the liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · wbc 9.07 x 10^3 (617) rbc ......

32
IVUSS DVM Certificate Program Advanced AbdomenSoft Tissue Case #1 – Reproductive Organ Prostate Gland (34 pages) Dr. Jacqueline Pankatz Mountain Vista Veterinary Hospital Collingwood, Ontario, Canada HISTORY: “Benny”, a 10yearold male Boston terrier was brought to my veterinary hospital by a rescue organization with no previous medical history other than being treated recently for coccidioisis and an eye infection. The first veterinary clinic that had seen Benny noted that he had an enlarged prostate that was diagnosed on rectal exam. Physical Exam: Temperature 38.1 C, heart rate 102 with no murmurs or arrhythmias appreciated, CRT< 2sec. Chest was clear and respiratory rate was 36. BCS 2/5. Moderate dental tartar was present and both eyes showed a central white corneal opacity that may have been scarring form previous corneal ulceration. Lymph nodes were not palpable and abdominal palpation was unremarkable with no masses or organomegaly detected. Ears and skin appeared normal. Upon rectal examination, an enlarged prostate was appreciated. Benny objected to pressure that was applied to the prostate during rectal examination. Both testicles were normal on palpation. LABWORK: ALB 4.2 (2.54.4) ALP 26 (20150) ALT 55 (10118) AMY 411 (2001200) TBIL 0.4 (0.10.6) BUN 15 (725) CA++ 9.8 (8.611.8) PHOS 5.3 (2.96.6) CRE 0.7 (0.31.4) GLU 104 (60110) NA+ 139 (138160) K+ 5.1 (3.75.8) TP 5.8 (5.48.2) GLOB 1.6 (2.35.2) HWT negative WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC 6.95 x 10^3 (5.58.5) HGB 15.36 g/dl (1218) HCT 44.96% (3755) MCV 65.0 fl (6072) MCH 22.11 pg (19.524.5) MCHC 34.16 g/dl (3438) RDW 14.25 % (1216) PLT 523 x 10^3 (200500) MPV 6.64 fl (6.110.1) 1

Upload: hakhue

Post on 02-May-2018

218 views

Category:

Documents


3 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

IVUSS DVM Certificate Program Advanced Abdomen­Soft Tissue Case #1 – Reproductive Organ Prostate Gland (34 pages) Dr. Jacqueline Pankatz Mountain Vista Veterinary Hospital Collingwood, Ontario, Canada  HISTORY:  “Benny”, a 10­year­old male Boston terrier was brought to my veterinary hospital by a rescue organization with no previous medical history other than being treated recently for coccidioisis and an eye infection. The first veterinary clinic that had seen Benny noted that he had an enlarged prostate that was diagnosed on rectal exam.  Physical Exam: Temperature 38.1 C, heart rate 102 with no murmurs or arrhythmias appreciated, CRT< 2sec. Chest was clear and respiratory rate was 36. BCS 2/5. Moderate dental tartar was present and both eyes showed a central white corneal opacity that may have been scarring form previous corneal ulceration.  Lymph nodes were not palpable and abdominal palpation was unremarkable with no masses or organomegaly detected. Ears and skin appeared normal. Upon rectal examination, an enlarged prostate was appreciated. Benny objected to pressure that was applied to the prostate during rectal examination. Both testicles were normal on palpation.  LABWORK: ALB  4.2  (2.5­4.4) ALP  26   (20­150) ALT  55    (10­118) AMY  411  (200­1200) TBIL  0.4  (0.1­0.6) BUN  15    (7­25) CA++  9.8  (8.6­11.8) PHOS  5.3  (2.9­6.6) CRE  0.7  (0.3­1.4) GLU  104  (60­110) NA+  139  (138­160) K+  5.1  (3.7­5.8) TP  5.8  (5.4­8.2) GLOB  1.6  (2.3­5.2) HWT  negative WBC  9.07 x 10^3 (6­17) RBC   6.95 x 10^3  (5.5­8.5) HGB  15.36 g/dl  (12­18) HCT   44.96%  (37­55) MCV  65.0 fl  (60­72) MCH  22.11 pg  (19.5­24.5) MCHC  34.16 g/dl  (34­38) RDW  14.25 %  (12­16) PLT  523 x 10^3  (200­500) MPV  6.64 fl  (6.1­10.1)  

1  

Page 2: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

   Urine was collected via cystocentesis: Colour:  light red­tinge, cloudy SG:  1.048 pH  6.5 Protein  trace Glucose negative Ketones  negative Bilirubin negative Blood  +++ Sediment:  2+ dead sperm, 1+ RBC, occ. WBC, abundant debris some possibly representing cocci bacteria Urine Culture: Negative  Fecal Centrifugation Test:  No parasites observed;soft but formed; no frank blood. Eye Tonometer Pressure Reading: Left 14 mmHG  Right 12 mmHG Schirmer Tear Test:  Left >20mm/min  Right>20mm/min Fluorescein Stain: Negative both eyes  Radiographs: were recommended however due to monetary limitations by the rescue organization, ultrasound only was performed in this case.    ULTRASOUND IMAGES: 29 including 2 images of the prostate 7 weeks post­operatively   

2  

Page 3: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

 The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or capsular distortion. 

3  

Page 4: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

 The gall bladder is midly distended with smooth, thin walls. There is a moderate amount of hyperechoic biliary sludge that is gravity dependent with small amounts adhering to the gall bladder wall. 

4  

Page 5: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

 In this view, portal blood vessel markings are clearly seen. 

5  

Page 6: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

 The stomach has a luminal gas pattern. The wall layering and thickness is normal.   

6  

Page 7: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

 The spleen has fine, slightly mottled echotexture with no evidence of masses or capsular distortion.   

7  

Page 8: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

 At the same gain and depth setting, the liver is hyperechoic to the spleen. 

8  

Page 9: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

 The left kidney, 5.2cm, has normal cortico­medullary definition with no evidence of renoliths or pyelectasia.  

9  

Page 10: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

  

10  

Page 11: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

The right kidney, 5.2cm, has normal cortico­medullary definition with no evidence of renoliths or pyelectasia.   

11  

Page 12: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

   

12  

Page 13: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

  The left adrenal gland ( cr. 0.44cm, cd. 0.48cm) is normal in size and sonographic appearance.   

13  

Page 14: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

  The right adrenal gland (  cd. 0.43cm) is normal in size and sonographic appearance.  

14  

Page 15: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

  The left limb of the pancreas shows no lesions or evidence of peri­pancreatic inflammation.   

15  

Page 16: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

  The right limb of the pancreas shows no lesions or evidence of peri­pancreatic inflammation.    

16  

Page 17: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

 The small intestine has normal wall layering and thickness. Wall diameter 0.32 cm. 

17  

Page 18: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

 The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal fecal material.   

18  

Page 19: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

 There are no lesions seen at the trigone of the urinary bladder. There is an enlarged, hyperechoic prostate distally. 

19  

Page 20: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

 The urinary bladder is mildly distended with anechoic urine. The walls are uniformly midly thickened with regular wall layering. The thickening is due to lack of distension. 

20  

Page 21: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

    

21  

Page 22: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

 The prostate is enlarged measuring  approximately2.53cm x 5.27cm on saggital plane. There is a heteroechoic echotexture with cystic areas present. No mineralization of the prostatic parenchyma is appreciated.  The capsule is midly irregular. 

22  

Page 23: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

 A prostatic cyst measuring  0.48 x 0.60 cm.  

23  

Page 24: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

 In transverse , the prostate measures 1.98 and 4.70 cm. 

24  

Page 25: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

The left medial iliac lymph node is normal with a homogeneous echotexture measuring 1.10x0.36cm. 

25  

Page 26: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

 The right medial iliac lymph node is normal with a homogenous echotexture measuring 1.57 x 0.33cm.  

26  

Page 27: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

 There are no lesions at the aortic bifurcation examined from the left and right sides.                   

27  

Page 28: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

                 

   

28  

Page 29: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

PROSTATE IMAGES OBTAINED 7 WEEKS POST CASTRATION    

 The prostate is smaller in size measuring 1.73x2.27cm in saggital plane. The parenchyma is more homogeneous and there are no prostatic cysts present.  

29  

Page 30: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

 Prostate 7 weeks post castration now measuring 1.28x2.37 cm in transverse plane.   INTERPRETATION SUMMARY: Prostamegaly with small prostatic parenchymal cysts. Differentials include benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis or a combination of both. Prostatic neoplasia (adenocarcinoma) is considered to be less likely however can not be completely excluded without biopsy.  Benny was placed under general anesthesia for orchidectomy. Ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration was performed using a 22gauge x 1” needle packing technique. Three ultrasound­guided aspirates were taken and submitted to IDEXX for cytological analysis. Since urine culture was negative and rescue funds limited, the prostatic samples were not cultured at this time however would have been appropriate in this case. It was noted that Benny had gross hematuria after sampling, however this resolved after 24 hours.      

30  

Page 31: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

CYTOLOGY RESULTS: DESCRIPTION: The smears reveal several small fragments of cytologically unremarkable prostatic epithelium and numerous individual cells in a variably hemorrhagic background. Small numbers of leukocytes are evident in the background some of which are likely of blood origin. Malignant cells are not identified and etiologic agents are not detected. INTERPRETATION: Cytologically unremarkable prostatic epithelial cells, compatible with benign prostatic hyperplasia. COMMENT: There is no evidence of substantial inflammation, sepsis, or malignancy, and the findings are most compatible with benign prostatic hyperplasia.  DISCUSSION  Ultrasonography has become the imaging modality of choice for the evaluation of the prostate gland in the dog (1,2).  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) develops in older intact male dogs, and is a natural result of aging and hormonal influence on the prostate gland (3). Upon ultrasound examination, the appearance of the prostate in dogs with BPH is enlarged, of normal to increased echogenicity, and of homogeneous or inhomogeneous echotexture (4).  The enlargement may be symmetrical or asymmetrical, smooth or nodular, distorting the margin of the gland, and diffuse enlargement may cause loss of the normal bilobed appearance of the prostate (5).   Of particular interest to this case was also the presence of intraparenchymal prostatic cysts. Intraparenchymal prostatic cysts have been described with a prevalence of 14% as an incidental finding in aging dogs with no clinical evidence of urologic disorder (6). Intraparenchymal cysts of varying size and number can also be present with BPH and likely represent dilated acini and ducts secondary to hyperplasia (5).  These cysts should be differentiated from paraprostatic  cysts. Paraprostatic cysts are relatively uncommon compared to other prostatic disease and are thought to represent enlargement of the mullerian duct remnant (7).  Paraprostatic cysts contain aneochoic to echogenic fluid, can become very large and sometimes difficult to differentiate from the urinary bladder, may contain septa, and may mineralize (4, 8). The mineralization, however, is often better identified via radiographic examination (8).  BPH and prostatic neoplasia can have similar features on ultrasound examination. This case demonstrates an example of BPH where the prostamegaly slightly distorted the gland and the typical bilobed appearance  was not readily appreciated. Prostatic adenocarcinoma is the most common neoplasia of the prostate in dogs and is commonly seen in older male dogs, that are either intact or castrated (3). It is important to differentiate BPH from prostatic neoplasia as treatment and prognosis differs dramatically between the two conditions. Ultrasonic criteria that are strongly suggestive of neoplasia include extenstion of pathologic changes to the urethra or neck of the urinary bladder, regional lymph node enlargement, and disruption of the capsule with extension into the surrounding tissues (5).  Mineralization of the prostatic parenchyma is often seen with neoplasia however dystrophic mineralization can also be encountered in chronic prostatitis (4). Ultimately, cytology or histological samples are needed to make a definitive diagnosis.  Several samples should be taken.  Differentials for prostamegly include BPH, bacterial prostatitis, prostatic abscess and prostatic neoplasia. It is  possible to have more than one of these conditions affecting the prostate gland at one time underlying the need for biopsy and culture to make a definitive diagnosis (5). When cystic or cavity 

31  

Page 32: The liver has a course regular echotexture with no masses or … · WBC 9.07 x 10^3 (617) RBC ... The colon wall is normal and there is a dirty shadow produced by gas and/or luminal

lesions are identified, fine needle aspiration is successful in differentiating prostatic cysts versus abscesses when aspirate fluid is submitted for cytology and culture (9). Tissue core biopsy may be considered when neoplasia is suspected (9) however sampling by means of traumatic catheterization or prostatic massage may be considered because of the possible risk of implantation of metastasis along the needle tract after percutaneous aspiration (5).  In this case, cytology suggested the presence of BPH without evidence of concurrent prostatitis. Furthermore, the patient was clinically doing well and did not show prostatic mineralization or sublumbar lymph node enlargement.  Urine collected via ultrasound­guided cystocentesis was negative on culture. Follow­up ultrasound performed approximately  7 weeks post­castration showed the prostate to be significantly smaller in appearance.   CONCLUSION Upon recheck 7 weeks post castration, Benny was doing very well. He had gained weight and improved in body condition and his foster parent indicated no concerns at home. Ultrasound recheck showed that the prostate had decreased in size with a more homogenous, regular echotexture and no evidence of prostatic cysts.  REFERENCES 1. Cartee RE, Rowles T. Transabdominal sonographic evaluation of the canine prostate. Vet Radiol 1983;24:156­164. 2. Ruel Y, Barthez PY, Mailles A, Begon D.  Ultrasonographic evaluation of the prostate in healthy intact dogs. Vet Radiol & Ultrasound 1998;39:212­216. 3. Wallace M. Diagnosis and management of canine prostate disease. Atlantic Coast Veterinary Conference 2001. 4. Hecht S. Male reproductive tract. In: Pennick D, d’Anjou, MA. Atlas of small animal ultrasonography. 1st ed. Iowa: Blackwell Publishing, 2008:417­429. 5. Mattoon JS et al. Prostate and testes. In:Nyland TG, Matoon JS. Small animal diagnostic ultrasound, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co, 2002:250­259. 6. Marquez GA, Nyland, TG, Ling GV, et al. Prevalence of canine prostatic cysts in adult large breed dogs. Proceeding of sixteen annual house officer seminar day, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davus, CA, 1994:30. 7. Stowater JL, Lamb CR. Ultrasonic features of paraprostatic cysts in nine dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1989;30:232­239. 8. Renfrew H, Barrett EL, Bradley KJ, Barr FJ. Radiograhic and ultrasonic features of canine paraprostatic cysts. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2008;49:444­448. 9. Hager DA, Nyland TG, Fisher P. Ultrasound­guided biopsy of canine liver, kidney and prostate. Vet Radiol 1985;26:82­88.     

32