the maltese language ‘materia semitica in bocca romanza’ - giovanni mangion a ‘hybrid language...
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The Maltese LanguageThe Maltese Language
‘materia semitica in bocca romanza’ - Giovanni Mangion
a ‘hybrid language which […] stands today as a truly unique linguistic mosaic’ – Hubert-Bonnal and Anne Tronche
Since it was first colonised Malta has never been very far from the centre of events and has often played a critical part in the making of history.
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’
Ggantija
Hal Tarxien
Ggantija
Hal Tarxien
Malta as ‘l’île sacrée de la Mediterranée’
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Hal Saflieni
Haġar Qim
Hal Tarxien
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History of the Maltese Islands
800 BC The Phoenicians and Carthaginians
218 BC The Romans
870 AD The Arabs
13th century Aragonese/Spanish
1530 The Knights of St John
1798 The French
1800 The British
1964 Maltese independence
1974 Maltese republic
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Catacombs of St Paul
St Paul’s Cathedral in Mdina
St Paul’s Bay
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The Maltese Alphabet
a, b, ċ, d, e, f, ġ, g, għ, h, ħ, i, ie, j, k, l, m,
n, o, p, q, u, r, s, t, v,
w, x, ż, z
Vowels
a e i
ie o u
Pronunciation
ċ ~ churchġ ~ jar
għ is silent h is silent like
h in heirħ ~ hat
ie ~ peerż ~ buzz
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Maltese words of Semitic origin
ilma - ilma - waterwater baħar - baħar - seasea
xita - xita - rainrain ħadid - ħadid - ironiron
deheb - deheb - goldgold fidda - fidda - silversilver
kelb - kelb - dogdog tiġieġa - tiġieġa - henhen
ħawħa - ħawħa - peachpeach inbid - inbid - winewine
ħalib - ħalib - milkmilk ferħ -ferħ - happinesshappiness
uġigħ - uġigħ - painpain
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Trilitteralism
Verb StemVerb Stem RootsRoots
kiserkiser k – s – rk – s – r he brokehe broke
libeslibes l – b – sl – b – s he put onhe put on
xorobxorob x – r – bx – r – b he drankhe drank
fetaħfetaħ f – t – ħf – t – ħ he openedhe opened
kitebkiteb k – t – bk – t – b he wrotehe wrote
seraqseraq s – r – qs – r – q he stolehe stole
Present Tense
jien nikteb
int tikteb
huwa jikteb
hija tikteb
aħna niktbu
intom tiktbu
huma jiktbu
I write
you write
he writes
she writes
we write
you write
they write
Past Tense
jien ktibt
int ktibt
huwa kiteb
hija kitbet
aħna ktibna
intom ktibtu
huma kitbu
I wrote
you wrote
he wrote
she wrote
we wrote
you wrote
they wrote
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The trilitteral system has the capability of creating new words from the verb which exhibits such a root, e.g. mitjar (airport) from
T – J – R or semmiegha (a listening audience) from S – M – Għ. Many words of non-Arabic origin have also been incorporated into Maltese through the use of this system, e.g. P – T – R from Pittore (Italian for painter) are extracted and used to derive many of the
tenses, verbs, and nouns of this same word, e.g. PiTTeR (he painted), PiTTuR (painter), and tPiTTeR (he is painted). From the
S – R – P of serpe (Italian for snake) are derived SeRP (snake), SRieP (snakes), SeRReP (he snaked), SSeRReP (he is snaked), etc.
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Some sentences utilising verbs designed from trilitteralism
Jien naqra l-ktieb. I read the book.
Int tikser it-tazza. You break the glass.
Hu xorob l-ilma. He drank water.
Hi fetħet il-bieb. She opened the door.
Maltese has extended triliterralism in an autonomous fashion and has continued to generate from native roots inherited in Arabic, new words
that do not occur in Classical or vernacular Arabic, e.g. ndaħal (he interfered) and ndħil (interference) from daħal (to enter).
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The Maltese Numbers
11 wieħedwieħed 22 tnejntnejn 33 tlietatlieta 44 erbgħaerbgħa 55 ħamsaħamsa
66 sittasitta 77 sebgħasebgħa 88 tmienjatmienja 99 disgħadisgħa 1010 għaxragħaxra
1111 ħdaxħdax 1212 tnaxtnax 1313 tlettaxtlettax 1414 erbataxerbatax 1515 ħmistaħmistaxx
1616 sittaxsittax 1717 sbataxsbatax 1818 tmintaxtmintax 1919 dsataxdsatax 2020 għoxringħoxrin
Unlike French and English, the Maltese numbers after 20, have their tens preceded by the units.
E.g. 21 is wieħed u għoxrin
Also, unlike French, there is one word for each of the following:
70 sebgħin
80 tmenin
90 disgħin
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Like French, in Maltese, an adjective follows the noun it qualifies and agrees with it in gender and number.
However, the adjective is placed after the noun.
Jien naqra sitt kotba kbar. I read six large books.
Maria hi mara twila. Maria is a tall lady.
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1266-83The Angevins
1283-1410The Aragonese
1412-1530The Castillians
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The effects of Semitic linguistic isolation on Maltese
Lexical fusion of discrete Arabic elements
Maltese Literal Translation Meaning
madankollu with all of this nevertheless
għalfejn whereto why
minħabba out of love of because
Semantic shifts
Maltese Arabic
ħafna much ħafna handful
wisq too much wasq (Cairo) cargo
Old Arabic words attested in Classical Arabic
Maltese Old Arabic
mindu since munδu/muδ
qatt never qattu
seta, jista to be able isţa:’, yusţi:’
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Italian influence on Maltese
familja family sopran soprano
pinnola pill musiċista musician
pjazza square kwart a fourth
villa villa vjolin violin
sala hall letteratura literature
tornavit screwdriver nota note
kaptan captain sunett sonnet
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present tense
PrefixMorphemic
Stem Suffix
I jien nip pretend i
you inti tip pretend i
he huwa jip pretend i
she hija tip pretend i
we aħna nip pretend u
you intom tip pretend u
they huma jip pretend u
past tense
Prefix Morphemic Stem
Suffix
p pretend ejt
p pretend ejt
p pretend a
p pretend iet
p pretend ejna
p pretend ejtu
p pretend ew
Concatenate Morphology
The principle part of a free morpheme is created through a morphemic stem that does not change,
and with which are added prefixes and/or suffixes.
to pretend
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present tense
Prefix Morphemic Stem
Suffix
I jien nik konsult a
you inti tik konsult a
he huwa jik konsult a
she hija tik konsult a
we aħna nik konsult aw
you intom tik konsult aw
they huma jik konsult aw
past tense
Prefix Morphemic Stem
Suffix
k konsult ajt
k konsult ajt
k konsult a
k konsult at
k konsult ajna
k konsult ajtu
k konsult aw
to consult
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French influence on Maltese
French derivative
Meaning
ċaċċis chassis the chasings of a door or window
sjett assiette a small plate
bonġu bonjour good morning; good afternoon
bonswa bonsoir good evening; good night
surtun surtout a tailcoat
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Inter-War MaltaThe Semitic-Romance Polarisation
Examples of different lexicons for the same concept
iżża ħajriżża ħajr rringrazzjarringrazzja (he thanked)(he thanked)
Il-ġellieda qalbiena kisbu rebħa kbira għal Malta.Is-suldati kuraġġjużi akkwistaw vittorja grandjuża lil Malta.(The courageous warriors won a great victory for Malta.)
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Malta after 1870The Language Question
Italian as language of social distinctionEnglish as language of the empire
Labour party → preference of English to ItalianNationalist part → the paripassu system
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Malta after World War IIEnglish Influence on Maltese
Sportsfootball futbol player plejer
Jobsmechanic mekkanik electrician elektrixin
Technologycomputer kompjuter calculator kalkjulejter
Furnituredeckchair dekċer cupboard kabord
Entertainmentdisco disko party parti
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Maltese Verbs derived from English
to test it test ja ittestja testjatura tester testers
to run ir rann ja irranja rannjatura rannjar
to shock ix xokk ja ixxokkja
to weld iw weld ja iwweldja weldjatura welder welders
to type it tajp ja ittajpja
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the national language of Malta in 1934↑
Maltese ↓
an official language of the EU in 2004
Bilingualism in MaltaBilingualism in Malta
……and the and the ManglishManglish phenomenonphenomenon
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