Sp. Trikoupcs' HistorJr of the Greek R ev-o-

u, Iii 5r7-518.' See also Charles A. Frazee, "The Historian Gco1·g~ Finlay :;1nd Corre:spond ence w j th Cornelius C. Fe] ton ( 1B54-18 59), ~} SBd ost-F orst /Jun gen1 J\.7XI II ( 1964 )t I 79~i '4•

Reprjntcd in 1856; :znd ~d. (Can1brjdge, 1857).


230 Harvard Library Bulletin lution -and his Funeral Orariont delivered at i\1issolonghi on the l)cath of Lord Byron, md from such ,vritcrs ==i.s Alexandros Soutsos~ Rigas \ 1 el estinJ is, and A th a na.si os Christopoulos A selection of kl ep b tic and other folk ballads i~ also included+

I---ike Sophocles, l~,clton n1ade it a practice to give books to the Lib~ rary during his lifetin1e4 lio,vever 1 the bulk of his coJlcction ,vas donated to the College Library by his heirs in t\vo stages. On~ bears the date 12 Septcn1bcr 1868. In this bequest there \Vere one hundred and sixty items in Greek4 1"hc second 1arge bequest by the Heirs of C. C. Felton ,vas n1adc on 2 1 Jannar) 7 J 885. It contained 1.,704 vol-umes and, although ,vc do not have any· indication ho,v n1any ,vcre in Greek., this ,vriter has con1c across a great n1any· from this bequest scattered through the various care gorie.s c.01n prising the Greek Col-1 cction. Felton kept in contact ,yjth n1any of the Greek scholars he had 1nct during his vjsit in Greece, and these scholars continued to send h in1 their publications. 21

Not surprisingly, it ,vas during this period of Sophocles! and Fcl~ ton:is tenures at Harvard that the College J ... ibraryr started purchasing boo ks on 1nodcrn Greek culmrc. The ear]iest e·vidcncc of a. large-sc g lc purchase is from 2 8 June 185 5. In this purchase the library ac-9 uircd editions of the ,vorks of S pyridon Zam bclios, G eorgj os Zalo-k ostas, Thcodoros Orphanidcs1 Demetrios Bernardakis, Alexandros and PanaJ.,.otis Soutsos:-Inkovos llizos N croulos., and man) 7 others. By another purchase~ on I November I 858, the College Library· acq11ircd for the price of one drachn1a the :first edition of the Provisional Con-stitution of Greece., IIpoa-wpu'bv II01r.fTevµa. TTJS ~EA.~ri'.So~ ( Corinth,. 182 2), a very rare item jndeed. From then on it seems to have been the practice to purchase books fro1n Greece once a year at lcast.i 2

During the year 189g---1900 the College Library acquired

!1 Among the books corr1ing from the Felton bequest I mention here only three: :3v),, ),,-,;ry¼ 7C..1 io "fi.rWJTWP 1ro,11µ h .w 7'" f, ·r ":T~6-rov Alo N•a-la LJ ,i;.oµ. !:o\(:Jµ.oii ( Zan te 1 r 8 5 7) ; Spyri don T rikoti pes, +o A ij,(J: 0~' 1rot t)Jl-fi KXf:fJ'T'-Kf)P ( Pa rist I 8 :;!. ! ) Ernnl r Sn1es.., Kp L'rt/(~; ·o AJ.µ1rpo 'J'() ti I a },,~•i1Lt1-C· (Athens, 18 5 3 ) •

Dur jng: this perj o d the I-larva rd College Library received se\rera.l bequ C!Sts ,v hich con t!il i ned many boo ks in 'modern Greek. Among thc1n the beg u est on 2 2 0 cro ber 1856 of Henry· \:~/"arc ,valos of Boston ( Chss of 183,8), ,vhich included Alexandros Soutsos, 'O J~w:p!,,.TOi "Tou 18 3 1 ( Ad 1 ~n s, 18 3 5) • his ·o -rr.ep.!. Tf"ti.lIJ."wµf..,os (Athens, 18 39) 1 his TI n !"6paµ o: -"l'-s}t 'E}.,J, .. ai~ (Leipzig, 1 83 5) i -and several vo 1 nm cs of KoraYs1 editions of the d assj cs. On , R Fe hruary r 87 4 the heq u est of Col. C. , V + F olsorrl ot Cam brld ge ( Ch~.:; of r 845) in cl u dcd sixty·-ci gh t titles, :a 1110n g ,vh ich ,v .c:r c some ear] y Le gru.n d editions and ,c~rly nineteenth-century Greek imprints from Venice -and ,,.icnna.


Tbe A1od~rn Greek Co/lectiou a collection on the Crusades and the Larin East \vhirh brought son1c very important books to the Greek Co]] ecti on. This ,vas .rhe lliant library, purchased for Har'{atd by Professor 1-\.rchibnld Cary Coolidge snd his father, J. Randolph Coolidge. It ,vas reported in 1900 that '~_About 8 70 volun1es have alrcad)7 found a hon1e jn the (Ottoman' and 'nlodern Greek" sections; son1e 600 more arc being con1bined ,vith other books already o,vned h)7 the Library·, and ,vill forn1 a ne,v group devoted to the history· of the Crusadest the Crusading Knights,. and the Latin l{in gd on1s of J erusa l en 1~ Constantino pl ct 3 nd G-rce cc.'' !2j

In additioni the collection cont2incd one hundred n1anuscripts and nine tv -nine in cu n a b11 la . ..

Arjsridcs Phourrides ( 1887-192 3 ), a native of the island of Icaria, carne to I-Iarv::1rd '8.nd trained -ns -a cl-.1ssical scho]ar. 24 During a travel-Jing fello\vship fro111 I-Iarvard jn 1913-1914 he visited Gernlany, ltnly·, Egypt, nnd Greece... In Athens durjng 1914 he n1ndc the nc~ quaint3ncc of the great poet Kostes Pa.tunas, ,vith 1vhon1 he main-tained close contact throughout his ]ifc. It ,vas through Pahu11as and his \Vork that Pl1outridcs became acquainted ,vith n1odern Greek 1itcratur-e. Up until then Phouuides ,vas very 1nuch nn exponent of the purist tradition in Greek letters. Although upon con1plction of 11is doctorate in 1915 he ,vas appointed instructor jn clissics at l-Iar-Yard, his interest in n1odern Greek literature continued and nlong ,vith his contributions in cl assi ca] philology he pub lishcd scv-era l ::irti c] es in A1ncric~n journals on 1nodern Greek authors.~5 Hjs n1ost in1portant

~:! A 'ltnual Report r of t be Pre rid n1 t tmd the Tre a.surer of 11 ilt".Jnrd Coll c ge 1 8 9 y-1 jW o (Cambridge, l 901 ). p. :il 9.

~• A.B. sumrna cun1 faudc, 19r 1, Ph.D. 1915~ For Phoutridcs sec George C. So111is1

"'Ap,vrdfnr, 4'ouTpfli11t/' Nla 'E,n·lc;a:] LI\! (1953)._. 1147-1149 and Sra,•rcs 1\1ora1ds, "E~a.i ... F.i) .. ?Jii-tH ,ut·rili•ti,,.-T~!: 'Ap~,:r..,dd°ijl' if>ol-'•.olo,i) (Athens., 1964 ), 40 p. Sec also R-apl1~d Dcn1os] nAristides Phoutrhfost Boston Evening TrnHstript, 6 October 1913.

It w ouid be ,~?ell to list thcn1 ] tcrc 1 for these -early a rt ides on m odcrn Gr~ e k Jitcrnturc are Hnle known: ,:The Litcr:uy Impuls-e of i\1odem Greecet Poet Lore, XXVI ( 1915), 56--67; "l{ostcs. Pafo.n1as, n Modern Greek '''orld-Poet/1 ibid., XXV"III ( 19 l 7), 78- I 04; 11H esio d j c Rem i ni scenccs- in the 1 _.t\.scmca n' of K ostcs P.a-1 am as," Tbe Classical J our11«l1 XU ( I 916--17 ), 164-175; icSoures and his l~/.orld,U ibid.t X\ 1 ( 191g--20), 494-498; cJGeorge Sourest ibid., X\T ( l 919-10), 135-2 38; uGcorge · Sourc~, ~n Atheni~n S[drjsrt The lVeekly Review, lI ( 1910 ), 111-211; uAndre11s l{:t rka vi ts-as: a. Story- V-V' ritcr of Ne,~_.. Greece/' ibid ·i Ill ( 1 9 2 o}, 566~567-; ci The Alt:Jrs of Kostcs P~fo~a.s/' 1'"be Stratford J t111nml1 I ( 1916-r7) i 91-94; '{A I..il•jng Poet of Greece," T be ReitJew.., I ( 1? 19), 2 84-2 86 ( on Pafo m11s h HV ern a cula.r ,and Revolutiont TIJe SurveJ, XL ,r ( 1920-21 )~ 8-9; Castis Pa1.v,h.ut a JJvhJg Poet of Greece (Athcnsi 1933); Grectc Old and New (Ne,v Yorki 1921).


Harvard LibrarJJ B11lletin contributions to 1n od crn Greek letters , v ere his translations of son 1 c of Palan1as' n1ajor ,vorks .. 20 He also translated in collaboracion ,vjtl1 :pe~ 1netra \ 1aka the first anthology of modern Greek short stories ju the United States.in

Phoutrjdes ren1aincd at H~ffvard until 1917~ \vhcn he left to join the United States Arm) 7 dur1ng ,\ 1orld \\Tar I.. After the ,var he returned to Greece at the jnvitatio11 of the then Premier Elcftherios \Tenizc1os and ,vas appointed professor at tl1c University of Athen~" but he never actually taught there; shortly ufter his uppoint1ncnt the \T enizclo.s Govern1nent fell and Phoutrides resigned his post flnd re-turned to H n rvard. In 1 9 2 1 h c tnar ricd j.\,largnrc t Garrison, th c great-gm ndda ugh ter of Y\1illiam Lloyd Garrison. In the same year he left HarvMd for ):7 ale, ,,·here he taught until his sudden and untin1cly death in the sumn1cr of 192 3.

On 9 November I 92.6, part of Phoutrides, personal library· \Vas do-nated by i\1argaret Garrison Phoutrides to the 1-Iarvard College Li-brary. It contained son 1 c seventy v o I u 111 est nutn cro us p atn phi ets, and a nun1bcr of Greek journals .. 28 .i\1rs .. l)houtrides also cndo,ved a schol-arship in her husband's n1en1or)7 to be he1d hy Greek students .study~ ing at Harvard.

Jn 1943 the A111erican Board of Con1111issioners for Foreign i\1.is-sions (ABcFi-r) deposited in the Harvard Library their papers ~nd a collection of tracts chiefly printed by the ABCFJ\'I at their various mis-sions ab road. "\~'hilc the pap crs ( j our na ls, co rrcspo nd cnce, etc.) are d c posited in T-Ioughton, the books and tracts are distributed an1ong I-Iougl1tont ,,_,idener, and the Andover-Harvard Theological I~i-b rnrics. Both the papers and the boo ks cl eal ,vi th the l\1ission to Tur-kcy and the i\1lission to Greece~ and both are of great value for re-

Kostes Pafo.n1ns~ Li{ e l11nnciA1ble! First Part~ trr liy A~ ET Phoutrides "\\'ith Tntrod+ and Notes hy- the tr. (Glmuridge, I·J-arttard UnhTc.rsity Press! r919); A Hundred TT oice1 and Otber Poen1s fron1 the Scco1id Pt1rt of 'Life Innnovt1ble/ tr. ,vith an Intro d, and Notes by A~ ET Phoutrid es ( C-am bri d get Ha nrard Uni t·enity Press, r ~n. 1); RoJt1l Blosstnn of Trisevyene 1 tr. by A. F.. Phnutridc:s ,vhh so In trod. by the tr, (Yale CI '1 s s-i oaf Stud iest 2 ; N c,v Ha ,Ten, Yale University Press, 1 92. 3 ) ; ''Europe'• tr. by A. E. Phoutridesi 1"he Stratford ]Otff1lali T ( 1916-17) • 9r-94; A Al mls /)etf tbi tr. l.) y ll. E. Phou tri d E!.s ''"·it h F orc\vord by D. C. I-I essrl; 11.g ( A then.;:~ J 93 4) .

r. Demetra \T ~ka and l\. ri stid es Pho utr j des, AI oil ern Greek Stories (N e,v York", 1910) I

-=9 An other pa rt of his library ,vas given to Anatol fa. Coll egc j n Sa Ionika. S cc l-T :t rry I{. M essengc.r and Evro Lay t<1n1 ~' 1 l I Tw I-' PlWi-' 'E -,,J,.'111-"1 ti:Gi ,, .r1--ro IT a IJ~~iqr-*µ. io "TIJ tr X dpt, a.p. t 'h:o;p :(r.11:6 > XXXI ( I 9:64), p. 2 3 n.


Tbe .1l1oder11 Greek Collection 2 33 search in n1odern Greek .srndiest especiall}T for the period from r 820

to 1869. 1~hc)r shed much inf or111ution ab.out the condition of Greece and the Greeks of the period, the state of education) religion, and other aspects of Greek life .

.rfhe first 111issionarics .sent by the ABCFM to their ''-'cstern Asia l\1issi on, as the are a lvas id en ti fied ,vere the Rev crcn d s Levi Parsa ns ( 1792-1822) and Pliny· Fisk ( 1792-~182 5 ), ,vho left Boston in No-vember 1819 and arrived at Sinyrna jn January 1820 after a brief stay at i\1alta. In .order to learn n1odern Greek the}i proceeded to the island of Chios ,vhich boasted at the tin1e one of the best institutions of learning in Greece. At Chios, under the tutelage of Ncophytos \ 7 an1v::1s~ the Principal of the School, Parsons and Fisk learned 1nod-crn Creel~ ,vcll enough to attc111pt, ,vith the assistance of , 1an1,Tas, a. translation into modern Greek of Legh Richn1ond's "The Dairy-man's Daughter+" They had hoped to obtain pern1ission to print this tract at the Schours press. 1-io\vever., pern1ission to print it ,vas denied them by the Bishop of Chios. The Bishop had car1icr given the1n per~ 1nission to reprint 11t their expense r,vo other Protestant tracts ,vhich had been previously printed at the P~triarc hal Press of Constantinople in J 8 J 8. ~rn These , verc a translation of Isaak , ~r a tts' s Tb e End of Titue . (Tt> Tihor;; rov XJlOVOV+ J(wvo--ral-"ttl'OVi'TOAt~J "fu1r. ~EA.X.--qJ,Hc6v EJI Toi~ II0..rpiapx~d01s, r 81 8) and Extracts fron1 St. ChtJ7S0ston1 ~A1ra110[up.a"i"a JK

.., ... "A I "'I ,t ..... X , IT ... .,., !Ii ,. .... II '- ,-. ... 'fa)1' '7"-0V ywu (rJtJ.VJ..'DV 'TOV .. pVOYJG'Toµ.ov, .€pt?"',]~ UJ..'Ci')i~O"'E'.W; 1r17s G.l\a~as K(.H,

Nla.~ 8la0fJK7J~ CEv X[cp, "'Ev rfi -rvrroypo.~~q. Tii~ ~XoA~5', 18 2.o) _Bo

fr' or an account of tl1 cl r sra y SI n d :actl viti cs at Chi os, sco Rich a rd Clogg, ·o Parsons: Kc:tl a Fisk i:.r-ro T11µ1•a'1'~0 7"7]! Xlatt .,.~ I 810.t ·o 'Ep~i·f~T~J~ ,, ( z967) j 177-193, The Schoo! .3t Chio:s find the cquall)' fotnous school at Kydoni.ai (Ayv;ilikt Turkey) c;.1ch boasted a print•ng press. T'hcy ,vcrc the only Greek presses ,.vfrhin the '"furkish {lonliniuns nt the tin1c (\virh the exception of the Patriarchll Press of Constanti-noplt)+

;o 1 .. h c I-I ;uvard College Library has a copy of VV .a tts ~s tract printed at the Pa-tr:iarc 11?. l Prc.s~ in I 8 1 S' but not of the edition printed :1 t Chi os in I Sia+ In f cti tho Ch j os i mprj nt seems to ha ,Te ·van i ~h ed a] together. It is 1isted in Demetri os S. G hi n is and \ 1~lerios i\1cx~s1 tE~Xl'IN.lri'.ti {l,fl~rny/Ht¢fo:: 1800-1863 (Athcns 1 1939), I, no. 12S5 (Ghjnis-ldexas). Hov,'"e\Ter'! the authors \Vere unuble to exan1ine -a copy; they de~ scrjbe it from an ::article of P~v]os: L~rnbrosl [{tI(r"Tor~,',;'.t1 r.payµcz.da 1t<pl t-~r lpxijs- ~al 1r"po6Jou ":i"-ijt T LJ1TO)'pa.tti,fo.s-b· "En.~ do~ µI XPC "T(;!' ET oi·s- I 8 i I.,,,. Il-tZp~ tJ:G"J6s, If ( ] 8 is).. 5 1, 110. 3 . On the other Jrn.nd1 Harvard o"·n:s a copy- of the Chios edition of the Sc C'1ry£oston1 ~A'Jl"a.P&tctLt1.Tec (bound ,vjth earlr i\1aka 1rnprjnrs from the Al!CFi\1 bequest). Both the Constantinop1e edition of the \~Tatts (Gl1inis-iVlex~.s, I~ no. r 103) and the Chios edition of '.A-rro..-vOtuµa'j""(f. (Ghinis-J,,f exaas, II, no. 6694) ,,·ere recorded fron, unique copi~si the former in the National Library nf Gre~ce and tl1e latter :it the Gcnnadius Library in Athens. The Harvard copies ,vere kno\\'n neither to Ghini.s-l\~cx~s nor


134 Har·vard Library Bulletin The translation of the HDairy1nan~s Daughter'' becaine the first

Greek iin print of the nc\v l y established ABCFl\·I press at I\-1-a.lta in 182 z. \:\'hen 1~:·isk heard fro111 his fcllo,v n1issionarics at 1\1nlta th-at -a Greek press \Ya~ about to uc established there, he ]cft Sn1yrna~ ,vhcre he ,vas stationed at that tin1ei ind arrived at [\JI al ta on 1 3 A prj l r 8 2 2. ln a letter dated 15 Decc111ber 182. 2, Fisk gives an account of the fir~t at-tcn1 pts of the l'v1al ta p rcss to print G re ck: (' Our printer k nc,v 11 ot hi ng of Greek. I taught hin1 the 2lphabct., and h~vc spent 1nuch of 1ny tin1e, for more than a month past, in the printing room~ distributing and exan1ining the typesJ and assisting to co111n1ence printing in Greek. "'''c have just struck off rhc first sheet of 'The Dniryrnan~s Daughter/ ,vhich brother Parsons and 1nysclf translated, \vhi1c at Scio.'~ SJ On1y--onc copy of this first edition of 1H 8vyrt'ir,p ,.-ov -yaAaK7"orrwXov ('Ev !\f E~ r 117, J A -rro nJll J.f !J A µ£plK~~ 7"lJ11'0Y pa¢iav' ' s 2 2 ) ex] sts today I l t is at the Andovcr~Hatvard Theological I. ... ibrary. This little tract proved very popular and it ,vas frequently· rcprjnred.

1 ... he ABCF.rd. bequest 1ncludcd~ besides tracts printed by their O\Vll

presses at i\ 1al ta and S111 yr n at imprints fr om other rn iss-i onary .societies sue h as the London .i\ 1iss ion a f) 7 Society a n<l th c Church i\1issi on ary Society, both of , vhich had printing estah lis h n1 en ts at i\1 al ta du ting tl1 c 182 o's and I 8 3 o, s, as , veil -as the American Episcopal IVlissio na 1)7

So cicty, ,v hi ch ,vas active mostly il.t Syr:1. It :;i lso con t2ined several

to Clogg+ For an interesting account of the Protestant tracts prjntcd at the Ptt-triard1al Press~ see Richard Clogg, ~tSome Protestant Tracts Printed at the Press of the Ecumenical Patrhirchate. in Constantinople: 1818~182ot Easteni Cl.Jure/Jes Revie'?l.\ II ( 1968 ), 15z-164 .

.1i Ancn~t: Report of tbe Fourteenth Annual Af eetinf!. (Roston~ 181: 3 ) 1 p. 113~ For corn pl ete bib liogra p11 ical d cscr t pti ons of ~on1c of th c hi th crto \1 n kno\\'ll i\ia l ta and Sn1 yin a imprj nts and so inc oth c r unique copies of cdi t• o ns of Greek inl prints at Harvard not record cd in Gh i nis-J\-1 exas) sec Ev ro Layton, "' E ,._ }..~ n.1.::71 f,1./3 x ciffpa.rpLa.1

1800--1863. Ilpvi:r~ijF::"ES-/~ ·o 'F.p«.l-'[a''j'"~j~ III ( l965 ), l 10--114 and , 111 ( 1969 )1 11--26, It should he men doned ] lCre that the htc G co rgE>, C. S0~1 Es., \\'11 i1 c: still a s.tudent at Harvard, brought to th~ =.:i.ttcntion of Ghini~~~•fex~s wn1e fifty-th re~ uniqmt copies ,vhich he had found t the H 1 rva1·<l College Library. He sent descriptions of these to D emctd os G h in is+ Tuer \Vere i ncorporatcd at the end of Toi 11n1c th rec of the G hin is-l\1 cxas in the Addenda section. The- frequent citations of the m~ n y ard clcs by Soulis are ~unp1e tcstin1ony that hE! \Vas: the historfo.n p.rrr excellence of the Greeks and pbi1hellcncs at HanTard. Soulis ,vas, of courset il Byzantine and 1\fcdicval Slavic histo rfant :'-lnd hi~ major schofo Tl r contributions are in those fields - ~ee Frand s D vor11ik, 'LGeor ge Chrfatos. Soul.is { 1917-19 66) i -,t D untblf i-ton 0,1 ks I' apers, No. 2. 1

( l 967), 9-1 o, and Lcandros V ranou.c;;sis, ' 1 r~wp)'( o:Y Xp. ~~t'."tx~p· ( 19 2.7-1966) t 'E1tET ~pl~ 'En:i;cpdet!: BL-,tll~"n'WJ't :;E,ra-utw~t XXXIV ( 1965 ), 341-348,


Tbr 1liodern Greek Col!cctiou 2 35 books ,vhich belonged to the personal libraries of the nuss1onaries the n1 se Iv cs ( g.ra nuuar s, trans In ti ons of the Ii ol y Seri p tur es in to th c vernacular) -and other books too diverse to be described here.

Since the beginnings of the !\1o dcrn Greek Collection coincided 1nore or less ,vith the outbreak of the Greek llevol ution and the in-terest generated by the philhcJlcnic n1oven1cnt at Harvard, it is not surprising to find that the co1lcction .is rich in its holdings ju the hjs-tory and background of this period. A1thoughi so far as it is possible to dctcrrninc, no concerted effort ,vas n1ade to c.ollcct hooks and other 1natcrials on this period at the timci purchases -and gifts have n1ad e this section Yer y n ca rl y corn pl ete.. It con ta ins -vir ruall y all the n1cn1oirs of the heroes of the Revolution) both those that ,vere pub-lished jnuncdiatc1) 7 after the ,var and the editions brought out b)r his-tor iuns f ron1 nrch iva l s ourc cs la tcr. It con ta ins n good n un1 b er of ind iv id u a 1 and coll ccted Lj o g rap hi cs, hist or ics I pcrso nnl n3r ra ti ves, books on the philhcllenic 111ovcn1ent both in Europe and the United Statcsi the activities of the Philikc J-lcraireiu, -and histories of isolated eyents, battles, etc. In 1966 the librar) 7 purchased about I6o books and pa mph lets on the Greek Re\ro}ution from a private collection. This addition of so1ne rare and valuabJc iten1s added further to the val u c of this sc cti OIL

In general the modern Greek history sc ction is-very good n nd con~ ta ins all the rnaj or and 1nost of the rninor historical ,vorks in all Ian~ guages. It also contains editions of various docun1ents and constin1~ t1ons of Gr c.ece beginning ,vith the Provisional Constitution of 1 8 2 2

n1en tioned prcvi 011 sl .r, th c 11 oAi riKov vvra y µa -rfis CE11.)\.u So~ ( P oro.s, I 8 2 7 ) ;· the IIpa KT' Kct ,-i'j S' EJ.' :,J ApyE t- 1E e 1-'l.J<.~ s ,rc:7"rlprq s- TltlV CEX),. ?j VWJ1 ~v~x e,:io-eCrJ (Aegina, 1829); the Lettres et doctnneuts officiels aux derniers evkue-111e11ts de la Grece qui OJJt precede et suivi la '/JlOrt d11 C01JJte Capo~ dis-trins (Parjs, 18 3 T); Ilpa.KTU<d. 7"~~ Jv IIpovol~ KltT~ E1ravaA.-rpJJtv A' lR0PtKyjs-TWV 'EX~17vw1, :tvveX~&r-~w~ (N aup11a1 183 2) ; A~ 1'1ousroxydes, Reuseigue-111e11s sur ln. Grece et J!IT /' aduiinistration d1t C01Hte Cnpodistrirts (Parjs, r 83 3); Correspoudence du ca1nte J~ Cnpodistrias preside11t de l n Gr c ce ( Gen eve., 1 8 3 9., 4 v.) , vi th the Greek edition ~E1TLO"'TOAat -8'1.-7Tt\.-wµwnKa1 (Athens, I 84 r-4 3, 4 ,;l_ in 2); IloAt'jtHbv :t'6117a:yµa rfj~ j!.R),)tdSo~ l<ll'j'"(t 'j~ V E' JE0 VtK1j1, t trJJiAEVO"-tV (At hens., I 8 4 3 ) ; and '1. wrrr7 µa 'Trji;-~EX~aco~ (Athens, r 844). 32 J t h-as an impressive nun1ber of the

The Ji ::H\T:.ud copy of the 1844 Constitution is the only extant copy, see E,Tro Layton, op. cit. ( note 31) i III ( r96r). :r r 8, no. Ai ti~


H ar·var d J_,i br ar y B 1111 etin ,vorks of the eminent Greek historian l(onstantinos Pa parregoponlosi b cginni ng ,vi th his Ili p 'n1 s- e:rot K1jrre-ws _I). a/3 t fi:olv -rt iirov ,fovX&v il~ r~v Il€Ao-rr6mrqo-ov (At hens~ 1 84 3 ) ; To -re hEVraiov e T'O~ 7"-~ £AA T}l'' K~ eAJ:.v0ep 1. a~ (Athens, 1844); and several editions of his ,veB kno,v11 ~lcrrop!a Tov

tEAA:qv,Kou ,..EOi-rovr;-(Athens" 18 5 3)" later expanded into a five volu1ne ,vork of the same title (Athens, 1860-74) a~ ,vell as several later edi-tions. The library also has his ril;:wpyto~ Kc.pat(FKa1<nqr,-Ka'jii .,-ovs r.-poripovs /3ioypC:.¢ov'; (Athens, 1 867).

The linguistic section is cquall)7 strong. It contains, thanks to the Sophocles bequest and to pu rch uses, a 11 th c 111 a j or grammars nn d 1 ex i-cons, gran1matical treatises, and a very Iich section on the language question. J:l I-Iarvard h-as one of the n1ost con1plete collections of early· 1no d er n Greek gr~ n1 n1 a rs and 1 exicons j as docs the Ne, vb er ry Libra r)r of Chicago, ,vhich through the purchase in 1901 of the Bonaparte Col-lection~ acquired a very rich collection in this

I-Jere are a fe,v of the early gramrnar.s and lexicons in the Harvard col]ection! The first three editions of Stephano da Sabbio, l11trodvt-to.rio nvo·vo i11titolato Corona preciosa per hnptlrnre., Jegere, scriuere., p«rlarc~ & inte11dere la li116rva greca uolgare (' 7cnicc, 15 2 7 2nd ed. 1543 und 3d. ed+ 1 549i both under tide Coro11t1 pretiora); J~ van A)1enrs, Glossariu1u Graecobarbannu (Ley-den, 1610; rev. ed. 1614); G. Ger~ n1ano, Vocabolario italia110 et greco (Rome, 162: 2); S. Porzio1 Dic-tionariu1n Lathnnu., Graeco-Barbaruu1 et litterale (Paris, 1635); G. Blachos., A1]i'.J"Uupos: -rf}~ E')'KttKA.orrat8udj~ {3cta-t:ru~ TcE:-rp&.y~ruo-o-oli' (\T enicc., 1659); Ch. Du Fresne Du Cange., Gloss(lrirnu ad scrij)tores n1edifte & infinnte Graecitatis (L.ugduni, 1688, 2v.); A. da Somnvera's Tesoro

t:) H 1 gh lights of c~ r l y books dealing -...vi th this most controversial subject: D ::i. 11icl PhiH1~pid~s snd Gregorios Konstnnrns, I"fW'YP~¢fo: PfWT€pctj (\ 7icnna, 179 l); the "·orks of K or:a"is n1enti on cd car lier; I. R 1 zos N eroulo:-s1 J,op a. ..-caT1 ,-;d. ( A then~ 1 8 .3 5) ; D emetr ios Katart;,cs! rpa,u,uan1:v 'Ti!: ,Ptl(l"~l{ij:; "'{h~O'(rll~r ed. by K. ThT n~nrnn1.~ (Athens, 1957); p. I(odrikas, 11.reAln1 Tr,~ 1.1:1!l-'~t l:\X'l];.ou-.-r1~ ti(C:\b,-rl)" (Paris~ 1818); Stcphanos Kornmetas 1

n (! coa. "jQ!I)'~ 5' ij n pa: ,i:_T i .-,p~µpa,. i { \T ienn-a, , Roo) 1) + Byz~ n ti o~J <H Jla{iLJ Xwi•t a (Athens, 1840); anll ,vorks by Ale..'landros Pall1s, GT Cha.tzidakts, G. Psycharcs, Emm. Ro.id rs, Karl 1)ictcrichi Em. Legrand, Hubert Pornot 1 l(~r] Krun1h;1cher1 Ach. Tzartzanos, D. Pctrokol::kinos. (Chien~d::i) 1 AlLert TJ1un,L, i\1anulcs Tt1antaphy]litlcs, Eliss'!ios Giannidcs, Gfanncs Kordatos, G. i\·!cgas., 11etros \ 7hstos, G+ J\li~triotis, D. C. Hesse]-ing1-A, l)clmouzos~ Nike hos A 1~rlriotfs, F.tnin, J{rir1ras1 n~d 1n~nr nthc:r~.

ai Far a dc~cription of the Greek Jinguistic materials. of the Ne\vberry.,. Lihrary sec , 7"j ctor Co 1) ins, An C'iH pt rrt n Car.al o gue ·of t Jj e-Lib r µ ry nf t !Je T. cr te I'tin cc Lou is-Lucic n BonnJHrtc-(London, 1894) ! pp. 11-1-J 3 3, nos. 219g--2: Sf!, Sec also Peter Top-ping, "J\lodern Gr~ek Studies 1ln3 J\1-Jteri~ls in the United Statest Byz1.1111ion1-x,r ( l 94°) ! 4 3 0-4 3 r •


J'1be A1 od eru Greek C ollectiou 2 37 a irea d y n1 c n ti one d car J ier; P cd ro l\ 1 ere ado~ N .€a iy«vKXorra-r'.8 ta rij 1A-rroCTT0Jdj~ -r~g Kvrrpov ... seu lnstittttiones linguae Grneco-vulgaris (Ron1e, 17 3 2); Sp. Blantes, A~[,Kov l-ra>..,Kov Ka.t ypatKLKOv wp6xetpr:n) (\Ten-ice, r794); K. ,,reigc1~ AEfu~op {.l'i1'A.opwµai'KOV (Leipzig, 1796); D .. neniercs, *Errtroµ.~ ypo.µ.µa.-rrn..fjs . . . £ls ~v a1TA.'l}V pwµa'iKljll (lrieste,. 1799); B. Pian%ola., Gr:nnuurtica dizionarj, e colloquij per i111pnrnre le li11g11e it11Jifl11t1,. grecn-iiolgare, et turcn (\1 enice, r 801); G. Bcntotcs, A(f 1.Kol' 8, y /\wo-crov ,,--ij~ yoJi.A 'K'"G 5 ka. l pw µ.u.i Kij, 8 w.X btTOV ( \Ti en na I 8 04) ; D. IC0111is, Ellino-rossiisko-fra11tst1zskoi leksikou (lvlosco-,v~ r8r 1); and n1any n1orc printed during the nineteenth and t\ventieth centuries ..

1 ... he folklore section js superb. It has -all the in1portant editions on Greek folk literature in eveiy language. It js particularlJT strong in its holdings of Greek folk soi1gs and folk ba11adst hut every aspect of folk ]ife is covered~ proverbs., beliefs and custo1ns, folk talcs, n1usic and dance, arts ~nd crafts 1 costun1e, etc. It also has man)r regional studies of folk life by province or island and cornplete sets of all the major f o1 k journals. Sch o 1 a.rs j n this ftel d such as Nikolaos Poli tes~ En1 j le Legrand, R. lvl. Da ,v kins, G. i\ 1 cgas, St. I{ y ria kid est and S. Baud-Bovy., to 1ncntion just a handful, are represented by· their con1-plcte ,,,.orlcs in n1ost cases. It has va luahle early coHcctions as ,vell as curious -and littlc-ln10\vn books. I-Jere arc s01nc titles selected at ran-dori1: CL Fauriel, Cbants populaires de la Grece 111oderne (Paris,, 1824-! 5); also his l-·leugriechiscbe 17 oJkslieder, tr .. by ,~, .. l\11iller (Leipzig., l 825); ~- L. I-"cmcrcier, Cbn,1ts bero1ques des 'JJ!Ollt(!g11nrds et 1JJatelots grec.r; (Paris, 1824) and hfa Suite des cbnnts beroz ques . . . (Paris1 182 5); N .. I.. Gnedich, Prosto11arod11yia pesui nynesbuikb Grekov (St. Petersburg., 182 5); Ch~rles Brins1ey· Sheridan~ Tbe Songs of Greece (J .. ondon, 182 5); Karl !ken, Eu110111in (Grimma, 182 7); Theodor K.ind, Ne1tgriccbiscbe 17 olkslieder (Grin1n1a., 1827) and his T pa. yw8l ct 77j~ N las- 'E~ ~&So~ (l~ei pzi g1 1 8 3 3) ; AJ exan dros }\Te gr is) A Dictionary of Afodern Greek Pro-verbs (Edinburgh, 183 1); J~ lVL Firrnenich-Richartz, Tpa-yoi,8u:i Pli)µa.'i«a.. {Berlin~ I 840-67, 2v.) I-Iein~ rich Bernhard Oppenhei1n~ N eugriechisc/Je T7 olks- u11d Freiheitslicder ( Grunberg, 1 842); G. Evlambios1 A111arautos iii rozy vosrozbd e1111oi Ellndy (St. Petersburg., 184 3) ; tAv8o"A.oyfa. -rjT01. ll.u!f/,opa d.crµaTa ?jpwi·~a, KAi-rrru(a Kat J.pwTo'-a (Athens, 1847) ; Ant.. fvJ anousos, 'I' payoii8ia J81n,<ii r:rVVU)'JJ-E ,1a., Ka. l 81.aa-aqrtJVl.t'T/l-Er.la (Corfu., I 8 5 0 3 pts. in I ) ; D Sanders., Das Volks!eben der 'f-leugriecben (l\1annheim, T 844); A. Pa.sso,v., Popularin ctrrn1i11a Gr((ecine recentioris (Leipzig, 1860) and ]1is l ... iebes~


....

llar ·vard Library Bulletin

1111d l(lage/ieder des 11eugriechiscben Volkes (iVIagdeburg, 1861); Peder \ 7• Christensen~ N ygraeske folkeff.nJge (Kjpbcnhavn:- 1862); \ 1aclav Il. Nebcskjr., !·l ovorecke u&rodui t;isne (Prague, 1864); Jenn Pio,, Contes popJJ!aires grecs (Copenhagen'" 1879); P. Sake}Jarios, Die Sitte111111d Gebrtiuche der Hocbzeit bei deu Neugriecben (H,alJe a. S~,, 1880); D. C. T-Jesseling, Cbaros~ Ein Beitrag zur l(enutnis des 11eu-g1"iecbiscben Voiksglaubens (Leipzig., 1897); SL Kyriakidesl 1\Teu-griecbiscbe J7 olkskunde (Thessaloniki, 1936} . .15

In early modern Greek literature (eleventh century to t453), i.e., the periods \Vhich encon1pass the first ,vorks ,vrittcn in the vernacular (the Digencs Akritas Ron1ancc, the 1ne<lieval ron1ances of chiv3lry, the po ctry of Thcodoros Pro dron1os. and the various chronicles of the Frankish periods), the 1.-iibrary has aH the 111ujor collections \vhich include these early specitnens of 1nodern Greek Jiteraturc. Collec-tions such as Albert Ellissen Aunlekten der 1nittel- 1111d neugriecbischen Literatnr (Leipzigi r 855-62, 5v~); D. I. l\-iavrophrydes, ~Erc>,.o-y-ij µ Vl}/1-':.i wv rij i:; J1Ewrlp as J.),_ A fJV~KfJ o/ A.6J a-fJ'r, (At hens, 1 8 6 6) ; Sp. Lambros,. C1ollectio11 de ro1J1aus grecs e11 langue wilgairc en vers (Paris, 1880); Jtrnilc Legrand, Co/lectio11 de 11101nnnents pour servir a 1'6t1,de de la langue niobe/le'Jliq11e (Paris, 1867-72, 19v.); nouvelle ~erie (Paris, 1873-7 5., 7 V.); nnd 3 e scric (Paris, 1907-10~ 2 VI); and 11is Biblio-tbeque grecque vulgrdre (Paris, 1881-19 i 3, 1 ov.):; l{onstantinos Sat has, ~feo-atcu1-'l Kij ~i{3'Jt..l o 0~K1J ( ,, e.ni ce, l 8 7 2-94, 7 v.) ; "\~1i I he] n1 '\\? a g-ncr, A1edieval Greek te~i·ts (LondonJ 1870) his Caru1i1111 Grneca nte-dii nc:vi (Leipzig, 1874); and Trois poe111es grecs du 1noyen~age incdits (Berlin, I 88 r); D. C. I-Icsscling and Hubert Pernot, Poe1nes prodro-1niqucs eu grec vulgaire (.1.~n1srer<la1n, 1910).

,,, i th re aard to Crc t~ n 11 tera turc., the col I ectio n at Harvard un for-- ,b

tunately cannot boast early editions of ,vorks such as the Erotokritos

r-~ T O i 11 us tratc the comp] ctcn css of th~ collections-, \V hen Donil 1 d C. 8'vau:,on 1s }.f odern Greek Studfos iu the TfTest: A C1·itlcal Ribliogtapby of Studier on Modern Greek Li11,guirticsi P/JUology, and Folklor~1 in Lmiguages other tlJcrn Gre:ir-k (Ne,v Yorki :r960) ca1ne out, this riuthor checked the hihHogr!}phy ca.ref ul\y against Har-vard's holdings mtrl found th:.:1:t1 of 2.59 entries for- books, Harvard hckcd onJy 3 2

and, out of 192 journah: and serLcs cited, only 5 ,v-ere not :included in its ho,dings. One should bear jn rnind, nf cour~e, _that th1s bihliogr:lphy cxchHlcs all citations ln GrP-tk. I-lo\,·evcr~ the purchase policy ,vith regai·d to Greek js not d!.liC.dlninatory andi if anything, Greek rnatcrials arc ffjxored. Perhaps 1 should point out her~ that SwTa nson states in his pref ace that h c 01nittcd the Greek entries bee c1 nsc of the di f-fi cul ty and co.st of pri n.ti ng .G rec k ii\ th is coun trr. For the same reason~, citations in G re~ k il re restricted to a minim um in the present ~.rric le.


T be Jloderu Greek C-..ollection 2 39 of l{orn a.ros or ot lier Cretan masterpieces. These early cditi ans are cxtren1cly rare and c2n be found only jn a. handful of libraries. It has onl)r nvo early editions by· Cretan authors, both recentl)7 acquired, and in th c I-I ou g h ton Li braf) 7 : Tl 1 c J A-rr6f{owo-.; ~cplXip.o s- • + .. ( ,1 cni ce, 1667) of llcrgades, and l\-larinos Tznncs Bounialcsl Ai~"Y17(ris 8ia o·,,olxwv Tov Seu,•ov rroAEµov ~ov Ev rfl vljcrlf> K p~ T11 yivoµ l i1ov (Venice, I 6 8 r ) • I-Io ,v-e v er, it docs inc1udc in its holding.s all the 1najor n1odcrn collections and editions such as K.onstantinos Sathas, Olar poµ (\! cnicc, 1878-79, 2 v. in 1 ), the editions of Stcphanos Xanthoudides,. Linos Po Ii tcs, IVl an ousos IVI an ousa k as., Etnm an ouel Kr iara s, Georgi os A 1 c gas, John T\1avrogor<lato, and others. A check against nvo exce1lent bib-] i ogra. phi cal essays on this period, lvl an o usos l\ 1 ~nous-a. k-J. s., KptTr Kl1 {3t/3'Atoypa¢{a Tov tI{p,i-nKov Be&..rpov:i, (Athens, 1964) and his tH Kp--qnK'Jj AoyoT1:;xvla Ka-rd. -rrJv Ewox_~ rij~ Bev~roKpar[as-(Thcssalonikji 196 5) sho,vcd that the collection has alt the important scholarly editions ilnd articles. One should 1nention here parenthetically that1 thanks to u solid collec-tion of con1plctc runs of Greek joun1als (literary, historical and re~ gjonal), coupled ,,rith a n1ost impresshTe array of archaeological, philological, and Byzantine journals from evcr)T country., the scholar can .find all the needed n1atcrials for research on medieval and Cretan litcraturcs.l!l6

In general, the section on modern Greek literature since 182 1 is ex-cellent. l\1any first editions, beginning ,vith the complete ,v-orks of Solon1os, 1859., ,vhich have alread)7 been mentioned, jncludc those of Alexandros and Pan ayotis S outsos, Georgios Z-a]okostas, Thcod oros Or phanidcs, Dcmctrios Bernard akcs, Gcorgios Tertsetis, Aristo tel cs \T alaoritis~ and K.ostcs Palatnas. An1ong later ilnthors are Konstantinos K~vafisi Nikos Ka7.::1ntz2kis, ~nd Stratis l\1yrivilis; there arc ~ome su-perb first editions of George Scfcrjs, In litcrarnrc the librni;r has tried to acquire not only -all the major ,vorks of established figures ht Greek letters, hnt the books of y·ounger poets and noveljsts as ,vell. Until reccn tly it -also tried to include translations of m odcrn Greek authors, both antho1ogies and individual ,vorks,, into English, Frcncl,, Gern111.n, Tt~lian, and occasionally in Russian and other languages. All basic anthologicsJ histories of 111odern Greek Jitc1·arurc1 a.nd other critical ,vorks n.re \vell represented. In the field of general bjbliog-

!](; This pnint·is ni"de here because rnost of the scholarly ,vork on these pcdods js found in pedodicnl Jiterature and in the proceedings of Congresses nnd simifo r p uh] ica ti ons.


1-lar·vard Librnry B1.1lletin raphics a check against Gcorgios Phousaras:t HtffAtoypaqi.a r/lJ1, 'EX>..~v£Kwii {:3i./3X.1,,oypo.¢r.-wv" 1791-1947 (Athens) J 96l) sho,ved very strong hold~ ings, cs pecia 11 y in tl 1 c sections c-' Ge11era l bib I io graphics}' 1 ''Cata lo gucs of Public and Private Libraries/' "Subject bibliographics/' 1"Topical bibliographics,H and the section of ' 1Bibliographical journals/, The only section in the bib]iograph)7 in \vhich Harvard makes no attetnpt to collect is tl1at of bookseller!/ an<l dealers' catalogues+ 111 the area of ·"'Bibliogr~phies of individual pcrsons 1 '' the Library collects only in ccr t-a in fields, i.e., the h u n1ani ti cs, soc ia 1 s:c icn cesr ed u cation, folklore, and the Greek Orthodox Church.

The I-larva.rd CoBcge Library is, to n1y kno,vledget the onl)r li-brary- in the United States ,vhich has rare books in n1odcrn Greek, at lenst in sufficient nun1bers to n1crit n1cntion here. a.'i It has also been for-tunate in h~ving un1assed a good nnn1ber of books printed in a v~rjcty of 1 oca ti ons, ,v h ercvcr n1 o d crn G rec k 1 c tters fl our ished during the tin1e of the Tourkokra.tia: \T enicc ( the center of 1nodcrn Greek cul-ture after the F gll of Constnntinople)"} Constantinople, l-tu1nania (Jassy, Bucare.st~ Snagov), ''ienna., St. Petersburg and 1\1osco,v, l..ieip-zi g, An1sterdan11 Tri cste~ J?ari s, at l d else, v h ert\

Herc are son1e ear]y inlprints in n1odcrn Greek ,vhich deserve to be ll otcd: Nik O 1 a Os Louka n cs. J tru n slu ti 011 of caµ~ pov ~IX.ta~, µEra/3'A "1}0Etaa

7rctAa.i ,d~ Kou')}1, yXokruar.i (\' cnicc 1 r 5 2 6); 38 Alexios Rhartouros, ~1.-onxa( I • E:li; J(Ol.vr,l' 8u:0lE"TOV (Venice., I 560); Ivlartin Crucius,

I

Tvrcogrt1ciae (Basel, 1584); KAi,-i.aE "fov IIapaS.duou, translated into the v crnucular b }T ~-1 a ,d n1 os l\-1 nrgou nios ( V cni ce1 1 5 9 o) ; u nd his tr a ns-111-tion of "Iuvu.fnpu:t. ;j-rot. Rloi -ti.yfwv (\T eni<.:e, J 607); Christophoros An-ge] 6s II6V1J ens- ( Oxford, I 6 1 7 ) ; 1\ i e 1 eti o s Pc ga~ J IIept Tij; a.pxij 7ov II&rra (J ~onrlon, c~ 1 624); Grcgorios Palam-as, A-oyoi chroBeo~·nKo~ 8-60 (London, CI I 6 2 4) ; K yr ii l OS Lou kar is, Iwroµo; 7T pa,yp.u. 'fEt a i((l.TQ.. ~Iov8al(!)1, ~v ct Ti A fi 8ta.hiK'i"!:) ( Conscintinople, I 6 2 7); ;rn Dorothcos of ?vionc1nvasia., Dlj3~fov lcrrop t1e6v (\T cni cc, 1 6 3 1 ) ; 7v1 a tth ai os l(i galas 1 !-tH.1-ra:y µ.a T tov ( \ 7 cnic~,

I v:,,ish to point o,1t ~ere that ~;1rly i1nprints in the vc.rnacul:.it· of the shaccnth and s cvcntccnth centuries and eve;E"t · in sotn c cas~s of the eighteen th century a re in some. ,vays n1uch rarer than early cdjtions of the cfossk.sT This is due to some ex-tent to the f2 ct th.at thes.e hooks- ,vc-rc d e5ti ned for the e~ stern l\'I ecliterrane;1 n, a part of the ,vorld ·which has seen n1 uc h \\-Tilr and destn1 c tion) :so th:n th es-c boo ks did not -surv jve in grca t nu1n h crs~

This is consl derc d the earliest p ri n tcd book in the vernl cuia:r. QI For u de tailed des cri pti on of these rare tra ~ts ( J\ 1 e1 etj os Pegas, Grego rios Pa-

lam and K yr ill os Lou k11 rj s) , see n1r 2 rtjcle uNikod~m os 1vf rt:;i.:i,: ::.sl tl u~ Fi -rst G re ~.k Printer in the Ea~rc:rn \VorJclt HAR\'ARll L1~RARY 'RuLI.ETlN, X\T ( u;i.fi.7 ), 14n-r 68,


1'be Aioder11 Greek Collection 1631) and his Nl« a-v11bJ,fJ1s Olacp6pwv 1,rrapdJv (\ 7 cnicc, r 6 50); B.r.j3X(o-v l~patwTa?'"ov tn,.oµ.a{6p..f1XfJJ IlpoToAavo~ (Venice, l 6 3 8); 'Iu-ropla, T~S

iwu-& -VVIJS (\ 1 cni cc j 1 6 6 7) ; N ek tarios, Patria re h of J er usalcm, A 1J• ,p PTJO-H: (J assy, 1 6 8 2 ) ; 1, 1 ax i n1 os P clop onncsios, ~EyxE=, pf 8 iov «a Ta Tov ax[r:rµaro'l Twv IIa1r~urwv (Bucarcst, 1690); Dosithcos 1 Patriarch of J crusa lcn 1, Tdµ o Karro. AA a Y11 s- ( J a ssy, 169 2 ) his 1 .Eyxnp ( thov 1-t(tTil

~Iwavvov Ka(H.10q:rvX'A11 (Jassy, 1694), and his ,elrrrop[a TWV b) 1IepolToA-6µors -rraT piapX,Evo-&.vrw 11 (Bu carest, 1 7 1 5 ) ; l OJ j068o fur; t O µoAoyi a n frnew) ( Sn a-gov, 1699); loannes I{o1nnenos, llpoo-t:.vVTJTap,ov Tov e-A.-y{ov ""Opov~ Tov

~A6wvcPs (Snagov, 1701); Chrysanthos Notara.~1 tluTopta Ko.J rre:p.r.ypaef~~ T'J1~ ltA-y[at;; rfj~ (\ 1 en ice~ 172 8), and his ~Eyxe,p(Swv "ii"cpl ri]~ i\aT~ Jto')__l'f}JJ ·/r«epoxfjs: a • ~I~povu-aA7Jµ Cl crusalcn1, I 7 2 8) ; c'JltAOKaA.la. 7tJ"J) ,fI-E'pwv NrJ1.-.odJv (\T enice, 178 2); Anastasios Po pas, l1e/3>..frw aptarT01, Ka.AoVp.€vov cJ>wcr<f,apo.; (\ 11enna, 17 56); tlo-7opla J{Jpo.w71'ott\a.~ .rfj~ }.fapK&Ba>' (Venice~ r 7 7 r); Georgios Chortakis~ Tpaylll.S[a ovnµa,op.i1rq ,RpmcfoD..7J (\r cnicc, 1772) Nil.::olaos 1\1avrokordatos' translation into the vernacular of Atn bro si us l\ 1 ar lian us 0 la rp ov 1roh t ru,:6v ( Leipzig, T 7 7 6) ; A ga pi os Loverdos~ 'Ia-rop[a. -r&v 8Vu.l l.7'wv~ 1787, 1788 (\ 7 cnice, 1791); .Li\.thanasios Psa1idas., ~AXTJ0~~ ,;;u8ar,µ01,[a (\ 1icnna~ I 791); 4° Konstantinos Dapontcs, 3,Ef 11r1Jcns-~r; Elefr.t~ AHrovpylac; (\ 7ienna~ I 79 5).

The J...ibrary also has some vcl)T rare early nineteenth-century jn1-pri11ts coining fron1 the first presses estab]ishcd in Greece during the Greek \!\Tar uf Independence. "'fhrcc ite111s "\vorth n1entioning ::ind extrc1ncly rare toda)r arc; Druno Francesco, physician to Lord Brron, Ce11ni sui 1/!ez.zi pi!, atti n 1na11tt11ere sa11i i soldati in crnnpagnn cd i11 guernigione, title p~ge and text also in Greek (l\1issolonghi, 182.4):;

and R- J + Roberts, 1 ·Th c G re-ek Press at Cons tan ti nop] e in l 6z j and j ts A ntcccdcnts/' T1Je J.,ibrar,•, XXlI ( 1967 ), 13~43 .

.:a The fore Profc~sor Raplrn.d }}cmos ( 189i-1968} has transbted an abridged verL sio n of P~a lid ::ts' ,vnr k ,v.i th an i ntrn d uction, ''l~ruc H n ppi ness, or the Il asi s of All Rcligjon by A. P~ Psalidast Journal of tbe Hjstory of !dens! XXI (1960), 48'1-496; for anotl lcr artj de in tho area. of modem Greek studies, see his 'N eo-I-I cl? en i c En-li ghtcn n1 cn t ( I 750-r 8z • )t ibid., XIX ( 1958), 513-541. Raphad De1nos w~s one of the first to tr.:1nslate Cor1sh1.nrjne Cavafy into English in the United StEtcs: 1.iT,,·o Po enls from the j\.f o• 1crn Greek; 111 Expectation of the Baru ad i:t ns+ 1"h cnnopy l ~c1 ti

The N el'f..:J Republit, LX1..""\TH ( 1934), 3 5 5. Upon his rctircnu:nt f rotn in 19ol, a hook fund ,vss: cstabHsl1 cd ir1 his honor for the pnrchcl.se of books on modern Greece, the .first Look fund to Le devoted ex-clusive]v to tl1i~ .field. Soon afrer, the President Cornelius: Conv.·~y Felton Fund '''AS est;hlished, from the Bequest of Emm~ FT Cary. The fa tcs.r heq u est for a hook fund on mo dcm G rcccc c amc f rorn the F....:state of H r-i. rry IC A·i cssc n g~r ( l\1: .D. Ha n~a tdt J 9 3 :! ) , I-I Cura tor of th~ ~•l O a ern Greek Co] I ectron fron1 [ 9 5 6 to I 96 7 I


I-Iarvard Library B111leti11-p. Nikolai d cs, 10'1"0 pt Kt) «al Kpt1'l K"l} uvvm/u TW V EV Kp11711 Sr a. T pEf, a vrwv (JVlissolonghi, 1824); and n broadside 41 signed by Prince Alexandros l\1a\,.tokordatos announcing the death of Lord .Byron and giving in-structions for official 111 ou rn i ng. -:1

It re1nains to n1 entio n br i e fl )T so1ne special collections , v hi ch con-tain 1natcrials for those interested i11 1nodern Greek studies. The p octry archive, housed in La n1ont Library, incl udcs t~ pcs of n1odern Greek poetry read by the poets then1selv es. The Greek section has readings of George Seferis, Ody~sea.s EJytis, Taki~ Papatsonis., Nike-phoros "\T re ttakos) 1\1 i itos Sachtonris, Nikos En gon opoulos, Alex-andros JVlatsas, Eleni \ 1akalo, D1n1itris Papadit~as, l\lenas Dimakis, Giorgis Kotsiras~ Y annis Ritsos, Giorgos Y era Hs, Aris Diktaios, Kosta~ Stergiopoulos., Giorgos Thcn1elis., lfriton Athanasoulis, Nikos Ka-rou zos1 Tak is Sino pou 1 os, T -a kis \ 1 arv irsi otis t and 0th crs.

In 1961 the Theatre Collection be can1e interested j n beginning u il nrchivc on the modern Greek theater, and ,vith the help of various friends interested in this subject, especially Nikos i\1inadakis and Athan Anagnostopou1o.s of c~n1bridgci playbills, photographs, clippings~ and other materials on the 1nodcrn Greek theatre have been collected durjng the past decade. Of special value are the gifts n1adc by the pa inter George \T nknlo of some of hi-) stage designs for the production of Aristophanes' Peace at Epidaurus in 1964~ Frotn the Felton Be-quest the Theatre Collection ~cguired son1c pl-ayhills of operatic pcr-f onn'i:lnccs ,vhich took place in Athens in 18 5 3 ::ind 1854., 2nd a col-lection of nineteenth-century· playbi l1s from Constantinopl c hils been purchased.

A recent collection deseri~es .special mention. Thanks to the jni-tiative of l\1r. Alario Rinvolucri of Ca1nbrjdgc, England., and Professor Cedric 11. '~'hitn1an, and to the generosity of the National Endo,v-n1ent for the Hnn1aniticst the Harvard Library nov{ possesses the first kno,vn systematic collection of Greek Shado,v Theatre or Karaghiozes. The collection contains seventy tapes~ most of them taken from live pcrfor1nances., nnd a fe\"\'" in priv2.tc performances ,virhout ~n -audience, by nineteen cn1inent puppeteers in and around Athens and northern

n The two 11 ooks in 9 nest ion -and th c; h roadside ,vc re printed h y the press brought to Greece from Lontlo11 br Leicester Stanhope, E~ul of Harringtont during Lord Byron's s.t~ y ,at i\Hssolon g h L Sc c Ph. \;r ilberg, '' T(C 7"••:rr-0-yp~¢~fo Tov ... A. n~~•.: d1.i-v-ra"if1a.-

... apxov Lci~cstcr Srnnhop-r, I 824-1826,'~ 'Apµ{JJ"frr.J-III ( 11)0? ), 178~189. j::: Ilp,od'W/UJ.'~ n,o { r..'?jC 1' "T7i"3" 1:E},, )..Q.6[) t. 'E ,. ]i[,e""o"X 01-y!o/ T 1V 7 . A-rrp ~"'Alo tp J 8:z.4. A' ~· Cl.tipa ~r)[l-

Sch·.os •• , ( Ghinis~n.1exas, I, no. I 407).


2 43 Peloponnesus .. ] ... here a.re also on tape eighteen professional life his-torjc.s., ,vhich ,vjll be of interest to students of this neglected forn1. Sine e Gre ck Shad O\V Th ca. trc is oral~ scn1i-in1 prov is e d dra 111 a~ th c tapes nrc housed and catalo,guecl along ,vith Harvatd's tlvo other distinguished co1lections of ura1 literature., the Parry-Lord and Jnn1cs N otopoulos Collections., in Roo1n C of th c 1\ 7idcn er Library.

In addition to the tapes, the collection includes a black-and-,vhite filn1 of one of the nlOSt fanlous heroic con1edies, Alexander tbe Great and tbe Dragou, ,vith sound-trnch; 204 color slides, 111ost1y· taken by a prof cssional Eng]ish photographer., IVlr. John Frick; a microfilnl of Louis lloussePs study of the ,vork of the puppeteer Antonios l\-1o1-las; a fe\V docutncntary b]ack-and-,vhitc picrurcs taken some years ago; and 24 actual shadov,1 puppets. ii~

In the foregoing pages I have attempted to give a broad vic,v of the l\ 1od ern Greek Co 11 ecti on and to call attention to son1 c of its highlights. I l lave omitted a discussion of the exccH en t section on th c history and dog1na of the Greek Orthodox Churcht and of a .fine col-lection of \vor ks by· earl r travelers to Greece and the l..ievant. (The 1atter, it should be noted, is so scattered ju various sections and divided an1ong different libraries th::it it is the despair of the scho1ar.) In l\1odern G·reck there are nvo genuinely excellent American collec-tions, one at the University of Cincinnati and the other at Har,?ard. Si nee Harvard provides resources of this qua lit)7 for scholars \VOrking in the field of 1nodern Greek culture, it seems most unfortunate that the University ha.s never seen fit to take ad,,.antagc of this superb co1-lection by e.sn1h lishin g a program of jnstruction and rcsc arch in mod crn Greek studies.

'-'! 1 ,vfah to thank Prnfes.sor lVhirm::i.n for supp]yjng me "·i~h infonnadon ~ho~1t the Shado,,· Theatre CoUecdon.


CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS ISSUE

l\ 1:RS. JANE · R. CoHEN is the author of " 'All-o f-a-T ,vjse - The Re1a tionshi p of George Cruikshank and Charles Dickens,H "'hich appeared in the AprH and July 1969 issues of the HARVAW> LlBRAA'V BuLLETJN; her Harvard dissertation { 196 8) \Vas on ~'Dickens and His Origino.l 111 u strators. ,~

RonrnT GtTTlNGS has \vritten several volumes of poetry and :l series of pl-ays us \Veil as books on Shakespeare and on I(eats. His Jahn Keats (1968) ,vas published in London by I-Ieinetnann and in ll?ston by Littlet Bro,vn & Co. BERN ARD M .. W. KNOX is P .rof cssor of Greek at 1-l ar\Tard, Director of th c Ccn tcr for H d knic Studies, and Chairrn :in of the Senior Fell o\vs of the CtCnter for Hell cnic Stu dies. 1-Iis pu blishc d ,vork~ incl udc The Heroic T e1nper; Studies in Sophoclean Tragedy (University of California Press, I 964) and OediJ1us ,1t Tbebes (Yale University Press~ 1957).

~1Rs., E,~o LAc Yl'O~ t a for n1 er n1 em b Er of the Harvard College Library staff, has ,vritten a number of a.rticles1 including uNikodcn1os 1\-icta~_as, the First Greek Printer .in the Enstcrn \:\'orldt in the Aprjl 1967 issue of the HAHVAlID LIBRARY BULLETIN.

n1ns. ELIZAl:$ETH !vlAxFn:Lu-i\11LLER teaches French literature at Concord Acadcrny .. Her Radcliffe dissertation (1938) ,vas ~'Studies in l\-1odern R.on1ansh Poetry in the Engadine,n and her contributions to scho]arly journals ·include n1an y :1rti cles on 1'1 oli ere. i\1ERTON 1\1. SEAL1·s). ]R. is .Professor of English at the University of ,visconsin (i'vla.dison). His Af elville as tect'l(-rer ,~•as publish~d-by the Harvard University Press in 1957. and A1elville'{-Rerrding, .o~igina.lly serialized in volumes II-IV and \1I of the HARVARD LmRAnY B_yLLETIN, js a .publication _of the ·university of ,:\.Tisconsin Press ( 1966) • ·

G F.ORGE SP.EA IGIJT is-th c du thor of Pun eh & l udy .· A Hi story ( J 9 70) t a revised edition of The History of tbe Rnglisb Puppet Theatre (-.955"), and of Ju-venile Drauur: A History of tlie E11glish Toy Theatre ( 1946; rc\ 1iscd edition, ,969 ) ..

. . F...D\VARD F. J. TucKER, ,vho teaches at Southern i\1.ethodist University, con-tributed ~'Tl_1e Iiarvard ·A1an1lscript qf. Parkhurst's Ignpr~mzfs'J to t_he January 197 1 issue of the HARVARD l .. rnRARY BULLETIN; . his H arvai-d dissertation~ ( 19;0) ,~;,-as: a criical edition of f gnoraunts. ·

the modern greek collection in the harvard library bulletin

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