THE MODERN ENVIRONMENT:

FASCINATION WITH TECHNOLOGY

Search for rationality in architecture (Perrault, Laugier)

Enlightenment

Moderns

Search for meaning in architecture (Boulee, Ledoux)

Ancients (Blondel)

HOW IS ARCHITECTURE CHANGED BY THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

ARCHITECTURAL RESULTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Traditional materials were worked in a less profitable way and less easily distributed

New materials (cast iron, glass, concrete) offered new possibilities

Building sites used better equipment and machinery

New specialized schools provided larger numbers of specially trained professionals

Printing and new methods of graphic reproduction made new contributions readily available

Iron Bridge, Thomas Farnolls Pritchard and Abraham Darby II, 1775

This is where iron ore was first smelted by Abraham Darby using easily mined "coking coal« to produce superior quality iron. 26 meters.

Pont des Arts, Louis-Alexandre Cessart, 1803

First metal bridge in Paris. 155 m.

Menai Bridge, Thomas Telford, 1826

The first suspension bridge. 176 m.

John Augustus Roebling, “Brooklyn Bridge,” New York, USA, 1870-1883. 486m

Brooklyn Bridge under construction

Lewis Cubitt (civil engineer), “King’s Cross Train Station,” London, ENGLAND, 1851

George Gilbert Scott, St. Pancras Train Station (front), London, UK, 1873

William Henry Barlow, “St. Pancras Train Station” (back), London, UK, 1868renovated by Norman Foster & Partners in 2007

William Henry Barlow, “St. Pancras Train Station” (back), London, UK, 1868renovated by Norman Foster & Partners in 2007

François Hennebique, Monolithic [Steel] Reinforced Concrete Joint, 1892

This system used the continuity of concrete structures very successfully.  The steel reinforcement follows the maximum bending moments from the bottom of the beam mid-span to the top of the beam over the supports.The column is rigidly connected to the beams and slab, so no bracing is necessary.

Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc(1814-79)

Rational Dictionary of French Architecture from the 11th to the 16th Century, 1854

Viollet Le Duc,“Ideal Gothic Church,” 1854

Viollet Le Duc,Narbonne Gate reconstruction, 1846

Viollet Le Duc,“Design for a Concert Hall to Seat 3,000 People,” 1865

Expressing Gothic principles in modern materials:brick, stone and cast iron.

Viollet Le Duc, “Design for a Market Hall,“ 1865

Viollet Le Duc,“Design for a Great Hall,“ 1865

WORLD EXHIBITIONS

1851: London, UK 1897: Brussels, BELGIUM1855: Paris, FRANCE 1900: Paris, FRANCE1862: London, UK 1901: Buffalo, USA1867: Paris, FRANCE 1904: St. Louis, USA1873: Vienna, AUSTRIA 1905: Liège, BELGIUM 1876: Philadelphia, USA 1906: Milan, ITALY 1878: Paris, FRANCE 1907: Dublin, IRELAND 1879: Sydney, AUSTRALIA 1909: Seattle, USA 1884: New Orleans, USA 1910: Brussels, BELGIUM1888: Barcelona, SPAIN 1911: Turin, ITALY1889: Paris, FRANCE 1913: Ghent, BELGIUM1893: Chicago, USA 1915: San Francisco, USA

THE CRYSTAL PALACE

Competition requirements:Temporary (capable of rapid construction and dismantling)Economical use of materials and laborSimple in arrangementIlluminated entirely from the roofBuilt of fire resistant materialsSingle-storey.

Paxton's Innovations:The first large, free-standing cast-iron frame buildingThe first building with glass “curtain” wallsThe first building to use a system of bracing to counteract lateral forces of the windThe first large building to be made from pre-fabricated modular units

Joseph Paxton, “The Crystal Palace,” for the “Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations,” London, UK, 1851

Joseph Paxton, “The Crystal Palace,” for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London, UK

Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, 1851

Joseph Paxton, “The Crystal Palace,” for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London, UK

“The Crystal Palace” under construction

Joseph Paxton, “The Crystal Palace,” for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London, UKopening ceremonies with Queen Victoria

Joseph Paxton, “The Crystal Palace,” for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London, UKinterior views

Joseph Paxton, “The Crystal Palace,” for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London, UKinterior views

Joseph Paxton, “The Crystal Palace,” for the 1851 Great Exhibition, London, UKexhibited objects: machines, textiles, furniture, musical instruments, traditional crafts, etc.

“The Universal Exposition,” Paris, FRANCE, 1889

“The Universal Exposition,”Paris, FRANCE, 1889

“The Universal Exposition,”Paris, FRANCE, 1889

Gustave Eiffel,Tower for the 1889 Paris Universal

Exposition (“The Eiffel Tower”)

Caricature of Gustave Eiffel in the form ofthe Eiffel Tower by Edward Linley Sambourne(Punch Magazine, vol. 96, p. 32, June 29, 1889).

“The Eiffel Tower”

“The Eiffel Tower” under construction

“The Hall of Machines” at the Universal Exposition, Paris, FRANCE, 1889

“The Hall of Machines”at the Universal Exposition, Paris, FRANCE, 1889

“The Hall of Machines” at the Universal Exposition, Paris, FRANCE, 1889

“The Exotic Exhibition”at the Universal Exposition,Paris, FRANCE, 1889

“The Exotic Exhibition”at the Universal Exposition,Paris, FRANCE, 1889

Dancers from Java

“The Exotic Exhibition”at the Universal Exposition,Paris, FRANCE, 1889

A theater group from Vietnam

Dancers and Musicians from the Egyptian Coffee House

“The Exotic Exhibition”at the Universal Exposition,Paris, FRANCE, 1889

“The Exotic Exhibition” at the Universal Exposition, Paris, FRANCE, 1889

The Algerian Exhibit The Senegal Exhibit

The two faces of the Universal Exposition, Paris, FRANCE, 1889

At the end of this lecture you are expected to have learnt:

1. The general scope of the Industrial Revolution

2. Changes in architecture in the age of Industrial revolution

a. Architectural theory (structural rationalism)

b. Architectural practice

i. New building types

ii. The tension between structure and «style»

iii. Colonial encounters

WHAT ARE THE KEYWORDS TO DESCRIBE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?