School of Social and Political Science

Department of Politics and International Relations

University of Edinburgh

The Middle East in International Relations

PGSP11275

Semester 2, 2015-16

Course Organiser: Dr. Jamie Allinson

Office: Chrystal Macmillan Bldg., Rm: 2.01

Email: j.allinson@ed.ac.uk

Guidance and Feedback Hours: 9-11, Wednesdays

Course Lecturer: Dr. Bashir Saade

Office: Chrystal Macmillan Bldg 4.12

Guidance and Feedback Hours: 3-5pm, Thursdays

I. Course Overview:

Objectives The objective of the course is to give students a thorough grounding the contemporary international relations of the Middle East, integrated with historical understanding and a critical grasp of the relevant debates in IR theory as a sub-discipline of social science. While providing an in-depth understanding of the particular themes and events that distinguish the Middle East, the course will also set these within the context of transformations at the level of global politics and the Global South: a central aim of the course is for students to understand Middle East IR not just as foreign policy process but as social phenomena.

Learning Outcomes

On completion of this course, the student will be able to:

• Have a substantive and academically informed understanding of the Middle East international relations

• Have an understanding of International Relations theories pertaining to the region • Develop an independent and critical knowledge of ME politics

II. Course Organisation

Contact Teaching Hours: This course will involve 2 hours of teaching per week: a 1-hour lecture and a 1-hour seminar. In sum, the course will include 10 lectures divided in 10 weeks and 9 seminar sessions (starting week 2). Lecture Tuesday 14:10-15:00 Seminar Room 1, CMB Seminars Wednesday, (Group 1) 09:00-09:50 G.02 21 George Square Thursday, (Group 2) 09:00-09:50 4.06 31 Buccleuch Place Friday, (Group 3) 09:00-09:50 Seminar Room 6, CMB *** Students need to sign up for seminars in Week 1. Each seminar slot will have a maximum of 15 students. You will find the sign-up sheet on my office as of Wednesday 13 January 2016. III. Tutorial Reading All students are expected to read at least the core readings. Each week one student will give a lead-off answer to the seminar question or task, relating it to the core readings.

IV. Course Assessment and Student Engagement

There are two components of assessment for this course. Firstly, students will be required to write a book review of 1000 word and that forms 40% of the total grade Secondly, students will need to write a 3000-word essay; students can choose to answer one of the pre-assigned research questions below. The essay forms 60 % of the total grade. Book Review Each student is expected to write a 1000 words book review on a topic related to Middle East politics. Select one of the books listed in this handbook – it should have been published in or after 2009 and should have a Middle East focus. You are free to choose the book, but confirm it with your seminar leader before you do the review.. ***The book review is due at 12:00 Noon on Monday 22nd February 2016. Among other things, a good book review:

1. Summarises the questions the author wants to answer, his/her approach and/or methodology and the topic he/she engages in.

2. Provides an analytical summary of the main arguments the book makes. 3. Concludes by providing an independent overview of the work by raising

questions on whether the book achieves its stated aims or by highlighting the main strengths or weaknesses of the study.

Research Papers The research paper forms the bulk of your grade and therefore early preparation of this essay is highly encouraged. The research paper is due at 12:00 Noon on Thursday 24th March 2016. I encourage you to come to see me to discuss your essay topic and plans well in advance of the essay deadline. The essay should:

1. be double-spaced throughout 2. be a maximum of 3000 words, excluding notes and bibliography. 3. be relevant to the research question 4. be well structured and organised 5. be clearly written 6. demonstrate a clear understanding of the topic by consulting a range sources 7. identifying major arguments in the literature 8. present a clear argument, which answers the question.

CHECK the appendix of this syllabus for rules related to Submission, Late Submission, and Plagiarism Essay questions: Please choose one of the following 1. To what extent is regional conflict in the Middle East due to external, and to what extent, internal factors? 2. Are states in the Middle East truly sovereign? 3. Does political economy, or regime survival better explain the foreign policies of Arab states since 1979? Pick one case study.

4. ‘The most powerful states in the Middle East are limited democracies’. Do you agree with this statement? Compare and Contrast Iran and Turkey in your answer 5. Was the US occupation of Iraq in 2003 about oil, or liberal modernity? 6. In the terms of IR theory, is ISIS a revolutionary or counter-revolutionary state? 7. Which theories of revolution help explain the post-2011 international relations of the Middle East? Focus on two case studies. 8. Why has the Arab-Israeli conflict ceased to be characterised by inter-state war?

External Examiner The External Examiner for The Middle East in International Relations is Professor Jonathan Joseph, Department of Politics, University of Sheffield

Course General Enquiries Ms Gillian MacDonald Tel: (0131 6)51 3244 Email: gillian.macdonald@ed.ac.uk

Learn and Email The Learn Virtual Learning Environment application will be used throughout the course. Students are advised to check the course page on Learn on regular basis for announcements, tutors office hours, lecture or tutorial cancellation Students with Learning Difficulties Advice, guidance and a range of support materials is available to students with learning difficulties from the Disability Office: http://www.disability-office.ed.ac.uk/ Tel.: 0131 650 6828 Further Information Further information on assessment and teaching matters can be found in the MSc Taught Student Handbook.

IV. Course Main Texts

Core Reading Texts: I encourage you to get at least one of the following: --Raymond Hinnebusch, International Politics of the Middle East, Manchester University Press, 2nd Edition 2015. The previous 2003 edition is available in the library and as an online resource. The new edition will be in the library soon but it is a good idea to buy it if you can. --Louise Fawcett, International Relations of the Middle East, Oxford, 2005. --Fred Halliday, The Middle East in International Relations: power, politics and ideology, Cambridge, 2005. --Raymond Hinnebusch and Anoushiravan Ehteshami (eds.), The Foreign Policies of Middle East States. 2014 (2nd Edition) -- Bahgat Korany and Ali E. Hillal Dessouki, The Foreign Polices of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization, 2008 Other Recommended texts

History Albert Hourani, 2005. A History of the Arab Peoples. London: Faber and Faber Peter Mansfield, A History of the Middle East

David Fromkin A peace to end all peace: creating the modern Middle East, 1914-1922. 1991

International Relations, Conflict and Foreign Policy Hassan Hamdan al-Alkim, Dynamics of Arab foreign policy-making in the Twenty-first Century. 2011 Adham Saouli, The Arab State: dilemmas of late formation. 2012 Bahgat Korany & Ali E.Hillal Dessouki eds The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization Gerd Nonneman, Analyzing Middle East Foreign Politics. 2005 Raymond Hinnebusch and Anoushiravan Ehteshami (eds.), The Foreign Policies of Middle East States. 2002 Shibley Telhami and Michael Barnett (eds.), Identity and Foreign Policy n the Middle East. 2002 L. Carl Brown, International Relations of the Middle East: Old Rules, Dangerous Game. 1984 Tarek Y. Ismail, International Relations of the contemporary Middle East: a study in world politics. 1986 El-Ali, Nadje and Pratt, Nicola Women and War in the Middle East: Transnational Perspectives Lawson, Fred, Constructing International Relations in the Arab World Stanford University Press 2006

Politics and Society David Long and Bernard Reich, Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa—latest edition available as an electronic edition in our library Nazih Ayubi, Over-stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East. 1995 Cavatorta, Francesco & Durac, Vincent Politics and Governance in the Middle East 2015 Henry, Clement Moore and Springborg, Robert Globalization and the Politics of Development in the Middle East 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press 2010 Roger Owen, State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East. 2000 Simon Bromley, Rethinking Middle East Politics. 1994 Tripp, Charles The Power and the People: Paths of Resistance in the Middle East Cambridge University Press 2012 Gerges, Fawaz (ed) The New Middle East: Protest and Revolution in the Arab World Cambridge University Press 2013 Achcar, Gilbert The People Want: A Radical Exploration of the Arab Uprising Verso 2013 Hanieh, Adam Lineages of Revolt: Issues of Capitalism in the Contemporary Middle East Haymarket 2014 Pratt, Nicola, El-Said, Maha, Meari, Leana Rethinking Gender in Revolutions and Resistance Zed Books 2015

Main Middle East Politics Journals (Remember, Middle East IR related articles also appear in non-Middle East focused IR journals).

International Journal of Middle East Studies Middle East Policy Middle East Report Middle East Studies Mediterranean Politics Arab Studies Quarterly Arab Studies Journal Journal of Palestine Studies Middle East Review of International Affairs (Electronic Journal) Middle East Critique Third World Quarterly

Electronic Sources: Middle East Documentation Center : http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/mideast/medoc.html Middle East Virtual Library: http://ssgdoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/ Centre for Arab Unity Studies: http://www.caus.org.lb/Home/publication_popup.php?ID=3743&Lang=en Arab Decision: http://www.arabdecision.org/index.php?lang_id=3 Aljazeera English: http://english.aljazeera.net/

Al-Sharq al-Awsat (The Middle East Newspaper): http://www.asharq-e.com/ Al-Hayat Newspaper: http://english.daralhayat.com/ Al Akhbar English: http://english.al-akhbar.com/ The website Jadaliyya has regularly updated scholarship and analysis in English and Arabic: http://www.jadaliyya.com/ It is worth signing up to their email updates. The associated audio journal Status Hour has useful podcasts on similar topics – many in Arabic but also in English. http://www.statushour.com/

V. Course Outline: Lecture Titles

Wk 1 International Relations in Middle East, the Middle East in IR – understanding a region in

turmoil Wk 2 External Dominance and Middle East IR Wk 3 Political Economy and the Middle East in IR Wk 4 ‘Modernity’ I: The International Relations of Developmental Nationalism Wk 5 ‘Modernity’ II: The International Relations of Post-populism and neo-liberalism in the Middle East Innovative Learning Week—NO LECTURE, NO SEMINAR WK6 Empire of Freedom? The Unipolar Moment in the Middle East and the 2003 invasion of Iraq Wk7 Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict in Middle East IR Wk8 The rise of the ‘Peripheries’: Turkey and the Islamic Republic of Iran Wk9 (Counter) Revolution(s): The Arab Uprisings and International Relations Wk10 Islamism, IR and ISIS

WK 1. Introduction to the Course and to Middle East International Relations

Lecture 1. International Relations in Middle East, the Middle East in IR – understanding a region in turmoil This lecture will introduce the study of Middle East IR from the point of view of the present regional crisis, and give an overview of the conceptual frameworks and forms of analysis used in the course. Covering debates on the idea of the Middle East as an exceptional - but highly significant - region in global politics, the lecture will suggest that the challenges posed to IR theory in understanding the area reflect a problem in the discipline, of separating social from geopolitical forms of explanation, and emphasise that the course will attempt to go beyond this dichotomy and highlight some of the potential pitfalls of studying Middle East International Relations. ****** No Seminar for this week Core Readings Raymond Hinnebusch, International Politics of the Middle East, Chapter 1 ‘Introduction to the International Politics of the Middle East’ -Chapter 5, ‘Foreign Policy Making in the Middle East’ Lawson, Fred Constructing International Relations in the Arab World ‘Introduction: origins of states systems’ Background Readings

Allinson, Jamie The Struggle for the State in Jordan: The Social Origins of Alliances in the Middle East 2016 Chapter 1 ‘Fragile Enmities: The International Relations of the Middle Eastern State Reconsidered’ Barry Buzan, Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, pp. 6-37 James Bill and Robert Springborg, Politics in the Middle East, Chapter Two Dodge, Toby (2011) ‘Fred Halliday: high modernism and a social science of the Middle East.’ International Affairs, 87 (5). pp. 1141-1158 Timothy Mitchell, ‘The Middle East in the Past and Future of Social Science’ in The Politics of Knowledge: Area Studies and the Discipline http://escholarship.org/uc/item/3618c31x - 2010 ‘Toward a Historical Sociology of State Formation in the Middle East’ Middle East Critique 19:3 pp.201-

216 Roger Owen, State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East, Chapter One Fred Halliday, The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics and Ideology, pp. 1-16 and Chapter Three Iliya Harik, “The Origins of the Arab State System” in The Arab State, edited by G. Luciani. S. Heydemann, Defending the Discipline, Journal of Democracy, 13. 3 (July 2002) Fawaz A. Gerges, The Study of the Middle East International Relations: A Critique, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 18. No. 2 (1991), pp. 208-220 F. Gregory Gause III “Systemic Approaches to Middle East International Relations” The International Studies Review, Vol. 1. Issue 1. 1999 (pp.11-31) Nikki R. Keddie, Is there a Middle East?, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 4 (1973) Saouli, Adham. 2012. The Arab State: Dilemmas of Late formation. London: Routledge (Chapter 1, 2) Migdal, J. 1988. Strong Societies and Weak States. State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Yapp ME. 1988. The Making of the Modern Near East. London: Routledge (Chapters 1-7). Tilly, C. 1993. Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992. Cambridge, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Teti, Andrea (2007) 'Bridging the Gap: International Relations, Middle East Studies and the disciplinary politics of the Area Studies Controversy', European Journal of International Relations, 13(1). Waldner, D. 1999. State Building and Late Development. Cornell: Cornell University Press. (Chapters 1 & 2) Zubaida, S. 2009. Islam, the People and the State. London, NY: I.B. Tauris Chapter 6.

WK 2. External Dominance and Middle East IR

The Middle East has experienced a very high degree of extra-regional influence, even when compared to other

regions of the Global South. This extent and degree of external influence has led to the claim that the state

system is essentially an outside imposition on the Middle East and that super- and sub-state identities are

more relevant: leading to intervention from within and outside the region. This lecture and seminar will

concentrate and provide a critique of these arguments with reference to the origins of the state system in the

Middle East.

Seminar Is the instability of international relations in the Middle East due to external influence? Core Readings:

--Hinnebusch, Ray (2011) ‘The Middle East in the world hierarchy: imperialism and resistance’ Journal of International Relations and Development (2011) 14, 213–246.

Lawson, Fred Constructing International Relations in the Arab World Chapter 1 ‘ Westphalian Sovereignty

comes to the Arab World’ Recommended Readings: Iliya Harik. 1990. “Origins of the Arab State System” in Giacomo Luciani, The Arab State. London: Routledge Albert Hourani. 2005. History of Arab Peoples London: Faber and Faber (Chapters 18-20). Anderson, Lisa. 1987. The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830-1980, Princeton University Press (esp Chapter 1). ________. “The State in the Middle East and North Africa”, Comparative Politics 20:1 (October 1987). Ayoob, M. 1995. The Third World Security Predicament. Lynn Reinner Publishers (chp. 2) Ayubi, N. 1996. Overstating the Arab State. I.B. Tauris. Chapters 2, 3 & 5. Bromley, S. 1993. Rethinking Middle East Politics. Polity Press Chapters 3 & 4. Brown, LC. 2005. International Politics in the Middle East: Old Rules, Dangerous Game. Cambridge University Press (Introduction & Conclusion). Cleveland, WL & Martin Bunton. 2012. A History of the Modern Middle East. Westview Press. Chapters 4-12. Cohen, MJ & Martin Kolinsky. 1998. Demise of the British Empire in the Middle East: Britain’s Responses to Nationalist Movements, 1943-55. Routledge. Darwin, J. 1981. Britain, Egypt and Middle East Imperial Policy in the aftermath of War, 1918-1922. Palgrave Macmillan. —— “Imperialism in Decline? Tendencies in British Imperial Policy between the Wars,” Historical Journal, 23:3 (September 1980) Movements, 1943-55. Evans, P. et al. 1985. Bringing the State Back In. Cambridge University Press. (Chapter 5) Fromkin, D. 2008. A Peace to end all Peace: Creating the Modern Middle East, 1914-1922. Holt McDougal Fieldhouse, D. K. 2008. Western Imperialism in the Middle East, 1914-1958. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Keay, J. 2003. Sowing the Wind: The Seeds of Conflict in the Middle East. London: John Murray. Kedourie, E. 1987. England the Middle East: The Destruction of the Ottoman Empire, 1914-1921. London; Boulder: Mansell Publishing. Louis, WR The British Empire in the Middle East: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism. --Ian S. Lustick, “The Absence of Middle Eastern Great Powers: Political "Backwardness" in Historical Perspective” International Organization (1997), 51: 653-683 Mitchell, Timothy (1991) Colonizing Egypt Chapter 1 ‘Egypt at the Exhibition’. Available at http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft587006k2&brand=ucpress Neep, Daniel (2014) Occupying Syria Under the French Mandate: Insurgency, Space and State Formation (Cambridge University Press) Chapter 2 ‘The Architecture of the Colonial State’ Monroe, E. 1981. Britain's Moment in the Middle East. London: Chatto & Windus. Jackson, RH. 1993. Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Stein, Ewan 2012 ‘Beyond Arabism Versus Sovereignty: Relocating Ideas in the International Relations of the Middle East’ Review of International Studies 38:4 Yapp ME. 1988. The Making of the Modern Near East. London: Routledge (Chapters 1-7). Waldner, D. 1999. State Building and Late Development. Cornell: Cornell University Press. (Chapters 1 & 2) 3. Political Economy and the Middle East in International Relations

This lecture will concentrate on the framework of political economy as underlying the international relations of the Middle East in both historical and contemporary perspective. The topic will cover oil and the rentier state but also go beyond these concepts to place the region in the context of the global economy and its effects on international relations. Seminar Questions Is oil a curse or a blessing for the Middle East? To what degree are the international relations of the Middle East determined by the political economy of the region? Core Readings Achcar, Gilbert (2013) The People Want: A Radical Exploration of the Arab Uprisings Ch 3 ‘The Peculiar Modalities of Capitalism in the Arab Region’ and Ch. 4 ‘ Regional Political Factors’ The Arab Human Development Report 2009 Challenges to Human Security in the Arab Countries Ch.5 Challenges to Economic Security http://www.arab-hdr.org/contents/index.aspx?rid=5 Recommended Readings Beblawi, Hazem (1987) The Rentier State in the Arab World Arab Studies Quarterly 9:4 pp.383-398 Bichler, Shimson & Nitzan, Jonathan (1996) ‘Putting the state in its place: US foreign policy and differential

capital accumulation in Middle East ‘energy conflicts’ Review of International Political Economy 3:4 pp.608-661

- (1995) ‘Bringing Capital Accumulation Back In: The weapon dollar-petrodollar coalition-oil companies – military contractors and Middle East “energy conflicts” Review of International Political Economy 2:3 pp.446-515

Issawi, Charles (1982) An Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa Ch. 1 ‘Challenge and Response 1800-1980’

Richards and Waterbury (1996) A Political Economy of the Middle East -Ch. 2 ‘The Framework of the Study’ and -Ch.3 ‘Economic Growth and Structural Change’ Springborg, Robert and Henry, Clement Moore (2010)

- Ch.2 ‘The Challenges of Globalization’ and - Ch.3 ‘Political Capacities and Local Capital’

Hanieh, Adam (2010) ‘Khaleeji Capital: Class Formation and Regional Integration in the Middle-East Gulf’ Historical Materialism 18:2 35-76 Saouli, Adham, The Arab State: Dilemmas of late formation, Chapter 4 Shambayati, Hootan. 1994. The Rentier State, Interest Groups, and the Paradox of Auton- omy: State and Business in Turkey and Iran. Comparative Politics 26, 3: 307–31 Schwarz, Rolf, The Political Economy of state-formation in the Arab Middle East: rentier states, economic reform, and democratization, Review of International Political Economy 15:4 October 2008 F. Gregory Gause, The International Relations of the Persian Gulf Paul Aarts and Gerd Nonneman. Saudi Arabia in the balance : political economy, society, foreign affairs. London: Hurst & Company, 2005. Niblock, Timothy Saudi Arabia : power, legitimacy and survival (The contemporary Middle East). London: Routledge. 2006. Joseph Kostiner. The making of Saudi Arabia, 1916-1936 : from chieftaincy to monarchical state. New York ; Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1993

4. ‘Modernity’ I: The International Relations of Developmental Nationalism

Following on from the general framework introduced in the previous lectures, this week will focus on how the Middle East during the Cold War was characterized by attempts to escape the external domination examined in the previous lecture, and to establish politically and economically independent states. Intertwined with this attempt was the rise of a Pan-Arab nationalist movement and the ‘Arab Cold War’. This lecture will focus on the intra- and extra-regional relations provoked by the rise of authoritarian populist republics.

Seminar Task

Compare the following historical primary texts:

Gamal Abdel Nasser Denouncement of the Proposal for a Canal Users’ Association 15th of September 1956

‘Message from Prime Minister Eden to President Eisenhower’ 27th of July 1956, United States Department of

State / Foreign relations of the United States, 1955-1957. Suez Crisis, July 26-December 31, 1956

(1955-1957)

http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-

idx?type=turn&entity=FRUS.FRUS195557v16.p0049&id=FRUS.FRUS195557v16&isize=M&q1=Nasser&q2=Suez

Consider the following questions:

i) What are the main themes of each document?

ii) How do you interpret these documents using the concepts from the previous week’s and this

week’s core readings?

Core Readings: Halliday, Fred The Middle East in International Relations Chapter 4. ‘The Cold War: global conflict, regional upheavals’ Barnett, Michael (1996) ‘ Institutions, Roles, and Disorder: The Case of the Arab States System’ International Studies Quarterly 37:3 Recommended Readings: Allinson, Jamie 2016 The Struggle for the State in Jordan: The Social Origins of Alliances in the Middle East Chapter 5 ‘Murder and Pamphlets: Jordan and the Baghdad Pact’ Saouli, Adham, The Arab State: Dilemmas of Late formation, pp. 50-62 Stephen M. Walt. 1987. The origins of alliances. Ithaca, [N.Y.] ; London: Cornell University Press. 1987. Chapter 3 ‘From the Baghdad Pact to the Six-Day War’ Michael N. Barnett. 1988. Dialogues in Arab politics: negotiations in regional order. New York ; Chichester: Columbia University Press. Ch 5 ‘The Ascent and Descent of Arabism’ Ayubi, Nazih (1996) Chapter 7 ‘The Political System of articulated forms: the radical populist republics’ in Overstating the Arab State (IB Tauris, London) Dresch, Paul (2000) Chapter 4 ‘Civil Wars and Revolutions: the 1960s’ in A History of Modern Yemen (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) Hudson, Michael (1977) Chapter 7 ‘The Modernizing Monarchies’ in Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy (Yale University Press, New Haven) Kerr, Malcolm (1971) The Arab Cold War: Gamal ‘Abd-al-Nasir and his Rivals (Oxford University Press, Oxford) Mufti, Malak (1996) Sovereign Creations: Pan-Arabism and Political Order in Syria and Iraq (Cornell University Press) Sayigh, Yezid and Shlaim, Avi (eds.) (2003) The Cold War and the Middle East (Oxford University Press, Oxford)

- Seale, Patrick Chapter 3 ‘Syria’ - Tripp, Charles, Chapter 8 ‘Iraq’ Yaqub, Salim (2004) ‘Introduction’ in Containing Arab Nationalism: The Eisenhower Doctrine and the Middle East (University of North Carolina Press, Raleigh) Michael N. Barnett, Regional Security after the Gulf War, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 111, No. 4 (Winter, 1996-1997)

5. ‘Modernity’ II: The International Relations of Post-populism and neo-liberalism in the Middle East

This week will focus on the retreat of Arab nationalism as a populist project of alternative modernity, and the consequent changes in the International Relations of the region. The lecture will focus on how Middle Eastern states, especially Egypt, were in fact at the forefront of the development of ‘neo-liberalism’ in the 1970s and the international causes and consequences of this change.

Seminar Questions: Why did Egypt break ranks with the other Arab states and make peace with Israel? Core Readings: Ajami, F ‘The End of Pan-Arabism’, Foreign Affairs, 57:2 (1978-9). Henry, Clement Moore (2009) Ch.5 ‘The Clash of Globalizations in the Middle East’ in Fawcett, Louise International Relations of the Middle East Mitchell, Timothy (1999) ‘Dreamland: The Neo-liberalism of Your Desires’ Middle East Report 210 http://www.merip.org/mer/mer210 Recommended Readings: Abdel-Khalek, Gouda (1981) ‘Looking Outside or Turning North-West?: On the Meaning and External Dimension of Egypt’s Infitah 1971-80’ Hinnebusch, Ray (1981) ‘Egypt Under Sadat: Elites, Power Structure, and Political Change in a Post-Populist State’ Social Problems 28:4 - (1985)Egyptian Politics Under Sadat: The Post-Populist Development of An Authoritarian-Modernizing State - (2001) Syria: Revolution from Above Ch 7. Syrian Foreign Policy Eberherd Kienle, A Grand Delusion: Democracy and Economic Reform in Egypt Mufti, Malik (1996) Sovereign Creations Part 3 ‘The Post-Unionist State in Iraq and Syria’ Sovereign Creations Owen, Roger, ( 2004) Chapter 6 ‘The Remaking of the Middle Eastern Political Environment in the 1980s and 1990s: The Arab States’ in State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East Ajami, F The Arab Predicament. Waterbury & Richards (1996) Political Economy of the Middle East Ch. 6 ‘Contradictions of State-Led Growth’ ***Innovative Learning Week – No lecture, no seminar Week 6. Empire of Freedom? The Unipolar Moment in the Middle East and the 2003 invasion of Iraq This topic will cover the international relations of the Middle East in the post-Cold War period – in particular focusing on the various ways in which the region came to be seen as a ‘realist’ outpost in ‘liberal’ world. The 2003 invasion of Iraq will be examined through this lens and in particular the connection between war-making, democratization and ‘governmentality.’ Seminar Task

This week, come up with your own (brief) question on this week’s topic that can be answered by the core readings. Check the question with your seminar leader. In class each student will give their question and a brief answer to it, and explain how they would answer another student’s question. Core Readings Hinnebusch, Ray (2007) ‘The US Invasion of Iraq: Explanations and Implications’ Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies 16:3 Dodge, Toby (2010) ‘The ideological roots of failure: the application of kinetic neo-liberalism to Iraq’. International Affairs, 86 (6). pp. 1269-1286. Recommended Readings Tony Blair, ‘The doctrine of the international community’, a talk given to the Chicago - Economics Club, 22

April, 1999, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/ international-jan-june99-blair_doctrine4-23/ Fawcett, Louise ‘The Iraq War ten years on: assessing the fallout’ International Affairs, 2013, Vol.89(2), pp.325

-343 Gregory, Derek 2004 The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine, Iraq Charles Tripp. 2007. A history of Iraq. 3rd ed. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Dodge, T Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation-Building and a History Denied Toby Dodge, ‘Coming face to face with bloody reality: Liberal common sense and the ideological failure of the Bush doctrine in Iraq’, International Politics, 46, 2/3, (March, 2009), pp. 253-275. Duffield, Mark, (2007) Development, Security and Unending War (Polity) Ch. 3 ‘The Emergence of Contingent Sovereignty’ Retort Collective 2004 ‘Afflicted Powers: The State, The Spectacle and September 11’ New Left Review 27 May-

June 2004 http://newleftreview.org.ezproxy.is.ed.ac.uk/II/27/retort-afflicted-powers - Afflicted Powers: Capital and Spectacle in a New Age of War Robins, Philip (2013) Ch. 15 ‘The War for Regime Change in Iraq’ in Fawcett, L. The International Relations of

the Middle East Harvey, David (2003) The New Imperialism Ch.1 ‘All About Oil’ Luttwak, Edward (2005) ‘Iraq: The Logic of Disengagement’ Foreign Affairs 84:1 pp.26-36 Sebastian Mallaby, 2002 ‘The reluctant imperialist; terrorism, failed states, and

the case for American empire’, Foreign Affairs, 81:2. Mann, Michael 2004 ‘The First Failed Empire of the 21st Century’ Review of International Studies 30:4 pp.631-

653 Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey (1999) ‘The Imperial Peace: Democracy, Force and Globalization’, European Journal of International Relations 5:4 pp. 403-434. - Doyle, Michael (1986) ‘Liberalism and World Politics’ American Political Science Review 80:4 pp.1151-1170 Reid, Julian (2005) ‘The Biopolitics of the War on Terror: A Critique of the New Imperialism Thesis in

international relations’ Third World Quarterly 26:2 pp.237-252 Chandler, David (2009) ‘War without End(s): Grounding the Discourse of Global War’ Security Dialogue 40: 3 pp.243-262 Nakash, Y, “The Shi‘ites and the Future of Iraq,” Foreign Affairs, 82:4 (July/August 2003). ICG, See International Crisis Web-site www.crisisgroup.org ______. ‘Unmaking Iraq: A Constitutional process gone Awry’ Watch : BBC Documentary ‘The Trap: Part 3 We Will Force You to Be Free’ by Adam Curtis 7. Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict

The aim of this lecture will be to focus in greater depth on a key conflict running through the international

relations of the region, and one whose significance is often taken to distinguish the Middle East in global

politics: the Arab-Israeli conflict and the Palestinian struggle for statehood. The lecture will cover the history of

key points, from 1948 through the wars of 1967 and 1973, the first intifada and Oslo process, and on to the

second intifada and the more recent conflicts that have punctuated the stasis between Israel and a divided

Palestinian entity.

Seminar Question

Is the conflict in/over Palestine-Israel a domestic or international one? Why has it persisted over time?

Core Readings

Joel Beinin and Layla Hajjar, “Palestine, Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Primer”, Middle East Report. Available at: http://www.merip.org/palestine-israel_primer/intro-pal-isr-primer.html --Charles Smith, “The Arab-Israeli Conflict” in Louise Fawcett, International Relations of the Middle East --‘The Arabs and Israel: The Hundred Years’ War. The Economist. January 9, 2009. Available at: http://www.economist.com/node/12899483

Recommended Reading

Karsh, Efraim (1996) ‘Rewriting Israel’s History’ Middle East Quarterly June 1996

Hirst, David (2003) The Gun and the Olive Branch: The Roots of Violence in the Middle East (Faber and Faber,

London)

Hroub, Khaled (2014) Hamas: A Beginner’s Guide (Pluto, London)

Mearsheimer, John and Walt, Stephen (2008) The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy (Penguin, London)

Morris, Benny (2003) The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)

Sayigh, Yezid, (1999) Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement 1949-93

(Oxford University Press, Oxford)

Shlaim, Avi (2014) The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World 2nd Edition (W.Norton & Co., New York)

- Chapter 13 ‘The Rise and Fall of the Oslo Peace Process’ in Fawcett, L International Relations of the Middle

East

Smith, Charles (2013) Palestine and the Arab Israeli Conflict: A History with Documents (St. Martin’s Press, New

York)

Herzl, Theodor. The Jews' State: A Critical English Translation. Jason Aronson, Incorporated, 1997. Brown, L. Carl. "International politics and the Middle East: Old rules, dangerous games." New York: Princeton (1984). Part 2 ——— Palestine: Retreat From the Mandate: The Making of British Policy, 1936-45. Louis, William Roger, and Robert W. Stookey, eds. The End of the Palestine Mandate. No. 12. University of Texas Press, 1986. Ovendale, Ritchie. The origins of the Arab-Israeli wars. Editorial Dunken, 2004. Chapters 2-7.

Ovendale, Ritchie. Britain, the United States, and the End of the Palestine Mandate: 1942-1948. No. 57. Boydell & Brewer Incorporated, 1989. Segev, Tom. One Palestine, complete: Jews and Arabs under the British mandate. Macmillan, 2000. Laqueur, Walter. The history of Zionism. Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2003. Nimni, Ephraim, ed. The Challenge of Post-Zionism: Alternatives to Fundamentalist Politics in Israel. Zed Books, 2003. Yiftachel, Oren. "Israeli society and Jewish-Palestinian reconciliation:'Ethnocracy'and its territorial contradictions." The Middle East Journal (1997): 505-519. Yiftachel, Oren. "‘Ethnocracy’: The Politics of Judaizing Israel/Palestine." Constellations 6.3 (1999): 364-390. Shlaim, Avi. War and Peace in the Middle East: A Concise History Revised and Updated. Penguin Books, 1995. Chapter 1. Tessler, Mark A. A history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Indiana University Press, 1994. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 Wasserstein, Bernard. The British in Palestine: The Mandatory Government and Arab-Jewish Conflict, 1917-1929. B. Blackwell, 1991. Cohen, MJ, “The Zionist Perspective” in Louis, William Roger, and Robert W. Stookey, eds. The End of the Palestine Mandate. No. 12. University of Texas Press, 1986. Flapan, Simha. "The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities (Hardcover)." Pantheon (1987). Huneidi, Sahar. A Broken Trust: Sir Herbert Samuel, Zionism and the Palestinians. Vol. 15. IB Tauris, 2001. Morris, Benny. Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881-1998. Vintage, 2011. Chapter 1 & Conclusion. Pappe, Ilan. Britain and the Arab-Israeli conflict, 1948-51. Macmillan in association with St Antony's College, Oxford, 1988. Pappe, Ilan. "Post-Zionist critique on Israel and the Palestinians: part I: the academic debate." Journal of Palestine Studies (1997): 29-41. Pappe, Ilan. A history of modern Palestine: One land, two peoples. Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pappe, Ilan. The ethnic cleansing of Palestine. Oneworld Publications, 2007. Rogan, Eugene L., and Avi Shlaim, eds. The war for Palestine: rewriting the history of 1948. Vol. 15. Cambridge University Press, 2001. Chapters 1 & 4. Shlaim, Avi. The politics of partition: King Abdullah, the Zionists, and Palestine, 1921-1951. Oxford University Press on Demand, 1998. Shlaim, Avi. The iron wall: Israel and the Arab world. WW Norton & Company, 2001. —— “Britain and the Arab-Israeli War of 1948,” Journal of Palestine Studies, 16:4 (Summer 1987). Litvak, Meir,ed. Palestinian Collective Memory and National Identity Sayigh, Yezid. Armed struggle and the search for state: The Palestinian national movement, 1949-1993. Oxford University Press, 1997. Schulze, Kirsten E. The Arab-Israeli Conflict. Pearson Education, 2008. Bregman, Ahron, and Jihan El-Tahri. The fifty years war: Israel and the Arabs. Penguin UK, 1998. Abu-Amr, Ziad. "Hamas: a historical and political background." Journal of Palestine Studies (1993): 5-19.

8. The Rise of the ‘Peripheries’: Turkey and the Islamic Republic of Iran

This lecture will focus on one of the most dramatic shifts in the IR of the Middle East in recent decades: the

rise of non-Arab states as the most powerful actors in the region – actors which have come to hold conflicting

strategies especially since 2011.

Seminar Question

Why have non-Arab states come to play such a large role in the international relations of the Middle East? Are

the clashing foreign policies of Iran and Turkey the result of their differences – or their similarities?

Core Reading Hinnebusch and Ehteshami, Foreign Policies of Middle East States, Chp. 12, [CHECK] 13 Shahram Chubrin, ‘Iran and the Arab Spring: Ascendency Frustrated’, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/Iran_and_Arab_Spring_2873.pdf -- Ahmed Davutoglu, ‘Turkey’s Zero-Problems Foreign Policy’, Foreign Policy, 20 May 2010 Recommended Reading Kirisci, Kemal. "Turkey and the Muslim Middle East." Turkey’s New World, Changing Dynamics in Turkish Foreign Policy, Washington, DC (2000): 47. Makovsky, Alan, and Sabri Sayarı, eds. Turkey's new world: Changing dynamics in Turkish foreign policy. Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2000. Makovsky, A. "Turkey and the Bush Administration: the Question Marks." Policy Watch 527 (2001). Jung D, Dietrich Jung, and Catharina Raudvere. 2008. Religion, Politics, and Turkey's EU Accession, Palgrave Macmillan Hale, William, and Ergun Ozbudun. Islamism, democracy and liberalism in Turkey: The case of the AKP. Routledge, 2009. Feroz, Ahmad. The making of modern Turkey. Routledge, 2002. Ahmad, Feroz. Turkey: The quest for identity. Oneworld Publications, 2014. Pope, Hugh, and Nicole Pope. Turkey Unveiled: A History of Modern Tukey. Overlook Press, 2000. Roger Owen, State, Power, and Politics, pp. 125-130, 246-50 Sina Aksin, Turkey from empire to revolutionary republic. NYU Press (2007) Shankland, David. "Islam and politics in Turkey: the 2007 presidential elections and beyond." International Affairs 83.2 (2007): 357-371. Gunes Murat Tezcur, ‘The AKP Years in Turkey: the third stage’, http://www.opendemocracy.net/gunes-murat-tezcur/akp-years-in-turkey-third-stage INSIGHT TURKEY, Spring 2011 (Vol. 13, No. 2) ---Alper Y. Dede, "The Arab Uprisings: Debating the 'Turkish Model'" [23-32] ---Kemal Kirişci, "Turkey's 'Demonstrative Effect' and the Transformation of the Middle East" [33-56] ---Mohammed Ayoob, "Beyond the Democratic Wave in the Arab World: The Middle East's Turko-Persian Future" [57-70] Ehteshami and Mahjoob Zweiri (eds.), Iran’s Foreign Policy: From Khatami to Ahmadinejad (Ithaca Press, 2011). David Patrikarakos, Nuclear Iran: The Birth of an Atomic State (IB Tauris, 2012). Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Mahjoob Zweiri, Iran's Foreign Policy: From Khatami to Ahmadinejad, Ithaca Press. Donette Murray, US Foreign Policy and Iran: American-Iranian Relations Since the Islamic Revolution Abbas Maleki, Iranian Foreign Policy: Past, Present and Future Scenarios F. Gregory Gause , The International Relations of the Persian Gulf Arjomand, SA Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran Chapters 5-7. Cleveland, WL A History of the Modern Middle East Chapter 20. Keddie, N Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran. Chapters 8 & 9 Owen, R State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Middle East Chapter 9. Yapp, M The Near East since the First World War Chapter 13. Abrahamian, E Iran Between Two Revolutions: Iran and the Islamic Revolution Bakhash, S The Reign of the Ayatollahs.

Gasiorowski, MJ US Foreign Policy and the Shah: Building a Client State in Iran Green, JD “Countermobilization as a Revolutionary Form,” Comparative Politics, 16:2 (January 1984). Halliday, F “The Iranian Revolution” in Halliday, F & Alavi, F State and Ideology in the Middle East and Pakistan. ——— Iran: Dictatorship and Development. Mottahadeh, R The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran. Zubaida, S Islam, the People and the State Chapters 2 & 3. Donette Murray, US Foreign Policy and Iran: American-Iranian Relations Since the Islamic Revolution (Routledge, 2009) Lucinda Ruth de Boemr, Analyzing Iran's Foreign Policy: the Prospects and Challenges of Sino-Iranian Relations Shireen T. Hunter. 2010. Iran's Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era: Resisting the New International Order, Praeger Publishers Inc

9. (Counter) Revolution(s): The Arab Uprisings and International Relations

This lecture and seminar will concentrate on the causes and consequences of the 2011 uprisings in the Middle

East, examining how theories of revolution and counter-revolution in IR help us understand these events and

what our understanding of those events adds to such theories. The contrasting case studies of Egypt and Syria

will be used to illuminate the discussion.

Seminar Questions

To what extent – if any- do theories of revolution in IR help us understand the Middle East since 2011?

Core Readings

Jack A. Goldstone 2011, "Understanding the Revolutions of 2011" Foreign Affairs 90:3,

Halliday, Fred (1999) Revolution and World Politics: The Rise and Fall of the Sixth World Power Ch. 1

‘Revolutions and the International’

Bassel F. Salloukh ‘The Arab Uprisings and the Geopolitics of the Middle East’, The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs, 48:2, 2013, 32-46

Recommended Readings

Abou-el-Fadl, Reem (2015) Revolutionary Egypt: Connecting Domestic and International Struggles Ch.1

‘Introduction: Connecting Players and Process in Revolutionary Egypt’ and Ch.8 ‘Between Cairo and

Washington; Sectarianism and Counter-Revolution in Post-Mubarak Egypt’

Achcar, Gilbert (2013) Chapter 4 ‘Actors and Parameters of the Revolution’ in The People Want : A Radical

Exploration of the Arab Uprisings (Verso, London)

Allinson, Jamie (2015) ‘Class forces, Transition and the Arab Uprisings’ Democratization 22:2

Anderson, Lisa (2014) ‘Authoritarian Legacies and Regime Change: Towards Understanding Political Transition

in the Arab World’ in Gerges, Fawaz The New Middle East: Protest and Revolution in the Arab World

Agha, Hussein, and Robert Malley. 2012. “This Is Not a Revolution.” New York Review of Books.

http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/nov/08/not-revolution/.

Bisely, Nick (2002) ‘Counter-revolution, order and International Relations’ Review of International Studies 30:1

pp. 49-69

Brown, Nathan J. 2013. “Egypt’s Failed Transition.” Journal of Democracy 24 (4): 45–58.

Brownlee, Jason, Tarek Masoud, and Andrew Reynolds. 2013. “Why the Modest Harvest?” Journal of

Democracy 24 (4).

Bulent, Aras and Falk, Richard (2015) ‘Authoritarian “Geopolitics” of Survival in the Arab Spring’ Third World

Quarterly 36:2 pp.322-336

Cavatorta, Francesco, and Michelle Pace. 2012. “The Arab Uprisings in Theoretical Perspective - An

Introduction.” Mediterranean Politics 17 (2): 125–138.

Day,Stephen (2012) Chapter 9 ‘Yemen’s Political Meltdown’ in Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen

(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)

Halliday, Fred (1999) Revolution and World Politics: The Rise and Fall of the Sixth World Power Macmillan,

London

Hanieh, Adam (2013) Chapter 7 ‘Crisis and Revolution’ in Lineages of Revolt : Issues of Contemporary

Capitalism in the Middle East (Haymarket, Chicago)

Heydemann, Steven. 2013. “Syria and the Future of Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy 24 (4): 59–73.

Hinnebusch, Ray (2015) ‘Introduction: Understanding the consequences of the Arab uprisings – starting points

and divergent trajectories’ Democratization 22:2 pp.205-217

Marshall, Shana, and Joshua Stacher. 2012. “Egypt’s Generals and Transnational Capital.” Middle East Report.

http://www.merip.org/mer/mer262/egypts-generals-transnational-capital.

Hilsum, Lindsay (2013) Chapter 8 ‘Spies, Diplomats and Drones’ in Sandstorm: Libya in the Time of Revolution

(Faber and Faber, London)

Kandil, Hazem (2012) Chapter 6 ‘On the Threshold of Power: the Military after the Revolt’ in Soldiers, Spies and

Statesmen: Egypt’s Road to Revolt (Verso, London)

Lawson, Fred (2014) ‘Syria’s Mutating Civil War and its Impact on Turkey, Iraq and Iran’ International Affairs

90:6

Gerges, Fawaz (2014) ‘Introduction: A Rupture’ in Gerges, The New Middle East:

Goldstone, Jack 1991 Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World University of California Press,

Berkeley.

International Crisis Group. 2012. Lost in Transition: The World According to Egypt’s SCAF. Middle East/North

Africa Report. http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/egypt-syria-

lebanon/egypt/121-lost-in-transition-the-world-according-to-egypts-scaf.aspx.

Lawson, George (2005) Negotiated Revolutions: The Czech Republic, South Africa and Chile Ashgate, Aldershot.

Goldstone, Jack (2001) ‘Towards a Fourth Generation of Revolutionary Theory’ American Political Science

Review 4 139-187

Foran, John (2005) Taking Power: On the Origins of Third World Revolutions (Cambridge University Press)

Chapter 1 ‘Theorizing Revolutions’pp.5-24

Keddie, Nikki (1983) ‘Iranian Revolutions in Comparative Perspective’ American Historical Review 88:3 579-598

Lawson, George (2005) ‘Negotiated Revolutions: the Prospects for Radical Change in Contemporary World

Politics’ Review of International Studies 31:3 pp.473-493

Khatib, Lina (2013) ‘Qatar’s Foreign Policy: The Limits of Pragmatism’ International Affairs 89:2

O’Bagy, Elizabeth, (2012) Syria’s Political Opposition. Middle East Security. Institute for the Study of War.

Panah, Miriyam (2002) ‘States and Social Revolutions: The Emergence of a Research Agenda in International

Relations’ Review of International Studies 28:2

Skocpol, Theda (1979) States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Tilly, Charles (1993) European Revolutions, 1492-1992 Blackwell, Oxford.

Tripp, Charles (2013) The Power and the People: Paths of Resistance in the Middle East ch.1

Salamey, Imad (2015) ‘Post-Arab Spring, Changes and Challenges’ Third World Quarterly pp.111-129

Walt, Stephen (1996) Revolution and War Cornell University Press, Cornell.

Roberts, Hugh. 2013. “The Revolution That Wasn’t.” London Review of Books.

http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n17/hugh-roberts/the-revolution-that-wasnt.

Pierret, Thomas (2013) ‘The Reluctant Sectarianism of Foreign States in the Syrian Conflict’ United States

Institute of Peace Brief No.162

Weyland, Kurt (2012) ‘The Arab Spring: Why the Surprising Similarities with the Revolutionary Wave of 1848’

PS: Political Science 10:4 pp.917-34

10. Islamism, IR and ISIS

This lecture and seminar will focus on the emergence of the ‘Islamic State in Iran and the Levant’ – variously

known as ISIS/ISIL/IS or Daesh – and the intra-and extra-regional conflicts consequent upon its rise. Students

will be encouraged to interpret the rise of ISIS through the different theoretical lenses covered in the previous

weeks of the course, and within the wider context of Islamism movements as transnational actors.

(PLEASE NOTE: This is a current and evolving topic, and scholarly publications with long timescales do not

always keep up with current events. Every effort has been made to find and provide resources for this topic in

the library but there may be some additions or alterations)

Seminar task

Before the seminar watch the online documentary by Vice news ‘The Islamic State’

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUjHb4C7b94). Write a brief – 300 words or fewer - commentary for the

class on the documentary stating which two theoretical approaches from the course best explain the

phenomena depicted in the film.

Core Reading

Li, Darryl (2015) ‘A Jihadism Anti-Primer’ Middle East Report online

http://www.merip.org/mer/mer276/jihadism-anti-primer

Walt, Stephen (2015) ‘ISIS as Revolutionary State’ Foreign Policy November/ December 2015

Mitchell, Timothy (2002) Mc Jihad: Islam in the U.S. Global Order. Social Text. 20 (4): 1-18

Recommended Reading

Mandaville, Peter (2010) Global Political Islam (London, NY: Routledge)

Gerges, Fawaz (2009) Chapter 2 ‘Religious Nationalists and the Near Enemy’ in The Far Enemy: Why Jihad went

Global (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)

Halliday, Fred (1995) Chapter 4’ Islam and the West: ‘Threat of Islam’ or ‘Threat of the West’? in Islam and the

Myth of Confrontation: Religion and Politics in the Middle East, New York, IB Tauris

Hanieh, Adam (2015) ‘A Brief History of ISIS’ https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/12/isis-syria-iraq-war-al-

qaeda-arab-spring/

Hassan, Hassan and Weiss, Michael (2015) ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror

Holbrook, Donald (2015) ‘Al-Qaeda and the Rise of ISIS’ Survival April-May 2015

Cheterian, Viktor (2015) ‘ISIS and the Killing Fields of the Middle East’ Survival April-May 2015

Lister, Charles (2015) The Syrian Jihad: Al-Qaeda, The Islamic State and the Evolution of an Insurgency

Filiu, Jean Pierre (20150 From Deep State to Islamic State: The Arab Counter-revolution and its Jihadi Legacy

El Sherif, Ashraf. ‘Islamism After the Arab Spring’. Current History 110, no. 740 (December 2011): 358.

Schwedler, Jillian. ‘Can Islamists Become Moderates? Rethinking the Inclusion-Moderation Hypothesis’. World

Politics 63, no. 02 (2011): 347–376.

Denoeux, Guilain. ‘The Forgotten Swamp: Navigating Political Islam’. Middle East Policy 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2002):

56–81.

Ayubi, N Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Arab World

Beinen, J et al Political Islam: Essays from Middle East Report pt 1

Choueiri, Y Islamic Fundamentalism

Fuller, G et al A Sense of Siege: The Geopolitics of Islam and the West

‘ISIS Inc.’ Financial Times special reports December 2015

Roy, Olivier (2004) Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah, (Columbia University Press, New York)

Wilson, Lydia (2015) ‘ISIS and the Assad Dynasty’ Times Literary Supplement 23rd September 2015

- ‘What I discovered from interviewing imprisoned ISIS fighters’ The Nation 21st of October 2015

http://www.thenation.com/article/what-i-discovered-from-interviewing-isis-prisoners/

VI. Appendix

Submission and Return of Coursework Coursework is submitted online using our electronic submission system, ELMA. You will not be required to submit a paper copy of your work. Marked coursework, grades and feedback will be returned to you via ELMA. You will not receive a paper copy of your marked course work or feedback. For information, help and advice on submitting coursework and accessing feedback, please see the ELMA wiki at: https://www.wiki.ed.ac.uk/display/SPSITWiki/ELMA. Further detailed guidance on the essay deadline and a link to the wiki and submission page will be available on the course Learn page. The wiki is the primary source of information on how to submit your work correctly and provides advice on approved file formats, uploading cover sheets and how to name your files correctly. When you submit your work electronically, you will be asked to tick a box confirming that your work complies with university regulations on plagiarism. This confirms that the work you have submitted is your own. Occasionally, there can be technical problems with a submission. We request that you monitor your university student email account in the 24 hours following the deadline for submitting your work. If there are any problems with your submission the Course Secretary will email you at this stage. We undertake to return all coursework within 15 working days of submission. This time is needed for marking, moderation, second marking and input of results. Feedback for coursework will be returned online via ELMA for the Book Review on Monday 14 March 2016 and Essay 14 April 2016. If there are any unanticipated delays, it is the Course Organiser’s responsibility to inform you of the reasons. All our coursework is assessed anonymously to ensure fairness: to facilitate this process put your Examination number (on your student card), not your name or student number, on your coursework or cover sheet. Extension procedure

Extension requests should normally be made no more than two weeks prior to the deadline and should indicate the duration sought and require a separate application for each course. Extensions cannot be retrospectively granted after a deadline has passed and instead special circumstances need to be submitted.

All extension requests must use this process. You are welcome to discuss any issues affecting your studies with your Programme Director/Personal Tutor prior to submission. However, all extension

request decisions for Graduate School programmes are made by the Graduate School Office, and any informal advice from any other member of staff does not equate to a final decision.

If you have a Learning Profile from the Disability Service allowing you the potential for flexibility over deadlines you must still make a formal extension request for such flexibility to be taken into account.

http://www.sps.ed.ac.uk/gradschool/on_course/extensions

In cases where medical evidence is required please note that your work will be considered as late until evidence is submitted and confirmed. Evidence is to be submitted if requested by the GSO via your University email account or in person to GSO reception.

Further guidance on extension requests is included on the website.

The following are circumstances which would USUALLY be considered:

• Serious or significant medical conditions or illness (including both physical and mental health problems).

• Exceptional personal circumstances (e.g. serious illness or death of an immediate family member or close friend, including participation in funeral and associated rites; being a victim of significant crime).

• Exceptional travel circumstances beyond your control. • Ailments such as very severe colds, migraines, stomach upsets, etc., ONLY where the ailment

was so severe it was impossible for you to submit your work.

This list is not exhaustive

The following are examples of circumstances NOT normally considered for coursework extensions:

• Minor ailments such as colds, headaches, hangovers, etc. • Inability to prioritise and schedule the completion of several pieces of work over a period of

time. • Problems caused by English not being your principal language. • Poor time management or personal organisation (e.g. failure to plan for foreseeable last-

minute emergencies such as computer crashes, printing problems or travel problems resulting in late submission of coursework).

• Circumstances within your control (e.g. a holiday; paid employment if you are a full time student; something considered more important).

• Requests without independent supporting evidence. • Requests which do not state clearly how your inability to hand in your assessment on time

was caused.

Penalties for Late Submission All deadlines for submission are at 12 noon prompt, and submitting even a minute after that deadline will incur a penalty. If you miss the submission deadline for any piece of assessed work, 5 marks will be deducted for each calendar day, or part thereof that work is late, up to a maximum of five calendar days (25 marks). After that, a mark of 0% (zero) will be given. It is therefore in your interest always to plan ahead, and if there is any reason why you may need an extension, you should

refer to your Programme Handbook for this process in advance of the deadline. Please note that a mark of zero may have very serious consequences for your degree, so it is always worth submitting work, even if late. Penalties for Incorrect Submission You should follow the submission procedures that are provided in an email from the course Learn page, before each submission, to ensure your coursework is submitted in the correct format. If you have any queries, you should contact the Course Secretary before the submission deadline. Any submission made incorrectly will incur a 5 mark penalty for each calendar day, or part thereof that the corrected version is not uploaded, up to a maximum of five calendar days (25 marks). After that, a mark of 0% (zero) will be given. Penalties for Exceeding the Word Length All coursework submitted by students must state the word count on the front. All courses in the Graduate School have a standard penalty for going over the word length (if you are taking courses from other Schools, check with them what their penalties are): If you go over the word length, 5% of the total marks given for that assignment will be deducted, regardless of by how much you do so (whether it is by 5 words or by 500!). This deduction will take place after any other potential penalty has applied. For example, if any essay gets 78 but is 2 days late and 100 words too long, the final mark will be (78-10) x 0.95 = 64.6, which is rounded up to 65. Word length includes footnotes and endnotes, appendices, tables and diagrams, but not bibliographies. Given that footnotes and endnotes are included, you may wish to use a short referencing system such as Harvard. Academic Misconduct in Submission of Essays Coursework submitted to the Graduate School will be regarded as the final version for marking. Where there is evidence that the wrong piece of work has been deliberately submitted to subvert hand-in deadlines - e.g. in a deliberately corrupted file - the matter may be treated as a case of misconduct and be referred to the School Academic Misconduct Officer. The maximum penalty can be a mark of 0% (zero). Please note that a mark of zero may have very serious consequences for your degree.

GRADUATE SCHOOL of SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE Postgraduate marking scheme

Mark Description

90-100% (A1)

Fulfils all criteria for A2. In addition is a work of exceptional insight and independent thought, deemed to be of publishable quality, producing an analysis of such originality as potentially to change conventional understanding of the subject.

80-89%

(A2)

Outstanding work providing insight and depth of analysis beyond the usual parameters of the topic. The work is illuminating and challenging for the markers. Comprises a sustained, fluent, authoritative argument, which demonstrates comprehensive knowledge, and convincing command, of the topic. Accurate and concise use of sources informs the work, but does not dominate it.

70-79% (A3)

A sharply-focused, consistently clear, well-structured paper, demonstrating a high degree of insight. Effectively and convincingly argued, and showing a critical understanding of conflicting theories and evidence. Excellent scholarly standard in use of sources, and in presentation and referencing.

60-69% (B) Good to very good work, displaying substantial knowledge and understanding of concepts, theories and evidence relating to the topic. Answers the question fully, drawing effectively on a wide range of relevant sources. No significant errors of fact or interpretation. Writing, referencing and presentation of a high standard.

50-59% (C) Work which is satisfactory for the MSc degree, showing some accurate knowledge of topic, and understanding, interpretation and use of sources and evidence. There may be gaps in knowledge, or limited use of evidence, or over-reliance on a restricted range of sources. Content may be mainly descriptive. The argument may be confused or unclear in parts, possibly with a few factual errors or misunderstandings of concepts. Writing, referencing and presentation satisfactory.

40-49% (D) Work which is satisfactory for Diploma. Shows some knowledge of the topic, is intelligible, and refers to relevant sources, but likely to have significant deficiencies in argument, evidence or use of literature. May contain factual mistakes and inaccuracies. Not adequate to the topic, perhaps very short, or weak in conception or execution, or fails to answer the question. Writing, referencing and presentation may be weak.

30-39%

(E)

Flawed understanding of topic, showing poor awareness of theory. Unconvincing in its approach and grasp of the issues. Perhaps too short to give an adequate answer to the question. Writing, referencing and presentation likely to be very weak. A mark of 38/39 may indicate that the work could have achieved a pass if a more substanbtial answer had been produced.

20-29% (F)

An answer showing seriously inadequate knowledge of the subject, with little awareness of the relevant issues or theory, major omissions or inaccuracies, and pedestrian use of inadequate sources.

10-19% (G)

An answer that falls far short of a passable level by some combination of short length, irrelevance, lack of intelligibility, factual inaccuracy and lack of acquaintance with reading or academic concepts.

0-9% (H) An answer without academic merit; conveys little sense that the course has been followed; lacks basic

skills of presentation and writing.

School of Social and Political Science – PG Feedback Form

Exam number Course code Course name Component name Session Marker Word Count

PLEASE NOTE 1) This form must be attached to the front of your essay prior to upload via ELMA. Failure to do so will result

in a mark penalty. 2) The essay submitted must be your final version. You cannot re-submit/make subsequent changes. 3) All comments/marks/penalties are provisional until ratified by our Board of Examiners in June Overview

Marking criterion Comment Grade A-H (if appropriate)

Critical/conceptual analysis

Strength/cohesion of argument

Use of sources/evidence

Structure & organisation

Breadth and relevance of reading

Clarity of expression, presentation and referencing

The final grade column above may be used at the marker’s discretion. Such grades do not translate directly into a final mark. General comments

Provisional Mark