the liver and digestion
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The Liver and digestion. Dr. Than Kyaw 7 May 2012. The Liver . largest organ in the body located behind the diaphragm divided into lobes performs multiple complex life sustaining functions. Many functions – related to the numerous liver enzymes - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Liver and digestion
Dr. Than Kyaw 7 May 2012
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- largest organ in the body- located behind the diaphragm- divided into lobes - performs multiple complex life sustaining functions
The Liver
Many functions – • related to the numerous liver enzymes -- Some enzymes for "break down" of molecules -- Some for "combination" of molecules forming new essential substances for the body -- intermediate metabolism
• Produces bile
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Liver lobule
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Non-digestive and Digestive Functions of the Liver
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Non-digestive Functions
1. Detoxification (most medicines, alcohol, harmful substances from the body)2. Production of blood clotting factors3. Storage of glycogen4. Storage of vitamins and minerals5. Destruction of old non-functional red blood cells6. Removal of hormones7. Removal of ammonia from the body (urea formation) 8. Formation of plasma proteins (globulin and albumin -- used for the building blocks of the body
and the immune system.)
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Bile -- synthesized in the liver; stored in the gall bladder -- released when stimulated by CCK which is secreted when chyme enters duodenum -- Bile duct joins with pancreatic duct before opening into the duodenum
Bile -- contains no digestive enzyme -- contains -- bilirubin (derived from break down of hemoglobin)
-- cholosterol-- bile salts-- phospholipids (lecithins)
Digestive Function Bile production
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(Man)
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NOTE: Equine digestive feature include:
1. low levels of amylase in saliva2. absence of a gall bladder (there is a constant release of bile into the intestine) 3. a relatively small stomach (about 1 gallon)
4. Large caecum - about 4 gallon
Bile salts – a range of lipids that assist in the break up of lipid droplets to smaller droplets increasing surface areas for digestion by lipase -- emulsifying action.
-- also aids the absorption of fatty acids and glycerol along the small intestine
Digestive Function Bile production
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Impaired Liver Function and Jauncice
Jaundice or icterus- Characterized by yellowish discolouration of skin, mucous membranes,
and/or sclera
- Resulted from accumulation of bilirubin (bile pigment) in the blood and tissues
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Jaundice or icterus
Any factor that disrupts the movement of bilirubin from the blood to the liver and then out of the body -- causes jaundice
Causes of jaundice- liver damage- occlusion of bile duct- increased rate of erythrocyte destruction
(hemolytic diseases, e.g: anaplasmosis – the bile pigments are liberated into the blood faster than the liver can conjugate and secrete them – icterus results
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Fate of Erythrocytes
Senescent RBCsHemolysed* RBCs
In MPS cells releasing HB
*What are hemolytic agents?
(bacterial toxins, snake venoms,
blood parasites, hypotonic solutions)
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Prehepatic Causes
- Those occurring before the blood passes through the liver- Also referred to as hemolytic causes (result from a breakdown of red blood
cells – parasites:anaplamosis, babesiosis).- Fatty infiltration of the liver (hepatic lipidosis)- Inflammatory diseases of the liver (hepatitis), bile duct system (cholangitis),
or both (cholangiohepatitis)- Toxins (e.g, heavy metals, chemical flea and tick dips and sprays) - Certain drugs (e.g, diazepam, acetaminophen, griseofulvin)- Cancer- Infections - viral, bacterial, protozoal
Classifications of causes of jaundiceThree primary types:
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Hepatic icterus
Chronic hepatitis:• Hereditary hepatitis • Drug-induced chronic hepatitis (e.g.; dog - phenobarbital)
Acute hepatitis:• Toxic materials• Infectious (leptospirosis, canine, infectious hepatitis, Yersinia, Salmonella)
Neoplasia:• Lymphoma, hepatic metastases, etc.
Acute cholangitis
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Posthepatic Causes- Disorders that occur after blood passes through the liver- Disorders or gall bladder diseases that block the bile flow from
the liver (gall stones, Fasciola hepatica, Ascaris, cancer, or inflammation of the gall bladder and bile duct)
- Pancreatic diseases (pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer or abscess)
- Intestinal diseases that block the bile ducts
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Moderate yellow discoloration of the mucosal membranes (sub-icterus).
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Yellow discoloration of pig viscera and carcass caused by cirrhosis of the liver.
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Liver Enzymes (Human)
• Automatic biochemistry analyzer:
- aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT) - alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT), ALT: < 35U/L, AST: <40U/L Elevated ALT, AST : acute hepatitis (viral or toxic), chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, biliary obstruction
• Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) : 30-130 U/L ( 36-92 U/L) Elevated ALP: bile duct obstruction, primary hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatitis
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END OF LECTURE
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