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The

MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Vol. 1 , No.3 DEC. 1966

CONTENTS

A Review of the North Amer ican Spec ies of the Genus Otites La t r i e l l e , with Descr ip t ions of Two New Spec ies (Diptera: Oti t idae)

George C. Steyskal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Some Notes on Heteropteran Tr ichobothr ia C a r l W. Schaefer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Another Record of Williamsonia fletchevi in Michigan (Odonata: Cor- duliidae)

David F. Foley . ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

A New Spec ies of Thvaulodes f r o m New Mexico (Ephemeroptera : Leptophlebiidae)

Richard W. K o s s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1

The Behavior of Atlanticus testaceus (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) on the E. S. George R e s e r v e , Michigan

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. K. Gangwere . 95

Laminat ing Lepidoptera f o r Educat ional Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D a r r y l Quidort . l o 1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cove r Photo: A Note About Nets . I03

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reviews of Recent L i t e r a tu r e 104

PUBLICATION DATES

Vol. 1, NO. 1 of The Michigan Entomologist (July 1966) was mai led on 2 8 July 1966. Vol. 1 .No.2 (September 1966) was mailed on 9 Septem- b e r 1966.

.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'. . . . -. . -. . . . . . .......... -.-.-. . . . . . . .,... . . . . . . . . . ....... ... . .. ........................ ... ............................. .,.,,..,. ."" ................................... . . ...... 2 ..... ...................................................... ;.-. . . , <.:, ....................... . ........................... .... . . . ...........-...s :.:...A. ,, .... ,,., ................................................ . . . . . . . . . . .,.,.::: , . , ,% The P re s iden t and Governing Board of the Michigan @ f.,

, Entomological Society announce the appointment of Ronald 3 L., ...,

S. Wilkinson, F.L.S., F.R.E.S., a s Edi tor of The Michigan $ Entomologist, beginning with the p r e sen t i s sue . The s i nce r e $ grat i tude of the Boa rd is due to the r e t i r i ng Ed i t o r , Julian 8 :.:. ...I

$ P . Donahue, F.R.E.S., f o r h i s e f for t s in the conception and $ founding of the journal. Mr. Donahue will continue a s 8

3, .:::: Executive Sec r e t a ry of the Society and Edi tor of the S ?.1 g

Newslettev. .:.: :I :.:. .............................................................................................................................. .... ~ .... - ............................................................. .....,.. :::s:::::::::::%m:m=m.m.m::::w.:m:$ The Michigan Entomological Society t r a c e s i t s o r ig ins to the old

Det ro i t Entomological Society and was organized on 4 November 1954 to ". . .promote the sc ience of entomology in a l l i t s b ranches and by al l feas ib le m e a n s , and to advance cooperat ion and good fellowship among pe r sons i n t e r e s t ed in entomology." The Society a t tempts to faci l i ta te t he exchange of ideas and information in both ama teu r and profess iona l c i r c l e s , and encourages the study of i n sec t s by youth. Membersh ip in the Society, which s e r v e s the North Cen t r a l S ta tes and adjacent Canada, is open to a l l p e r sons i n t e r e s t ed i n entomology. T h e r e a r e t h r ee paying c l a s s e s of membersh ip :

Student (including those cu r r en t l y enro l led i n col lege o r graduate p r o g r a m s ) -- annual dues $1.00

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Dues a r e paid on a c a l enda r y e a r b a s i s (Jan. 1 - Dec. 31).

Membersh ips accepted before July 1 sha l l begin on the preceding J anua ry 1; member sh ip s accepted a t a l a t e r date sha l l begin the following January I un l e s s the e 'ar l ier da t e is r eques t ed and the r equ i r ed dues a r e paid. All m e m b e r s i n good standing r ece ive the Newslettev of the Society, published quar te r ly . All Active and Sustaining Member s (but NOT Student Member s ) r e ce ive i s s u e s of The Michigan Entomologist published dur ing the ca lendar y e a r of t he i r membersh ip . Only Active and Sustaining Member s may vote i n Society a f fa i r s .

~ l l d u e s and contr ibut ions to the Society a r e deductible f o r F e d e r a l income tax purposes . -

SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION Inst i tut ions and organiza t ions , a s well a s individuals not de s i r i ng the

benef i t s of member sh ip , may subsc r i be to The Michigan Entomologist a t the r a t e of $6.00 p e r volume. The f i r s t volume will cons i s t of 10 number s ; e ach number will be a t l e a s t 32 pages in length. Subscr ip t ions a r e accepted only on a volume (10 i s sue ) ba s i s . The re a r e no annual subscr ip t ions . Single copies of The Michigan Entomologist a r e avai lable a t $0.75 each , with a 20% discount f o r 25 o r m o r e copies s en t to a s ing le add re s s .

Inqui r ies about back number s , subscr ip t ions and Society bus ine s s should b e d i r ec t ed to the Executive Sec r e t a ry , Ju l ian P. Donahue, De- pa r tmen t of Entomology, Michigan State Univers i ty , E a s t Lans ing , Michigan 4882 3. Manuscr ip t s and r e l a t ed cor respondence should be d i r ec t ed to the Edi tor ( see ins ide back cove r ) .

1966 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST 7 9

A REVIEW OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS

OTITES LATREILLE, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES

(DIPTERA: OTITIDAE)

G e o r g e C. S teyska l

Entomology R e s e a r c h Divis ion, A.R.S. U.S. D e p a r t m e n t of Agr icu l tu re

Washington, D. C.

In 1961 (Steyskal , 1961), I placed the genus Otites in a key to the North A m e r i c a n g e n e r a of Oti t idae and indicated the synonymy of the genus Ortalimyia. Bibliography and synonymy of the h i ther to known s p e c i e s of o u r a r e a will b e found i n the Catalog of the Dipteva of America Novth of Mexico (Stone e t al., 1965). The only prev ious ly publ ished key to o u r s p e c i e s was by Hendel (1911, a s Ortalis), wherein w e r e included Cevoxys latiusculus (Loew) and the f o u r s p e c i e s now known a s Otites bimaculahs (Hendel) , 0. evythvocephala (Hendel) , 0. pyvvhocephala (Loew), and 0. stigma (Hendel). The p r e s e n t t r e a t - m e n t exc ludes Cevoxys but inc ludes 0. snowi ( C r e s s o n ) and two new s p e c i e s h e r e d e s c r i b e d a s 0. evythvosceles and 0. michiganus,making a total of seven s p e c i e s .

The s p e c i e s f o r m two r a t h e r d i s t inc t g roups b a s e d on the width of the f ron to-orb i ta l pruinosi ty and the na ture of the c l o s u r e of the ana l c e l l of the wing, a s s e t f o r t h in the following key. However , 0. stigma (Hendel) , while r e f e r a b l e to the second group , shows c h a r a c t e r s indi- ca t ing r a p p r o c h e m e n t to the f i r s t group.

The g e n e r i c n a m e , although not found in l a r g e G r e e k lex icons , is of a f o r m tha t c o r r e s p o n d s to a r a t h e r l a r g e c l a s s of G r e e k nouns end- ing i n -ites (.rrorvr(s, a h r l ~ ( s , ~ o h i r q s ) . As t h e s e words a r e a l l of mascu l ine g e n d e r , i t s e e m s r e a s o n a b l e , i n the absence of o t h e r dec i s ive ev idence , to t r e a t Otites a s mascu l ine .

K E Y TO THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES O F OTITES LATREILLE

1 (6) F r o n t a l o r b i t s b road ly white p ru inose , p ru inos i ty sur rounding s e v e r a l h a i r s f o r whole length of f ron t ; scu te l lum b a r e o r h a i r y on d i s c ; mesonoturn n e a r l y shining to heavi ly p ru inose ; ana l c e l l with s m a l l point in lower c o r n e r extending s l ight ly f a r t h e r apicad than median a rcua t ion of ana l c r o s s v e i n ; l e g s l a r g e l y black.

2 ( 3 ) Disc of scu te l lum with many h a i r s , e spec ia l ly toward b a s e ; l e g s with only knees r e d d i s h ; wings with d i s t inc t s u b b a s a l b rown band

80 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 1, No. 3

f r o m t ip of co s t a l c e l l to ba se of d i s ca l c e l l and a l so s o m e brownish colorat ion about end of 1 s t vein; apical wing spo t con- f ined to t ip of 2nd vein; mesonotum modera te ly and evenly g r ay i sh

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pru inose 0. bimaculatus (Hendel) 3 ( 2 ) Disc of scu te l lum usual ly b a r e , if with s e v e r a l h a i r s , wing pat-

t e rn different ; l eg s with knees and mid-bas i ta rsus reddish. 4 (5) Wings hyal ine, ma rked a s i n 0. bimaculatus, but lower p a r t of

apical spo t r a t h e r diffuse and extending into a r e a about t ip of 3 r d vein; d e n s e r pruinosi ty of mesonotum (viewed f r o m r e a r ) usual ly

. . . . concent ra ted into 3 longitudinal s t r i p s in p r e su tu r a l a r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. michigunus, n. sp.

5 (4) Wings whit ish, subbasa l and apical ma rk ings v e r y faint o r lacking; mesonotum quite heavily whitish to ochreous pru inose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. S ~ O W Z ' (C re s son )

6 (1) F r o n t with ve ry n a r r o w white pru inose o rb i t a l ma rg in s not s u r - rounding m o r e than a 'few h a i r s (an te r ior ly) ; scu te l lum b a r e o r with a few d i s ca l h a i r s ; mesonotum la rge ly shining; anal c e l l with minute lower point not extending f a r t h e r apicad than does median arcuat ion of anal c ro s sve in ; l eg s some t imes la rge ly reddish .

7 (8) Head with occiput , upper pa r a f ron t a l s , antenna1 g rooves , and o r a l ma rg in blackish; mesonotum lightly and diffusely pru inose ; apical wing spot extending well into t ip of ma rg ina l ce l l ; s ubbasa l wing m a r k hard ly developed; pruinosi ty of f ron ta l o rb i t s an te r ior ly

. . . . . . . . . . . some t imes involving b a s e s of a few h a i r s - . 0. Stigma (Hendel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 (7) Head near ly wholly reddish ; mesonotum wholly subshining o r with pru inose longitudinal s t r i p e s ; ap ica l wing spot var ious ; subbasa l m a r k some t imes developed; pruinosi ty of f ron ta l o r b i t s not involving ba se s of h a i r s .

9 (10) Legs nea r l y wholly reddish ; mesonotum dully shining; scu te l lum with a few d i s ca l h a i r s ; apical wing s p o t l a r g e and diffuse, extending well into tip of ma rg ina l ce l l ; d o r s u m of abdomen shining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. er.ythrosceles, n. sp.

10 (9) Legs l a rge ly black; mesonotum subshining o r wi thpru inose longitudinal s t r i p e s ; scu te l lum b a r e ; ap ica l wing spot extending no m o r e than sl ight ly into t ip of marg ina l c e l l ; d o r s u m of abdomen shining o r dull.

l l ( l 2 ) L e g s wholly black; mesonotum with 3 na r row longitudinal p ru inose s t r i p e s ; abdomen prac t ica l ly pol ished; subbasa l wing m a r k d is - t inct in t ip of co s t a l c e l l and a c r o s s b a s e s of 2nd and 3 r d veins;

. . . apical wing spot extending slightly into t ip of ma rg ina l c e l l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. pyrrhocephala (Loew)

l 2 ( l l ) K n e e s and mid-bas i ta rsus reddish ; mesonotum subshining, without pruinosi ty; do r sum of abdomen dulled with ve ry fine bu t dense shagreening; subbasa l wing m a r k indist inct o r lacking; apical spo t confined to t ips of submargina l and 1 s t pos t e r i o r c e l l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0. erythrocefihala (Hendel)


F i r s t Group Otites bimaculatus (Hendel)

In addition to the c h a r a c t e r s ci ted in the key , the m a l e postabdomen is ve ry s i m i l a r to tha t f igured by m e (Steyskal , 1961, f igure 4) f o r Idam mavgimta ( s ay ) , but the mesa1 s ide of the su r s t y lu s a t i t s ba se b e a r s t h r ee s t r ong s imp le tee th spaced the d i ame te r of the i r b a s e s a p a r t and the epiphal lus ( pos t e r i o r t o b a s e of aedeagus) cons i s t s of a p a i r of s h o r t but r a t h e r n a r r o w p r o c e s s e s , the t ips of which a r e tu rned sha rp ly l a t e r ad and end in a s h a r p point.

The type of 0. bimaculatus i s f r o m Southern Colorado; tha t of the synonym cavbom C r e s s o n f r o m Carbon County, Wyoming, and that of longicauda Hendel f r o m Wells , Elko Co., Nevada. I have examined ma te r i a l f r o m the following loca l i t i es : Colorado (F lo r i s s an t , Te l l e r Co.); Wyoming (Carbon Co. , type of carbona; Lyman, Uintah Co.; Yellowstone Pa rk ) ; Utah (St. George , Washington Co.; Sal t Lake City, Sa l t Lake Co.); Washington (Sprague, Lincoln Co.); Oregon,$(Wheeler CO.; Worden, Klamath Co.) ; Nevada (Red House Ranch , E u r e k a Co.; Wells, Elko Co.; Winnemucca, Humboldt Co.); Ca l i forn ia (Big P ine , Inyo Co.; Hallelujah Jct . , Spauldings, and Susanvil le , Las sen Co.; Tule Lake d i s t r i c t and Goose Lake , Modoc Co.; Fa l e s Hot Spr ings , Mono Co.; 4 mi . wes t of Quincy, P l u m a s Co.); ~ ~ n i t o b a (Baldur ; Stony Mountain).

Otites michiganus, new s p e c i e s

Male. Length of wing. 5.5 - 6.0 m m . Head l a rge ly orange o r reddish , only probosc is , l a r g e a r e a s on upper

occiput next to e y e s , oce l l a r t r i ang l e , upper pa r a f ron t a l s , and some- t i m e s clypeus blackish. Thi rd antenna1 s egmen t obovate to a l i t t le r e n i fo rm (dorsa l ma rg in concave) , 1.6 - 1.75 t i m e s a s long a s wide, ap ica l two-thirds to three-fourths often s t rongly infuscated; a r i s t a 2.2 t imes a s long a s th i rd segment .

Thorax black. Mesonotum covered with r a t h e r thin g r ay i sh pruinosi ty when viewed f rom r e a r , with t h r ee longitudinal s t r i p e s of dense r pruinosi ty; h a i r s b lack , r a t h e r s h o r t and rec l ina te .

Legs b lack , only knees nar rowly and mid-bas i ta rsus , except t ip , reddish .

Wings s l ight ly infumated, near ly hyal ine, with brown mark ings a s follows: Humera l c e l l and s m a l l b a s a l p a r t of cos ta l c e l l ; subbasa l mark ing cons is t ing of apical one-thirdof co s t a l ce l l and contiguous a r e a taper ing and fading out into ba se of d i sca l c e l l ; antero-apical spo t extending basad two-thirds of d i s tance f r o m wing t ip to pos t e r i o r c ro s sve in ( thereby well into t ip of marg ina l c e l l ) , basa l ma rg in i r r e gu l a r l y t r a n s v e r s e , d a r k e s t an te r ior ly and fading out in f i r s t pos t e r i o r ce l l ; h a l t e r and squamae pale yellowish.

Abdomen shining b lack , with s p a r s e and ve ry fine mic ro se t ae , d i s - tinctly bu t lightly pruinose only c lo se to base. Postabdomen ve ry s i m i l a r

82 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST Vol, 1, No. 3

t o t h a t of 0. bimaculatus, b u t b a s e of m e s a 1 s i d e of s u r s t y l u s with t h r e e c l o s e l y s p a c e d s i m p l e s t r o n g t e e t h and f a r t h e r m e s a d a f e w s t r o n g s e t a e ; e p i p h a l l u s ( p o s t e r i o r to b a s e of a e d e a g u s ) c o n s i s t i n g of a c l o s e l y a d j a c e n t p a i r of s h o r t , p a r a l l e l - s i d e d , ob tuse ly t ipped p r o c e s s e s .

Female. L e n g t h of wing, 5.6 - 6.2 m m . ; o v i p o s i t o r with f i n e wavy c r o s s b a n d s of l i g h t p r u i n o s i t y ; o t h e r w i s e s i m i l a r t o m a l e .

Types. Holotype d , a l lo type , and o n e p a i r of p a r a t y p e s , Mack inaw Coun ty , M i c h i g a n , J u l y 5 , 1937 (R. R. D r e i s b a c h ) , no. 57887 in U.S. Natl . Mus. P a r a t y p e s : d , s a m e d a t a a s holotype, i n C. W. S a b r o s k y c o l l e c - t ion; M a c k i n a w Co., Mich . , J u l y 4 , 1936 (R. R. D r e i s b a c h ) ; ? s a m e l o c a l i t y , Aug. 3 , 1936 (R. R. D r e i s b a c h ) ; 3 d M a s o n Co. , Mich. , June 1 4 , 1 9 4 1 (R. R. D r e i s b a c h ) ; 2 p a i r s , E d m o n t o n , Al ta . l o t 301 , 1932 (Owen B r y a n t ) ; d M e d i c i n e H a t , Alta. , June 1 4 , 1930 (F. S. C a r r ) ; one p a i r , "Colorado"; o n e p a i r , P l a t t e C a n y o n , n r . Id lewi ld , P a r k Co. , Colo. , J u n e 1 0 , 1927 ( J . M. A l d r i c h ) ; d S a l i n a , S e v i e r Co., U tah , J u n e 2 4 , 1946 (G. F . Knowlton) ; 2 d K a m i a c B u t t e , W h i t m a n C o . , Wash. , A. L . M e l a n d e r co l l ec t ion ; a l l i n U.S. Natl . Mus. ; 7 d 1 3 S i l v e r L a k e , O c e a n a Co., Mich. , i n C . W. S a b r o s k y co l l ec t ion . T h e l a t t e r s p e c i m e n s inc lude f e m a l e s t h a t a r e s o m e w h a t t e n e r a l , with t h e wing m a r k i n g s r a t h e r f a i n t , s e e m i n g l y ind ica t ing r e c e n t e m e r g e n c e . A p a i r i n U.S. Nat l . M u s e u m , f r o m B u r n s , H a r n e y Co . , O r e g o n h a v e b l a c k i s h p a r a f r o n t a l s i n n e a r l y whole f r o n t a l l eng th , bu t o t h e r w i s e s e e m to be long h e r e .

Otites snowi ( C r e s s o n )

As t h i s s p e c i e s is v e r y s i m i l a r to poor ly c o l o r e d s p e c i m e n s of t h e f o r e g o i n g s p e c i e s , I e x a m i n e d t h e p o s t a b d o m e n o f a m a l e of 0. snowi f o r c o m p a r i s o n with t h e o t h e r s i n t h i s g roup . T h e r e a r e f ive s t r o n g bu t r a t h e r s h o r t t e e t h m e s o b a s a l l y on t h e s u r s t y l u s , r a t h e r c l o s e l y s p a c e d , and t h e e p i p h a l l u s c o n s i s t s of a p a i r of s h o r t , acu te ly t r i a n g u l a r p r o - c e s s e s .

T h e t y p e of 0. snowi is f r o m H a m i l t o n Coun ty , K a n s a s . I h a v e e x a m - i n e d m a t e r i a l f r o m t h e fol lowing loca l i t i e s : K a n s a s ( C l a r k C o . ; Hami l ton Co . , me ta topo type) ; N e b r a s k a (Mi tche l l , S c o t t s Bluff Co.) ; U tah (Hanks- v i l l e , Wayne Co.) ; New Mexico ( L a s C r u c e s , D o n a Ana Co.) ; S.W.

S a n t a F e , S a n t a F e Co.; S o c o r r o , S o c o r r o Co.) ; C a l i f o r n i a ( N e e d l e s , S a n B e r n a r d i n o Co.).

Second G r o u p Otites evythvocepkala (Hendel)

T h i s is a p p a r e n t l y a r a r e s p e c i e s i n o u r a r e a . I h a v e s e e n only a topotype f r o m P i n e L a k e (San B e r n a r d i n o Co . ) , C a l i f o r n i a , and s e v e r a l s p e c i m e n s c o l l e c t e d by A. L . M e l a n d e r "Up Sta . A n a R i v e r k ~ a n B e r - n a r d i n o CO.), Calif ."

1966 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST 83

Otites evythvosceles , new s p e c i e s

Male. Length of wing 4.2 - 5.2 m m . Head l a r g e l y o r a n g e o r r e d d i s h , only p r o b o s c i s , o c e l l a r t r i a n g l e ,

l a r g e a r e a s on upper occiput next to e y e s , and s o m e t i m e s antenna1 grooves blackish. Antenna with t h i r d s e g m e n t s o m e t i m e s weakly in- fusca ted apical ly; t h i r d s e g m e n t obovate to somewhat r e n i f o r m ( d o r s a l m a r g i n concave) , 1.4 - 1.6 t i m e s a s long a s b r o a d ; a r i s t a t h r e e t i m e s a s long a s th i rd segment .

Thorax b lack , only lower edge of h u m e r u s , p rop leuron , and s m a l l a r e a above f o r e coxa reddish . Mesonotum shining, c o v e r e d with r a t h e r long, near ly e r e c t b lack h a i r s .

L e g s r e d d i s h , only ap ica l half of f o r e t i b i a , ap ica l four s e g m e n t s of middle t a r s u s , and n e a r l y a l l of o t h e r t a r s i d a r k brown to blackish.

Wings yel lowish hyal ine, only m a r k i n g cons i s t ing of brown a n t e r o - apical s p o t extending basad two-thirds of d i s tance f r o m wing t ip to p o s t e r i o r c r o s s v e i n ( thereby well into tip of m a r g i n a l c e l l ) , b a s a l m a r g i n i r r e g u l a r l y t r a n s v e r s e , d a r k e s t a n t e r i o r l y and fading ou t in middle of f i r s t p o s t e r i o r ce l l .

Abdomen shining b lack , s o m e t i m e s a l i t t l e b rownish n e a r base .

Female. Length of wing, 4.7 - 5.7 mm. ; o therwise s i m i l a r to male . Types. Holotype d and allotype 9 in copula on one pin, two p a i r s of

p a r a t y p e s , Wells , Elko Co., Nevada, June 24, 1927 ( J . M. Aldrich); 2 d 1 9 s a m e loca l i ty , July 1 2 , 1911 (J . M. Aldrich); one p a i r in copula, B r i d g e p o r t , Mono Co., Ca l i fo rn ia , July 1 8 , 1936 (G. E. and R. M. B o h a r t ) ; no. 57888 in U.S. Natl. Mus.

The re la t ionsh ips of th i s s p e c i e s may b e gleaned f r o m the key.

Otites pyvvhocephala (Loew) Although 0. pyvvhocephala (Loew) w a s the f i r s t s p e c i e s d e s c r i b e d

f r o m North A m e r i c a in 1876 and h a s often been mis taken ly identified with o t h e r s p e c i e s , the only s p e c i m e n s I have s e e n a r e one e a c h f r o m B l a i r s d e n , P l u m a s Co. , Cal i f . ; J a m e s b u r g , Monterey C o . , Calif.; 4 mi. w e s t of Quincy, P l u m a s Co., Calif.; and O r m s b y Co. , Nevada. The type is f r o m "California;" I have not s e e n it.

Otites stigma (Hendel)

Cotypes of th i s s p e c i e s a r e f r o m "Colo." and E r w i n , Kingsbury Co., South Dakota. I have s e e n m a t e r i a l f r o m the following loca l i t i es : N e b r a s k a (Sheridan Co. ) ; Minnesota (Crooks ton , Po lkCo. ) ; Nor thDakota ( B i s m a r c k , Bur le igh Co.; B e a c h , Golden Valley Co.; Edge ley , L a M o u r e Co.; Graf ton , Walsh Co.; Lake Met igoshe , T u r t l e Mountains , Bott ineau Co.; Tower Ci ty , C a s s Co.); Colorado ("Colo."; P l a t t e Canyon, P a r k Co.); Wyoming ( L a n d e r , F r e m o n t Co.; L a r a m i e , Albany Co.; L y m a n , Uintah Co.; Sher idan , Sher idan Co.) ; Washington (Kamiac But te , Whit- m a n Co.) ; Manitoba (Aweme; Delora ine ; Douglas Lake ; T r e e s b a n k ;


Winnipeg); Alberta (Lethbridge; Medicine Hat ; St. Paul ) ; Saskatchewan (Abernethy; Bes tv i l l e ; Dundurn; Indian Head; Pheasan tCreek ; Radisson; Rut1 and).

LITERATURE CITED

Hendel , F. 1911. Ueber von P r o f e s s o r J. M. Aldrich e rha l tene und einige ande re amer ikanische Dipteren. Wien. Entomol. Zeit. 30: 19-46.

S teyska l , G. C. 1961. The gene ra of P la tys tomat idae and Otitidae known to occu r in Amer i ca nor th of Mexico (Dip te ra , Acalyptratae) . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 54: 401-410.

Stone, A. et a4 1965. A catalog of the Dip te ra of Amer i ca nor th of Mexico. U.S. Dep. Agr. , Agr. Handbook no. 276.

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We note with r e g r e t that t he Brooklyn Entomological 2 .... Society h a s suspended publication of the Bulletin "indefi- $ nitelyJ ' a f te r i s su ing the volumes fo r 1964-65 i n June , 1966. $ .... The h i s t o r i c Bulletin has been a ma jo r f o r ce in Amer ican entomology fo r eighty-seven y e a r s , and al l those i n t e r e s t ed $$ in the h i s tory of ou r subjec t will l amen t its absence. We g hope tha t the Society will soon r e susc i t a t e the Bulletin, $ .... and continue a t radi t ion tha t should not be allowed to end. 3:

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C a r l W. Schaefer

Department of Biology, Brooklyn College Brooklyn, New York, 11210'

There has been much recent i n t e r e s t in the comparative morphology of the Heteroptera. This work has emphasized the land bugs, o r Geocor isae , and has been concerned with working out the relat ionships and taxonomic placement of the higher ca tegor ies (categories above the genus), and with the phylogenetic l ines and sequences of these higher categories. The geocorisine groups with which I have been mos t concerned a r e in the closely related superfami l ies Lygaeoidea, Py r rho - coroidea , and Coreoidea (see Schaefer , 1964 , for a discussion of the relat ionships among these groups). Another superfamily, the Penta- tomoidea, i s l e s s closely related. All four of these superfamilies have aro l ia and pseudarolia, and all four have tr ichobothria. Because they possess this l a s t cha rac t e r in common, the four a r e grouped together under the name Heteroptera Trichophora (Tullgren, 1918) , a n a m e of no nomenclatorial standing but never the less convenient.

Trichobothria a r e long h a i r s a r i s ing f r o m often darkened sockets on the relat ively bald abdominal venter . They a r e usually ea sy to distinguish f rom other h a i r s , because they a r e longer, have a darkened base , and a r e a r ranged symmetr ica l ly in a distinctive pa t te rn on each segment.

These pa t te rns and the number of t r ichobothria in them a r e charac- te r i s t ic of the higher ca tegor ies of the Trichophora. Since the t r i - chophoran fami l ies a r e closely re la ted , and s ince this c lose relat ion- ship has been established on evidence f rom other morphological fea tures than tr ichobothria, one might look for phylogenetic significance in the variety of pat terns. However, very l i t t le i s known about the function and phylogenetic origin of t r ichobothria. I shall speculate he re on their function and their phylogenetic significance, but more must be learned about t r ichobothria before speculation becomes knowledge.

The ventral position of t r ichobothria supports the idea that they a r e tact i le , telling the insect something about the subs t ra te over which i t i s moving. Another possibility i s that they aid in flight, by detecting changes in the force and direct ion of a i r cu r r en t s . However, many of their pos ses so r s fly only r a r e l y and clumsily; o the r s do not fly at a l l , and there i s no corre la t ion between presence of t r ichobothria and brachyptery, a s t he re i s , for example, between the absence of ocelli and brachyptery.

*A shorter version of this paper was readat the annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America, December, 1965.

--

' ~ r e s e n t address: Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Connecticut. Storrs, Connecticut


Severa l people, most recently Leston and Pr ingle (1964), have suggested that t r ichobothria a r e sound-receptors. Some objections can be ra ised to this idea , but they may not be valid. One objection i s that all members of the Trichophora have tr ichobothria, although somet imes few in number ; yet only in relat ively few tr ichophorans have sound-producing s t ruc tu re s been discovered. There a r e two possible answers to this objection. F i r s t , s t r idula tory devices have been found in many het- e rop te rans here tofore thought to lack them. Second, the sounds may be produced not by special mechanisms but by the impact of some p a r t of the body against the subs t ra te (Haskell , 1961). This l a t t e r method might explain why tr ichobothria a r e ventral . If they were designed to receive a i rborne sounds, one would expect them to be dorsa l , part icularly in these r a r e l y flying insec ts .

Another objection to the idea that t r ichobothria a r e sound-receptors i s the presence of s tr idulatory devices in heteropterans lacking t r i - chobothria (non-trichophorans). This objection too i s not wholly valid. Some of the Aradidae and Reduvioidea have str idulatory devices and appear to lack trichobothria. However, t r ichobothria have been found by Stys (1964, in epist . ) in some reduviids, and tr ichobothria will pe r - haps be found in o thers . Moreover , i t is possible that various s e t ae , not externally modified to appear a s tr ichobothria, may function a s sound-receptors. There i s no doubt that a g rea t many land Heteroptera produce sounds, but a s f a r a s I a m aware no "hearing" mechanism has been discovered, unless i t be the tr ichobothria.

Leston and Pringle (1964) hypothesize that t r ichobothria rece ive species-specif ic sounds and thereby prevent hybridization of closely re la ted species. This s e e m s unlikely a s the so le purpose of these sounds and the i r reception, fo r t r ichobothria a r e found in immatu re a s well a s adult t r ichophorans. Nevertheless, I know of no immatu re t e r - r e s t r i a l t r ichophoran that produces sound, and indeed many sound- producing s t ruc tu re s a r e associated with adult fea tures (like wings); pe rhaps , then, t r ichobothria s e r v e different functions in nymphs and adults. If s o , adult sound might well have a court ing function and s e r v e also a s an isolating device.

Whatever their function--and sound-reception s e e m s the most likely one--the symmet r i ca l a r rangement of t r ichobothria i s certainly of functional significance. The symmet ry implies directionality. I t imp l i e s , that i s , an ability of the insec t to tel l the direct ion f r o m which the s t imulus i s arr iving. This of cou r se would be highly useful in sound reception; i t would be neces sa ry fo r detecting a i r cu r r en t s ; and the symmet ry would even be useful if t r ichobothria a r e devices f o r the exploration, of the subs t r a t e , s ince i t would allow bet te r judging of gradients of humidity, chemicals , etc. This at tr ibute of directionality does not distinguish between possible functions.

Closely control led behavioral and electrophysiological exper iments a r e needed before one can do m o r e than speculate on the function(s) of t r ichobothria.


The pa t te rns of t r ichobothria on the abdominal venter a r e quite con- s tan t a t the higher taxonomic levels . The Pentatomoidea (Figs. 7-8) have two tr ichobothria la te ra l ly on s t e r n a th ree through seven. In mem- b e r s of the lygaeoid-pyrrhocoroid-coreoid complex (Figs. 1-4), t he re a r e usually three tr ichobothria on segments t h r ee through s ix , and two on the seventh. In addition, the c lu s t e r s on segments t h r ee and four a r e medial , while the remainder a r e l a t e r a l , near the sp i rac le . The important differences in member s of this complex a r e in the ar rangement of t r ichobothria, and the ar rangement of the c lu s t e r s relat ive to the sp i rac le . (Spiracles a r e usually ventral in the Trichophora. Occa- sionally some a r e do r sa l , a s in the Slaterel l inae, but the phylogenetic significance of this i s not c lear . )

F igure 5 shows the tr ichobothrial pat tern of Idiostolus. This and the genus TYisecus were placed in a separa te subfamily (Idiostolinae) of the Lygaeidae by Scudder in 1962; in 1964 Stys r a i s ed them to a superfamily, pr imar i ly on the bas i s of the i r t r ichobothrial numbers and pat- t e rns . In a recently completed morphological study, I have taken a

middle view and have placed the two genera in a family, Idiostolidae, in the superfamily Lygaeoidea (Schaefer , 1966). Idiostolus shows some very advanced morphological fea tures and some very general ized (or primit ive) ones , among which i s the tr ichobothrial number.

All t r ichophorans with fewer than the usual number of t r ichobothria a r e advanced with respect to many o ther morphological cha rac t e r s . It i s reasonable, then, if f a r f rom conclusive, that the l a r g e number of

I ) C O R E I D A E 2 I m o l l LYGAEIDAE 3 ) LARGIDAE 4 PYRRHOCORIDAE

5 ) IDIOSTOLIDAE 6 1 SLATERELLINAE i ' ) THAUMASTELLIDAE B PENTATOMIDAE

Figures 1-8. Trichobothrial patterns of .representative Heteroptera Trichophora. The diagrams (adopted from Scudder, 1963) represent the left side of abdominal sterna 11 through VII. The left-hand border of each diagram represents the ventral midline of the abdomen. The diagrams a r e not to scale. Symbols: x =trichobothrium: o= spiracle


Idiostolus t r i chobothr ia i s p r imi t ive . Another indication tha t th i s l a r g e number is p r im i t i ve i s the plast ici ty of position of s e v e r a l of the t r ichobothria . In the l a r g e c l u s t e r s of s egmen t s t h r e e and four the a r r ange - ment was ex t r eme ly va r i ab l e in my spec imens , and occasional ly a t r ichobothr ium was even miss ing . I emphas ize the absence of direct proof tha t th i s l a r g e number is a pr imi t ive c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , but t h e r e is no evidence, d i r ec t o r i nd i r ec t , that i t i s not.

Although i t appea r s tha t many o ther t r ichophoran pa t t e rn s could b e der ived f r o m the idiostol id pa t te rn by el iminat ing se lec ted t r icho- bo thr ia , the Idiostolus t r i chobothr ia l a r r angemen t on the fifth s t e rnum cannot be d i rec t ly ance s t r a l to any o ther . T h e r e a r e only two t r icho- bo thr ia on the fifth s t e rnum of Idiostolus and t h r e e in m o s t o ther mem- b e r s of the lygaeoid-pyrrhocoroid-coreoid complex.

Idiostolus may be advanced with r e s p e c t t o th i s cha r ac t e r on the fifth s t e r n u m , and pr imi t ive e l sewhere . This s e e m s unlikely. If the Idiostolus pa t t e rn does r e s e m b l e that of the p r e sumed common ances to r of the complex , a th i rd l a t e r a l t r i chobothr ium may have been developed in e i t he r of two ways. An exist ing s e t a may have been modified to a t r ichobothr ium, o r a media l t r i chobothr ium may have been shif ted la te ra l ly . Such a media l t r i chobothr ium would have been homologous to one of the two found i n Idiostolus but now absen t e l s ewhe re i n the complex. The variabi l i ty of t r i chobothr ia l posi t ion in Idiostolus ind ica tes tha t such a shif t might have o c c u r r e d before these posi t ions became "fixed." Also, o the r migra t ions of a t r i chobothr ium and p a r t of t he fifth s t e r n u m occu r normal ly in the Lethaeini (Lygaeidae) and a t l e a s t once anomalously in the co r e id Amsa tristis De G e e r (Schaefer , in p r e s s ) .

In one s m a l l group of the lygaeoid-pyrrhocoroid-coreid complex the f i f th -s te rna l pa t te rn r e s e m b l e s the idiostol id pat tern. Member s of t he lygaeid subfamily S la te re l l inae have two l a t e r a l t r i chobothr ia and no median ones on the fifth s t e r n u m (Fig. 6). However, the number of t r i chobothr ia on the o the r s egmen t s is a l so much reduced. If th i s r e - duction of t r i chobothr ia on the fifth s t e r n u m in t h e S la te re l l inae i s advanced ( a s I have suggested above i t i s ) , and if the reduct ion in the Idiostol idae i s p r imi t ive ( a s I bel ieve it i s ) , the s im i l a r i t y between the two pa t t e rn s on the fifth s t e r n u m is not phylogenetically significant.

I t s e e m s c l e a r , then , tha t the idiostol id t r ichobothr ia l pa t te rn , a l- though cer ta in ly pr imi t ive , is not di rec t ly ance s t r a l to any exist ing pat tern. At l e a s t one i n t e rmed ia t e f o r m m u s t be postulated to provide evidence f o r a l a t e r a l migra t ion of one of the two median t r ichobothr ia on s t e r n u m five. But the idiostol id pa t te rn ve ry probably comes the c l o s e s t to r ep r e sen t i ng tha t of the t r ichophoran ances tor . Much o the r evidence sugges ts s t rongly that tha t ance s to r was lygaeid-l ike (Schaefer , 1964); and i t is signif icant t ha t t he gene ra l morphology of the Idiostol idae i s ve ry s i m i l a r t o tha t of the Lygaeidae (Schaefer , 1966).

The o the r group of the He t e rop t e r a T r i chopho ra i s t he Pentatomoidea.

The o r i g in s , re la t ionsh ips , and phylogeny of the m a j o r groups i n th i s super fami ly a r e very poorly known. The pentatomoid t r ichobothr ia l


pat te rns a r e more advanced than most of those in the lygaeoid- pyrrhocoroid-coreoid complexes , a s there a r e no more than two tr ichobothr ia p e r segment. This i s t r ue even of the mos t pr imi t ive groups , the Thaumastel l idae (Stys, 1964) and (probably) the Garsaur i inae (Cydnid,ae). These two tr ichobothria a r e a r ranged in various ways-- t r ansve r se , oblique, longitudinal--and they may b e a r varying relat ionsh ips to the sp i rac le . The thaumastel l id pa t te rn (Fig. 7) may well be the pr imi t ive one, and that of the Pentatomidae (Fig. 8) the m o r e advanced. Ruckes (1962) has descr ibed these pa t te rns , and, f rom his descr ip t ions , i t may be possible to work out some genera l evolutionary trends. I sha l l do th is soon a s par tof a genera l study of the morphology and relat ionships of the Pentatomoidea.

Fu r the r s tudies of the relat ionships between the major tr ichophoran groups will contribute much to a be t te r understanding of the origin and evolution of t r ichobothria. But a knowledge of s t ruc tu re i s not enough, and, a s I have sa id , final understanding awaits experimental evidence for t r ichobothrial function.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank Drs . M. H. Sweet (Texas A&M Universi ty, College Station) and D. E. Leonard (Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven) fo r suggesting improvements in this paper and for frui tful con- versa t ions on the ideas in i t . I thank Dr . Sweet fur ther fo r providing some papers unavailable to me.

Finally, I am grateful to my wife,StephaniSchaefer , for the d iagrams.

LITERATURE CITED

Haskell , P.T. 1961. Insec t Sounds. Chicago. Les ton , D. and J.W.S. Pr ingle 1964. Acoustical behaviourof Hemiptera.

Acoustic Behaviour of Animals (R.-G. Busnel , ed.) Pp. 392-411, 798-799.

Ruckes, H. 1961 (1962). The diagnostic value of t r ichobothria in penta- tomid taxonomy. Verh. XI. Internat. Kongr.Entomo1. (Wien) 1:35-37.

Schaefer , C. W. 1964. The morphology and higher classif icat ion of the Coreoidea (Hemiptera-Heteroptera): P a r t s I and 11. Ann.Entomo1. Soc. Amer . 57:670-684.

1966. The morphology and higher sys temat ics of the Idiostolinae (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer.

I 59:602-613. An abdominal anomaly in a core id (Hemiptera: Heter -

op t e ra ) , with some phylogenetic notes. Bull. Brookl. Entomol. Soc., in p r e s s .

1 Scudder, G.G.E. 1962. Results of the Royal Society Expedition to South- e r n Chile, 1958-59; Lygaeidae (Hemiptera) , with the descript ion of a new subfamily. Can. Entomol. 94:1064-1075.

90 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST Vol, 1, No. 3

1963. Adult abdominal c h a r a c t e r s in the lygaeoid- coreoid complex of the Heteroptera , and the classif icat ion of the group. Can. J. Zool. 41:l-14.

S tys , P. 1964. Thaumastel l idae -- a newfamily of pentatomoid Heterop- t e r a . Acta Soc. Entomol. Cechoslov. 61:236-253.

Tullgren, A. 1918. Zur Morphologie und Systematik d e r Hemiptera. I. Ueber das Vorkommen von s.g. Trichobothrien bei Hemiptera- Heteroptera und i h r e mutmass l iche Bedeutung fiir da s Heteropter- ensys tem. Entomol. T idskr . 39:113-133.

ANOTHER RECORD OF WlLLlAMSONlA FLETCHER1 IN MICHIGAN

(ODONATA: CORDULIIDAE)

David F. Foley

414 State S t r ee t T r a v e r s e City, Michigan, 49684

Williamsonia fletchevi Williamson was f i r s t taken in the United S ta tes in the upper peninsula of Michigan n e a r Manistique, Schoolcraft County (Gloyd, 1932). On June 4, 1966, I col lected two ma le s of th i s r a r e spec ies a t Island Lake , a s m a l l lake heavily overgrown with jack pine and poplar in southeastern Grand T r a v e r s e County. The spec imens were identified by Mrs . Leonora Gloyd of the University of Michigan.

This i s the f i r s t r e p o r t of th i s spec ies f r o m the lower peninsula of Michigan, and the second for the United States.

LITERATURE CITED

Gloyd, Leonora K. 1932. Fou r new dragonfly r e c o r d s for the United States. Entomol. News 43: 189-190.


A NEW SPECIES OF THRAULODES FROM NEW MEXICO

(EPHEMEROPTERA: LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE)

Richard W. Koss

Dept. of Entomology, Michigan State Universi ty E a s t Lansing, Michigan 48823

While working on the Ephemeroptera collection in the Entomology Museum at Michigan State Universi ty, the author c a m e upon a single specimen of Thraulodes which appeared to be a new species. Although i t i s only in f a i r condition (the preserv ing fluid having dissipated under field conditions), the co lo r s a r e well p r e se rved and very distinctive. The spec imen was sent to Dr . Jay R. T r a v e r , University of Massachu- s e t t s , who confirmed suspicions that the spec imen was new. I have been informed by Dr . T r a v e r that she and Dr. George F. Edmunds Jr. a r e presently engaged in a revisionary study of the genus for North and South Amer ica , and i t should be in p r e s s short ly.

THRAUL ODES BRUNNE US sp. nov. (Figs. 1-3)

MALE IMAGO. Size. Body 8 1/2mm.; forewing 9 mm. Head. Blackish brown with l a rge pale a r e a s mesad to bases of

antennae; frontal margin of head hyaline. Antennae light brown; lower eyes black, upper eyes red-brown.

Thorax. Overall light brown, excepting pronotum black on anter ior and l a t e r a l margins , and with a distinct full-length, median black s t r ipe ; meso- and metanota light yellow-brown, apex of scutel lum dark brown; propleura almost completely blackened by a mark extending f rom base of forewing to forecoxa. Black markings almost completely encircl ing mesocoxal cavity, p r e sen t dorsal ly at metacoxal cavity, and also extending between the two cavit ies. P ros t e rnum purplish; meso- and metas terna light yellow-brown.

Legs. F i r s t and third pa i r s missing beyond the t rochanters . All coxae light brown with black markings ; pro t rochanters da rk brown, meso- and meta t rochanters pale. Basa l two-thirds of mesofemur pale, apical th i rd with a reddish brown band, the proximal margin of which i s not darkened. Mesotibia and t a r sus pa le , claws and apical half of distal t a r s a l segment reddish brown a s in T. speciosus.

Wings. (Fig. 1) . Hyaline. Forewing with longitudinal veins pale brown, c ros sve ins and base of fork of MA d a r k e r brown. Basa l c r o s s - veins in cos ta l and subcostal spaces , and in following spaces in basa l half of wing d isc da rkes t ; most of these crossveins also margined with

9 2 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 1, No. 3

Fig. 1 , r ight forewing of Thraulodes bncnneus,holotype.

. - brown. Humera l c rossvein , base of R, , and bullae on subcosta ana on second radia l a r e surrounded by a smoky cloud. Stigmatic a r e a white, c ros sve ins slanting and slightly anastomosed (more s o in left wing than in r ight) . The second anal vein of the r ight wing forked. Basa l third of hindwing with crossveins and longitudinal veins pale brown; apical two- th i rds with al l veins hyaline. Humera l c rossvein and portion of sub- cos t a surrounding i t s point of at tachment a r e dark blackish brown.

.Abdomen. (Figs. 2 , 3 ) . Tergi tes 1-3 dark chocolate brown; te rg i te 2 with t h ree sma l l hyaline a r e a s on anter ior margin , and te rg i te 3 with two s m a l l hyaline a r e a s on the anter ior margin. Tergi tes 4-6 hyaline, each with l a rge dark chocolate brown pos tero la tera l t r iangles connected pos ter ior ly by a nar row band of the s a m e c o l o r . Tergi tes 7-10 a l ighter red-brown, with pos ter ior margin on te rg i te 10 white, and antero-

l a t e r a l c o r n e r s of segment 7 hyaline. All te rg i tes black on pos ter ior margins .

S tern i te 1 light chocolate brown, s t e rn i t e s 2 and 3 dark chocolate brown. S tern i tes 4-6 dark chocolate brown on pos ter ior three-fourths to four-fifths; the na r row anter ior portionhyaline. Sternites 7-9 reddish brown a s in their respect ive te rg i tes . Black pos ter ior marginal coloration fades medially on al l s te rn i tes .

Genitalia. Terminal two segments of forceps missing. Forceps base ve ry pale brown. Basa l segment of forceps ventral ly with apical th i rd , and dorsal ly with apical two-thirds dark smoky; basa l portion white. Penes s imi l a r to those of T. spec iosus and T. arizonicus.

Caudal Filaments. Absent.

FEMALE. Unknown

- -

Figs. 2-7, do r sa l (even numbers) and l a t e r a l (odd numbers) abdominal color pa t te rns . Figs. 2 and 3, T. bmnneus, holotype ( terminal two segments of fo rceps missing); Figs. 4 and 5 , T. speciosus; Figs. 6 and 7, T. arizonicus.

94 THE MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 1, No. 3 Holotype. --Male imago. Collected by R. E. Tuck in Grant Co., New

Mexico, 14 mi l e s north of Silver City, 7 July 1961. Deposited in the Entomology Museum, University of Utah.

Diagnosis. The abdominal color pat tern of Thvaulodes bmnneus i s quite dist inct f rom that of Thvaulodes speciosus descr ibed by Trave r (1934; Figs. 4, 5) and Thvaulodes avizonicus descr ibed by McDunnough (1942; Figs. 6 , 7) , the only o ther North Amer ican Thvaulodesknown at the present t ime . The a lmost completely darkened venter and the l a rge pos tero- la tera l da rk t r iangles on te rg i tes 4-6 a r e sufficient to s epa ra t e T. bmnneus f r o m the o ther two spec i e s , both of which have very light venters and much sma l l e r t r iangles. Also, the darkened th i rd tergi te s e r v e s to s epa ra t e T. bmnneus f r o m T. speciosus; and the darkened second and th i rd te rg i tes s epa ra t e T. bmnneus f rom T. avizonicus (the respect ive te rg i tes a r e mostly hyaline in T. speciosusandT. arizonicus). Abdominal segments 7-10 a r e much l ike those of T, speciosus, lacking the c r eamy colors found in T. avizonicus. The new species , therefore , i s named T. bmnneus because of i t s da rk brown coloration. Although the penes a r e of the s a m e type found in the o ther two spec i e s , the forceps a r e dist inct ive in having the apical one to two-thirds of the

basa l segment quite darkened. Color pa t te rns about the thorax will also aid in distinguishing the spec ies .

The wing of T. bmnneus, l ike that of T. speciosus, differs f r o m T. avizonicus by the presence of margined crossveins . The wing venation of T. bmnneus i s also more like that of T. speciosus than T. avizonicus.

Morphologically, T. bmnneus i s more like T. speciosus than T. avizonicus, and th is para l le l s the i r geographic distribution. The only known locality for T. speciosus i s in the Chiracahua Mountains, Arizona, about 75 mi les southwest of the T. bmnneus s i t e , while the only known locality fo r T. avizonicus i s near Flagstaff , Arizona, some 250 mi les northwest of the T. brunneus s i te .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I a m grea t ly indebted to Dr . Jay R. T r a v e r , who has given m e much help and inspirat ion e v e r s ince I became in teres ted in the Ephemerop- t e r a . H e r help and cr i t ica l reading of the manuscr ip t a r e very much appreciated.

I thank the following individuals for load of spec imens under the i r c a r e , a s indicated: V. K. Mayo (T , ~peciosus, personal collection), L. L. Pechuman (T . speciosus, types , Cornell Universi ty) , and J. E. H. Mart in ( T. arizonicus, types, Canadian National Collection).

I also wish to thank Richard J. Snider for his excellent abdominal drawings and help i n a r rangement and preparat ion of the plate, and Julian P . Donahue for reading the manuscript .

LITERATURE CITED

McDunnough, J. 1942. An apparently new Thvaulodes f rom Arizona (Ephemerida). Can. Entomol. 74:117.

T r a v e r , J. R. 1934. New North American spec ies of mayfl ies (Ephe- merida). El i sha Mitchell Sci. Soc. Jour. 50: 189-254, 16 plates.


THE BEHAVIOR OF ATLANTICUS TESTACEUS (ORTHOPTERA:

S. K. Gangwere

Department of Biology, Wayne State University

Severa l r epo r t s dea l in p a r t with the sys t ema t i c s , distr ibution, o r habits of one o r another of the shield-backedkatydids of the orthopteran genus Atlanticus. Included a r e Blatchley (1920), C ant ra l l (1943), C audell (1907), Davis (1893), Hebard (1934), McNeill (1891), Rehn and Hebard (1916), and Scudder (1894). One spec ies of the genus, A. testaceus (Scudder), i s found commonly throughout Michigan and has interest ing habits. As the spec ies ' feeding behavior was poorly understood, the author undertook an investigation dealing with that subject. The r e su l t s a r e in p re s s . During the cou r se of that study much information was obtained on cer ta in non-feeding aspects of the spec ies ' behavior. Findings with r e spec t to the l a t t e r a r e given below.

The pro jec t was c a r r i e d out during the 1958-1961 field seasons a t the University of Michigan's Edwin S. George Rese rve , a biological p re se rve nea r the village of Pinckney, Livingston County, Michigan. The genera l a r e a i s descr ibed in detail in Cant ra l l ' s excellent r epo r t on the Reserve ' s Or thoptera (1943) and in l e s s detai l in the author 's monograph on food select ion i n Orthoptera (1961). The specific s i t e s of study, Southwest Field and Southwest Woods, a r e descr ibed in Gang- were (1965) and Gangwere (in p r e s s ) , respectively. The l a t t e r two r e - po r t s may also be consulted fo r information on the techniques used during the study.

DAILY AC TIVITIES

Nymphs. The behavior of Athnticus testaceus va r i e s with age, t ime of day, and other fac tors . The juveniles a r e geophilous and always in c lose associat ion with d r y leaf l i t te r . Thei r daily r eg ime i s a s follows. They spend much t ime in the shade of fallen leaves , motionless, the i r antennae somet imes twirling. Occasionally they walk br i sk ly a sho r t distance (twirling the i r antennae and using their palpi a s they move), o r they hop r a the r than walk. Then they pause fo r a t ime but eventually r e sume the i r infrequent movements until they find themselves in a clump of vegetation, where they a r e likely to r e s t f o r a more pro t rac ted

'contribution No. 147 from the Department of Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202.

'~esearch supported by awards from the AmericanPhilosophicalSociety (Grant No. 2408, Penrose Fund, 1958, and No. 242, Johnson Fund, 1959), the National Academy of Sciences (Bache Fund, 1959). and the Graduate School of Wayne State University (1958).


period. Always they remain alert . If they encounter suitable food and a r e hungry, they ea t for a period of t ime usually l e s s than 15 minutes. The above pattern of alternate activity and inactivity i s character is t ic of their daytime period. Toward dusk, the nymphs gradually accelerate their activities until movement i s maximal and almost constant during ear ly evening, but always the young animals remain near the ground. Finally, in ear ly morning (2:OO A. M. o r la ter ) , they become completely inactive, not to resume movement until late the following morning.

Adults and Last-Stage Nymphs. The behavior of adults i s s imi lar to that of young juveniles, except that they a r e slower in their movements. undergo a nocturnal ascent of the vegetation, and have certain activ- i t ies peculiar to the sexually mature. Adults, like juveniles, have a periodicity best described as incompletely nocturnal (Gangwere, 1958); they a r e most active at night but alsomove significantly during the day, especially under cloudy conditions. They spend the daylight hours hiding beneath leaves and debr is , often a t the base of shrubs o r stout herbs and only occasionally move over the surfaces of the leaves. (Caged animals perch on the sides of their container unless crumpled paper o r dried leaves a r e placed on the cage floor, in which case they, too, hide during the day.) By late morning (approximately 10:OO-11:OO A. M.) the adults exhibit a slight, temporary increase in movement and perhaps engage in light feeding and stridulation, always followed by resumption of inactivity. Toward late afternoon (3:OO-5:00 P. M.), the males (still clustered on the ground near the bases of plants) begin a period of more accelerated stridulation. Then at dusk the last-stage nymphs and adults of both sexes become phytophilous; they climb the vegetation and perch horizontally atop leaves o r branches o r vertically on s t ems , from which position the males begin intensive and practically uninterrupted stridulation for the r e s t of the evening. They stop str idul- ating occasionally, move a shor t distance to the next higher position from which they resume calling, until eventually they reach the top of the plant (sometimes a height up to 10 o r 15 feet from the ground). The males call f rom various positions on a limited number of plants, while the females move about f rom plant to plant, occasionally stopping to r e s t o r eat. Females that climb plants holding perching males may mate. After midnight both sexes become increasingly inactive (though they remain a ler t and their antennae continue to twirl) , and calling becomes depressed. Descent from the vegetation i s initiated by 2:OO o r 3:00 A. M., i s most marked about 4:00 A. M., and i s completed before dawn, when the animals come to r e s t on the ground and under leaf l i t ter . The cycle begins anew the next day.

The stridulation of Atlanticus testaceus has been described in the l i te ra ture (Cantrall , 1943, Davis, 1893, e t al.), so i t s general character i s well known. Other aspects of the stridulation and associated behavior a r e not a s well known. The pitch of the call i s al tered under cool conditions and becomes a shor t , sputtery creak r a the r than i t s usual zzzzp-zzzzp-zzzzp-zzzzp expressed again and again. It appears


that m o r e than one kind of ca l l c h a r a c t e r i z e s the spec ies . T h e r e may possibly b e a d i s t inc t mating sound, f o r a ma tu r e female approaching a cal l ing male may e l ic i t a change in h i s even t r i l l to a s l ower , i n t e r - rup ted c l a t t e r . T h e r e is some t imes an a l a r m ca l l . Atlanticus m a l e s , when picked up o r o therwise d i s t rubed , s o m e t i m e s e m i t a s ing le loud zik, often in assoc ia t ion with e scape behavior . These Atlanticus perched on vegetat ion e i t he r dodge behind a l ea f o r s t e m o r e l s e leap to the ground where they hide. Those an imals on the ground leap violently s e v e r a l t imes until they loca te a hiding p lace , where they c rouch motionlessly. If prodded, they c rouch m o r e deeply on t he i r flexed hind l eg s and make ready to leap. They b i te viciously if given the opportuni ty, bu t a r e not able to b r eak the human skin.

P E RIODISM

In southern Michigan Atlanticus testaceus is nymphal i n e a r l y sp r i ng and ma tu re s during la te spr ing and e a r l y s u m m e r . Within a week o r two af te r the onse t of matura t ion in the population, peak n u m b e r s of adults a r e encountered , and the ma le s begin to s t r idu la te . Toward la te s u m m e r and fal l the i n sec t s gradual ly decl ine i n number s until the killing f r o s t s , when they d isappear en t i re ly . On the Rese rve the author ha s taken nymphs a s e a r l y a s Apri l 8; the f i r s t adults a s e a r l y a s June 4; and the l a s t adults in f a l l a s l a t e a s October 26.

HABITAT OCCUPANCY

T h e r e i s unanimity in the l i t e r a tu r e that Atlanticus testaceus is a woodland spec i e s o r a t l e a s t is c lose ly assoc ia ted with woodland. Blatch- l ey ' s s t a t emen t (1920) that it "frequents f o r the mos t p a r t d ry open woodland, thinly wooded rocky s l opes , and b o r d e r s of thickets" is r ep re sen t a t i ve of accounts given i n the o lder l i t e r a tu r e . Cant ra l l (1943) ref ined these observa t ions with r e s p e c t to the Atlanticus of the George Rese rve but concu r r ed in h i s emphas i s on the i n sec t ' s de- pendence on woodland conditions. He noted tha t e a r l y juveniles a r e near ly always located in sunny spo t s in r a t h e r open fo r e s t , o lder nymphs in woodland and in f ield ma rg in s se ldom m o r e than twenty ya rd s f r o m woodland, and adults in woodland including even shady f o r e s t s i tuat ions. He concluded that , with matur i ty , those katydids that s t r a y f r o m the i r woodland habitat ions promptly die o r make r e t u r n migra t ions to the m o r e favorab le woodland environment .

Resu l t s of the p r e s e n t s tudy sugges t the need for a different i n t e r - pretat ion of the spec ies ' habi tat occupancy (a t l e a s t with r e s p e c t to the George Reserve) . Young nymphs i n Southwest F ie ld and Southwest Woods a r e c lose ly local ized i n the field-wood ecotone and in an exten- s ion of this ecotone, the mouth of a road leading into Southwest Woods. (A s i m i l a r dis tr ibut ion is noted i n o ther a r e a s of the Reserve . ) The young katydids f requent sunny p laces where t h e r e is s p a r s e vegetat ion, b a r e ground, and d r y leaf l i t t e r . At this s tage they a r e not found in


Southwest Woods, i n i t s "oak openings" (open p l a c e s where the sun- l ight s h i n e s through onto the leaf l i t t e r ) , i n the uplands of Southwest F i e l d , o r in the field d e p r e s s i o n s . O l d e r n y m p h s and adul t s , in c o n t r a s t , wander . They m a y be found i n the ecotone but a l s o a r e encounte red throughout the f ie ld and, to a l e s s e r ex ten t , within the woods, t h e o r c h a r d , and even i n neighboring Southwest M a r s h (where they cannot l ive f o r long). Toward l a t e s u m m e r the adu l t s a r e m o s t c o m m o n i n t h e f i e ld , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n i t s d e p r e s s i o n s , though s o m e c a n b e h e a r d ca l l ing f r o m within the woods and o r c h a r d .

T h i s f luctuat ing hab i ta t occupancy is a consequence of t h e s p e c i e s ' changing needs a t d i f fe ren t t i m e s d u r i n g the l i fe cyc le . B a s e d on d a t a of t h i s invest igat ion (viz., o c c u r r e n c e of the youngest nymphs and a s i n g l e oviposi t ion r e c o r d i n n a t u r e ) , the Atlanticus of Southwest F ie ld and Southwest Woods ov ipos i t i n the ecotone. (If they do s o e l s e w h e r e , i t is doubtful tha t t h e e g g s hatch.) Once ha tched , the young nymphs find the ecotone a su i tab le habi tat ion w h e r e the r e q u i s i t e sunl ight , s p a r s e vegetat ion, and d r y lea f l i t t e r a r e provided. They a r e l i m i t e d to the ecotone a t t h i s s t a g e , f o r they cannot long s u r v i v e the r i g o r s of e i t h e r open f ie ld condit ions (where t h e r e is no leaf l i t t e r o r o t h e r p ro tec t ive d e b r i s ) o r shady woodland condit ions (where t h e r e i s leaf l i t t e r but no sunl ight) . They a r e poss ib ly able to e x i s t i n "oak openings7 ' of the woods, bu t th i s d i s t r ibu t ion involves d e p a r t u r e f r o m t h e m o r e op t imal condit ions of the ecotone and t r a v e l through the shady woods. As the nymphs approach m a t u r i t y , they b e c o m e l e s s dependent on pro tec t ion afforded by leaf l i t t e r and c a n m i g r a t e to s p a c e t h e m s e l v e s ( t e r r i t o r i - a l i ty?) o r to s e e k m a t e s on perch ing s i t e s . They need not r e t u r n to the ecotone p r o p e r e x c e p t to oviposi t .

What explains the d i s p a r i t y between t h e s e r e s u l t s and those of Cant ra l l , obtained i n the s a m e g e n e r a l a r e a twenty y e a r s e a r l i e r ? The explana- t ion c a n be found i n the e f f e c t s of success ion . I t a p p e a r s tha t Atlanticus testaceus is r e a l l y an ecotonal--not a woods-dwell ing--species . In the l a t e 1930s , when C a n t r a l l s tudied the i n s e c t , the c h a r a c t e r of the f i e ld was s t i l l l a r g e l y d e t e r m i n e d by the cul t ivat ion and g r a z i n g p r a c - t i c e s to which i t had s o recen t ly been sub jec ted ; i t had p r o g r e s s e d l i t t l e beyond the s t a g e of open p a s t u r e . The woods, too, w e r e c o m p a r - a t ively open and s u b j e c t to thorough g r a z i n g by a l a r g e d e e r population tha t k e p t the undergrowth min imal ly developed. The field-wood ecotone was comple te ly lacking. The ex tens ive "oak openings" p r e s u m a b l y of fe red the only s i t e s f o r oviposi t ion by adul t f e m a l e s and occupat ion by newly hatched juveni les . Though t h e o l d e r nymphs and adul ts often m i g r a t e d , they w e r e obl iged to r e t u r n to the woods f o r oviposition and, above a l l , f o r perch ing . Both Southwest Woods and Southwest F ie ld w e r e , t h e r e f o r e , i n a s t a t e of s t r e s s , f r o m which they have now r e - covered . Today a d i s t inc t ecotone is developed f o r nymphal occupat ion and adul t perch ing and oviposition. F u r t h e r m o r e , many p a r t s of the f i e ld , now s o overgrown tha t they t h e m s e l v e s a r e a l m o s t eco tona l in n a t u r e , a l s o afford su i tab le perch ing s i t e s and habi tat ions f o r o l d e r nymphs and adul ts .


Such an hypothesis r equ i r e s demonstrat ion that the sluggish, flight- l e s s Atlanticus las t - s tage nymphs and adults a r e capable both of migrat ions of the magnitude d iscussed above and of res idence in one place ove r an extended period of t ime. Marking and recapture experiments were c a r r i e d out. A total of 231 adult Atlanticus were marked by daubing the pronotum with paint. Of these , 40 individuals were r e - captured one o r m o r e t imes. Maximal, average , and minimal d is tances that marked insec ts moved ove r a period of s eve ra l weeks were , r e - spectively, 550, 120, and 0.0 feet. All movements of individuals seemed random; no concerted migrat ions of major segments of the population f r o m one habitat to another were detected. The r e su l t s confirm the f ac t that individual animals can readily move throughout the two com- munit ies when the occasion demands o r , on the o ther hand, may r e m a i n associated with a single plant fo r many days a t a t ime.

The habitat select ion outlined above for Atlanticus testaceus in Southwest Field and Southwest Woods is not necessar i ly cha rac t e r i s t i c of the spec i e s a t o ther places i n i t s range , though i t could well be typical. According to Cant ra l l (personal communication), l a rge popu- lat ions of ny'mphs have been observed in other s t a t e s i n such p laces a s along a fence row separat ing pas tu re s of blue g r a s s and in open pas tu re s containing bramble . In such c a s e s some fac tor other than leaf l i t t e r mus t provide the protection needed by the young Atlanticus. The fence and the t a l l e r vegetation growing in i t s shade could be the fac tor i n the f i r s t example; numerous p i les of cow dung, eminently suitable fo r protect ion, could be the fac tor in the second.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Pro fe s so r I. J. Cant ra l l , Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor , Michigan, kindly r ead the manuscr ip t of the foregoing r e - port. P ro fe s so r A. M. Wenner, Depar tment of Biology, University of California at Santa B a r b a r a , and Mr. J. K. Hiltunen, U. S. F i sh and Wildlife Service , Ann Arbor , gave invaluable ass is tance during comple- tion of many of the observations and experiments. Mrs . Pa t r i c i a DeBlois , Department of Biology, Wayne State Universi ty, typed the f inal copy of the manuscript . To these persons the author i s indebted.

LITERATURE CITED

Blatchley, W. S. 1920. Orthoptera of nor theas tern Amer ica with especial re ference to the faunas of Indiana and Florida. Indianapolis.

Cantral l . I. J. 1943. The ecology of the Orthoptera and Dermap te ra of the George Rese rve , Michigan. Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool., Misc. Publ. 54.

Caudell, A. N. 1907. The Decticinae of North Amer ica . U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc . 32: 285-410.

100 THE MICHIGAN .ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 1, No. 3

D a v i s , W. T. 1893. T h e s o n g of Thyreonotus. Canad . E n t o m o l . 2 5 : 108-109.

G a n g w e r e , S. K. 1958. N o t e s o n t h e f e e d i n g p e r i o d i c i t y of v a r i o u s O r t h o p t e r a . P a p e r s M i c h i g a n Acad. Sci:,, A r t s , and L e t t e r s 43:

119-132. 1961. A m o n o g r a p h o n food s e l e c t i o n i n O r t h o p t e r a .

A m e r . E n t o m o l . Soc. , T r a n s . 87: 67-230. 1965. F o o d s e l e c t i o n i n t h e oed ipod ine g r a s s h o p p e r

Arphia sulphurea ( F a b r i c i u s ) . A m e r . Midl. Nat . 74: 67-75. ] T h e f e e d i n g b e h a v i o r of Atlanticus testaceus (Or thop-

t e r a : ~ e t t i ~ o n i i d a e ) , i n p r e s s . H e b a r d , M. 1934 . T h e D e r m a p t e r a and O r t h o p t e r a of I l l i no i s . Bu l l .

I l l i no i s Nat. H i s t . S u r v . 20: 125-279. McNei l l , J. 1891. A list of t h e O r t h o p t e r a of I l l i no i s . P s y c h e 6: 3 -9 ,

21-27, 62-66, 73-78. R e h n , J. A. G., and M. H e b a r d . 1916. A r e v i s i o n of t h e s p e c i e s of t h e

g e n u s Atlanticus. A m e r . E n t o m o l . Soc. , T r a n s . 42: 33-100. S c u d d e r , S. H. 1894. A p r e l i m i n a r y r e v i e w of t h e N o r t h A m e r i c a n

D e c t i c i d a e . Canad . E n t o m o l . 26: 177-184.


LAMINATING LEPIDOPTERA FOR EDUCATIONAL USE

Dar ry l Quidort

Rura l Route 1, St. Louis, Michigan 48880

A convenient method of teaching f a r m e r s , 4-H member s and students to recognize various spec i e s of Lepidoptera i s now being used in Michigan with wide success . In the p roces s , insec t wings a r e mounted on cardboard and sealed between l aye r s of c l e a r plastic. The result ing "laminations" have seve ra l advantages over pin-mounted Lepidoptera, and a r e admirably suited for any use that r equ i r e s constant handling. The finished mounts a r e impervious to museum pes t s , a r e dust-proof, may be cleaned with e a s e , and a r e eas i ly s tored in a loose-leaf binder. The plast ic i s flexible, thus danger of damage f rom bending i s slight.

Specimens chosen for the lamination p roces s should be typical ones , in f i r s t -c lass condition. The insec ts a r e mounted on pins, spread and dr ied in the normal fashion. A thin coat of c l ea r nail polish i s then applied to the undersides of the wings where the p r imar i e s overlap the secondar ies ; thus they a r e held together in the position in which they were mounted (Fig. 1). When the polish i s dry , each pa i r of wings i s gently seized nea r the thorax withentomologicalforceps, and severed f rom the body with a sl ight twisting motion.

Figures 1-4, steps in the process of laminating wings of Lepidoptera. Fig. 1, applying nail polish to glue fore- and hindwings together. Figure 2, affixing the wings to the card. Fig. 3, inserting the card in the laminating machine. Fig. 4, the finished product, in this case one of the many cards produced to illustrate economic pests. Photos by Julian P. Donahue.


The wings a r e now fixed to a shee t of light white cardboard which s e r v e s a s the cent ra l element in the laminated "sandwich" (Fig. 2). They may be held in place by a few drops of nail polish, and should be c lose together s o a s to s imula te a pin-mounted appearance. If de s i r ed , faint pencil l ines may be drawn on the cardboard to faci l i tate neat and symmet r i ca l mounting; these may be carefully e r a sed afterwards. The scientif ic and common names of the insec t a r e written in India ink below the spec imen, the p roces s i s repeated fo r each butterfly o r moth to be included, and the mount i s ready fo r laminating.

The procedure fo r th is final s tep depends upon the type of machine used. The mounts produced a t Michigan State Universi ty for 4-H use and pes t identification a r e processed in an Apeco "Ply-on" laminator. The cardboard shee t containing the spec imens i s inser ted between two r o l l e r s a t the f ront (Fig. 3) and the finished mount appears shor t ly behind. After t r imming with a pa i r of s h e a r s , the lamination i s r e a d y f o r use (Fig. 4).

Laminations a r e not designed to replace the standard method of mounting and storing Lepidoptera, and i t should be r emembered that only a well-labeled collection of pinned insec ts h a s last ing scientific value. Nevertheless, plast ic mounts a r e very convenient and inexpen- s ive teaching aids (an 8 1/2" x 11" lamination cos ts approximately twenty cents ) and cer ta in ly o ther u s e s will be found for them; the method i s even now being adapted to the more f ragi le insec t o rde r s . Fu r the r information may be had f r o m the coordinator of the p rog ram, John H. Newman, Department of Entomology, MichiganState Universi ty, E a s t Lansing, Michigan 48823.

ERRATA, VOL. 1, NO. 2

We r e g r e t that s eve ra l e r r o r s appeared in ou r paper on Phvag- matobia. The additions and correc t ions a r e a s follows. P . 38, between PM and UMMZ, in se r t "ROM Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario (Glenn B. Wiggins and J.C.E. Riotte)." P. 46, l a s t l ine under Illinois, change "29" to "39"; the third spec imen, e r roneous ly r e f e r r ed to in the paper a s P. uiidiginosa, i s not designated a s a paratype. P . 46, l a s t l ine , add "Clarke , 21 May 1905, A. K. Wyatt, 19 (CNHM)"; th is sma l l spec imen was mistakenly l is ted a s P. fuliginosa on p. 52. P. 52, 4th l ine under Colorado, the Hayden Mts. specimen i s f rom Ouray Co. P . 52, l a s t l ine under Illinois, delete Peo r i a Co. record . P. 52, f i r s t line under Indiana, delete Clarke record . P . 73,fig. 36, delete southern- mos t c i r c l e in Illinois.

Julian P . Donahue and John H. Newman


COVER PHOTO: A NOTE ABOUT NETS

This i s s u e ' s cove r i l lus t ra t ion is t he f ron t i sp iece to an anonymous Engl i sh History of Insects, published a t London i n 1839. The top-hatted gentleman pursu ing the but terf ly is using a clap-net , s o ca l led because once the i n sec t was within the gauze bag , the ope ra to r "clapped" the f r a m e s toge ther , thus s ecu r ing h i s p rey .

The pecul ia r device was cons t ruc ted of two jointed r o d s , s i m i l a r in pr inc ip le to those used today f o r f ly-cast ing, not joined a t the t i p s but enc losed within the hem of a net. The c lap-ne t o r ig ina ted i n the seventeenth cen tury and was f i r s t used by "fowlers" o r m a r k e t hunters who u se d i t to t r a p sma l l b i rd s . I t was cer ta in ly applied to entomology before 1742, when the London a r t i s t Benjamin Wilkes mentioned i t s u se i n a b roadshee t of col lect ing d i rec t ions (Wilkinson, 1966).

Despi te the f a c t that the bag-net (the ance s to r of o u r modern fo rm) had been used on the Continent s i nce the seventeenth cen tu ry , the clap- ne t gained such populari ty in England tha t i t did not decl ine i n favor until a f t e r 1850. A photograph reproduced by F o r d (1963) shows tha t d ie -hard advoca tes of the clap-net we re s t i l l using it a t the end of the nineteenth century.

Among the a r t i c l e s of appara tus depicted i n the cove r i l lus t ra t ion is the s imp le water -ne t f o r col lect ing aquat ic i n s e c t s , and another device r e semb l ing a pa i r of s c i s s o r s with gauze-covered f r a m e s at tached to the t ips . This is the fo r ceps ne t , affectionately ca l led the "f lappers" by e a r l y entomologists . I t was used f o r taking i n sec t s f r o m foliage; the f r a m e s we re c losed upon the spec imen , which was then t ransf ixed with a pin i n se r t ed through the gauze. The fo r ceps net o r ig ina ted on the Continent , and was popular i n England a t l e a s t e ighty y e a r s before i t s i l lus t ra t ion i n History of Insects.

We do not know which of these n e t s was the f i r s t to be u sed in North Amer ica . The e a r l i e s t spec imens of Amer i can Lepidoptera ex tan t a r e those f r o m the col lect ion of J a m e s Pe t i ve r ; they a r e now housed in the B r i t i s h Museum (Natural His tory) , London. Some were s e n t to Pe t i ve r f r o m such loca l i t i es a s Massachuse t t s , Maryland and the Ca ro l i na s a s e a r l y a s the 1690s , and t he i r condition shows tha t s o m e s o r t of net may well have been used in t he i r c ap tu r e . Pe t i ve r s e n t ne t s to entomological inves t iga tors in Massachuse t t s and the West Ind ies a s e a r l y a s 1711; these we re f i t ted with a hoop o r hoops and thus we re not c lap-ne ts , bu t no m o r e de t a i l s a r e known. L a t e r co l l e c t o r s in eighteenth-century A m e r i c a used the clap-nets and "f lappers" furn ished by the London goldsmi th and entomologist D r u Dru ry . The f i r s t Amer i can i l lus t ra t ion of col lect ing ne ts s e e m s to be a l i thograph designed by Tit ian Ramsay P e a l e f o r a p rospec tus (1833) of h i s i l l - fated Lepidoptera Americana. The p la te is conveniently reproduced by P o e s c h (1961) and shows a bag- ne t and forceps .

Due t o i t s light weight and e a s e of opera t ion the bag-net is now a lmos t un iversa l ly u sed , but s o m e Hymenopter i s t s p r e f e r a mode rn adaptation


of the f o r c e p s , s t i l l manufac tured by s e v e r a l entomological suppl ie r s . We no longer s e e c o l l e c t o r s i n top h a t s , bu t the f o r c e p s n e t r e m a i n s to r e m i n d u s of an e a r l i e r e r a .

R. S. Wilkinson

LITERATURE CITED

--------------- . 1839. His to ry of i n s e c t s . London.

F o r d , R.L.E. 1963. P r a c t i c a l entomology. London. P e a l e , Ti t ian Ramsay . 1833. Lepidopte ra Amer icana . P r o s p e c t u s .

Phi ladelphia. P o e s c h , Jess ie . 1961. Ti t ian R a m s a y P e a l e , 1799-1885, a n d h i s journals

of the Wilkes expedition. Mem. A m e r . Phi l . Soc. 52. Wilkinson, Ronald S. 1966. English entomological methods i n t h e seven-

teenth and eighteenth cen tur ies . P a r t 11: Wilkes andDutf ield. Entomol. Rec. , i n p r e s s .

REVIEWS OF RECENT LITERATURE

INSECT BEHAVIOUR. Sympos ium no. 3 of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Ed. P . T. Haskel l . London: T h e Royal Entomological Society, 1966. v i i i , 113 pp. $6.35. ..

The s c i e n c e of zoology is expanding a t s u c h a r a t e tha t i t is difficult f o r even the re la t ive ly n a r r o w s p e c i a l i s t to keep up with the e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g l i t e r a t u r e on h i s sub jec t , and a l m o s t i m p o s s i b l e to a s s i m i - l a t e r e c e n t f indings i n the e n t i r e f ie ld of zoological r e s e a r c h . The in te rna t iona l c o n g r e s s e s of zoology and entomology have helped, con- s i d e r a b l y by faci l i ta t ing p e r s o n a l con tac t between w o r k e r s of different nat ional i t ies . On a m o r e m o d e s t s c a l e , the s y m p o s i a of the Royal Entomological Society of London have provided a useful m e a n s of br inging toge ther en tomologis t s i n an a t m o s p h e r e conducive to the f r e e exchange of i d e a s and information.

T h e p r e s e n t vo lume is an account of the p a p e r s given a t the sympos ium held on the 23rd-24th S e p t e m b e r 1965: G. Bi rukow (Gattingen), Or ien- ta t ion behaviour in i n s e c t s and f a c t o r s which inf luence i t ; P. S. C o r b e t (Ottawa), The r o l e of r h y t h m s i n i n s e c t behaviour ; P. T. Haske l l (London), F l igh t behaviour ; V. G. Deth ie r (Pennsy lvan ia ) , Feeding behaviour ; A. Manning (Edinburgh) , Sexual behaviour ; J. D. Car thy (London), I n s e c t communica t ion ; E. 0. Wilson (Cambr idge , M a s s . ) , Behaviour of s o c i a l i n s e c t s ; J. S. Kennedy (Cambr idge , England) , Some outstanding quest ions i n i n s e c t behaviour . E a c h p a p e r is followed by an account of the d i s c u s s i o n a t the sympos ium. Although the p a p e r s a r e s h o r t , averag ing about twelve pages , many a r e e x t r e m e l y useful s u m m a r i e s of p r e s e n t knowledge of t h e i r t o p i c s , espec ia l ly C o r b e t ' s


lucid pape r on rhy thms. Some d i s cus s l i t t le-explored concepts ; Wil- son ' s paper provoked a l ively d i scuss ion of the soc ia l life of insec ts . The f inal paper p e r f o r m s the difficult t a sk of furnishing a balanced, ye t individual, s u m m a r y of the sympos ium. In i t , Kennedy successful ly de s t roys the t e r m klinokinesis. May i t r e s t i n peace!

Anthony Eve.

BOTANICAL LATIN: HISTORY, GRAMMAR, SYNTAX, TERMINOLOGY AND VOCABULARY. William T. S tearn . London and Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson and Sons, Ltd., 1966. xiv, 566pp.($14.75)

As W. T. S tearn r eminds u s in the p r e f ace to th i s a t t rac t ive and welcome work, "the r e a l m of l i t e r a tu r e which a knowledge of botanical Lat in opens to bo tan is t s is a s t r ange ba rba rous place f o r c l a s s i c i s t s ; invi ted into it a s an i n t e r p r e t e r , a good c l a s s i c a l s cho l a r may well f e e l l ike Alice meeting Humpty Dumpty through the looking-glass." The s a m e perplexi ty i s exper ienced by the entomologist ; those of u s educated in the Lat in of C i ce ro and Pliny a r e i l l equipped to name new spec i e s o r even to t r an s l a t e La t in descr ip t ions , a s biological La t in developed long ago into a s ty l ized f o r m not eas i ly conquered without a specif ic aid.

S tearn ' s self- s tyled "do-it-yourself La t in kit" so lves the problem with su rp r i s i ng ea se . Although p r ima r i l y wri t ten f o r the botanist , i t i s well worth a pe ru sa l by t he entomologist who f ace s h i s tor ica l l i t e r a t u r e with apprehension o r s imply wishes a meaningful name to bestow upon h is l a t e s t discovery. S tearn furn ishes conc ise rev iews of Latin g r a m m a r and syntax , a s well a s a copious vocabulary. The Greek e lement in name format ion i s not forgotten, and d i rec t ions a r e given f o r the solution of such p rob l ems a s Lat inizat ion of nat ive n a m e s , a nag rams and ep i the ts commemora t i ng persons . T h e r e is an excel lent index of s tandard abbreviat ions used in La t in descr ip t ions . Despite d i f fe rences between the zoological and botanical codes of nomencla ture , a l l biologists -will find W. T. S t ea rn ' s Botanical Latin t o be an invaluable r e f e r ence work.

R.S. W.

B R I E F NOTICES

LIGHT: PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ACTION. Howard H. Se l iger and Will iam D. McElroy. New York and London: Academic P r e s s , 1965. x i i , 417pp. $12.00.

Although the au thors i nc lude no specif ic t r e a tmen t of the a t t rac t ion of i n sec t s by l igh t , t h e r e is much in th i s work t o i n t e r e s t the entomologist. Chapters a r e included on the measu remen t and charac te r iza t ion


of l ight , exci tat ion of molecu les by l ight , chemi luminescence , biolumi- nescence (containing an examina t ion of this phenomenon i n the f i re f ly ) , and the biological act ion of light. Some top ics d i s c u s s e d i n the l a t t e r ca tegory a r e : o rgan iza t ion and s t r u c t u r e of l ight r e c e p t o r s y s t e m s , the c o n t r o l of metabol i sm by l igh t , d i r e c t s t imula t ion , v i s ion , and d e l e t e r i o u s e f fec t s of l ight on living o r g a n i s m s .

ANNUAL REVIEW O F ENTOMOLOGY: VOLUME 11. Edited by Ray F . Smi th and T h o m a s E . Mit t ler . P a l o Alto, Cal i fornia: Annual Reviews , 1966. vi i i , 596pp. $8.50.

P a p e r s included i n this i s s u e a r e : Regulat ion of gene action in i n s e c t development; The c o m p a r a t i v e embryology of the Dip te ra ; P o l y m o r p h i s m in Aphididae; Physiology of c a s t e de te rmina t ion ; I n s e c t walking; The behavior p a t t e r n s of s o l i t a r y wasps ; The ut i l izat ion and management of bumble b e e s f o r r e d c lover and alfalfa s e e d produc t ion ; The compet - i t ive d i sp lacement and coexis tence pr inc ip les ; I n s e c t s i n the epide- miology of plant v i r u s e s ; A funct ional s y s t e m of adapt ive d i s p e r s a l by flight; T icks i n re la t ion to human d i s e a s e s c a u s e d by v i r u s e s ; The b i o s y s t e m a t i c s of T r i a t o m i n a e ; T h e u s e and act ion of ov ic ides ; Mode of action of insec t ic ides ; C h e m i c a l i n s e c t a t t r a c t a n t s and r e p e l l e n t s ; Fungal p a r a s i t e s of i n s e c t s ; Management of i n s e c t p e s t s ; T e a p e s t s and t h e i r con t ro l ; P e s t control .

A s u s u a l i n t h i s s e r i e s , a s p e c t r u m of top ics p r o m o t e s wide r e a d e r appeal. Authorship is s i m i l a r l y cathol ic; s c i e n t i s t s of e igh t nat ions have contr ibuted to t h i s y e a r ' s i s s u e .

[ ~ o r e i ~ n p r i c e s have been conver ted into d o l l a r s . In m o s t c a s e s , fo re ign i m p r i n t s o r d e r e d through U.S. d e a l e r s will c o s t s l ight ly m o r e . New books a r e a l m o s t a lways l e s s expensive when o r d e r e d f r o m a d e a l e r i n the count ry of or igin. The E d i t o r will b e happy to fu rn i sh , upon appl icat ion, su i tab le s o u r c e s f o r the p u r c h a s e of fo re ign entomological books.]

Microf i lm copies of the c u r r e n t volume of The Michigan Entomologist will b e avai lable a t nominal c o s t , to m e m b e r s and s u b s c r i b e r s only, a t the end of the vo lume y e a r . P l e a s e a d d r e s s a l l o r d e r s and i n q u i r i e s to Univers i ty M i c r o f i l m s , Inc., 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann A r b o r , Michigan 48106.

EDITORIAL BOARD

I rv ing J. C a n t r a l l S. K. Gangwere Ju l ian P . Donahue M. C. Nielsen (Cha i rman)

Ronald S. Wilkinson, E d i t o r (ex officio)

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

P a p e r s deal ing with any a s p e c t of entomology will b e cons idered f o r publication i n The Michigan Entomologist. We so l ic i t s u b j e c t s of p a r t i c - u l a r i n t e r e s t to a m a t e u r and profess iona l en tomologis t s i n the North C e n t r a l S ta tes and Canada , a s well a s g e n e r a l p a p e r s and r e v i s i o n s d i r e c t e d to a l a r g e r audience while re ta in ing an i n t e r e s t to r e a d e r s i n o u r geographica l a r e a . Books will b e rev iewed with th i s l a r g e r audience i n mind. Notes on co l lec t ing methods and new techniques a r e welcomed, a s a r e s u b j e c t s i n the h i s t o r y and bibl iography of entomology.

Manuscr ip t s a r e submi t ted to one o r m o r e qualified r e f e r e e s and a r e judged on s c h o l a r l y m e r i t a s well a s c l a r i t y of presentat ion. A r t i c l e s of 10 o r m o r e pr in ted pages m a y b e published in the c o u r s e of s e v e r a l i s s u e s u n l e s s the e x t r a pages a r e subs id ized at c o s t . Espec ia l ly m e r i - to r ious p a p e r s of a t l e a s t 28 pages m a y b e published a s s ing le i s s u e s if subsidized.

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M a n u s c r i p t s m u s t b e typed, double-spaced, with wide m a r g i n s on white 8 1/2" x 11" o r equ iva len t fore ign s i z e p a p e r . P r o o f s will b e submi t ted to a u t h o r s , and m u s t b e r e t u r n e d within one week of rece ip t . T i t l e s should b e c o n c i s e , identifying the o r d e r and fami ly d i s c u s s e d . T h e au thor of e a c h s p e c i e s mentioned m u s t b e given fully a t l e a s t once i n the text . A common n a m e f o r e a c h s p e c i e s o r g roup should b e given a t l e a s t once when such a n a m e ex is t s . T h e f o r m a t of r e f e r e n c e s should follow tha t u s e d i n r e c e n t i s s u e s . While e v e r y c a r e will b e taken of au thors ' m a n u s c r i p t s , n e i t h e r the E d i t o r n o r t h e Michigan Entomological Society will accep t respons ib i l i ty f o r acc iden ta l l o s s o r damage.

E a c h au thor o r co-author will r e c e i v e 2 5 g r a t i s s e p a r a t e s of h i s p a p e r ; au thors of n o t e s will r e c e i v e 10 s e p a r a t e s . Additional s e p a r a t e s m a y be o r d e r e d a t c o s t upon accep tance of manuscr ip t .

All m a n u s c r i p t s f o r The Michigan Entomologist should b e s e n t to the E d i t o r , Ronald S. Wilkinson, T h e L i b r a r y , Michigan S ta te Univers i ty , E a s t L a n s i n g , Michigan 48823, USA. Other c o r r e s p o n d e n c e should b e d i r e c t e d to the ~ x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y ( s e e ins ide f r o n t c o v e r ) .

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