THE LITERATURE OFAERONAUTICS, ASTRONAUTICS, AND

AIR POWER

Richard P HallionAir Force Flight Test Center

OFFICE OF AIR FORCE HISTORY

UNITED STATES AIR FORCEWASHINGTON, D.C. 1984

r ~ ~

THE LITERATURE OFAERONAUTICS, ASTRONAUTICS, AND

AIR POWER

Richard P. HallionAir Force Flight Test Center

THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINEDBLANK PAGES THAT HAVE

BEEN DELETED

OFFICE OF AIR FORCE HISTORYUNITED STATES AIR FORCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 1984

c900O e%003L4

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Hallion, Richard.The Literature of Aeronautics, Astronautics, and Air Power.

(USAF warrior studies)1. Aeronautics. Military-Bibliography. 2. Air powcr-Bihliography. 3. Astronautics. Mili-

tary-Bibliography. 1. United States. Air Forcec. Offie of Air Force History. If. Title.Z6724.A25H34 1984 (UG63Oi 016.3584 84-2322ISBN 0-912799-14-5

Project Warrior Studies are published by the Office of Air Force History.The author is responsible for the scholarly judgments expressed herein, andhis views should not be construed to be the official position of the UnitedStates Air Force or the Department of Defense.

For sale by the Supernftendent of Documents. U.S. Goverrnmen Printing OfficeWashington. D.C. 20402

iv

USAF WARRIOR STUDIES

Richard H. Kohn and Joseph P. HarahanGeneral Editors

Foreword

The publication of The Literature of Aeronautics, Astronautics, andAir Power is part of a continuing series of historical studies from the Officeof Air Force History in support of Project Warrior.

Project Warrior seeks to create and maintain within the Air Force anenvironment where Air Force people at all levels can learn from the pastand apply the warfighting experiences of past generations to the present.When General Lew Allen, Jr. initiated this project in 1982, he called for the"continuing study of military history, combat leadership, the principles ofwar and, particularly, the applications of air power." All of us in the AirForce community can benefit from such study and reflection. The chal-lenges of today and the future demand no less.

CHARLES A. GABRIEL, General, USAFChief of Staff

v

The Author

RICHARD P. HALLION is the Center Historian at the Air Force FlightTest Center, Edwards AFB, California. He received his Ph.D. in Historyfrom the University of Maryland in 1975. From 1974-1980, he served asthe Curator of Science and Technology and subsequently as Curator ofSpace Science and Exploration at the National Air and Space Museum,Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. In those same years he was anAssociate Professor of History at the University of Maryland and a VisitingFellow at Yale University. Dr. Hallion is the author of numerous works inaerospace history, including Supersonic Flight: Breaking the Sound Barri-er and Beyond (New York: Macmillan Co, 1972); Legacy of Flight: TheGuggenheim Contribution to American Aviation (Seattle: University ofWashington Press, 1977); Test Pilots: The Frontiersmen of Flight (GardenCity, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1981); Rise of the Fighters: Air Combat inWorld War I (Annapolis: Nautical and Aviation Publishing Co, 1984); Onthe Frontier: Flight Research at Dryden, 1946-1981 (Washington: NASA,1984). In addition, he edited The Wright Brothers: Heirs of Prometheus(Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978), and with Tom Crouch,Apollo: Ten Years Since Tranquillity Base (Washington: Smithsonian In-stitution Press, 1979).

vi

United States Air ForceHistorical Advisory Committee

(As of October 1, 1984)

Lt. Gen. Thomas C. Richards, Dr. Alfred E Hurley (Chairman)USAF Brig. Gen., USAF, RetiredCommander, Air University North Texas State University

Mr. DeWitt S. Copp Dr. Haskell M. Monroe, Jr.The Voice of America University of Texas at El Paso

Dr. Philip A. Crowl Gen. Bryce Poe, II,Annapolis, Maryland USAF, Retired

Alexandria, Virginia

Dr. Warren W. Hassler, Jr. Lt. Gen. Winfield W. Scott, Jr.,Pennsylvania State University USAF

Superintendent, USAF Academy

Brig. Gen. Harris B. Hull, Mr. Eugene R. SullivanUSAF, Retired The General Counsel, USAFNational Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration

vii

Contents

Forew ord ............................................. v

Introduction ........................................... xi

General Reference Sources ............................. 1

The Prehistory of Flight, Antiquity to 1783 ............... 9

The Era of Discovery, 1783-1903 ....................... 10

The Development of Practical Airplanes, 1903-1918 ........ 12

The Rise of Air Transportation and Professionalism,

19 18-1936 ........................................ 16

The Ascendency of the Propeller-Driven Airplane,

1936-1945 ........................................ 24

The Turbojet Revolution and the Supersonic

Breakthrough, 1945-1957 ............................ 33

The Space Age and the Maturation of Aeronautics,

1957-1982 ........................................ 39

Index .............................................. .. 53

ix

Introduction

Since its inception in 1982, Project Warrior has revived interest insidethe Air Force in using history to sharpen professional knowledge of airpower. Project Warrior has also expanded interest in the heritage of the U.S.Air Force in peace and in war. The bibliographical essay published here asThe Literature of Aeronautics, Astronautics, and Air Power is meant toprovide readers with a guide to the vast collections of books and articlesavailable today in libraries and from publishers.

It was written originally in early 1982 by Dr. Richard P. Hallion as aProject Warrior monograph at the Air Force Systems Command's EdwardsFlight Test Center, California. Drawing on his experience as an author, acurator at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum,and as a history professor at the University of Maryland, Dr. Hallionrecognized the need of scientists and engineers for a guide to the researchand technical literature on the history of aeronautics and astronautics.Publication here of a revised, reorganized, and expanded version reflectsour belief that what was so valuable to the flight test community will, indifferent form, be of similar use to the rest of the Air Force, to civilianscholars, and to aviation enthusiasts generally.

Dr. Hallion's essay, while revised in size, scope, and emphasis, retainsthe flavor of its original purpose and reflects the author's interests, back-ground, and professional judgments. In part, the essay also reflects sugges-tions made by the editors, especially on the growth and development of airpower in the twentieth century.

The publishing of this work in book form was made possible byseveral individuals in the Office of Air Force History. Joseph P. Harahanserved as general manuscript editor, checking virtually every citation in thetext. Richard H. Kohn interweaved some titles on air power from an earlierbibliographic effort of his own. Herman Wolk and Colonel John E Shiner,USAF, critiqued the essay and provided excellent advice at critical points.

R. H. K.J. P. H.

xi

THE LITERATURE OF AERONAUTICS,ASTRONAUTICS, AND AIR POWER

General Reference Sources

There are relatively few works that explicitly treat the history ofaviation with a view to tracing how the craft of aerospace technologyemerged. The history of technology within aviation history is an area thatis, by and large, wide-open for serious historical investigation. Currently,there is no one single overall survey of the history of aeronautics andastronautics that can be considered definitive. Roger E. Bilstein, Flight inAmerica, 1900-1983: From the Wright Brothers to the Astronauts (Bal-timore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984) represents one effort to fillthis need. The best reference is a series of essays edited by Eugene M.Emme, Two Hundred Years of Flight in America: A Bicentennial Survey(San Diego, Calif.: American Astronautical Society, 1977). This book isvery useful both as an introductory reader and as a text in aerospace historycourses. John D. Anderson, Introduction to Flight: Its Engineering andHistory (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978) is a noteworthy blending ofintroductory engineering theory and historical interpretation. Ronald Mil-ler and David Sawers, The Technical Development of Modern Aviation(New York: Praeger, 1970) is a good reference on the development of airtransport technology, though less satisfactory on the high technology ofadvanced military systems. J. L. Nayler and Ernest Ower, Aviation: Its

1

LITERATURE

Technical Development (London: Peter Owen, Vision Press, 1965) is a

generally useful introduction to the history of aerospace technology. Oliver

Stewart, Aviation: The Creative Ideas (New York: Praeger, 1966) is a

thoughtful and well-written series of essays on one man's perspective on the

history of aviation, but readers are cautioned that his chapter on the Wrights

and Clement Ader (a French pioneer) is dangerously misleading. Ader did

not, as Stewart claims, understand aeronautical concepts anywhere near the

depth of the Wrights. Richard P. Hallion, "The Rise of Air and Space," inAstronautics and Aeronautics, 19, No. 5, (May 198 1) furnishes an intro-

ductory overview to the general history of aeronautics and astronautics.

The field of aerodynamics is one that requires a good historical survey

bringing it up to date. Theodore von Karman's, Aerodynamics (New York:

McGraw-Hill, 1963), a collection of six lectures he presented at Cornell

University in 1953, is still the best introduction to the history of aero-

dynamics. A highly technical and exhaustive survey of aerodynamics

history through 1930 is an essay by R. Giacomelli and E. Pistolesi in

William F. Durand's series, Aerodynamic Theory: A General Review of

Progress, Vol 1, (New York: Dover Publications, 1963). This series,

incidentally, has itself taken on major importance to the understanding of

the evolution of aerospace technology. The Dayton-Cincinnati Section ofthe American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (the national pro-fessional organization of aerospace engineers, scientists, and tech-

nologists) has issued two compilations of papers relating to the technicaldevelopment of aviation. Though the papers vary in quality, the works arevery useful as references: Jay D. Pinson, compiler, Diamond Jubilee of

Powered Flight: The Evolution of A ircraft Design (Dayton: AIAA, 1978),

and The Evolution of Aircraft Wing Design (Dayton: AIAA, 1980). Bothworks resulted from historical symposia.

The International Academy of Astronautics of the International Astro-

nautical Federation has sponsored an annual historical symposium since

1967; the papers presented at these symposia have been from a truly

international body of pioneers and distinguished historians, and, as such,

2

GENERAL REFERENCE

are an invaluable compilation of source material on the early history ofastronautics. The 1967-1972, inclusive, symposia proceedings have beenpublished in the volumes Frederick C. Durant and George S. James, eds,First Steps Towards Space (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press,

1974), and R. Cargill Hall, ed, Essays on the History of Rocketry andAstronautics: Proceedings of the Third Through the Sixth History Symposia

of the International Academy of Astronautics, Vols I, II, (Washington:NASA, 1977). Future volumes will treat subsequent symposia.

The industrial and "think tank" perspectives on aeronautical and

astronautical development are ones that have traditionally been slighted.Two uncritical but nevertheless valuable looks at aerospace from thecorporate and laboratory environment are William A. Schoneberger, et al,Seven Decades of Progress: A Heritage of Aircraft Turbine Technology

(Fallbrook, Calif.: Aero Publishers, 1979), which examines the gas turbine

work of General Electric, and Everett T. Welmers, et al, The AerospaceCorporation-Its Work: 1960-1980 (Los Angeles, Calif.: Aerospace Cor-poration, 1980), which is a history of the role one major American aero-

space think tank has played in recent aerospace development.

One of the most significant international organizations in the develop-

ment of aviation technology was the National Advisory Committee forAeronautics (1915-1958), the predecessor of the present-day NationalAeronautics and Space Administration. The NACA and its operations arerich subjects for historical research, although an administrative and organi-zational study by Professor Alex Roland of Duke University is forthcom-ing. George W. Gray, Frontiers of Flight: The Story of NACA Research(New York: Knopf, 1948) was an early attempt to discuss the work of theNACA, and, though flawed by a generally uncritical tone, the book is veryvaluable. Frank W. Anderson, Orders of Magnitude: A History of NACA

and NASA, 1915-1980 (Washington: NASA, 1981) provides a good intro-ductory look at the two agencies. Jerome Hunsaker, "Forty Years ofAeronautical Research," in the Smithsonian Report for 1955 (Washington:Smithsonian Institution Press, 1956) gives a good overall survey of the

3

LITERATURE

agency's work during the greater part of its existence by one of its lastchairmen. John Becker. The High-Speed Frontier: Case Histories of FourNACA Programs, 1920-1950 (Washington: NASA, 1980) is an excellentengineering memoir and critical analysis by a former senior NACA-NASAengineer and administrator. Donald D. Baals and William R. Corliss, WindTunnels of NASA (Washington: NASA, 1981) is an excellent survey of thedevelopment of the wind tunnel in the United States and its contributions toaerospace technology. David A. Anderton, Sixty Years of AeronauticalResearch: 1917-1977 (Washington: NASA, 1978) is a good introductionto the research activities of NASA's Langley Research Center, the first andmost important of the aeronautical laboratories.

There have been many attempts to collect and publish essays andarticles dealing with aviation. Of these various collections, four deservespecial mention: Eugene M. Emme, The Ihmpact of Air Power: NationalSecurity and World Politics (Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand, 1959) is anexcellent compilation of source documents and articles; John F Loosbrockand Richard M. Skinner, The Wil Blue: The Storv qofAmericaan Airpower(New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1961) is an excellent and informativeanthology tracing the development of flight; Joseph B. Roberts and Paul L.Briand, eds, The Sound of Wings: Reading for the Air Age (New York:Henry Holt and Co, 1957) includes a number of essays and works thatrelate aviation to social and cultural perspectives, and finally, Alfred FHurley and Robert C. Ehrhart, eds. Air Power and Waftrire: The Proceed-ings of the 8th Military History Symposium, United States Air ForceAcademY, 18-20 October 1978 (Washington: Office of Air Force Historyand USAF Academy. 1979) contains excellent recent scholarship andanalysis by both scholars and airpower participants.

Chronology can be said to be the framework of history. Fortunately forthose interested in the history of aviation there have already been some wellexecuted chronologies tracing the development of flight. A very usefulintroductory chronology can be found in the first volume of Michael J. H.Taylor. et al, Jane's EncYclopedia of Aviation, 5 vols (London: Jane's

4

GENERAL REFERENCE

Publishing Company, 1980), though, it must be noted, neither the chro-

nology nor the subjects covered are treated as exhaustively as the title of this

five-volume series suggests. A truly significant chronological effort has

been that of the NASA History Office, with a series of NASA-sponsored

publications that have presented a detailed, world-wide chronology of

flight ranging from 1915 through 1976. The first of these is Eugene M.

Emme's Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American Chronology of Sci-

ence and Technology in the Exploration of Space, 1915-1960 (Washington:

NASA, 1961). Two subsequent chronologies, Aeronautical and Astro-

nautical Events of 1961 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1962),

and Aeronautical and Astronautical Events of 1962 (Washington: Govern-

ment Printing Office, 1963), were published as NASA reports to the U.S.

House of Representatives' Committee on Science and Astronautics. Since

then, the NASA History Office has issued an annual Astronautics and

Aeronautics (Washington: NASA, 1964-present) volume, which includes

a detailed, annotated international chronology of events relevant to the

history of aerospace. Welman A. Shrader, Fifty Years of Flight: A Chroni-

cle of the Aviation Industry in America, 1903-1953 (Cleveland: Eaton,

1953), while dated, is an excellent reference. L. G. S. Payne, Air Dates

(New York: Praeger, 1957) treats European, especially British, aviation.

Roger Pineau's exhibit catalog, Ballooning, 1782-1972 (Washington:

Smithsonian Institution Press, 1972), prepared for the opening of an

exhibition gallery at the Smithsonian Institution, contains an excellent

chronology of lighter-than-air flight. Arnold E. Briddon, et al, FAA Histor-

ical Fact Book: A Chronology, 1926-1971 (Washington: Department of

Transportation, 1974) is a reliable and very complete chronology of matters

relating to American civil aviation. Clarke Van Vleet and William J.

Armstrong, United States Naval Aviation, 1910-1980 (Washington: Naval

Air Systems Command, 1981) have written the definitive chronology on

American naval aviation. The U.S. Air Force, A Chronology of American

Aerospace Events (Washington: Office of Information Services, 1959) is a

good source of early Air Force and other American aeronautical informa-

tion. Supplements have been issued periodically by the Air Force Office of

Public Affairs, Washington, D.C. Kit C. Carter and Robert Mueller, The

5

LITERATURE

ArmY A ir Forces in World War 11: Combat Chronology, 1941-1945 (Wash-

ington: Office of Air Force History, 1973) is, as the title implies, anexhaustive chronological accounting of the day-to-day activities of the AAF

at war. Finally, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics has

supported an extensive chronological effort by Frank H. Winter of theNational Air and Space Museum, in conjunction with Richard P. Hallion

and Frank Robert Van Der Linden. Each month, in the AIAA journal

Astronautics and Aeronautics, the AIAA publishes a column entitled "Out

of the Past." treating events that occurred in aviation and aerospace 25, 50,

and 100 years previously. This column has been appearing regularly since

1972, and is especially valuable because it references its entries to applica-

ble sources.

Oddly, there have been very few biographical guides to the individu-als who have made aviation what it is today. Howard S. Wolko, In theCause of Flight: Technologists of Aeronautics and Astronautics (Wash-ington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981) is an excellent reference, withshort biographical sketches and lengthy and incisive surveys of the various

fields within aviation technology, together with their "players." ShirleyThomas, Men of Space, 8 vols (Philadelphia: Chilton, 1960-) is a useful

guide to the pioneers of the space age, written in a breezy, anecdotal style.Aside from these, however, one must look to contemporary referencesources and to the few published biographies of specific individuals cited

earlier. G. Edward Pendray, The Guggenheim Medalists: Architects of theAge of Flight (New York: The Guggenheim Medal Board of Award of the

United Engineering Trustees, Inc, 1964) is a handy reference to some of thekey technologists, scientists, practitioners, and managers of aviation'searly days, who received the prestigious Daniel Guggenheim Medal forgreat achievement in the cause of flight. Three "Who's Who" books are

especially good references: Lester D. Gardner, Who's Who in AmericanAeronautics (Los Angeles: Floyd Clymer Publications, 1925, reissued,

1974), also called The Blue Book of American Airmen; the Writers' Pro-

gram of the Work Projects Administration, Who's Who in Aviation,

1942-43 (New York: Ziff-Davis Publishing Co, 1942); and Wayne W.Parrish, Who's Who in World Aviation, 1955 (Washington: American Avia-

6

GENERAL REFERENCE

tion Publication, 1955). The National Aeronautical Institute, Who's Who inAviation and Aerospace (Boston: National Aeronautical Institute, 1983) isa voluminous recent guide to individuals working in the field, many ofwhom started their careers in the mid-to-late 1940s. Finally, one usefulreference that can contribute to knowledge of distinguished individualswho worked within the aerospace profession is by the National Air andSpace Museum Library, International Handbook ofAerospace Awards andTrophies (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978), prepared un-der the direction of Catherine D. Scott.

So-called "coffee table" books often can be a surprisingly good sourceof both information and visual references. They must be used with care,however, for a number exist that are misleading or incorrect. Three areconsidered especially reliable and useful: Charles H. Gibbs-Smith, FlightThrough the Ages (New York: Crowell, 1974) combines chronology withexcellent illustrations to provide the reader with a thorough and accurateaccount of aviation history; John W. R. Taylor and Kenneth Munson,History of Aviation (New York: Putnam, 1978); and The Lore of Flight(Gothenburg, Sweden: Tre Tryckare Cagner & Co, 1970), which is anexcellent introduction into the functional uses of aircraft and spacecraft, aswell as their history. As mentioned earlier, there still is no single referenceor group of references that, in a concise form, furnishes a useful overviewof the history of aeronautics and astronautics. Time-Life Books' Epic ofFlight series, cited where appropriate throughout this essay, constitutes agood attempt at such a work, but still does not address post-1945 aviation indetail.

The actual flight vehicles of aerospace history have held a fascinationfor writers for years, and the literature on individual airplanes is sovoluminous as to actually clutter the field. Jane's All the World's Aircraft(London: Jane's Publishing Co, 1909-present) has long been the standardyearly reference on aircraft development; some issues, such as its 1919 and1945 issues, are classic references. Later (post-1945) editions of Jane'soffer considerably more detail than earlier ones. Two other Jane's publica-

7

LITERATURE

tions, one by Horace F King and John W. R. Taylor, Jane's 100 Significant

Aircraft, 1909-1969 (London: Jane's Publishing Co, 1969), and the pre-

viously mentioned five-volume Jane's Encyclopedia ofAviation are signifi-

cant. The latter work, despite its title, is really a guide to the world's air

forces, airlines, and the various aircraft built by nations through the years.It is, unfortunately, flawed by minor errors of fact and interpretation, and

thus must be used with caution. John W. R. Taylor, Combat Aircraft of the

World (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1969) is a comprehensive intro-

duction to the combat aircraft produced firom 1909 through the late 1960s,

and is very useful. Ray Wagner, American Combat Planes, 3rd revisededition (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1982) is an excellent introduction

to the American perspective of military aircraft development. An au-

thoritative reference work is F. Gordon Swanborough and Peter M.Bowers, United States Militar'v Aircraft Since 1909 (London: Putnam,

1971). Claudia Oakes, Aircraft of the National Air and Space Museum

(Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981) is an excellent guide to

the holdings of the Smithsonian Institution, one of the world's great aircraft

collections, and contains excellent aircraft "biographies" written by the

NASM's curatorial staff. A special mention must be made of the Putnam

Aeronautical Books series published since the early 1960s by Putnam &

Company, Ltd, 9 Bow Street, London, England. This series consists ofindividual volumes, often running to many hundreds of pages on aircraft

developed by specific manufacturers, such as McDonnell-Douglas andBristol. The books are heavily illustrated with photographs and drawings,

and contain much useful information on the growth of the world aircraftindustry. The Profile Publication series (London: Hills and Lacy,

1965-1975), a collection of over 250 heavily illustrated pamphlets on

individual aircraft types (such as the Fokker D-VII or the Douglas DC-3),

is an excellent detailed source of information on particular aircraft. Each

pamphlet was written by an authority on the particular aircraft. This series

was issued in several volumes in the United States by Doubleday & Co,

and, though now long out of print. is still available as a library reference.Finally, Bill Gunston's The World's Greatest Airplanes: The Story of the

Men Who Built Themn and How They Came to Be (New York: Elsevier-

Dutton Publishing Co, 1980) is a good popular introduction told with style

8

PREHISTORY OF FLIGHT

and with a goodly number of anecdotes about the world's great aircraftcompanies, and how they evolved.

A number of specialized guides to research in aerospace history havebeen produced through the years, in addition to such well-known generalguides as the Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature. The followingbibliographical sources are all recommended for their completeness andexcellence: Samuel Duncan Miller, compiler, An Aerospace Bibliography(Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1978); Mary Ann Cresswell andCarl Berger, compilers, United States Air Force History: An AnnotatedBibliography (Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1971); KatherineMurphy Dickson, compiler, History of Aeronautics and Astronautics: APreliminary Bibliography (Washington: NASA, 1968); Alex Roland, AGuide to Research in NASA History (Washington: NASA, 1983); JacobNeufeld, compiler, United States Air Force History: A Guide to Mono-graphic Literature, 1943-1974 (Washington: Office of Air Force History,1977); Lawrence J. Paszek, compiler, United States Air Force History: AGuide to Documentary Sources (Washington: Office of Air Force History,1973), the latter containing an excellent guide to the holdings of the Libraryof Congress, the National Archives, and the USAF Historical ResearchCenter; and, finally, John J. Looney, compiler, Bibliography of SpaceBooks and Articles from non-Aerospace Journals, 1957-1977 (Wash-ington: NASA, 1979).

The Prehistory of Flight, Antiquity to 1783

Practical aviation as it is known today began with the first balloonflights of the Montgolfier brothers and J. A. C. Charles in the year 1783.The social impact of these flights was considerable; it was reflected in art,literature, and interior design. "Balloonmania" resulted in references to1783 as the "Year of Miracles," and the appearance of balloon prints,chandeliers, chairs, and the like. For the first time, humanity was able to

9

LITERATURE

view the earth from the air. However, the accomplishment of practical flight

in 1783 must not disguise the fact that flight had been one of the strongest ofhuman aspirations, dating to antiquity and ancient myths. The single best

reference work on early precursors of flight is Clive Hart, The Dream of

Flight: Aeronautics from Classical Times to the Renaissance (New York:Winchester Press, 1972), a remarkable compilation of material including

extensive citations from primary source documents, A standard reference

on the history of aviation is Charles Gibbs-Smith, The Aeroplane: AnHistorical Survey of Its Origins and Development (London: Her Majesty's

Stationary Office, 1960), and his later revised edition, Aviation: An Histor-

ical Survey from its Origins to the End ?f World War II (London: Her

Majesty's Stationary Office, 1970). Until his death in 1981, Gibbs-Smithwas the doyen of aeronautical historians and the recognized authority on

aviation before the Wright's first flight. Two intriguing studies of specificuses of aeronautics and attempts to fly in medieval times are Lynn White's"Eilmer of Malmesbury: An Eleventh Century Aviator," Technology and

Culture, 19, No. 2 (Spring 1961) and "Medieval Uses of Air," Scientific

American, 223, No. 12 (August, 1970). The history of ballooning has notreceived the attention that it's due. Two new works, however, Tom D.Crouch's, The Eagle Aloft: Two Centuries of the Balloon in America(Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1983), and Charles S.

Gillispie's, The Montgolfier Brothers (Princeton: Princeton UniversityPress, 1983), will fill this gap. Two other references are: The Romance of

Ballooning: The Story of the Ear'v Aeronauts (New York: The VikingPress, 1971), and Donald Dale Jackson, The Aeronauts (Alexandria, Va.:

Time-Life Books, 1980).

The Era of Discovery, 1783-1903

During the nineteenth century, a technological base was established

that enabled the development of the first heavier-than-air flying machines.This work began with the theoretical and practical experiments and studies

of Sir George Cayley. continued through such individuals as Stringfellow

10

ERA OF DISCOVERY

and Henson, and concluded with the epochal work of Otto Lilienthal and

the Wrights. Along the way, an interesting mix of successful and unsuc-cessful practitioners advanced the understanding of what was needed toproduce actual airplanes. Again, much of the most significant historicalwriting in this field has come from the pen of Charles Gibbs-Smith, notably

his The Invention of the Aeroplane, 1799-1909 (London: Faber & Faber,1965), and his encyclopedic A Directory and Nomenclature of the First

Aeroplanes, 1809-1909 (London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 1966),

a particularly useful illustrated guide to the aircraft and attempted aircraftof that period. Tom D. Crouch, A Dream of Wings: Americans and the

Airplane, 1875-1905 (New York: W. W. Norton & Co, 1981) thoroughly

examines the American aeronautical community, with insightful analysis

of such figures as Octave Chanute, Samuel Langley, and the Wright

brothers. Chanute's own Progress in Flying Machines (New York: Forney,1894) remains a valuable reference to the climate of aeronautical opinion inthe 1890s, as does Jeremiah Milbank, The First Century of Flight in

America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943). The latter was thefirst scholarly examination of the early history of aviation and flight

attempts in the United States. A recent work by Joseph J. Corn, The WingedGospel: America's Romance with Aviation, 1900-1950 (New York: Oxford

University Press, 1983) provides a social history of aviation.

Marvin McFarland's impressive two-volume The Papers of Wilbur

and Orville Wright (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1953) constitutes

an indispensible reference on the thoughts and activities of the two brothersfrom Dayton, Ohio. Fred Kelly's excellent though dated biography, The

Wright Brothers (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1943) has now been sup-planted by Harry Combs' masterful Kill Devil Hill: Discovering the Secret

of the Wright Brothers (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979). Combs' workgoes far in demythologizing the Wrights and correctly portraying them asintuitive engineers who carefully plotted and organized their progression

from the drawing board to the sands of Kitty Hawk. Richard Hallion, ed,

The Wright Brothers: Heirs of Prometheus (Washington: SmithsonianInstitution Press, 1978) is a collection of essays from experts who have

studied the work of the Wrights and its impact upon society. This volume

11

LITERATURE

also contains Orville Wright's own account of the brothers' preparations forflight, and is a useful introduction to the Wrights and their accomplish-

ments. A colorful and reliable history of efforts leading to the Wrights'triumph at Kitty Hawk is by Valerie Moolman, The Road to Kitty Hawk

(Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1980). This book, part of the Time-Life Epic of Flight series, is, like most of the works in the series, replete

with numerous photographs and drawings and a heavily anecdotal text,

being particularly suited to those needing a readable and popular introduc-tion to the subject.

The Development of Practical Airplanes, 1903-1918

The time period running from the Wrights through the First World Warwas a particularly challenging and fruitful time in aeronautics. Critical

advances were made in aerodynamics, propulsion, structures, and controlstechnology, enabling a four-fold increase in aircraft flight speeds. By theend of the First World War, aircraft design technology had advanced to the

point where operators could confidently plan long-range flights across theNorth Atlantic and through Southeast Asia to Australia. The airplane had

proven itself a major military weapon, forcing military planners to rethinkstrategy and tactics in light of its capabilities. Charles Gibbs-Smith, The

Rebirth of European Aviation. 1902-1908 (London: Her Majesty's Station-ary Office, 1974) offers a clear analysis of the Wrights' impact upon a

European aeronautical community suddenly shocked into awareness of itstechnological inferiority. Several useful popular accounts of aviation'spioneering days exist, notably, Walter T. Bonney, The Heritage of Kitty

Hawk (New York: Norton. 1962); Henry Serrano Villard, Contact: The

Story of the Earhv Birds (New York: Crowell, 1968); and Sherwood Harris,The First to Flh: Aviation's Pioneer Days (New York: Simon & Schuster,

1970). Sir Geoffrey de Havilland's reissued autobiography, Sky Fever(Shrewsbury, England: Airlife Publications, 1979), offers an often amusing

and informative look at the trials and tribulations of an early British aircraftbuilder and pilot. Constance Babington-Smith's Testing Time: The Story of

12

PRACTICAL AIRPLANES

British Test Pilots and Their Aircraft (New York: Harper & Brothers,1961), is an excellent reference to the pioneer days of flight in GreatBritain. Harald Penrose, a noted British test pilot, has written a good, ifcontroversial, history tracing pre-Great War aviation in Great Britain,British Aviation: The Pioneer Years, 1903-1914 (London: Putnam, 1967).Cecil R. Roseberry, Glenn Curtiss: Pioneer of Flight (Garden City, N.Y.:Doubleday & Co, 1972) is the standard biography of this importantAmerican pioneer, who was the Wrights' chief rival in the early days. LouisS. Casey's recent Curtiss: The Hammondsport Era, 1907-1915 (NewYork: Crown Publishers, 1981) and Peter M. Bowers, Curtiss Aircraft:1907-1947 (London: Putnam, 1979) offer surprisingly detailed and accu-rate information on the aircraft themselves.

Owen S. Lieberg, The First Air Race: The International Competitionat Reims, 1909 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1974) is a popularlywritten and informative account of the first great air meet, enabling criticalcomparisons of technological approaches to be made. Tom D. Crouch,Bleriot XI: The Story of a Classic Aircraft (Washington: SmithsonianInstitution Press, 1982) is a valuable account of the work of French pioneerLouis Bleriot, developer of one of early aviation's most significant flyingvehicles. Interestingly, Allen Wheeler, Building Aeroplanes for "ThoseMagnificent Men" (London: G. T. Foulis & Co, 1965) wrote an account ofconstructing flying replicas for the film Those Magnificent Men in TheirFlying Machines. It is one of the best sources of information on the design,construction techniques, flying, and handling qualities of early airplanes.The actual pioneers of the early days have not received the biographicaltreatment that is their due, though Claudia Oakes, United States Women inAviation Through World War I (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press,1978) and Howard S. Wolko, In the Cause of Flight: Technologists ofAeronautics and Astronautics, cited previously, are useful steps towardsremedying this situation. Overall, Curtis Prendegast, The First Aviators(Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1980), part of the Time-Life series, isa reliable and well-written popular introduction to the people of the period.

The First World War in the air has been the subject of so many worksthat it is virtually impossible to discuss all of them in a coherent essay.

13

LITERATURE

Military development before the war was marked by lethargy inspired byofficial military reluctance to sanction creation of air arms. Americandevelopments are covered in Juliette A. Hennessey, The United StatesArmnyAirArm, April 1861 to April 1917, USAF Historical Studies, No. 98(Maxwell AFB, Ala: Air University, 1958). Charles DeForest Chandlerand Frank P. Lahm, How Our Army Grew Wings: Airmen and AircraftBefore 1914 (New York: The Ronald Press Company, 1943) is part history,part memoir by two pioneers in American military aviation. Once warbroke out, however, expansion was rapid if often haphazard. Again, a goodpopular reference is Ezra Bowen, Knights of the Air (Alexandria, Va.:Time-Life Books, 1980).

Readers desiring more comprehensive and in-depth coverage areencouraged to examine the following works. George van Deurs, a pioneer-ing Navy pilot, has examined that service's introduction to the airplane inWings for the Fleet: A Narrative of Naval Aviation's EarlY Development,1910-1916 (Annapolis, Md.: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1966). Peter B.Mersky, U.S. Marine Corps Aviation 1912 to the Present (Annapolis:Nautical and Aviation Publishing Company of America, 1983) details thelong sweep of Marine Corps aviation. Henry "Hap" Arnold's auto-biographical Global Mission (New York: Harper & Row, 1949) offerscomparable insight into the early years of U.S. Army Aviation; for moreinformation, readers should consult Alfred Goldberg, et al, A History of theUnited States Air Force, 1907-1957 (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Co,1957). The British six-volume official history by Walter Raleigh and HenryA. Jones, The War in the Air, 6 vols (London: Oxford University Press andClarendon Press, 1922-37) offers an in-depth look at the air war over theWestern Front from an Allied perspective. Andrew Boyle, Trenchard: Manof Vision (London: Collins, 1962) is a penetrating and sympathetic study ofa key advocate of airpower. Two "before and after" studies on early attemptsto undertake strategic air operations by Imperial Germany are DouglasRobinson, The Zeppelin in Combat: A History' of the German Naval AirshipDivision, 1912-1918 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1980) andRaymond H. Fredette. The Sk'y on Fire: The First Battle of Britain,1917-1918, and the Birth ?f the RoYal Air Force (New York: Holt, Rinehart

14

PRACTICAL AIRPLANES

& Winston, 1966), paperback edition (New York: Harcourt Brace andJovanovich, 1976). An excellent overview is by John H. Morrow, GermanAirpower in World War I (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982).

America's wartime aeronautical effort was marked by political scan-dal and mismanagement at home and dedicated professionalism and hero-ism abroad. Definitive studies of the home front and combat front are by I.B. Holley, Ideas and Weapons: Exploitation of the Aerial Weapon by theUnited States during World War I: A Study in the Relationship of Tech-nological Advance, Military Doctrine, and the Development of Weapons(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953), reprinted (Washington: Officeof Air Force History, 1984), and James J. Hudson, Hostile Skies: A CombatHistory of the American Air Service in World War I (Syracuse: SyracuseUniversity, 1968). Essential documents can be found in Maurer Maurer, ed,The U.S. Air Service in World War I, 4 vols .(Washington: Office of AirForce History, 1978-1979). A new work by Richard P. Hallion, Rise of theFighters: Air Combat in World War I (Annapolis: Nautical and AviationPublishing Co, 1984) examines the development of combat aircraft from anew perspective. Pilot accounts from all sides abound. Among the best are:Cecil Lewis, Sagittarius Rising (Harrisburg: Stackpole Books, 1963);Ernst Udet, Ace of the Iron Cross (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1970);and Eddie Rickenbacker, Fighting the Flying Circus (Garden City, N.Y.:Doubleday, 1965). Denis Winter, The First of the Few: Fighter Pilots of theFirst World War (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1983) uses mostlyBritish sources to provide a penetrating analysis of the pilots and air-to-aircombat experiences of the war. Works dealing with the aircraft of the FirstWorld War are almost too numerous to mention. Kenneth Munson, Aircraftof World War I (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1968) is a reliable and wellillustrated introductory guide to the frail machines that fought between1914-1918. John Cuneo's impressive two-volume Winged Mars (Har-risburg: Military Service Publishing Co, 1945) is a thorough and incisiveexamination of the emergence of a military aviation consciousness in theopening years of the First World War. Overall, the best survey histories ofthe rise of military air power are by Robin Higham, Air Power: A ConciseHistory (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1972) and Basil Collier, A Historyof Air Power (New York: Macmillan, 1974).

15

LITERATURE

The Rise of Air Transportation and Professionalization, 1918-1936

The interwar years through the mid-I 930s were a particularly criticaltime for aeronautics. It was in this decade that the first practical air transport

aircraft were developed, leading to the emergence of widespread air pas-

senger and freight service. Also, military airpower doctrine was refined,

and the roles and missions of military aircraft types more closely defined.

The basic technology of flight underwent a revolution, with the develop-

ment of powerful piston engines, efficient wing shapes, a variety ofspecialized devices for improved aerodynamic performance, the emer-

gence of the monoplane (one-wing) configuration, and the appearance ofthe all-metal airplane. The profession of aerospace engineer also under-went a significant upgrading in skill level and training with the appearance

of schools and departments of aerospace engineering, usually drawingupon the field of mechanical engineering and fluid mechanics for theirtechnical and scientific background. An excellent introduction to thisperiod can be found in Roger E. Bilstein, Flight Patterns: Trends in

American Aviation 1918-1929 (Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press,

1983).

By the beginning of 1919, the technology of aircraft and airships wasadvanced enough to permit the undertaking of long distance transoceanicflights. A good introduction to long distance aviation is David Nevin, The

Pathfinders (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1980) which covers thepioneering efforts of such individuals as Alcock and Brown, Lindbergh,Wiley Post, and Howard Hughes. This excellent book is complemented by

six others in the Time-Life series that also treat important themes of the

interwar years: Douglas Botting, The Giant Airships (Alexandria, Va.:Time-Life Books, 1980); Paul O'Neil, Barnstormners and Speed Kings

(Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1981); Oliver E. Allen, The Airline

Builders (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1981); David Nevin, Archi-tects of Air Power (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1981); and Donald

Dale Jackson, Flying the Mail (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1982).

All are written in anecdotal fashion, and profusely illustrated. The U.S.

16

AIR TRANSPORTATION

Navy's pioneering transatlantic flight of 1919 using the NC-4 flying boat istreated by Richard K. Smith, First Across (Annapolis: U.S. Naval InstitutePress, 1973). The epochal transatlantic, transpacific, and arctic flights ofthe 1920s are the subject of a large body of literature. Of special value are:Joseph Hamlen, Flight Fever (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1971);Edward Jablonski, Atlantic Fever (New York: The Macmillan Co, 1972);Jack Huttig, 1927: Summer of Eagles (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1979); andJohn Grierson, Challenge to the Poles: Highlights of Arctic and AntarcticAviation (London: G. T. Foulis & Co, 1964), the definitive work by a well-known pioneering British pilot.

Charles A. Lindbergh and his solo flight across the North Atlantic inMay 1927 inspired countless journalists and writers to write about thelanky airman. Unfortunately, most have written in a sensationalist fashion,ignoring the careful and methodical planning that went into the flight. TomD. Crouch, ed, Charles A. Lindbergh: An American Life (Washington:Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977), a series of essays by experts in thefield, has an excellent introduction to Lindbergh, his accomplishments,and the political controversy that surrounded him later in life. Lindberghhas been the subject of three general biographies: Kenneth Davis, TheHero: Charles A. Lindbergh and the American Dream (Garden City, N.Y.Doubleday & Co, 1959); Walter S. Ross, The Last Hero: Charles A.Lindbergh (New York: Harper & Row, 1968); and Leonard Mosley,Lindbergh: A Biography (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1976).Davis and Ross are still the best; Lindbergh preferred the Ross work.Additionally, Wayne S. Cole, Charles A. Lindbergh and the Battle AgainstAmerican Intervention in World War II (New York: Harcourt BraceJovanovich, 1974) is the most reliable and authoritative study onLindbergh's controversial political stand in the years before Pearl Harbor.Lindbergh himself was the author of numerous books and articles duringhis life, and these offer a rich treasury of materials on his life and widebreadth of interests. Especially recommended are: We (New York: Putnam,1927), his account of the Paris flight written just after his return; The Spiritof St. Louis (New York: Scribner, 1953), and Autobiography of Values (NewYork: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978), the latter published following his

17

LITERATURE

death in 1974. Donald E. Keyhoe's Flying with Lindbergh (New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons, 1928) offers an interesting view of Lindbergh during his

1927 flight around the United States at the behest of the Daniel Gug-

genheim Fund.

Again, there are numerous pilot accounts from the 1920s and 1930s

that give the feeling of what it was like to fly in what some writers havereferred to as "aviation's Golden Age." Three of the best are: Frank

Courtney, The Eighth Sea (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1972),Alan Wheeler, Flying between the Wars (Oxfordshire: G. T. Foulis & Co,1972), and Sir Gordon Taylor. The Ski Beyond (Boston: Houghton MifflinCo, 1963). Other autobiographies treat the development of aviation tech-

nology and airlines, as do a few selected biographies. Especially recom-mended are: F R. "Rod" Banks, I Kept No Diary (Shrewsbury, England:

Airlife Publications, 1978), which offers much useful information on

engine development; Juan de la Cierva and Don Rose, Wings q01Tomorrow:The Story of the Autogiro (New York: Brewer, Warren & Putnam, 1931),

about the predecessor of the helicopter; Nevil Shute Norway. Slide Rule:The Autobiography of an Engineer (New York: William Morrow & Co,

1954), an impressive memoir by an excellent aeronautical engineer bestknown for his novels written under the pen name Nevil Shute; J. E.

Morpurgo, Barnes Wallis. A Biography (New York: St. Martin's Press,1972), about a legendary British aircraft designer and engineer; Ralph A.

O'Neill., A Dream qf Eagles (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1973), amemoir of an early airline entrepreneur; Robert Daley, An American Saga.Juan Trippe and His Pan Am Empire (New York: Random House, 1980),

about the founder of Pan Am Airlines, balancing Matthew Josephson'searlier Empire of the Air: Juan Trippe and the Strugglef!or World Airwi'ays

(New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co, 1943), reprinted (New York: Arno

Press, 1972); Dean Smith. BY the Seat of Mv Pants (Boston: Little, Brown,

and Company, 1961), a memoir of the early days of flying the mail; LowellThomas and Edward Jablonski, Doolittle: A Biography (Garden City,N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1976), the best biographical study of pioneeraviator and test pilot James H. "Jimmy" Doolittle; and. finally, Igor

Sikorsky, The Story qf the Winged-S (New York: Dodd. Mead & Co, 1958),

18

AIR TRANSPORTATION

which details this Russian-American pioneer's work with flying boats.Sikorsky's work in the 1920s and 1930s, as well as his subsequent develop-ment of the helicopter, is examined in detail in Frank Delear, Igor Sikorsky:His Three Careers in Aviation (New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1976).Warren R. Young, The Helicopters (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books,1982) is also an informative account of the "chopper's" development andsubsequent service.

Significantly, the 1920s were a time in which the profession ofaeronautical engineering advanced rapidly. Critical to this developmentwere the activities of the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion ofAeronautics (1926-1930), a remarkable philanthropic activity that endow-ed schools of aeronautical engineering across the United States, establishedaeronautical research facilities dealing with safety in aviation and so-called"blind" flying, and helped create a "Model Air Line" run by Western AirExpress between Los Angeles and San Francisco. Guggenheim activitieshave been examined by Richard P. Hallion in Legacy of Flight: TheGuggenheim Contribution to American Aviation (Seattle: University ofWashington Press, 1977). Theodore von Karman's memoir, written withLee Edson, The Wind and Beyond: Theodore von Karman, Pioneer inAviation and Pathfinder in Space (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co, 1967),provides an interesting personal account of one key individual's role inadvancing aerospace engineering and education during the early years ofaviation. Von Karman, the foremost aeronautical scientist of his time,immigrated to the United States to escape the increasingly anti-intellectualclimate of Germany on the eve of Hitler's rise to power, and became directorof the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at the California Institute ofTechnology. The transfer of the European laboratory tradition in aero-nautical research and the role von Karman played are the subjects of Paul A.Hanle's Bringing Aerodynamics to America (Cambridge: MIT Press,1982).

The 1920s and 1930s were marked by the emergence of practical airtransportation. By the mid-1930s the first airplane capable of making a

19

LITERATURE

profit simply by flying passengers. the Douglas DC-3, was in large- scale

production. The emergence of air transportation was inextricably linked to

such other developments as air regulation and the growth of the air mail

service. Ronald E. G. Davies, A History qfthe World's Airlines (New York:

AMS Press, 1983) is a useful introduction. W. David Lewis and Wesley P.

Newton, Delta: The History of an Airline (Athens, Ga.: University of

Georgia Press, 1979) is a thorough and incisive examination of how one

small crop-dusting company blossomed into one of America's most suc-

cessful and influential air carriers, Robert J. Serling, a popular writer on

airline and air transportation matters, has prepared several generally usefulairline histories, especially From the Captain to the Colonel: An Informal

History of Eastern Airlines (New York: Dial Press, 1980), and The OnlyWav to Flv: The Story of Western Airlines (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday,1976). William M. Leary. The Dragon's Wings (Athens, Ga.: University of

Georgia Press, 1976) is an excellent monographic study on the evolution ofcivil aviation in China. Wesley P. Newton, The Perilous Sky: U.S. Aviation

Diplomacyv and Latin America, 1919-1931 (Miami: University of MiamiPress, 1978), is a definitive examination of civil aviation expansion intoLatin America and the often complex arrangements that had to be worked

out. Henry Ladd Smith, Airways Abroad: The Story of American World AirRoutes (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1950), and Carl Solberg,Conquest of the Skies: A History o?" Commercial Aviation in America(Boston: Little. Brown, and Co, 1979) are excellent references as well as

introductory guides. George E. Hopkins, The Airline Pilots. A Study in

Elite Unionization (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971) is aunique work that concentrates on the creation of the Air Line Pilots

Association. Finally, Ernest K. Gann. Fate is the Hunter (New York:

Simon & Schuster. 1961 ) is an excellent and evocative memoir of flying inthe early days of American civil aviation by a well-known airman andnovelist. Jean Potter, The Flying North (New York: The Macmillan Co,

1947) details the experiences of bush flying in Alaska in the 1930s.

Peter W. Brooks' classic study, The Modern Airliner: Its Origins and

Development (London: Putnam, 1961) is still the best survey of the growth

of air transport technology and the driving factors of airline operating

20

AIR TRANSPORTATION

economics. The historical series of the Federal Aviation Administration is a

particularly valuable source of information on American civil aviation.Pertinent volumes include: Nick A. Komons, Bonfires to Beacons (Wash-ington: Federal Aviation Administration, 1978); John R. M. Wilson, Tur-

bulence Aloft (Washington: Federal Aviation Administration, 1979); Stuart1. Rochester, Takeoff at Mid-Century (Washington: Federal Aviation Ad-

ministration, 1976); and Richard J. Kent Jr., Safe, Separated, and Soaring(Washington: Federal Aviation Administration, 1980). The best single-

volume work is Donald Whitnah's excellent and insightful Safer Skyways:Federal Control of Aviation, 1926-66 (Iowa City, Iowa: Iowa UniversityPress, 1966). The impact of the growing science of meteorology was

crucial to early commercial aviation, and Whitnah's one-volume A History

of the U.S. Weather Bureau (Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press,1961) traces the important links that developed between the meteorological

and aviation communities, links which mutually stimulated the develop-ment of both. Henry Ladd Smith, Airways: The History of CommercialAviation in the United States (New York: Knopf, 1942) is a dated but stillvery useful study. Ronald E. Miller and David Sawers, The Technical

Development of Modern Aviation (New York: Praeger, 1970) is a work that

concentrates heavily on the growth of commercial aircraft technology andthe economics of operating passenger aircraft.

Equally useful for understanding the technological climate from

which the transport aircraft of the 1920s and 1930s sprang is ThomasFoxworth, The Speed Seekers (New York: Doubleday & Co, 1976) thedefinitive history of air racing during the 1920s and 1930s. Elsbeth E.Freudenthal, The Aviation Business: From Kitty Hawk to Wall Street (NewYork: Vanguard, 1940) is an informative and highly critical study of thegrowth of the aircraft manufacturing and air transport industry. Monte

Duane Wright, Most Probable Position: A History of Aerial Navigation to1941 (Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 1972) is an in-depth

study of the development of air navigation instruments and techniques. Itwas, of course, from the air mail era that commercial aviation blossomed,and, interestingly, the air mail period is one that has received too littledetailed attention. Aside from Jackson's Time-Life book mentioned earlier,

21

LITERATURE

a useful single-volume treatment is Donald B. Holmes, Airmai: AnIllustrated History, 1793-1981 (New York: Clarkson & Potter, 1981),which is heavily illustrated and of special value to anyone interested in

philately. Both supplant Page Schamburger's earlier and now dated Tracks

Across the Skv: The Story of the Pioneers of the U.S. Air Mail (Phila-delphia: Lippincott, 1964). Harold Mansfield's, Vision: A Saga of the Sky(New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1956) amply chronicles the early

history of Boeing, developers of the first "modern" transport-the Model

247 of 1933. Finally, two works specifically examine the greatest and most

influential of all airliners, the Douglas DC-3: Douglas J. Ingell's, ex-

haustive The Plane That Changed The World: A Biography of the DC-3

(Fallbrook, Calif.: Aero Publishers, 1966), and Carroll V. Glines' andWendell F Moseley's, more popularly written, The DC-3: The Story of a

Fabulous Airplane (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1966).

The 1920s and 1930s were a time during which the gas- filled dirigibleairship reigned supreme until a series of weather-related accidents,

culminating in the Hindenburg holocaust, shattered forever the vision oflong-range freight and passenger-carrying airships. The romance of theairship, a holdover from previous fascination with the balloon, has led to

these craft being the subject of numerous popular works. Aside from TomCrouch's new book mentioned previously, the best sources of airshiphistory are: Douglas H. Robinson, Giants in the Sky: A History of the Rigid

Airship (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1973); Richard K.

Smith, The Airships Akron and Macon (Annapolis: U.S. Naval InstitutePress, 1965); Basil Collier, The Airship.- A History (New York: G. P.Putnam's Sons, 1974); John Toland, Ships in the Sky (New York: Holt,1957); Robin Higham, The British Rigid Airship, 1908-1931 (London: G.T. Foulis & Co, 1961); Joseph Gordon Vaeth, Graf Zeppelin: The Adven-

tures of an Aerial Globetrotter (New York: Harper & Bros, 1958); and

James Leasor, The Millionth Chance. The Story of the R-101 (London:

Hamish Hamilton, 1957).

During the 1930s, the pace of aeronautical technology acceleratedrapidly. This challenged such areas as aerospace medicine, propulsion

22

AIR TRANSPORTATION

systems, and safety during high altitude flight. Douglas Robinson, TheDangerous Sky: A History of Aviation Medicine (Seattle: University ofWashington Press, 1973) is an excellent survey of the development of a very

important field by an author who is himself a flight physician. RobertSchlaifer's exhaustive and lengthy Development of Aircraft Engines(Boston: Harvard University Press, 1950) and S. D. Heron's Development

of Aviation Fuels (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1950) remain thestandard reference on aero propulsion; readers desiring a briefer and lessextensive introduction should consult C. Fayette Taylor, Aircraft Propul-sion (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1971), part of the

Smithsonian Annals of Flight series. Another volume in this series is byStanley R. Mohler and Bobby H. Johnson, Wiley Post, his Winnie May, and

the World's First Pressure Suit (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press,1971), a thorough and informative account of the activities of a noted

pioneer long-distance aviator and his important research on the problems of

high-altitude flight.

The development of military aviation in the 1920s and 1930s was

marked by the emergence of doctrines emphasizing long-range strategic airpower, tactical aviation, and naval aviation. The seeds for the employment

of air power in the Second World War were planted and nurtured during the1920s. Two useful introductions to the military aviation issues of the

interwar years are Nevin's Time-Life book Architects of Air Power citedearlier, and Sir Arthur Hezlet's excellent survey of naval aviation, Aircraft

and Sea Power (New York: Stein and Day, 1970). The evolution of theaircraft carrier as a capital ship has been examined in detail by Charles M.Melhorn in Two Block Fox: The Rise of the Aircraft Carrier, 1911-1929

(Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1974). The major event affectingpublic perceptions of air power in the United States during the 1920s wasthe court-martial of Billy Mitchell, an outspoken and often incautiously

intemperate airpower zealot. Mitchell has been the subject of numerous

articles and works, but Alfred E Hurley, Billy Mitchell: Crusader for AirPower (New York: Franklin Watts, 1964), new edition (Bloomington, Ind.:Indiana University Press, 1975) remains the most reliable source forinformation on this controversial figure. Mitchell was surrounded by a

23

LITERATURE

coterie of bright, ambitious, and dedicated junior officers who did much toadvance the cause of a separate and independent air arm that eventually

came to fruition with the creation of the United States Air Force in 1947.The contribution of one pioneer, not particularly friendly to Mitchell, iscovered in John E. Shiner's penetrating Foulois and the U.S. Army Air

Corps, 1 931-1 935 (Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1983). The

interwar years and nmany of these men are the subject of a major study by

DeWitt S. Copp, A Few Great Captains: The Men and Events that Shap~ed

the Development of US. A ir Power (Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, 1980)

sponsored by the Air Force Historical Foundation.

The aircraft of the interwar years have been the subject of numerousstudies and monographs. The best general introductory source for material

on specific aircraft types is Macmillan's Pocket Encyclopedia of World

Aircraft in Color series, including Kenneth G. Munson's Airliners Between

the Wars 1919-1939 (New York: Macmillan, 1972), Fighters Between the

War.s 1919-1 939 (New York: Macmillan, 197Q), Bombers Between the

Wars 1919-1 939 (New York: Macmillan, 1970). and Flying Boats and

Seaplanes Since 1910. (New York: Macmillan, 1971 ). In addition, Lennart

Ege, Balloons and Airships 1783-1973, (London: Macmillan, 1973) andLord Ventry and Eugene Kolesnik, Jane's Pocket Book of Airships (NewYork: Collier Books, 1977), are useful pocket guides to airships.

The Ascendency of the Propeller-Driven Airplane, 1936-1945

From the late 1 930s through 1945, aviation underwent many profound

changes, in part because of the demands of wartime activities and require-ments. Chief among these changes were the turbojet revolution, which

reached its fulfillment after 1945, and the conscious recognition that theworld would never quite be the same as a result of blending advanced long-range aircraft with the capabilities of modern military weapons, especially

the atomic bomb. By 1945, propeller-driven long-range aircraft were flyingacross the world's oceans to deliver cargo and to attack targets. Yet, such

24

PROPELLER-DRIVEN AIRPLANE

was the pace of aeronautical development that their technology was alreadyobsolescent in the face of the turbojet revolution. Truly, by the end of 1945,the dominance of the propeller-driven airplane had already begun to de-cline; by 1958, with the arrival of the first practical intercontinental jettransports, it would be totally swept away from the mainstream of long-range air operations.

World War 1I proved a tremendous "forcing function" in the evolutionof military and civil aviation. In many respects, however, this was moreevolutionary than revolutionary, in that the scope of wartime activities hadmore or less been determined by the respective development of aviation inthe major combatant nations during the 1920s and 1930s.

Literally thousands of volumes have been written on the impact of airpower upon the Second World War. R. J. Overy, The Air War, 1939-1945(New York: Stein and Day, 1980) offers excellent coverage and insights,including a revealing examination on aircraft production. The Higham andHezlett works cited previously examine facets of the employment of airpower during the war, and are the best introductory references to thesubject. Additionally, there has been a sizable body of official historiesdealing either exclusively or in part with the war in the air. The standardAmerican reference on the war in the air is Wesley Frank Craven and JamesLea Cate, eds, The Army Air Forces in World War H, 7 Vols (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1948-1958), reprint edition (Washington:Office of Air Force History, 1984). The U.S. Navy and Marine Corps storyis told by Samuel Eliot Morison, History of United States Naval Operationsin World War II, 15 vols, (Boston: Little, Brown and Company,1947-1962), and Robert L. Sherrod, History of United States MarineCorps Aviation in World War Two (San Rafael, Calif.: Presidio Press,1980). Haywood S. Hansell, Jr., The Air Plan that Defeated Hitler (Atlan-ta: Printed by Higgins-McArthur/Logino & Porter, Inc., 1972), reprinted(New York: Arno Press, 1980) is part memoir, part analytical history byone of the great Air Force planners; the study covers prewar events as wellas planning and strategic operations in the war against Germany.

25

LITERATURE

One very significant study of the military aircraft procurement pro-cess is I. B. Holley. But'ing Aircraft: Materiel Procurement for the ArtnyAir Forces (United States Army in World War II, Special Studies) (Wash-ington: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army,1964). part of the official United States Armv in World War H series.Benjamin S. Kelsey, The Dragon's Teeth (Washington: Smithsonian In-stitution Press, 1982) is an important memoir and historical analysis of theproblems affecting military procurement in America during the 1920s and1930s. Clark G. Reynolds, The Fast Carriers: The Forging of an Air Navy(New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1968) is a brilliant, incisive history ofAmerican carrier operations during the Second World War. Readers desir-ing a less exhaustive, more popular, and heavily illustrated introductorywork are referred to Reynolds' The Carrier War (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1982) a volume in the previously mentioned Time-Life Epic ofFlight series. A. D. Turnbull and C. L. Lord, History of U.S. NavalAviation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1949) contains much usefulinformation, and Theodore Roscoe, On the Seas and ln the Skies: A Historyof the U.S. Navy's Air Power (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1970) is also alively account.

U.S. Army Air Forces' operations have been the subject of numerouspopular works. However, they are often characterized by a "gee whiz"approach to the subject that obscures, or even supplants, more seriousinterpretations and discussions. Readers thus should choose very carefullyamong available sources, being especially cautious when dealing withbooks written immediately after the war and even into the 1950s and early1960s. One major study that furnishes useful insights on the U.S. Army AirForces is by DeWitt S. Copp, Forged in Fire: Strategy and Decisions in theAir War Over Europe, 1940-1945 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co,1982).

Nothing was as symbolic of the role air power played in the SecondWorld War as the massive Anglo-American bombing raids launchedagainst Axis targets. There is a wealth of literature on this subject, but

26

PROPELLER-DRIVEN AIRPLANE

again, readers have to choose with caution. Noble Frankland, The BombingOffensive Against Germany (London: Faber & Faber, 1965) is an excellentintroduction. Lee B. Kennett, A History of Strategic Bombing (New York:Charles Scribner's Sons, 1982) is a concise, scholarly study that places theWorld War II experience in the broad perspective of previous efforts toharness aviation to war. Max Hasting's Bomber Command (New York: TheDial Press, 1979) offers a clear and often disturbing insight into theevolution of British bombing policy and operational techniques. Roger A.Freeman, The Mighty Eighth (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1970)is an encyclopedic history of the Eighth Air Force, the U.S. Army AirForces' principal striking arm in the war against Nazi Germany. Two of thekey air offensives of the war were raids on Schweinfurt, Germany, a centerof ball-bearing production, and on the Ploesti, Rumania oilfields. MartinCaidin, Black Thursday (New York: Dutton, 1960) is an excellent accountof the planning and execution of the costly Schweinfurt strike, and Ploestihas been the subject of two excellent works: Leon Wolff, Low-LevelMission (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1957), and the definitivePloesti: The Great Ground-Air Battle of ] August 1943 (New York: Ran-dom House, 1962) by James Dugan and Carroll Stewart. James M. Merrill,Target Tokyo: The Halsey-Doolittle Raid (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1964)provides a good account of this interesting joint air-naval strike against theJapanese mainland in April 1942. Carroll V. Glines, Doolittle's TokyoRaiders (Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand, 1964) and his later, Four CameHome (Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand, 1966), provide the recollectionsand impressions of those who actually flew on the raid, including those whowere imprisoned by the Japanese. Curtis E. LeMay and MacKinlay Kantor,Mission With LeMay: My Story (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co,1965) is an interesting memoir of a major figure in American airpower, andhas much useful information on LeMay's role in both European and Pacificstrategic bomber operations. Allen Andrews, The Air Marshals: The AirWar in Western Europe (New York: W. W. Morrow and Co, 1970) is a goodintroduction to the personalities who were responsible for both Allied andAxis conduct of the air war. A book which focuses on American operationsand the role of one key individual is Thomas Coffey, Hap: The Story of theU.S. Air Force and the Man Who Built It: General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold

(New York: The Viking Press, 1982). David Maclsaac's Strategic Bombing

27

LITERATURE

in Worml War 1I." The Story t(?ftie United States Strategic Bombing Survey

(New York: Garland Publishing, 1976) recounts how the survey wasorganized and accomplished. Finally, Fletcher Knebel and Charles W.Bailey, No High Ground (New York: Harper, 1960) is an excellent accountof the first atomic bomb strikes at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

The war in the Pacific, while not as extensively treated as the war inEurope. has, nevertheless, been the subject of a number of works. GeorgeC. Kenney, General Kennev Reports: A Personal HistoiY (f the Pacific War

(New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1949) covers the Southwest PacificTheater with thoroughness and insight. Edwards Park, Nanette (New York:W. W. Norton, 1977) is an evocative and highly personal account of afighter pilot's combat tour in New Guinea, and ranks among the finest pilotmemoirs of the war. Charles A. Lindbergh, The Wartime Journals (fCharles A. Lindbergh (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970) is amajor source for this controversial airman's views and interpretations ofwartime events, including excellent sections on his wartime service in theSouthwest Pacific. Claire Lee Chennault, Way (vqfa Fighter: The Memoirs of

Claire Lee Chennault (New York: Putnam, 1949), edited by Robert Hotz, isa useful memoir on the famed leader of the "Flying Tiger" volunteers whoflew for China. Thomas G. Miller, The Cactus Air Force (New York:Harper and Row, 1969) is an excellent account of Allied air operations overthe Solomon Islands in 1942-1943. The Japanese side of the air war hasbeen well treated by surviving airmen and military historians. Especiallyrecommended are the following: Masatake Okumiya and Jrio Horikoshiwith Martin Caidin, Zero (New York: Dutton. 1956): Saburo Sakai withMartin Caidin and Fred Saito, Samurai (New York: Dutton, 1957), a pilotmemoir by Japan's top-scoring surviving fighter ace: Mitsuo Fuchida andMasatake Okumiya. Midway: The Battle that Doomed Japan (Annapolis:U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1955): and Rikihei Inoguchi and TadashiNakajima, with Roger Pineau. The Divine Wind." Japan's Kamikaze Forcein World War Il (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1958), an insightfulaccount of the origins and employment of the Kamikaze against Alliedfleets. Finally, Wilbur H. Morrison. Point of No Return: The Story (?f the20th AirForce (New York: Times Books, 1979) has a popularly written andreliable account of the bombing offensive that destroyed Japan.

28

PROPELLER-DRIVEN AIRPLANE

One of the critical periods of the war was the Battle of Britain in 1940,which resulted in a clear British victory and the thwarting of Hitler's plansfor an invasion of the British Isles. The literature and pilot memoirs on bothsides of this conflict are extensive. Derek Wood and Derek Dempster, TheNarrow Margin (London: Hutchinson, 1961) is the standard historicalaccount. Peter Townsend's later, Duel of Eagles (New York: Simon andSchuster, 1970) is a masterful blend of memoir and history. Francis K.Mason's encyclopedic Battle Over Britain (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday& Co, 1970) is the best source for statistical data, as well as giving a blow-by-blow daily account of the struggle. The depth of Mason's research isremarkable.

The various air forces of the Second World War combatants have beentreated in detail, especially that of Nazi Germany. Three useful introducto-ry works on the combatant air forces are volumes in the Time-Life series:Ralph Barker, The RAF at War (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1981);Time-Life eds, The Luftwaffe (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1982);and Russell Miller, The Soviet Air Force (Alexandria, Va.: Time-LifeBooks, 1983). The Soviet Air Force has already been the subject of severalpopular works. Alexander Boyd, The Soviet Air Force since 1918 (NewYork: Stein and Day, 1977) is an excellent survey history, as is Kenneth R.Whiting, Soviet Air Power, 1917-1978 (Maxwell AFB: Air UniversityPress, 1979); Ray Wagner and Leland Fetzer, The SovietAir Force in WorldWorld II: The Official History (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1973)is a faithful translation of the Soviet official history published by theMinistry of Defense, Moscow, and thus contains many of the quaint quasi-judgmental vagaries of the original. Von Hardesty, Red Phoenix: The Riseof Soviet Air Power, 1941-45 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press,1982) is a definitive history of Soviet Air Force operations during theSecond World War.

Denis Richard's and Hilary St. George Saunders' three-volume TheRoyal Air Force, 1939-1945, rev ed (London: Her Majesty's StationaryOffice, 1974-1975) is the general official British history. British airmen

29

LITERATURE

have written dozens, if not hundreds, of memoirs which, for the most part,

are well-written and highly informative. The strategic war waged by theRAF is covered in the excellent official history by Sir Charles K. Webster

and Noble Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany,1939-1945, 4 Vols (London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 1961).

The Luftwaffe has continued to fascinate popular writers and histo-

rians through the years. Two "insider" accounts that avoid many of the self-

serving generalizations used in other memoirs of the Nazi era are: AdolfGalland, The First and the Last (London: Fontana, 1970) by the former

chief of German fighter forces; and Werner Baumbach, The Life and Deathof the Luftwaffe (New York: Coward-McCann, 1960), written by the former

chief of Germany's Bomber Command. David Irving, The Rise and Fall of

the Luftwaffe: The Life of Field Marshal Erhard Milch (Boston: Little,Brown & Co, 1974) is a provocative, absorbing, and insightful examina-

tion of the Luftwaffe from the perspective of its chief architect. Finally, W.

H. Tantum, IV and E. J. Hoffschmidt, The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe

1933-1945, (Old Greenwich, Conn.: WE, Inc, 1969) provides an excellentsummary history of that ineptly led and confused organization. Smaller air

forces have not received their fair due, though Jerzy Cynk, Histor' of thePolish Air Force, 1918-1968 (Reading, U.K.: Osprey Publishing, 1972) is

an exception, and a study that could serve as a model for others to follow.

One of the truly significant aspects of aviation from 1936 through1945 was the development of global air transport networks. While the

Allied nations had a keen awareness of the importance of air transport, the

Axis nations did not: Germany. for example, ignored military air transpor-

tation, with the loss of Stalingrad offering clear evidence of this criticalweakness in Nazi strategic doctrine. Some good works exist on Allied air

transport operations. Oliver LaFarge, The Eagle in the Egg (Boston:

Houghton, 1949) is a popular and reliable history of the U.S. Army Air

Forces Air Transport Command written shortly after the war. William H.

Tunner, the wartime manager of America's famed "Hump" aerial supplyroute to China, has written an excellent memoir of his work and the lessons

30

PROPELLER-DRIVEN AIRPLANE

learned from the Hump (lessons subsequently applied during the BerlinAirlift after the war), Over the Hump (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce,1964).

Various works have been written on specific aspects of aeronautics

during the Second World War. David Irving, The Mare's Nest: The GermanSecret Weapons Campaign and British Countermeasures (London:William Kimber, 1964) is an excellent study of the development of German"robot" weapons, the V-1 "buzz bomb" cruise missile and the V-2 ballisticmissile. R.V. Jones, The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence,

1939-1945 (New York: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan, 1978) while amemoir is the most complete description to date of the scientific duel in theair war between the British and the Germans. It is likely this book willbecome a classic. Brian Johnson, The Secret War (New York: Methuen,1978) is a good introduction to the wartime scientific research of both theAllies and Axis, most of which was related to aviation. Leslie Simon,German Research in World War II, An Analysis of the Conduct of Research(New York: J. Wiley & Sons, 1947) is the standard reference on NaziGermany's scientific war, and James Phinney Baxter, III, Scientists AgainstTime (Boston: Little, Brown and Co, 1946), reprinted (Boston: MIT Press,1968) is an excellent study of the workings of the wartime Office ofScientific Research and Development, which conducted numerous avia-tion-related programs. Constance Babington-Smith, Evidence in Camera:The Story of Photographic Intelligence in World War 1I (London: Chattoand Windus, 1958) is a remarkably complete survey of wartime work by anindividual who was herself a distinguished practitioner. Glenn Infield,Unarmed and Unafraid (New York: Macmillan Co, 1970) is an anecdotalsurvey history of aerial reconnaissance, with much useful material on theSecond World War.

A potpourri of other works have been published. Perry McCoy Smith,The Air Force Plans for Peace, 1943-1945 (Baltimore, Md.: JohnsHopkins University Press, 1970) is an excellent administrative history ofhow the Air Force began adapting for its postwar roles even as fighting was

31

LITERATURE

still underway. Sally Van Wagenen Keil, Those Wondeiful Women in their

Flying Machines (New York: Rawson & Wade, 1979) is a witty andinformative history of the wartime Women's Air Force Service Pilots(WASPs) program. Alan Osur, Blacks in the Army Air Forces DuringWorld War II (Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1977) is an

excellent official study of how the U.S. Army Air Forces utilized blacktroops and flight crews, often confronting problems of basic prejudice in

the process. A good popular source is Charles E. Francis, The TuskegeeAirmen: The Story of the Negro in the U.S. Air Force (Boston: BruceHumphries, 1955). Richard C. Lukas, Eagles East: The Army Air Forces

and the Soviet Union, 1941-1945 (Tallahassee, Fla.: Florida State Univer-

sity Press, 1970) is a thorough study of the important aerial lend-leaseactivity between the United States and the Soviet Union.

Readers interested in the work of aircraft designers during this timeperiod will find a surprising amount of literature on the subject. The

following works are highly recommended, and reflect the internationalcharacter of aviation: Edward H. Heinemann and Rosario Rausa, Ed

Heinemnann: Combat Aircraft Designer (Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute

Press. 1980), a memoir by the designer of a series of important Americanattack airplanes; Jrio Horikoshi, Eagles of Mitsubishi: The Story qf the Zero

Fighter (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1981), by the designer ofJapan's famed wartime fighter; Alexander Lippisch, The Delta Wing:History and Development (Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press,1981), by a noted German aircraft designer; Heinz Conradis, Design for

Flight: The Kurt Tank Story (London: MacDonald, 1960), about the de-signer of Germany's Focke-Wulf aircraft; Ernst Heinkel, Stormy Life (New

York: Dutton, 1956), a memoir about the German aircraft industry in the

interwar years; and Alexander Yakovlev, Notes of an Aircraft Designer(New York: Arno Press, 1972), which sheds some useful light on Sovietwartime design. Two other important works that involve British wartime

aeronautical and defense research are Ronald W. Clark's biography, Tizard(Cambridge: MIT Press, 1965) and C. P. Snow's well-known Science andGovernment (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961). Both are in-sightful commentaries on the conduct of science and technology in wartime

32

TURBOJET REVOLUTION

Great Britain, and both offer a detailed perspective on the famous conflictbetween Sir Henry Tizard and Lord Cherwell.

As with other aspects of aviation history, the aircraft of the combatantpowers have received coverage bordering on the repetitive and excessive.Kenneth Munson, Bombers, Patrol, and Transport Aircraft, 1939-1945(New York: Macmillan, 1969) and Fighters, Attack, and Training Aircraft,1939--]945 (New York: Macmillan, 1969) are reliable and informative.William Green is a well-known author of definitive reference works onWorld War II, and two of his best are the republished Famous Fighters ofthe Second World War (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1975) andFamous Bombers of the Second World War (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday& Co, 1976). Many other more specialized works, most of which deal witha single aircraft or "family" of aircraft also exist but are beyond the scope ofthis introduction to the field.

The Tbrbojet Revolution and the Supersonic Breakthrough,1945-1957

Between 1945 and 1957, the scope of aviation changed radically.During this time period, civil long-range aviation became the dominantform of domestic and international passenger transportation, surpassing theaccumulated accomplishments of a century of railroad and motor vesseltransportation. Flight speeds quadrupled due to the development of refinedhigh-speed aerodynamics and advanced propulsion by jet and rocket en-gines. The turbojet revolution permitted developing highly efficient high-speed aircraft; the attainment of flight faster than sound-supersonicflight-opened up a whole new range of speeds and altitudes to beexplored.

The major technical development influencing the course of postwaraviation was the appearance of the gas turbine (turbojet) engine. It was

33

LITERATURE

largely the product of a few farsighted inventors who worked outside themainstream of contemporary propulsion research and development. Onlylater was gas turbine technology seized upon by a propulsion industrypreviously totally committed to the piston engine and propeller. The earlyjet era is one that has not been as thoroughly examined as it should be.Nevertheless, a number of useful books are available for researchers.Schlaifer and Heron's previously cited Development of Aircraft Enginesand Fuels is excellent for the development of the jet engine in Britain,Germany, and the United States. Edward Constant, The Origins of theTurbojet Revolution (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980) is adetailed examination of the actual evolutionary process that led to the jetengine. Sir Frank Whittle, Jet: The Story of a Pioneer (New York: Philo-sophical Library, 1954) is an autobiography which tells the trials andtribulations of how "The Father of the Jet Engine" went about winningsupport and actually designing and building the then radical powerplant.John Grierson's rare but fascinating Jet Flight (London: Sampson Low,Marston & Co, Ltd, 1946) combines history and autobiography to trace thestory of the jet engine and important wartime development work. AlsoWalter J. Boyne and Donald S. Lopez, The Jet Age: Forty Years of JetAviation (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979) is a usefulintroductory reader, as is E. T. Wooldridge, Jet Aviation: Threshold to aNew Era (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981). GroverHeiman's anecdotal Jet Pioneers (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce,1963) is a good, readable popular reference. William Green and RoyCross, The Jet Aircraft of the World (Garden City, N.Y.: Hanover House,1955) remains the best single reference work on the wide range of experi-mental aircraft built during the first fifteen years of jet flight.

The supersonic breakthrough constituted the most important develop-ment in aeronautics since the time of the Wrights' first flights, yet it has onlybeen the subject of two books. Richard P. Hallion, Supersonic Flight:Breaking the Sound Barrier and Beyond (New York: Macmillan Co, 1972)discusses the problem of supersonic flight and how a specialized researchaircraft program was established to confront it. Charles Burnet, ThreeCenturies to Concorde (London: Mechanical Engineering Publications

34

TURBOJET REVOLUTION

Ltd, 1979) is equally thorough in examining British efforts to achieve flightfaster than sound. The individuals most responsible for ensuring thatreliable data on supersonic flight would be acquired were a group of highlyskilled test and research pilots.

Test flying and flight research have often been the subject of misin-terpretation and sensationalism. Only two books have been written thatattempt to analyze the role of test pilots and their contributions to aerospacedevelopment: the previously cited Testing Time by Constance Babington-Smith, and Richard P. Hallion, Test Pilots: The Frontiersmen of Flight(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co, 1981). In addition, an institutionalhistory of a NASA Research Center, Richard P: Hallion's, On the Frontier:Flight Research atDryden 1946-1981 (Washington: NASA, 1984) revealsthe complexity of making technological choices.

The test pilots who flew these early supersonic experimental aircrafthave left a number of interesting memoirs, most of the "as told to" variety.The following can all be recommended: Roland Beamont, Testing Years(London: Ian Allan, 1980); William Bridgeman and Jacqueline Hazard,The Lonely Sky (New York: Henry Holt & Co, 1955); Eric Brown, Wingson My Sleeve (Shrewsbury, England: Airlife Publications, 1978); A. ScottCrossfield and Clay Blair, Always Another Dawn (Cleveland: World Pub-lishing Co, 1960); Neville Duke and Alan W. Mitchell, Test Pilot (London:A. Wingate, 1953); Jay Miller, The X-Planes: X-1 toX-29 (Marine-on-St.Croix: Specialty Press, 1983); Frank K. Everest and John Guenther, TheFastest Man Alive (New York: Dutton, 1958); James J. Haggerty, First ofthe Spacemen (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1960), a biography ofIven C. Kincheloe; Tony Le Vier and John Guenther, Pilot (New York:Harper & Row, 1954); Mike Lithgow, Mach One (New York: AllanWingate, 1954); William Lundgren, Across the High Frontier (New York:Morrow, 1955), a biography of Charles E. Yeager; and Peter Twiss, FasterThan the Sun (London: MacDonald, 1963). Tom Wolfe's readable TheRight Stuff (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1979) is humorous andenjoyable, but flawed by errors of fact and interpretation. Though not

35

LITERATURE

strictly about flight testing, Jacqueline Cochran, The Stars at Noon(Boston: Little, Brown. 1954) is an interesting memoir by the first Amer-ican woman to fly faster than sound. Finally, while written for a youngadult audience, Don Dwiggins, Flying the Frontiers of Space (New York:

Dodd. Mead & Co. 1982) is a useful introductory overview of flightresearch from the first supersonic flights to the Space Shuttle.

An excellent survey of air power in the post-war years is Air Power in

the NuclearAge by M.J. Armitage and R.A. Mason (Urbana: University of

Illinois Press, 1983). General William W. Momyer discusses American

events in Airpower in Three Wars (Washington: Department of the AirForce., 1978). One of the first major demonstrations of air power in that era

was the Berlin Airlift, where Allied air transports resupplied the city ofBerlin in the face of a Soviet blockade. Walter P. Davison, The BerlinBlockade: A Study in Cold War Politics (Princeton: Princeton UniversityPress, 1958) is the definitive treatment of this subject. The "Cold War"quickly turned hot in Asia, as war broke out in Korea and Indochina.Robert Frank Futrell, The United States Air Force in Korea, 1950-1953(New York: Duell. Sloan and Pearce, 1961), revised edition (Washington:Office of Air Force History, 1983), is a brilliant synthesis of politics,

technology, and combat history. Malcolm W. Cagle and Frank A. Manson,The Sea War in Korea (Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1957) isequally excellent on the naval aviation side. Bernard Fall, Hell in a Very

Small Place: The Siege of Dien Bien Phei (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1967)

is a thorough account of how not to run a military campaign, and howmilitary air power proved incapable of breaking an increasing stranglehold.(It is interesting to compare this work with Bernard Nalty's account of thesiege of Khe Sanh cited in the next section; at Khe Sanh, air power proveddecisive).

The Air Force itself underwent a variety of technological, admin-istrative. strategic, and tactical changes during the period from 1945through 1957. Alfred Goldberg's previously cited A History of the UnitedStates Air Force offers a reliable account of key developments in this time

36

TURBOJET REVOLUTION

period as does such a popular study as Carroll V. Glines, The CompactHistory of the United States Air Force (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1963).Robert Frank Futrell, Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine: A History of BasicThinking in the United States Air Force, 1907-1964, (Maxwell AFB, Ala.:Air University, 1971) is an indispensible reference for anyone followingthe administrative and doctrinal history of the Air Force and American airpower. Herman Wolk, Organizing the Postwar Air Force, 1943-1947(Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1984) explains the emergence ofthe independent service. Thomas A. Sturm, The USAF Scientific AdvisoryBoard: Its First Twenty Years, 1944-1964 (Washington: USAF HistoricalDivision Liaison Office, 1967) is an informative tracing of efforts tointegrate scientific advising into the Air Force planning process. It comple-ments Nick A. Komons, Science and the Air Force: A History of the AirForce Office of Scientific Research (Arlington, Va.: Office of AerospaceResearch, 1966). The breadth of both of these fine books takes them into themiddle 1960s. Alan L. Gropman, The Air Force Integrates, 1945-1964(Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1978) is an excellent account ofhow the Air Force came to grips with the desegregation and integrationdrive of the 1950s and 1960s. During this time, the aircraft flown by the AirForce were also changing rapidly; Marcelle Size Knaack's Post World WarII Fighters, 1945-1973 (Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1978),the first of the multivolume Encyclopedia of U.S. Air Force Aircraft andMissile Systems being prepared by the Office of Air Force History, is anexcellent and authoritative guide to a class of aircraft that were the first toexploit the lessons learned from the turbojet revolution and the supersonicbreakthrough.

As with other aspects of aviation history, the aircraft of the 1945-1957time period have been the subject of a variety of popular works. Again, thebest introductory source works are: Kenneth G. Munson's, Airliners Since1946 (New York: Macmillan, 1972), and Private Aircraft, Business andGeneral Purpose, Since 1946 (New York: Macmillan, 1967); John R. andMichael J. H. Taylor's, Jane's Pocket Book of Commercial TransportAircraft (New York: Macmillan, 1974), Jane's Pocket Book of MilitaryTransport and Training Aircraft (New York: Macmillan, 1974), and Jane's

37

LITERATURE

Pocket Book of Major Combat Aircraft (New York: Macmillan, 1973). Anexcellent guide to Soviet aircraft of the postwar period is William Green

and Gordon Swanborough, The Observer's Soviet Aircraft Director3' (NewYork: Frederick Warne & Co, Inc, 1975).

True vertical flight via helicopters was first achieved shortly before the

Second World War, but it was not until the postwar years that the helicoptercame of age, especially for search and rescue operations. The history of the

helicopter is another subject that deserves greater attention; helicopter-liketoys had appeared as early as the Renaissance. H. F Gregory, Anything a

Horse Can Do: The Story of the Helicopter (New York: Reynal & Hitch-cock, 1944) is an entertaining and informative history of helicopters during

the formative years of vertical flight. Paul Lambermont and Anthony Pirie,Helicopters & Autogyros of the World, rev ed (New York: A. S. Barnes &

Co, 1970) is the definitive reference guide to rotorcraft through the years,though Kenneth G. Munson, Helicopters and Other Rotorcraft Since 1907(New York: Macmillan, 1969) is a colorful and useful introductory work.

The worldwide aerospace industry underwent profound changes in theyears after 1945, taking on characteristics both multinational and con-glomerate. Oddly, a single good reference work on the growth of the

aerospace industry remains to be written, though some attempts haveresulted in generally useful references. The following offer useful informa-

tion on American and foreign aerospace industry developments: WilliamG. Cunningham, The Aircraft Industry: A Study in Industrial Location

(Los Angeles: Morrison, 1951); John B. Rae, Climb to Greatness: The

American Aircraft Industr, 1920-1960 (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1968);

Charles D. Bright, The Jet Makers: The Aerospace Industly: An Anthology

(Cambridge: MIT Press, 1968); Almarin Phillips, Technology and Market

Structure: A Study of the Aircraft IndustryN (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath

& Co, 1971 ); E. T. Wooldridge, Winged Wonders: The Stor3y of the FlyingWings (Washington: Smithsonian Institute Press, 1983); and Herman 0.Stekler, The Structure and Peiformance of the Aerospace Industry(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965). Derek Wood's Project

38

SPACE AGE

Cancelled (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1975), while suffering from asometimes sensationalist approach, is a generally useful account of the nearcollapse of Britain's aircraft industry from mismanagement and misdirec-tion in the late 1940s and 1950s.

One interesting and controversial aspect of post-1945 aerospace re-search was the employment of many scientists and engineers who hadpreviously served the Third Reich. Clarence Lasby, Project Paperclip(New York: Athenaeum, 1971) traces these individuals and how they cameto work for the United States. Alexander Yakovlev, Fifty Years of SovietAircraft Construction (Washington: NASA/National Science Foundation/Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1970), while often bland, isnevertheless informative on the emergence of the Soviet aircraft industry.A more useful but less official tracing of the Soviet aircraft industry isHeinz J. Nowarra and G. R. Duval, Russian Civil and Military Aircraft,1884-1969 (London: Fountain Press, 1971). Two books prepared duringthis time period are particularly valuable: Jerome Hunsaker, Aeronautics atMid-Century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952), by the chairmanof the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the predecessor oftoday's NASA, and William E Ogburn, The Social Effects of Aviation (NewYork: Houghton Mifflin, 1946), the latter one of the first major attempts attechnological and social forecasting.

The Space Age and the Maturation of Aeronautics, 1957-1982

The launching of Sputnik I in October 1957 had a profound impactupon American society. As a result of this event, American education wastotally revamped, the NACA was replaced by the NASA, and a "spacerace" began between the United States and the Soviet Union. Competitionand rivalry in science and technology was accompanied by big powerrivalry for influence among the Third World nations. Traditional ani-mosities flared into war in the Middle East and Southeast Asia. Aviationand aerospace development played crucial roles in all of these conflicts.

39

LITERATURE

Aeronautics since 1957 has not been the subject of too many substan-

tial works; rather, developments in this time period have been examined inperiodical literature. Three of the best periodical sources for information on

aviation since 1957 have been McGraw-Hill's journal Aviation Week and

Space Technology (New York: McGraw-Hill, weekly); Astronautics andAeronautics, the professional journal of The American Institute of Aero-nautics and Astronautics (New York: American Institute of Aeronautics and

Astronautics, monthly); and Flight International (London: IPC TransportPress, Ltd, weekly), good for the European perspective. Many of the major

aerospace development programs of the 1960s and 1970s were marked bycontroversy.

Aside from a welter of sensationalist works written from staunchlypartisan viewpoints, there has been a dearth of really incisive studies on

this time period. Three very useful works, treating respectively civilian andmilitary aeronautics, are: Kenneth Owen, Concorde: New Shape in the Sky

(London: Jane's Publishing Co, 1982), about the controversial Anglo-French Supersonic Transport Aircraft (SST); Mel Horwitch, Clipped

Wings: The American SST Conflict (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982); andRobert F Coulam, Illusions of Choice: Robert McNamara, The F-Il1,

and the Problem of Weapons Acqusition Reform (Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1977), a painstaking work which replaces Robert J. Art's

earlier and flawed The TFX Decision: McNamara and the Military (Boston:Little, Brown, 1968).

The controversy over such programs as the F-I 11 and the C-5highlight the problems of weapons acquisition in an era of expensive high

technology requiring lengthy periods of development. J. Ronald Fox,Arming America: How the U.S. Buys Weapons (Cambridge: HarvardUniversity Press, 1974), and Jacques S. Gansler, The Defense Industry(Cambridge: MIT Press, 1980) furnish thorough analyses of the aerospaceindustry and national defense procurement. Merton J. Peck and FrederickM. Scherer, The Weapons Acquisition Process (Cambridge: Harvard Uni-versity Press, 1962) offers a definitive and highly detailed examination of

40

SPACE AGE

the actual procedural stages of weapons evolution. Thomas A. Marschak,The Role of Project Histories in the Study of R & D (Santa Monica, Calif.:The RAND Corporation, 1965) is a useful examination of selected keydefense programs involving missiles, aircraft, engines, and radar systemsand the lessons that their development histories offer to defense planners.Arnold S. Levine, Managing NASA in the Apollo Era (Washington:NASA, 1982) is an excellent examination of the management of large-scale, time-critical technological programs, and the complexities of run-ning such programs in an intensive political environment. Two comple-mentary studies use early ballistic missile development to draw largelessons about how the United States procures weapons systems. MichaelH. Armacost, The Politics of Weapons Innovation: The Thor-Jupiter Con-troversy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969) examines earlymedium-range missile development and the interservice problems of com-petition and collaboration. Edmund Beard, Developing the ICBM: A Studyin Bureaucratic Policies (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976)concentrates on the early years of intercontinental ballistic missile develop-ment and the evolution of postwar Air Force missile doctrine.

The following three books offer occasionally sharp criticism of thedefense acquisition process and the spread of advanced weapons tech-nology: Robert Gilpin, American Scientists and Nuclear Policy (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1962); Ralph E. Lapp, Arms Beyond Doubt:The Tyranny of Weapons Technology (New York: Cowles Book Co, 1970);and Ralph E. Lapp, The Weapons Culture (New York: W. W. Norton,1968). Bernard Brodie, Strategy in the Missile Age (Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1959), while dated, offers useful insights into the rela-tionship between doctrine, changing technology, and the complexities ofweapons choice. Robert S. McNamara's provocative The Essence of Se-curity: Reflections in Office (New York: Harper & Row, 1968) is a goodintroduction to the views of this highly controversial Secretary of Defenseat a critical time in American military affairs. Finally, Norman R. Au-gustine, Augustine's Laws and Major System Development Programs (NewYork: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1982) is anessential reference to the often perplexing problems confronting defense

41

LITERATURE

planners. Written in a humorous and ironic style in the form of "laws," this

book, by a former undersecretary of the Army and president of a major

aerospace corporation, is a provocative and insightful analysis of the

problems of weapons system procurement and the management of research

and development.

The protracted war in Southeast Asia spawned volumes of popular

studies of the bombing campaigns, air fighting, aircraft, and personalities

involved. Much of this was of a "buff" nature, particularly the great body of

literature concerning individual aircraft types. Nevertheless, as with other

aspects of the conflict, there have been some useful studies produced,

although the Vietnam era is clearly one that requires a well-integratedmilitary, social, and political history volume of the kind the late Bernard B.

Fall so eloquently produced on France's earlier experience in Indochina.

The Office of Air Force History currently has a multivolume series,The United States Air Force in Southeast Asia in preparation, the firstvolume of which, Robert F Futrell and Martin Blumenson, The Advisory,

Years to 1965 (Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1981), has estab-

lished the style, tone, and theme for the remainder of the series. An earlier,

and essentially photographic history of Air Force involvement, CarlBerger, et al, The United States Air Force In Southeast Asia, 1961-1973(Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1977), is a useful introduction to

the subject. Earl H. Tilford, Search and Rescue in Southeast Asia,1961-1975 (Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1980), covers the all-

important effort to rescue downed aircrew and other personnel from hostile

territory. Roger P. Fox, Air Base Defense in the Republic of Vietnam,

1961-1973 (Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1979) is almost a

manual for the subject as well as a history of the U.S. experience. BernardC. Nalty, Air Power and the Fight for Khe Sanh (Washington: Office of Air

Force History, 1973), is an excellent analysis of a critical seige in which air

power proved decisively important. William A. Buckingham, Operation

Ranch Hand: The Air Force and Herbicides in Southeast Asia, 1961-1971(Washington: Office of Air Force History, 1982), is an analysis of this often

42

SPACE AGE

controversial program. Jack S. Ballard, Development and Employment ofFixed-Wing Gunships, 1962-1972 (Washington: Office of Air Force Histo-ry, 1982), discusses the evolution of one of the war's most distinctive andinnovative weapons. Ray L. Bowers, TacticalAirlift (Washington: Office ofAir Force History, 1983) covers the Southeast Asia war comprehensively inthat crucial mission area.

The USAF Air War College Airpower Research Institute, USAFSoutheast Asia Monograph Series offers more specialized and detailedanalysis of specific campaigns, activities, and problems. Of special valueare the following works: A. J. C. Lavelle, ed, The Tale of Two Bridges andThe Battle for the Skies Over North Vietnam, Vols 1 & 2, USAF SoutheastAsia Monograph Series (Washington: Government Printing Office, n.d.);A. J. C. Lavelle, ed, The Vietnamese Air Force, 1951-1975, An Analysis ofits Role in Combat and Fourteen Hours at Koh Trang, Vol 3, USAFSoutheast Asia Monograph Series (Washington: Government Printing Of-fice, n.d.); A. J. C. Lavelle, ed, Last Flight From Saigon, Vol 4, USAFSoutheast Asia Monograph Series (Washington: Government Printing Of-fice, n.d.); Alan L. Gropman, Airpower and the Airlift Evacuation of KhamDuc, Vol 5, USAF Southeast Asia Monograph Series (Maxwell AFB, Ala.:Airpower Research Institute, 1979); James R. McCarthy, George B. Al-lison, and Robert E. Rayfield, Linebacker H: A View from the Rock, Vol 6,USAF Southeast Asia Monograph Series (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: AirpowerResearch Institute, 1979); and, finally, Donald K. Schneider, Air ForceHeroes in Vietnam, Vol 7, USAF Southeast Asia Monograph Series (Max-well AFB, Ala.: Airpower Research Institute, 1979). Two other specializedstudies deserve mention: John J. Tolson's Airmobility, 1961-1971 (U.S.Army Vietnam Studies) (Washington: Department of the Army, 1973); andRobert Frank Futrell, et al, Aces and Aerial Victories: The United StatesAir Force in Southeast Asia, 1965-1973 (Washington: Office of Air ForceHistory, 1976), on the air combat over North Vietnam from 1965 through1973.

One of the more significant technological developments of the Viet-nam era was the emergence and employment of precision-guided "smart"

43

LITERATURE

weaponry, and the use of unmanned remotely piloted vehicle (RPV) tech-nology to undertake a variety of hazardous missions at minimal cost andrisk to human lives. As a result of the Vietnam experience, and subsequent

lessons learned from other conflicts, the RPV occupies a secure place as atool in the military arsenals of many nations. Arthur Reed, Brassev's

Unmanned Aircraft (London: Brassey's Publishers Ltd, 1979) is a well-written reference on the development, current status, and projected future

uses of military remotely piloted vehicles, popularly but often mistakenlycalled "drones." William Wagner, Lightning Bugs and Other Reconnais-

sance Drones (Fallbrook, Calif.: Aero Publishers, Inc, 1982) is a generallyuseful and anecdotal account of the Ryan Corporation's highly successfulFirebee family of RPVs and their use in Southeast Asia, but it is marred bya lack of sources and a narrow internalist perspective. John W. R. Taylorand Kenneth G. Munson, Jane's Pocket Book qtRemotely Piloted Vehicles(New York: Collier Books, 1977) is an excellent reference to the various

RPVs that have been developed, as well as a useful guide to their earlyhistory. Finally. Roger A. Beaumont, "Rapiers Versus Clubs: The Fitful

History of 'Smart Bombs,'" Journal ofthe Royal United Services Institute126, No. 3 (Sep 1981) is an excellent reference for the history of precision

guided weaponry and its influence on tactics and doctrine.

The war in Southeast Asia and various small "brushfire" conflicts havealso been the subject of some popular studies, memoirs, and the like. Onevery useful reference is the Senator Mike Gravel edition of the so-called

"Pentagon Papers", first illegally released by antiwar activist DanielEllsberg. entitled The Pentagon Papers. The D(Inse Department HistorY

of United States Decisionmaking on Vietnam (Boston: Beacon Press,1971), a five-volume work. Jack Broughton, Thud Ridge (Philadelphia:Lippincott, 1969) is a lively and excellent memoir by a combat pilot who isbitter over American bombing policy in the early years of the air war "upNorth." Robinson Risner, The Passing of the Night: MY Seven Years as a

Prisoner of the North Vietnamese (New York: Random House, 1974) is an

unforgettable and moving memoir of a POW's struggle to survive. Ben-jamin Schemmer. The Raid (New York: Harper, 1976) is a thorough

account of the ill-fated attempt to rescue POWs believed held in the Son Tay

44

SPACE AGE

prison camp outside Hanoi. Finally, Bernard C. Nalty, George M. Watson,and Jacob Neufeld, An Illustrated Guide to the Air War Over Vietnam:Aircraft of the Southeast Asia Conflict (New York: Arco/Salamander, 1981)is a useful and reliable guide to the equipment flown by both sides of thatlong war. Sterling Seagrave, Soldiers of Fortune (Alexandria, Va.: Time-Life Books, 1981) is an informative and lively account of how aerialmercenaries have influenced small wars through the years. ChristopherRobbins, Air America (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1979) offers thereader a good behind-the-scenes look at a little-known government-spon-sored air transport operation.

Unrelated to warfare and mercenary flying, but having many of thesame "roughing it" aspects, is Arctic bush flying in Alaska and Canada.This is a subject rich in anecdotes and worthy of detailed treatment;Harmon Helmericks, The Last of the Bush Pilots (New York: Knopf, 1970)is a good introduction.

To the public, the greatest expression of aeronautics and astronauticsin the 1960s and 1970s was found in the space programs of the UnitedStates and the Soviet Union. While not vast, a respectable body of literatureconcerned with manned and unmanned spaceflights already exists. Veryfew of the influential early theoreticians and pioneers have been the subjectof biographies. A notable exception is Robert Goddard, an Americanphysicist who launched the drive towards space with his firing of theworld's first liquid fuel rocket in 1926. Milton Lehman, This High Man(New York: Farrar, Straus, 1963) is a thoughtful and sympathetic biographyof Goddard which examines the occasionally mystical and secretive natureof this somewhat tragic figure. Goddard's own papers are available in thethree-volume The Papers of Robert H. Goddard (New York: McGraw-Hill,1970), edited by his widow Esther C. Goddard and rocket pioneer G.Edward Pendray. For other sources on the early days of rocketry, interestedreaders are advised to consult the following: Wernher von Braun andFrederick I. Ordway, History of Rocketry and Space Travel, 3rd rev ed(New York: Crowell, 1975), which features an excellent bibliography;

45

LITERATURE

David Baker, The Rocket: The History and Development of Rocket &

Missile Technology (New York: Crown, 1978); Kenneth Gatland, et al, The

Illustrated Encyclopedia of Space Technology (New York: Harmony,1981); Eugene M. Emme, The History of Rocket Technology: Essays on

Research, Development, and Utilit ' (Detroit: Wayne State University

Press, 1964), an excellent introduction to the "hard technology" side of

rocket-propelled space research; and, finally, Willy Ley, Rockets, Missiles,

andMen in Space (New York: The Viking Press, 1968), which is still quite

useful despite the fact that it first appeared in 1944.

The growth of manned spaceflight reached such major proportions

during the 1960s and 1970s that, understandably, social scientists at-

tempted to place its development in the context of other developments in thehistory of technology. This led to a notable series of essays edited by Bruce

Mazlish, The Railroad and the Space Program: An Exploration in Histor-ical Analogy (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1965).

The international aspects of space-involving the rights of nations,the conduct of international affairs, and joint exploration and utilization of

space-are receiving increasing attention. A useful introductory study onthis important subject is Arnold W. Frutkin's International Cooperation in

Space (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965), an examination of thevarious considerations that can influence the conduct of technology and

science on a global scale. George S. Robinson, Living in Outer Space(Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1975) offers the legal perspective on

spaceflight.

The history of rocketry can be arranged to reflect four major periods:the early years through mid-1957; Sputnik and its aftermath through thefirst utilization of space- the "heroic era" of manned spaceflight through the

landing of Apollo 11 on the moon; and, finally, the post-Apollo years.

The early years of rocketry were most notable for the work of Goddardin America, and the German rocketeers in Nazi Germany. The best work on

46

SPACE AGE

Nazi Germany's rocketry efforts is Frederick I. Ordway and Mitchell R.Sharpe, The Rocket Team (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1979). Aslightly different but no less valuable perspective is that of David Irving'saforementioned The Mare's Nest. R. F. Pocock, German Guided Missilesof the Second World War (New York: Arco, 1967) is a well written technicalreference to the specific weapon systems developed at Peenemunde andother German test sites.

Early postwar American work is also discussed in Ordway andSharpe, The Rocket Team. Milton Rosen, The Viking Rocket Story (NewYork: Harper, 1955) is a classic and gracefully written saga of the firstindigenous American upper atmospheric sounding rocket. The first Amer-ican satellite effort, the Vanguard project, is thoroughly examined byConstance McLaughlin Green and Milton Lomask, Vanguard: A History(Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1971), including the shatter-ing impact Sputnik had upon American science and the Vanguard effort.James R. Killian, Dwight D. Eisenhower's "Missile Czar," has amplycaptured the turbulence of the post-Sputnik era in his memoir Sputnik,Scientists, and Eisenhower: A Memoir of the First Special Assistant to thePresident for Science and Technology (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1977). Foryears the late Charles S. Sheldon of the Library of Congress maintainedmeticulous records on the Soviet space program. His United States andSoviet Progress in Space (Washington: Library of Congress, 1978) is agood overview of Soviet efforts. Two good popular accounts are NicholasDaniloff, The Kremlin and the Cosmos (New York: Knopf, 1972) andJames E. Oberg's more recent and contemporary Red Star in Orbit (NewYork: Random House, 1981). One of the aspects of spaceflight has beenremote sensing for defense and space science purposes. Philip J. Klass,Secret Sentries in Space (New York: Random House, 1971) while dated, isa good popular account of the development of reconnaissance satellites andtheir impact upon international affairs. Merton E. Davies and Bruce C.Murray, The View From Space: Photographic Exploration of the Planets(New York: Columbia University Press, 1971) and Frederick I. Ordway,Pictorial Guide to Planet Earth (New York: Crowell, 1975) are goodreferences on what has been accomplished in terms of peaceful applications

47

LITERATURE

of remote sensing. Leonard Jaffe, Communications in Space (New York:

Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966), while dated, is a useful introduction to

the technology and history of communications satellite technology. A very

different-and valuable-kind of work is Alfred Bester's The Life andDeath of a Satellite (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966) which treats the whole

problem of how key individuals work together-sometimes at the expenseof their health-to develop a successful space program.

The Science Policy Research Division of the Library of Congress,

Congressional Research Service has issued an excellent and exhaustive

reference on the entire United States civilian space effort since 1958,United States Civilian Space Programs, 1958-1978 (Washington: Govern-

ment Printing Office, 1981), the first volume of a projected series of reportsprepared for the Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications of theU.S. House of Representatives' Committee on Science and Technology.

Finally, Ken Hechler, Toward the Endless Frontier: History? of the Commit-

tee on Science and Technology 1959-1979 (Washington: U.S. Congress,

House of Representatives, 1980), offers the perspective of space decision-

making from a long-standing member of this critical House Committee.

The "heroic era" of manned spaceflight has been admirably treated bya series of NASA-sponsored histories that are primarily project-oriented,but which also include social, political, and economic factors. Prior to theonset of the Space Shuttle Program, the American manned spaceflight

effort involved Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Skylab. and the Apollo-Soyuz

test project, the latter a joint United States-Soviet Union mission. Thefollowing works are especially recommended to the interested reader:Lloyd S. Swenson, James M. Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander, This

New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury (Washington: NASA, 1966):

Barton C. Hacker and James M. Grimwood, On the Shoulders of Titans: A

History of Project Gemini (Washington: NASA, 1977): R. Cargill Hall,Lunar Impact: A History of Project Ranger (Washington: NASA. 1981):Courtney G. Brooks. James M. Grimwood. and Lloyd S. Swenson.

Chariots.for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft (Washington:

48

SPACE AGE

NASA, 1979); and Edward C. Ezell and Linda N. Ezell, The Partnership:A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (Washington: NASA, 1978).

John Logsdon's The Decision to Go to the Moon (Cambridge: MITPress, 1970) constitutes an insightful and important reference on thepolitical environment surrounding the decision to undertake the Apollolunar landing effort. A handy reference and introduction to the Apolloprogram and its social, political, technological, and scientific significanceis Richard P. Hallion and Tom D. Crouch, eds, Apollo: Ten Years SinceTranquillity Base (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979), aseries of essays by authorities in various fields ranging from rocket tech-nology to space art and lunar geology. Also useful are two works: KerryJoels, Apollo to the Moon: A Dream of Centuries (Washington: Smithso-nian Institution Press, 1982), prepared as a Smithsonian exhibit galleryguide, and "The Moon Landing and Its Aftermath," printed in a specialissue of the Michigan Quarterly Review, 18, No. 2 (Spring 1979). Henry S.E Cooper, 13: The Flight That Failed (New York: Dial Press, 1973) is agripping account of the Apollo mission that nearly failed disastrously andtragically in space, but which was rescued by creative decisionmaking andprofessional excellence. The scientific harvest gleaned from Apollo andespecially the Apollo-Soyuz mission is the subject of Farouk El-Baz'sAstronaut Observations from the Apollo-Soyuz Mission (Washington:Smithsonian Institution Press, 1977), which offers the reader a good insightinto the potentiality of remote sensing. Two noted artists, H. Lester Cookeand James D. Dean, who were administrators of NASA's art program inwhich leading artists were invited to record their impressions of the spaceprogram, have collected a reflective and stimulating visual record of theAmerican space effort in Eyewitness to Space: Paintings and DrawingsRelated to the Apollo Mission to the Moon (New York: Abrams, 1971).

Spaceflight has so far produced few good commentaries, but three arerecommended. Norman Mailer, Of a Fire on the Moon (Boston: Little,Brown, 1970) discusses what Apollo meant to Mailer and the so-called"Aquarius Generation." Tom Wolfe, The Right Stuff, previously cited,

49

LITERATURE

examines the world of the test pilot and astronaut, and the occasionaltensions therein. Michael Collins, Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Jour-neys (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1974) is a humorous, thoughtful,and lively recollection of the Gemini and Apollo programs and a host ofother things, by the former command module pilot of Apollo 11. It isamong the finest aviation memoirs written to date.

There is, of course, a very large body of literature that may be termed"space futurism." Much of this speculation falls between factual extrapola-tion from today's technology and outright science fiction. One glimpse thatpromises to be a landmark book in the literature of space utilization isphysicist Gerard K. O'Neill's The High Frontier: Human Colonies inSpace (New York: William Morrow, 1977) which postulates a future ofhigh technology and cost-effective space colonies orbiting the earth, avision that is hotly debated by technologists, scientists, enthusiasts, andsocial commentators.

Several surveys and reference works concerned with spaceflightshould be mentioned. The Congressional Research Service of the Libraryof Congress issued Astronauts and Cosmonauts: Biographical and Statis-tical Data, rev ed, (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978),which is the single best source of biographical information on Soviet,Soviet bloc, and American space explorers. Lynne C. Murphy, Rockets,Missiles, and Spacecraft of the National Air and Space Museum (Wash-ington: Smithsonian Institution. Press, 1976) is a useful introductory guideto the space holdings of the Smithsonian Institution. Kenneth Gatland,Manned Spacecraft (New York: Macmillan, 1976) and Missiles and Rock-ets (New York: Macmillan, 1975) are useful guides to the hardware of thespace age, as are Reginald Turnill's The Observer's Book of UnmannedSpaceflight (New York: Frederick Warne and Co, Inc, 1974) and TheObserver's Book of Manned Spaceflight (New York: Frederick Warne andCo, 1975). J. C. D. Blaine, The End of an Era in Space Exploration: FromInternational Rivalry to International Cooperation (San Diego, Calif.:American Astronautical Society, 1976) and Frederick C. Durant, a series of

50

SPACE AGE

edited essays, Between Sputnik and the Shuttle: New Perspectives onAmerican Astronautics (San Diego, Calif.: American Astronautical So-ciety, 1981), are volumes in the historical series of the American Astro-nautical Society, offering tentative interpretations on what the space pro-gram has meant to the United States and the Soviet Union. Paul A. Hanleand Von Del Chamberlin, Space Science Comes of Age (Washington:Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981), a series of edited essays, offers aquick perspective of the scientific impact of unmanned space exploration.Clearly, however, the field of space exploration is one that will continue torequire incisive study and research.

51

Index

Ace of the Iron Cross: 15 military use of: 12, 13-16, 23-24, 25-31,Aces and Aerial Victories: The United States Air 33, 42-44

Force in Southeast Asia, 1965-1973: 43 reference guides to: 4-5, 7-8, 15, 24, 33,Across the High Frontier: 35 37-38, 44, 45Ader, Clement: 2 unmanned: 31, 41-44, 50-51Advisory Years to 1965, The: 42 Aircraft carriers: 23, 25, 26, 36Aerodynamic Theory: A General Review of Pro- Aircraft types (see also Airships; Helicopters)

gress: 2 Bleriot XI: 13Aerodynamics: 2 Boeing Model 247: 22Aerodynamics and aeronautics: 1-7, 9, 12, 15, C-5: 40

16, 18-19, 23, 25, 32 Concorde: 34, 40Aeronautical and Astronautical Events of1961:5 D-VII: 8Aeronautical and Astronautical Events of 1962:5 DC-3: 8, 20, 22Aeronautics and Astronautics: An American F-111: 40

Chronology of Science and Technology in the Focke-Wulfe: 32Exploration of Space, 1915-1960: 5 Fokker: 8

Aeronautics at Mid-Century: 39 NC-4: 17Aeronauts, The: 10 SST: 34, 40Aeronautical laboratories: 4, 19, 35 X-1: 35Aeroplane: An Historical Survey of Its Origins X-29: 35

and Development, The: 10 Zero: 28, 32Aerospace (see also Aircraft, Space) Airc

industry, growth of: 3, 38-39, 40-41, 46, raft Industry: A Study in Industrial Location,

47-48, 50 The: 38

medicine: 22-23 Aircraft and Sea Power: 23

research and development: 1-5, 7, 9, 16, Aircraft of the NationalAir and Space Museum: 818-19, 31,32-33, 33-36,39-41,43-44, Aircraft Propulsion: 2345-46, 46-48 Aircraft of World War 1: 15

Aerospace Bibliography, An: 9 Air forces, reference guides to: 7-8. See alsoAerospace Corporation-Its Work: 1960-1980, specific air force

The: 3 Air Force Heroes in Vietnam: 43Air America: 45 Air Force Historical Foundation: 24Air Base Defense in the Republic of Vietnam, Air Force Integrates, 1945-1964, The: 37

1961-1973: 42 Air Force Plans for Peace, The: 31Aircraft Airlift: 31, 36, 43

collections: 8 Airline Builders, The: 16-17design and manufacture of: 8-9, 12-13, 21, Airline Pilots:.A Study in Elite Unionization, The:

25, 32-33, 39. See also specific designer, 20specific manufacturer Air Line Pilots Association: 20

development of: 4-5, 7-8, 10-13, 15, 16, Airliners Between the Wars, 1919-1939: 2418, 19, 20-21. See also Aerodynamics Airliners Since 1946: 37and aeronautics; Aerospace; Propulsion Airlines: 8, 16-17, 18, 19, 20-21, 40

experimental: 10-12, 12-13, 16, 18, 32, Airmail: 20-2234-35 Airmail: An Illustrated History, 1793-1981: 22

53

INDEX

Air Marshals: The Air War in Western Europe. Arming America: How tli' U.S. Buys Weapons:The: 27 40

Airinobility. 1961-1971: 43 Armitage. M.J.: 36Air Plan That Defeated Hitler, The: 25 Armny Air Forces in World War II. The: 25Airpower: 4. 14-16. 17. 23-24. 25-30. 36-37. Army Air Forces inl World War I1: Combat Chro-

42-44. See also Space nologv. 1941-1945. Thei: 6Air Power: A Concise History: 15-16 Arnold. Henry "Hlap": 14. 27Airpower and the Airlift Evacuation of Kham Art Robert S.: 40

Duc: 43 Due: 43Astronaut Observations froin thet Alpollo-SoyulzAir Power and the Fight for Khe Sanh: 42 Astronu OtAir Power and Warfare: The Proceedings ef thie Mission: 49

8th MilitarY Histor3" S)vntpositaum. United States Astronautics: 2.3. 4.5.7. 9. 13.35.39. 40. 41.Air Force Academy, 18-20 October 1978: 4 45-51

Air Power in thie Nuclear Age: 36 Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA: 6. 40

Airpower in Three Wars: 36 Astronautics and Aeronautics, NASA: 5

Air racing: 13. 21 Astronauts and Cosinotnuts: Biographical and

Airships: 9-10. 14. 16, 22, 24. 25 Statistical Data: 50

Airship: A History, The: 22 Atlantic. flights over the: 12. 16. 17, 17-18, 22

Airships Akron and Macon, The: 22 Atlantic Fever: 17

Air-to-air combat: 15 Atomic bomb: 24. 28

Air traffic control: 21 Augustinc. Norman R.: 41

Air transport: 16. 20-22. 30-31. 36. 37, 45 Augustine's Laws and Major Systeot Develop-

Air Transport Command: 30-31 ,nert Prograins: 41

Air War. 1939-1945, The: 25 Australia: 12

Ainvays: The History" of Commercial Aviation tin Aiutobiographi of Values: 18

the United States: 21 Autogiro. See Helicopter

Airways Abroad: The Story of Americant Wlor Aviation: An Historical Survey Fromn its Origins

Air Routes: 20 to the End of World Wair I1: 10Akron: 22 Aviation: Its Technical Developmentt: 1-2

Alexander. Charles C.: 48 Aviation: Tiht, Creative Ideas: 2

Allen. Oliver E.: 16 Aviation Business: Front Kitty Hawk to Wall

Allison. George B.: 43 Street. The: 21

Alwavs Another Dawn: 35 Aviation Week & Space Technology: 40

American Astronautical Society: 51American Combat Planes: 8 Baals. Donald D.: 4American Institute of Aeronautics and Astro- Babington-Smith. Constance: 12. 31. 35

nautics. The: 2. 6. 40 Bailey. Charles W.: 28American Saga: Juan Trippe and His Pan Ain Baker. David: 46

Empire. An: 18 Ballard. Jack S.: 43American Scientists and Nuclear Policy: 41 Ballooning. 1782-1972: 5Anderson. Frank W.: 3 Balloonmania: 9Anderson. John D.: I Balloons. See AirshipsAnderton. David A.: 4 Balloons and Airships. 1783-1973: 24Andrews. Allen: 27 Banks. F R. "Rod": 18Antarctic aviation: 17 Barker. Ralph: 29Anything a Horse Can Do: The StorY (!f the He/i- Barnes Wallis: A Biography: 18

copter: 38 Barnstormners and Speed Kings: 16Apollo: 41. 46. 48. 49. 49-50 Battle for the Skies Over North Vietnaam. Tihte: 43Apollo: Teni Years Since Tranquility Base: 49 Battle of Britain: 29Apollo to the Moon: A Dream of Centuries: 49 Battle Over Britain: 29Apollo-Soyuz: 48. 49 Baurnbach. Werner: 30Architects of Air Power: 17 Baxter. James Phinney. Ill: 31Arctic aviation: 17. 20. 45 Beaumont. Roger A.: 44Arms Beyond Douhi: Tihte Tranny of lWeapons Beaumont. Roland: 35

Technology: 41 Beard. Edmund: 41Armacost. Michael H.: 41 Becker. John: 4

54

INDEX

Berger, Carl: 9, 42 Brooks, Peter W.: 20Berlin Airlift: 31, 36 Broughton, Jack: 44Berlin Blockade: A Study in Cold War Politics. Brown, Eric: 35

The. 36 Buckingham, William A.: 42Bester, Alfred: 48 Building Aeroplanes for "Those MagnificentBetween Sputnik and the Shuttle: Nevv Perspec- Men": 13

tives on American Astronautics: 51 Burnet, Charles: 34Bibliography of Space Books and Articles from Bush flying: 20, 45

non-Aerospace Journals, 1957-1977: 9 Buying Aircraft: Materiel Procurement for theBilly Mitchell: Crusader for Air Power: 23 Army Air Forces: 26Bilstein, Roger E.: 1, 16 AY ai orces: 26Black Thursday: 27 By the Seat of My Pants: 18Blacks in the military: 32, 37Blacks in the Army Air Forces During World War Cactus Air Force, The: 28. See also Wars

H: 32 Cagle, Malcolm W.: 36Blaine, J. C. D.: 50 Caidin, Martin: 27, 28Blair, Clay: 35 California Institute of Technology: 19Bleriot, Louis: 13 Carrier War, The: 26Bleriot XI: The Story of a Classic Aircraft: 13 Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys: 50Blimp. See Airships Carter, Kit C.: 5"Blind" flying: 19 Casey, Louis S.: 13Blumenson, Martin: 42 Cate, James Lea: 25Boeing Aircraft Co.: 22 Cayley, Sir George: 10Bomber aircraft. See Aircraft Challenge to the Poles: Highlights of Arctic andBomber Command: 27 Antarctic Aviation: 17Bombers Between the Wars, 1919-1939: 24 Chamberlain. Von Del: 51Bombers, Patrol, and Transport Aircraft, Chandler, Charles DeForest: 14

1939-1945: 33 Chanute, Octave: 11Bombing Offensive Against German v, The: 27 Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned LunarBombing raids and policy: 14, 25, 26-28, 30, 42, Spacecraft: 48

44 Charles A. Lindbergh: An American Life: 17Bonfires to Beacons: 21 Charles A. Lindbergh and the Battle AgainstBonney, Walter T.: 12 American Intervention in World War 11: 17Botting, Douglas: 16 Charles, J.A.C.: 9Bowen, Ezra: 14 Chennault, Claire Lee: 28Bowers, Peter M.: 8,13 Cherwell. Lord: 33Bowers, Ray L.: 43 China: 20, 28, 31Boyd, Alexander: 29 Chronologies: 4-6Boyle, Andrew: 14 Cierva, Juan de la: 18Boyne, Walter J.: 34 Civil aviation: 8, 16-17, 18, 19, 20-21, 33, 40,Brassev's Unmanned Aircraft: 44 45Braun, Wemher von: 45 Clark, Ronald W.: 32Briand, Paul L.: 4 Climb to Greatness: The American Aircraft In-Briddon, Arnold E.: 5 dustrY: 1920-1960: 38Bridgeman, William: 35 Clipped Wings: The American SST Conflict: 40Bright, Charles D.: 38 Cochran, Jacqueline: 36Bringing Aerodynamics to America: 19 Coffey, Thomas: 27Bristol Aeronautical Corp.: 8 Cole, Wayne S.: 17British aviation: 5, 10, 10-11, 12-13, 17-18, Collier, Basil: 16

20-21. 22, 32-33, 34-35, 35, 38-39, 40. See Collins, Michael: 50also Royal Air Force; Royal Navy; Wars Combat aircraft. See Aircraft. Aircraft types

British Aviation: The Pioneer Years: 13 Combat Aircraft (?f the World: 8British Isles: 29 Combs, Harry: IIBritish Rigid Airship, 1980-1931, The: 22 Commercial aviation: 8. 16-17, 18, 19, 20-21,Brodie, Bernard: 41 33, 40, 45Brooks, Courtney G.: 48 Communications in Space: 48

55

INDEX

Compact History (f the United States Air Force. Delear. Frank: 19The.: 37 Delta: The Histor' q(ftan Airline: 20

Concorde: New Shape in the Sk': 40 Delta Wing: HistorY" and Development. The: 32Congressional Research Service. L.C.: 48. 50 Dcmpstcr. Derek: 29Conquest of the Skies: A Histor" of Commnercial Design for Flight: The Kurt Tank Stoar: 32

Aviation in America: 20 Dcurs. George van: 14

Conradis. Heinz: 32 Developing the ICBM: A Study in BureaucraticConstant. Edward: 34 Policies: 41Contact: The Staor of the Far/" Birds:" 12 Development and Employmtient of Fixed-tWingCooke. Lester H.: 49 G(oships. 1962-1972: 43Cooper. Henry S.: 47 Development ofAircraft Engines: 23Copp. DeWitt S.: 24, 26 Development ofAircraft lEngines and Fuels: 34Corliss. William R.: 4 Developmlent of Aviation Fuels: 23Corn. Joseph J_: I I Dianlond Jubilee j'( Flight: Tilh Evolution ofAir-Craven. Wesley Frank: 25 craflt Design.: 2Coulam. Robert F.: 40 Dickson. Katherine Murphy: 9Courtney. Frank: 18 Dicn Bien Phu: 36Cresswell. Mary Ann: 9 Director" an1d Nomenclature "?f the First Aero-Crop dusting: 20 planles. 1809-1909. A: I ICross. Roy: 34 Dirigible: 22. See also airshipsCrossfield. A. Scott: 35 Divine Wind:. Jap/lnl's Kamnika:e Force in WorldCrouch. Tom D.: 10. II. 13. 17. 49 War II. Tile: 28Cuneo. John: 15 Doolittle: A Biograplhy: 18Cunnineham. William G.: 38 Doolittle. James H. "'Jimmy": 18. 27Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Co.: 13. See also Doolittlehs Tokyo Raiders: 27

NC-4 Douglas Aircraft Corp.: 8. 20. 22Curtiss Aircraft: 1907-1945: 13 Dragon's Teeth. Tile: 26Curtiss: The Hamnlond.sport Era. 1907-1915:13 Dragon's VWings. The: 2(1Curtiss. Glenn H.: 13 Dreaol qf'Eagles. A: 18Cynk. Jerzy: 30 1lrea' q" ofFlight: Aeronautics fr'om Classical

Times to the Renlaissance, Tile: 10

DC-3: 8. 20. 22 Dreai of Wings: Americans and tit, Airplane.

DC-3: Tile Staol" ofa Fobulous Airpolae. Tilet: 22 1875-1905. A: I IDaley. Robert: 18 Drones. See relmotcly piloted vehicles

Dangerous Sky: A HistorY a/Aviation Medicile. Drvden Research Center: 35

Tile: 23 Duel ?f Eagles: 29

Daniel Guggenheirn Aeronautical Laboratory. D)ugan. Janmes: 27

California Institute of Technology: 19 Duke. Neville: 35

Daniel Guggenheirn Fund: 18 Durand. William F: 2

Daniel Guegenheim Fund for the Promotion of Durant. Frederick C.- 3. 50Aeronautics. 1926-1930: 19 Duval. G.R.: 39

Daniel Guggenheim Medal: 6 Dswiggins. Don: 36

Daniloff. Nicholas: 47Davies. Merton E.: 47 Eagle A l!oIf 7Tio Centuries of thie Balloon illDavies. Ronald E.G.: 20 America. Tile: 10Davis. Kenneth: 17 Eagles East: Tile Armt Air Fotces and til(' Societ

Davison. Walter P.: 36 Union, 1941-1945." 32Dayton. Ohio: I I Eagle in tilt, Egg. Tile: 30Dayton-Cincinnati Section. American Institute of Eagles of" Mitsubishi: Till' Story of? the Zero

Aeronautics and Astronautics: 2 Iichiter: 32Dean. James D.: 49 Eastern Airlines: 20Decision to Go to thiet Moon. Tite: 49 Ed Heinellann: Comhat Aircraft Designer: 32Defense IndustlY. Tile: 40 Edson. Lee: 19Defense programs: 40. 41 Ege. Lennart: 24de Havilland. Sir Geoffrey: 12 Ehrhart. Robert C.: 4

56

INDEX

Eighth Air Force: 27 Fighter aircraft. See Aircraft; Aircraft typesEighth Sea, The: 18 Fighters, Attack, and Training Aircraft,"Eilmer of Malmesbury: An Eleventh Century 1939-1945: 33

Aviator," Technology and Culture: 10 Fighters Between the Wars, 1919-1939: 24

Eisenhower, Dwight D.: 47 Fighting the Flying Circus: 15

EI-Baz, Farouk: 49 Firebee: 44

Emme, Eugene: 1, 4, 5, 46 First Across: 17

Empire of the Air. Juan Trippe and the Struggle First Air Race: The International Competition atE ire ofl te Air: Juan TReims, 1909, The: 13

First Aviators, The: 13Encyclopedia of U.S. AirForceAircraftandMis- First Century of Flight in America, The: 11

sile Systems: 37 First of the Fei': Fighter Pilots of the First WorldEnd of an Era in Space Exploration: From Inter- War, The: 15

national Rivalry to International Cooperation: First to Fly: Aviation's Pioneer Days, The: 1250 First and the Last, The: 30

Engines and propulsion: 1-2, 3, 16, 23, 24-25, First of the Spacemen: 3533-36, 45-46, 46-47, 50 First Steps Towards Space: 3

England, aviation in. See British aviation; Royal Flight in America, 1900-1983: From the WrightAir Force; Royal Navy Brothers to the Astronauts: I

Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astro- Flight Fever: 17nautics: Proceedings of the Third Through the Flight International: 40Sixth History Symposia of the International Flight Patterns: Trends in American Aviation,Academy of Astronautics: 3 1918-1929: 16

Essence of Security: Reflections in Office, The: 41 Flight Through the Ages: 7European Aviation: 2, 12-13, 19, 40. See also Flying between the Wars: 18

British aviation Flying boats: 17, 19, 24Everest, Frank K.: 35 Flying Boats and Seaplanes Since 1910: 24Evidence in Camera: The Story of Photographic Flying North, The: 20

Intelligence in World War 11: 31 Flying the Frontiers of Space: 36Evolution of Aircraft Wing Design, The: 2 Flying Tigers: 28Experimental aircraft: 10-12, 12-13, 16, 18, 32, Flying with Lindbergh: 18

34-35. See also Aircraft; Engines and Forged in Fire: Strategy andDecisions in the Airpropulsion War Over Europe: 26

Eyewitness to Space: Paintings and Drawings "Forty Years of Aeronautical Research,"Related to the Apollo Mission to the Moon: 49 Smithsonian Report for 1955: 3

Ezell, Edward C.: 49 Foulois, Benjamin D.: 24Ezell, Linda W.: 49 Foulois and the U.S. Army Air Corps,

1931-1935: 24FAA Historical Fact Book: A Chronology, Four Came Home: 27

1929-1971: 5 Fourteen Hours at Koh Trang: 43Fall, Bernard B.: 36, 42 France. See French aviationFamous Bombers of the Second World War: 33 Francis, Charles E.: 32Famous Fighters of the Second World War: 33 Frankland, Noble: 27Fate is the Hunter: 20 Fredette, Raymond H.: 14Fast Carriers: The Forging of an Air Navy, The: Freeman, Roger A.: 27

26 French aviation: 2, 13, 36, 42. See also WarsFaster Than the Sun: 35 Freudenthal, Elsbeth E.: 21Fastest Man Alive, The: 35 From the Captain to the Colonel: An InformalFederal Aviation Administration: 5, 21 History of Eastern Airlines: 20Fetzer, Leland: 29 Frontiers of Flight: The Story ofNACA Research:Few Great Captains: The Men and Events that 3

Shaped the Development of U.S. Air Power, A: Frutkin, Arnold W.: 4624 Fox, J. Ronald: 40

Fifty Years of Flight: A Chronicle of the Aviation Fox, Roger P.: 42Industry in America, 1903-1953: 5 Foxworth, Thomas: 19

Fifty Years of Soviet Aircraft Construction: 39 Fuchida, Mitsuo: 28

57

INDEX

Futrell, Robert F: 36, 37, 42. 43

Hacker, Barton C.: 48Galland. Adolf: 30 Haggerty, James J.: 35Gann. Ernest K.: 20 Hall. R. Cargill: 3, 48Gansler. Jacques S.: 40 Hallion, Richard P.: 2.6. II, 15, 19, 34, 35, 49Gardner, Lester D.: 6 Halsey, William F.: 27Gas turbine engine: 3, 33-34. See also Engines Hamlen. Joseph: 17

and propulsion: Turbojet Hanle, Paul A.: 19, 51Gatland, Kenneth: 46. 50 Hansell, Haywood S., Jr.: 25Gemini: 48. 50 Hap: The Story of the U.S. Air Force and the ManGeneral Electric: 3 Who Built It: General Henry H. "Hap" Ar-General Kenney Reports: A Personal History of nold: 27

the Pacific War: 28 Hardesty, Von: 29German Airpower in World War I: 15 Hasting. Max: 27German Guided Missiles of the Second War War: Harris, Sherwood: 12

47 de Havilland, Sir Geoffrey: 12

German Research in World WarI!, AniAnalysis of Hart, Clive: 10the Conduct of Research: 31 Hazard. Jacqueline: 35

Germany: 27. See also Bombing raids and policy: Hechler, Ken: 48Wars Heiman, Grover: 34

aviation in: 19, 22, 38 Heinemann. Edward H.: 32

military aviation in: 14, 15, 29, 30 Helicopters, The: 19

weapons development and rocketry in: 31, Helicopters: 18, 19, 38

45. R.:47 Helicopters and Other Rotorcraft Since 1907: 38Giacomelli. R.: 2 Hell ina VerySmiallPlace: The Siege ofDienBienGiant Airships, The: 16 Phu: 36Giants in the Sky: A History of the Rigid Airship: Helmericks. Harmon: 45

22 Hennessey. Juliette A.: 14Gibbs-Smith. Charles H.: 7, 10. I1, 12 Henson, William S.: I IGillispie. Charles S.: 10 Herbicides: 42Gilpin. Robert: 41 Heritage of Kitty Hawk, The: 12Glenn Curtiss: Pioneer of Flight: 13 Hero: Charles H. Lindbergh and the AmericanGlines, Carrol V.: 22. 27, 37 Dream,. The: 17Goddard. Esther C.: 45 Heron, S.D.: 23, 34Goddard. Robert: 45 Hezlct, Sir Arthur: 23. 25Goldberg. Alfred: 14, 36 High altitude flight: 23. See also Aerospace:"Golden Age" of aviation: 18 AircraftGraf Zeppelin: The Adventures of An Aerial High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space, The:

Globetrotter: 22 50Gravel, Mike: 44 High Man, This: 45Gray, George W.: 3 High-Speed Frontier: Case Histories of FourGreat Britain, aviation in. See British aviation: NACA Programs, 1920-1950. The: 4

Royal Air Force: Royal Navy Higham, Robin: 15, 22. 25Green. Constance McLaughlin: 47 Hindenburg.- 22Green, William: 33. 34, 38 Hiroshima: 28Gregory, H. E: 38 History of Aeronautics and Astronautics: A Pre-Grierson. John: 17, 34 limninary Bibliography: 9Grimwood, James M.: 48 History of Air Power, A: 16Gropman. Alan L.: 37, 43 History of Aviation: 7Guenther. John: 35 History of the Polish Air Force, 1918-1968: 30Guggenheim Medalists: Architects of the Age of History of Rocket Technology: Essays on Re-

Flight, The: 6 search, Development, and Utilit;, The: 46Guide to Research in NASA HistorY. A: 9 History of Rocketry and Space Travel: 45Gunston. Bill: 8 History of Strategic Bombing, A: 27

58

INDEX

History of the United States Air Force, A: 36 International Cooperation in Space: 46History of the United States Air Force, International Handbook of Aerospace Awards

1907-1957, A: 14 and Trophies: 7History of United States Marine CorpsAviation in Interservice rivalries: 41

World War Two: 25 Introduction to Flight: Its Engineering and Histo-History of U.S. Naval Aviation: 26 rv: IHistory of United States Naval Operations in Invention of the Aeroplane, 1799-1909, The: II

World War 11: 25 Irving, David: 30, 31, 47History of the U.S. Weather Bureau, A: 21History of the World's Airlines, A: 20 Jablonski, Edward: 17, 18Hitler, Adolf: 19, 25, 29 Jackson, Donald Dale: 17Hoffschmidt, E.J.: 30 Jaffe, Leonard: 48Holley, I.B.: 15, 26 James, George S.: 3Holmes, Donald B.: 22 Jane's All the World's Aircraft: 7Hopkins, George E.: 20 Jane's Encyclopeida of Aviation: 4-5Horikoshi, Jrio: 28, 32 Jane's 100 Significant Aircraft, 1909-1969: 8Horwitch, Mel: 40 Jane's Pocket Book qf Airships: 24Hostile Skies: A Combat History of the American Jane's Pocket Book of Commercial Transport Air-

Air Service in World War 1:15 craft: 37Hotz, Robert: 28 Jane's Pocket Book of Major Combat Aircraft:How OurArmy Grew Wings: Airmen andAircraft 37-38

Before 1914: 14 Jane's Pocket Book of Military Transport andHudson, James J.: 15 Training Aircraft: 37Hughes, Howard: 16 Jane's Pocket Book of Remotely Piloted Vehicles:"Hump," aerial supply over the: 31 44Hunsaker, Jerome: 3, 39 Japan: 27 See also Bombing raids and policy;Hurley, Alfred E: 4, 23 WarsHuttig, Jack: 17 military aviation in: 28-29, 32.

Jet: The Story of a Pioneer: 34

I Kept No Diary: 18 Jet Age: Forty Years of Jet Aviation, The: 34

Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine: A History of Basic Jet Aircraft of the World, The: 34

Thinking in the United States Air Force, Jet Aviation: Threshold to a New Era: 34

1907-1964: 37 Jet Flight: 34

Ideas and Weapons: Exploitation of the Aerial Jet Makers: The Aerospace Industry: An An-

Weapon by the United States during World War thology, The: 38

I: A Study' in the Relationship of Technological Jet Pioneers: 34

Advance, Military Doctrine, and the Develop- Jet propulsion: 24. 25, 33-34. See also Engines

ment of Weapons: 15 and propulsion

Igor Sikorsky: His Three Careers in Aviation: 19 Joels, Kerry: 49

Illusions of Choice: Robert McNamara, the Johnson, Bobby H.: 23

F-Ill and the Problem of Weapons Acquisi- Johnson, Brian: 31

tion Reform: 40 Jones, Henry A.: 14

Illustrated Encyclopedia of Space TechnologY, Jones, R. V.: 31

The: 46 Josephson, Matthew: 18

Illustrated Guide to the Air War Over Vietnam:Aircraft of the Southeast Asia Conflict, An: 45 Kamikaze: 28

Impact ofAirPower: NationalSecurity and World Kantor, MacKinlay: 27Politics, The: 4 Karman, Theodore von: 2, 19

In the Cause of Flight: Technologists of Aero- Keil, Sally Van Wagenen: 32nautics and Astronautics: 6, 13 Kelly, Fred: 11

Indochina: 42. See also Wars Kelsey, Benjamin S.: 26Infield, Glenn: 31 Kennett, Lee B.: 27Ingell, Douglas J.: 22 Kenney, George C.: 28Inogouchi, Rikihei: 28 Kent, Richard J., Jr.: 21Intelligence: 31. See also Reconnaissance Keyhoe, Donald E.: 18

59

INDEX

Kham Duc: 43 Lithgow, Mike: 35Khe Sanh: 36. 42 Living in Outer Space: 46Kill Devil Hill: Discovering the Secret of the Logsdon,John: 49

Wright Brothers: I I Lomask, Milton: 47Killian, James R.: 47 Lonely Sky, The: 35Kincheloe. Iven C.: 35 Long-range flights: 12. See also TransoceanicKing. Horace F: 8 flightKitty Hawk: II, 12. See also Wright, Wilbur and Looney. John J.: 9

Orville Loosbrock, John F: 4Klass, Philip J.: 47 Lopez, Donald S.: 34Knaack. Marcelle Size: 37 Lord, C. L.: 26Knebel. Fletcher: 28 Lore of Flight, The: 7Knights of the Air: 14 Low-Level Mission: 27Koh Trang: 43 Luftwaffe: 29Kolesnik, Eugene: 24 Luftwaffe. See Germany: WarsKomons, Nick A.: 21. 37 Lukas. Richard C.: 32Korea: 36 Lunar Impact: A History of Project Ranger: 48Kremlin and the Cosmos. The: 47 Lundgren. William: 35

Labor union: 20 Mach One: 35LaFarge. Oliver: 30 Maclsaac. David: 28Lahm. Frank P.: 14 Macon: 22Lambermont. Paul: 38 Mail Carriers. See AirmailLangley. Samuel: II Mailer. Norman: 49Lapp, Ralph E.: 41 Managing NASA in the Apollo Era: 41Lasby, Clarence: 39 Manned Spacecraft: 50Last Flight From Saigon: 43 Mansfield. Harold: 22Last Hero: Charles A. Lindbergh, The: 17 Manson, Frank A.: 36Last of the Bush Pilots, The: 45 Mare's Nest: The German Secret Weapons Cam-Lavelle, A. J. C.: 43 paign atnd British Countermeasures, The: 31,Leary, William M.: 20 47Leasor. James: 22 Marschak. Thomas A.: 41Legacy of Flight: The Guggenheimn Contribution Mason. Francis K.: 29

to American Aviation: 19 Mason. R.A.: 36Lehman. Milton: 45 Maurer, Maurer: 15LeMay. Curtis E.: 27 Mazlish. Bruce: 46Lend-lease: 32 McCarthy. James R.: 43Le Vier. Tony: 35 McDonnell-Douglas Corp.: 8Levine. Arnold S.: 41 Mclarland, Marvin: I ILewis. Cecil: 15 McNamara. Robert S.: 41Lewis. W. David: 20 "Medieval Uses of Air." Scientific American: 10Ley, Willy: 46 Melhorn, Charles M,: 23Library of Congress: 9. 48. 50 Men of Space: 6Liebcrg. Owen S.: 13 Mercenaries: 45Life and Death of the Luftwafffe. The: 30 Mercury: 48Life and Death of a Satellite. The: 48 Merrill, James M.: 27Lightning Bugs and Other Reconnaissance Mersky, Peter B.: 14

Drones: 44 Meteorology: 21Lilienthal. Otto: II Midway: The Battle that Doomed Japan: 28Lindbergh. Charles A.: 16. 17-18. 28 Mighty Eighth. The: 27Lindbergh: A Biography: 17 Milbank. Jeremiah: IILinebacker I.: A View Fromn the Rock: 43 Milch. Field Marshal Erhard: 30Lippisch, Alexander: 32 Military procurement: 26. 40-42Liquid fuel rocket: 45. See also Engines and Miller. Jay: 35

propulsion: Rocketry Miller. Ronald E.: 1. 21

60

INDEX

Miller, Russell: 29 New Guinea: 28Miller, Samuel Duncan: 9 New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury, This:Miller, Thomas G.: 28 48Millionth Chance: The Story of the R-101, The: Newton, Wesley P.: 20

22 No High Ground: 28Missile development: 41 North Atlantic: 12, 17Missile doctrine: 41 North Vietnam: 43Missiles and Rockets: 50 Notes of an Aircraft Designer: 32Mission with LeMay: My Story: 27 Nowarra, Heinz J.: 39Mitchell, Alan W.: 35 Norway, Nevil Shute: 18Mitchell, William "Billy": 23 Neufeld, Jacob: 9, 45

Mitsubishi: 32Modern Airliner: Its Origins and Development, Oakes, Claudia: 8, 13

The: 20 Oberg, James E.: 47Mohler, Stanley R.: 23 Observer's Book of Manned Spaceflight, The: 50Momyer, William W.: 36 Observer's Book of Unmanned Spaceflight, The:Monoplane: 16. See also aircraft 50Montgolfier Brothers, The: 10 Observer's Soviet Aircraft, The: 38Montgolfier brothers: 9, 10 Of A Fire on the Moon: 49Moolman, Valerie: 12 Ogburn, William F: 39"The Moon Landing and Its Aftermath," Michi- Okumiya, Masatake: 28

gan Quarterly Review: 44 On the Frontier: Flight Research at Dryden,Morison, Samuel Eliot: 25 1946-1981: 35Morpurgo, J.E.: 18 OntheSeasandIn theSkies:AHistoryofthe U.S.Morrison, Wilbur H.: 28 Navy's Air Power: 26Morrow, John H.: 15 On the Shoulders of Titans: A History of ProjectMoseley, Wendell E: 22 Gemini: 48Mosley, Leonard: 17 O'Neil, Paul: 16MostProbablePosition:AHistoryofAerialNavi- O'Neill, Gerard K.: 50

gation to 1941: 21 O'Neill, Ralph A.: 18Mueller, Robert: 5 Only Way to Fly: The Story of Western Airlines,Munson, Kenneth: 7, 15, 24, 33, 37, 38, 44 The: 20Murphy, Lynne C.: 50 Operation Ranch Hand: The Air Force and Her-Murray, Bruce C.: 47 bicides in Southeast Asia, 1961-1971: 42

Orders of Magnitude: A History of NACA and

NC-4: 17 NASA, 1915-1980: 3

Nagasaki: 28 Ordway, Frederick I.: 45, 47Nakajima, Tadashi: 28 Organizing the Postwar Air Force, 1943-1947:

Nalty, Bernard C.: 36, 42, 45 37Nanette: 28 Origins of the Turbojet Revolution, The: 34

Narrow Margin, The: 29 Osur, Alan: 32

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics "Out of the Past," Astronautics andAeronautics:(NACA): 3-4, 39. See also National Aero- 6

nautics and Space Administration Over the Hump: 30-31National Aeronautics and Space Administration Overy, R.J.: 25

(NASA): 3-4, 5, 9, 39, 41,49. See also Rock- Owen, Kenneth: 40etry, Space Ower, Ernest: 1

National Aeronautical Institute: 7National Air and Space Museum Library: 7, 8 Pacific, flights across the: 16, 17National Archives and Records Service: 9 Pan American World Airways: 18Naval aviation: 14, 17, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 36 Papers of Robert Goddard, The: 45Navigation: 21 Papers of Wilbur and Orville Wright, The: 11Nayler, J.L.: 1 Paris: 18Nazi Germany. See Germany Park, Edwards: 28Nevin, David: 16, 17, 23 Parrish, Wayne W.: 6

61

INDEX

Partnership: A Historv of fi't Apollo-Soyaz Test Rae. John B.: 38Project: 49 RAE See Royal Air Force

Passing of the Night: Mv Seven Years as a Pris- RAF at War. The: 29

oner (?f the North Vietnamese. The: 44 Raid. The: 44

P'aszek. Lawrence J.: 9 Railroad and the Space Program: An Exploration

Patlhfinders. The: 16 in Historical Analogy. The: 45

Payne. L.G.S.: 5 Raleigh. Walter: 14

Pearl Harbor: 17 Ranger Project: 48Peck. Merton J.: 40 "Rapiers Versus Clubs: The Fitful History ofPeenemunde: 47 *Smart Bombs'." Journal of the Royal UnitedPenendEdward: 47 Services Institute: 44

Pendray. Edward: 45 Rausa. Rosario: 32Penrose. Harald: 13 Rayfield. Robert E.: 43Pentagon Papers: The Def'nse Department His- Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature: 9

tor'% of Decisioninaking On Vietnam, The: 44 Rebirth o(f LEropean Aviation, 1902-1908, Tile:Perilous Sky': U.S. Aviation Diplomac* and Latin 12

America. 1919-1931. Tile: 20 Reconnaissance: 31. 44. 47-48Phillips. Alnmarin: 38 Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power.Pictorial Guide to Planet Earth: 47 1941-45: 29Pilot: 35 Red Star in Orbit: 47Pineau. Roger: 5. 28 Reed. Arthur: 44Pinson. Jay D.: 2 Reims: 13Pirie. Anthony: 38 Remotely piloted vehicles: 31, 43-44. See alsoPistolesi. E.: 2 RocketryPlane that Changed tile World: A Biography (f Remote sensing: 49

tile DC-3. Tile: 22 Reynolds. Clark G.: 26Ploesti. Rumania: 27 Richards, Denis: 29Ploesti: Tile Great Ground-Air Battle of I August Rickenbacker. Eddie: 15

1943: 27 Right Stuff. Tile: 35. 49Pocket Enclvclopedia (;f World Aircraft in Color: "The Rise of Air and Space." Astronautics antd

24 Aeronautics: 2

Pocock. R.E: 47 Rise an1d ltial of the Luftlaffte. 1933-1945, Tile:Point of No Return: The Story f?/ thit 20th Airt 3(1

Force: 28-29 Rise (aId Iail of the Luftwaffte: Tile Lift' of FieldPolar aviation: 17. 20. 45 Marshal Erhard Miuch. The: 30Polish air force: 30 Rise of tfitt Fighters: Air Combat ill World War I:Politics of Weapolns Innovation: The Thor-Jupiter 15

Conltraversv. Tihe: 41 Risner, Robinson: 44Post. Wiley: 16 Road to Kittv Hawk. The: 12Post World War 11 Fighters. 1945-1973: 37 Roberts. Joseph B.: 4Potter. Jean: 20 Robbins, Christopher: 45Precision guided weaponry: 31. 43-44. See also Robinson. Douglas H.: 14. 22, 23

Rocketry Robinson, George S.: 46Prendegast. Curtis: 13 "Robot" weapons: 31. 43-44. See also RocketryPrisoners of war: 27. 44-45. Rochester, Stuart 1.: 21Private A ircraft. Business and General Purpose. Rocket: The History and Development of Rocket

Sitce 1946: 37 & Missile Technology. Tihe: 46Procurement: 26. 40-42 Rocket Team. The: 47Progress in Flying Machines: II Rocketry: 31. 45-47. See also Precision guidedProject Cancelled: 38-39 weaponryProject Paperclip: 39 Rockets. Missiles. attl Men in Space: 46Propulsion: 1-2. 3. 16. 23. 24-25. 33-36. Rockets. Missiles. antd Spacecraft of the National

45-46. 46-47. 50. Air and Space Museum: 50Putnatn Aeronautical Books series: 8 Roland. Alex: 9

Rolt of Project Histories in tile Study of R&D.

R-I1I: 22 The: 41

62

INDEX

Romance of Ballooning: The Story of the Early Sikorsky, Igor: 19Aeronauts, The: 10 Sikorsky Aircraft Co.: 19

Roscoe, Theodore: 26 Simon, Leslie: 31

Rose, Don: 18 Sixty Years of Aeronautical Research:

Rosen, Milton: 47 1917-1977: 4

Ross, Walter S.: 17 Skinner, Richard M.: 4

Royal Air Force: 14-15, 26-27, 29-30, 31. See Sky Beyond, The: 18

also British Aviation; Wars Sky Fever: 12Royal Air Force, 1939-1945, The." 29 Sky on Fire: The First Battle of Britain,"a A1917-1918, and the Birth of the Royal AirRoyal Navy: 23. See also British Aviation; Wars Force, The: 14

Russia. See Soviet Union Skylab: 48Russian Civil and Military Aircraft. 1884-1969: Slide Rule: The Autobiography of an Engineer:

39 18Ryan Corporation: 44 Smith, Dean: 18

Smith, Henry Ladd: 20, 21Safe, Separated, and Soaring: 21 Smith, Perry McCoy: 31Safer Skyways: Federal Control of Aviation, Smith, Richard K.: 17, 22

1926-66: 21 Smithsonian Institution: 5, 8, 50Sagittarius Rising: 15 Snow, C. P.: 32Saigon: 43 Social effects of aviation: 4, 11, 13, 32, 36, 39Saito, Fred: 28 Social Effects of Aviation, The: 39Sakai, Saburo: 28 Solberg, Carl: 20Samurai: 28 Soldiers of Fortune: 45Satellites: 47-48 Solomon Islands: 28Saunders, Hilary St. George: 29 Sound of Wings: Reading to the Age, The: 4Sawers, David: 1, 21 Southeast Asia: 12, 42-45. See also WarsSchamburger, Page: 22 Southwest Pacific Theater: 28Schemmer, Benjamin: 44 Soviet Air Force, The: 29Scherer, Frederick M.: 40 Soviet Air Force since 1918, The: 29Schlaifer, Robert: 23, 34 Soviet Air Force in World War II: The OfficialSchneider, Donald K.: 43 History, The: 29Schonenberger, William A.: 5 Soviet Air Power, 1917-1918: 29Schweinfurt, Germany: 27 Soviet Union (see also Space; Wars)Science and Astronautics, Committee on: 5 Air Force: 29, 32, 38, 39Science and Government: 32-33 Aviation in: 32, 38, 39.Science and the Air Force: A History of the Air Space: 2, 36

Force Office of Scientific Research: 37 craft: 7, 48, 50Scientific Research and Development, Office of: defense: 47-48

31 futurism: 50Scientists Against Time: 31 international aspects of: 5, 46Scott. Catherine D.: 7 manned flight: 46Sea War in Korea, The: 36 pioneers of: 6Seagrave, Sterling: 45 programs: 45-50, 50-51Search and Rescue in Southeast Asia, race: 39

1961-1975: 42 shuttle program: 36, 48Secret Sentries in Space: 47 Soviet Union in: 45, 47, 48-49, 49, 51Serling, Robert J.: 20 United States in: 45-46, 46, 47-50, 50-51Seven Decades of Progress: A Heritage of Air- Space Science Comes of Age: 51

craft Turbine Technology: 3 Speed Seekers, The: 21Sharpe, Mitchell R.: 47 Spirit of St. Louis, The: 18Sheldon, Charles S.: 47 Sputnik: 39, 47Sherrod, Robert L.: 25 Sputnik, Scientists, and Eisenhower: A Memoir ofShiner. John F: 24 the First Special Assistant to the President forShips in the Sky: 22 Science and Technology: 47Shute, Neville: 18 Stalingrad: 30

63

INDEX

Stars at Noon, The: 36 Thomas, Shirley: 6Stekler, Herman 0.: 38 Three Centuries to Concorde: 34Stewart, Carroll: 27 Thud Ridge: 44Stewart. Oliver: 2 Tilford, Earl H.: 42Stormy Life: 32 Tizard: 32Story of the Winged-S, The: 19 Tizard, Sir Henry: 32-33Strategic bombing. See Bombing raids and policy Tokyo: 27Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, Toland, John: 22

1939-1945, The: 30 Tolson, John J.: 43Strategic Bombing in World War It: The Story of Toward the Endless Frontier: History of the Corn-

the United States Strategic Bombing Survey: mittee on Science and Technology, 1959-1979:28 48

Strategy in the Missile Age: 41 Townsend, Peter: 29Stringfellow, John: 10 Tracks Across the Sky: The Story of the PioneersStructure and Performance of the Aerospace In- of the U.S. Air Mail: 22

dustry, The: 38 Transoceanic flight: 12, 16-18, 22Sturm, Thomas A.: 37 Trenchard, Hugh: 14Subcommittee on Space and Science Applica- Trenchard: Man of Vision: 14

tions of the U.S. House of Representatives Trippe, Juan: 18Committee on Science and Technology: 48 Tunner, William H.: 31

1927: Summer of Eagles: 17 Turbojet: 24, 25, 33, 37. See also Engines andSupersonic flight: 33, 34, 35-36, 37. See also propulsion

Engines and propulsion Turbulence Aloft: 21Supersonic Flight: Breaking the Sound Barrier Turnbull, A. D.: 26

and Beyond: 34 Tumrill, Reginald: 50Supersonic Transport Aircraft (SST): 40 Tuskegee Airmen: The Story of the Negro in theSwanborough, F. Gordon: 8, 38 U.S. Air Force, The: 32Swenson, Lloyd S.: 48 Twentieth Air Force: 28-29. See also Wars

Twiss, Peter: 35

Tactical Airlift: 43 Two Block Fox: The Rise of the Aircraft Carrier,

Takeoff at Mid-Century: 21 1911-1929: 23

Tale of Two Bridges, The: 43 Two Hundred Years ofFlight in America:A Bicen-

Tank. Kurt: 32 tennial Survey: 1

Tantum, W. H., IV: 30Target Tokyo: The Halsey-Doolittle Raid: 27 Udet, Ernst, 15Taylor, C. Fayette: 23 Unarmed and Unafraid: 31Taylor, Sir Gordon: 18 U.S. Air ForceTaylor, John W. R.: 7, 8, 37, 44 creation of: 24, 37Taylor, Michael J. H.: 4, 37 integration of: 32, 37Technical Development of Modern Aviation, The: post-World War II role: 32, 36, 42, 43. See

1, 21 also US Army Air Forces; WarsTechnology and Market Structure: A Study of the US Air Force, A Chronology of American A ero-

Aircraft Industry: 38 space Events, The: 5Test flights: 12-13, 35 United States Air Force, Historical ResearchTest Pilot: 35 Center: 9Test Pilots, the Frontiersmen of Flight: 35 United States Air Force History: An AnnotatedTesting Time: 35 Bibliography: 9Testing Time: The Story of British Test Pilots and United States Air Force History: A Guide to Doc-

Their Aircraft: 12-13 umentarv Sources: 9Testing Years: 35 United States Air Force History: A Guide toTFX Decision: McNamara and the Military, The: Monographic Literature: 9

40 United States Air Force in Korea, 1950-1953,"The Hump": 31 The: 3613: The Flight That Failed: 49 USAF Scientific Advisory Board: Its First TwentyThomas, Lowell: 18 Years, 1944-1964, The: 37

64

INDEX

USAF Southeast Asia Monograph Series: 42-43 Way of a Fighter: The Memoirs of Claire LeeUnited States Air Force in Southeast Asia, Chennault: 28

1961-1973, The: 42 We: 18United States Air Force, Office of Air Force His- Weapons: 24

tory: 42 Weapons acquisition: 40. See also ProcurementU.S. Air Service in World War I, The: 15 Weapons Acquisition Process, The: 40United States Army Air Arm, The: 14 Weapons Culture, The: 41United States Army Air Forces: 16, 17, 23, 24, Weather Bureau, U.S.: 21

32, 36, 42, 43. See also U.S. Air Force; Wars Webster, Sir Charles K.: 30United States Civilian Space Programs, Welmers, Everett T.: 3

1958-1978: 48 Western Air Express: 19U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Western Airlines: 20

Science and Astronautics: 5 Wheeler, Allen: 13, 18United States Marine Corps: 14, 25 White, Lynn: 10U.S. Marine Corps Aviation 1912 to the Present: Whiting, Kenneth R.: 29

14 Whitnah, Donald: 21United States Military Aircraft Since 1909: 9 Whittle, Sir Frank: 34United States Naval Aviation, 1910-1980: 5 Who's Who in American Aeronautics: 6United States Navy: 14, 17, 23, 25, 26, 36 Who's Who in Aviation, 1942-43: 6United States and Soviet Progress in Space: 47 Who's Who in Aviation and Aerospace: 7U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey: 28 Who's Who on World Aviation, 1955: 6U.S. Weather Bureau: 21 Wild Blue: The Story ofAmerican Airpower, The:United States Women in Aviation Through World 4

War 1: 13 Wiley Post, His Winnie May, and the World's FirstPressure Suit: 23

Wilson, John R. M.: 21V-1, "buzz bomb" cruise missile: 31 Wind and Beyond: Theodore von Karman, Pi-V-2 ballistic missile: 31 oneer in Aviation and Pathfinder in Space, The:Vaeth, Joseph Gordon: 22 19Van Der Linden, Frank Robert: 6 Wind tunnel: 4Vanguard project: 47 Wind Tunnels of NASA: 4Vanguard: A History: 47 Winged Gospel: America's Romance with Avia-Ventry, Lord: 24 tion, 1900-1950, The: 11Vietnamese Air Force: 43. See also Wars Winged Mars: 15Vietnamese Air Force, 1951-1975, An Analysis Winged Wonders: The Story of the Flying Wings:

of its Role in Combat, The: 43 38Vietnam War. See Wars in Southeast Asia Wings for the Fleet: A Narrative of Naval Avia-View From Space: Photographic Exploration of tion's Early Development, 1910-1916: 14

the Planets, The: 47 Wings on My Sleeve: 35Viking project: 47 Wings of Tomorrow: The Story ofthe Autogiro: 18Viking Rocket Story, The: 47 Winnie May: 23Villard, Henry Serrano: 12 Winter, Denis: 15Vision: A Saga of the Sky: 22 Winter, Frank H.: 6

Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence,Wagner, Ray: 8, 29 1939-1945, The: 31Wagner, William: 44 Wolfe, Tom: 35, 49War in the Air, The: 14 Wolff, Leon: 27Wars Wolk, Herman: 37

World War I: 13-16, Wolko, Howard S.: 6, 13World War II: 5-6, 10, 17, 25-33, 47 Women in aviation: 13, 22, 36Korean: 36, Women's Air Force Service Pilots: 32in Southeast Asia: 36, 42-45 Wonderful Women in their Flying Machines,

Wartime Journals of Charles A. Lindbergh, The: Those: 3228 Wood, Derek: 29, 38

Watson, George M.: 45 Wooldridge, E.T.: 34, 38

65

INDEX

Morld's Greatest Airplanes: The Story of the Men X-I to X-29. The: 35Who Built Them and How The" Came To Be.The: 8 Yakovlev, Alexander: 32. 39

World War 1. See Wars Ycager, Charles E.: 35World War 11. See Wars Young. Warren R.: 19Wright Brothers. The: IIWright Brothers: Heirs of Prometheus, The: I I Zeppelin: 14. 22. See also AirshipsWright. Monte Duane: 21 Zeppelin in Combat: A History of the GermanWright. Wilbur and Orville: 1, 2. II. 11-12. 34 Naval Airship Division. 191"9-1918, The: 14Writer's Program of the Work Projects Admin- Zero: 28, 32

istration: 6 Zero: 28

66