the life and work of frank lloyd wright - users.etown.eduusers.etown.edu/w/wunderjt/architecture...
TRANSCRIPT
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THE LIFE AND WORK OF
FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT
PART 2:
Ages 20 to 33 (1887-1900)
In Chicago
by JT Wunderlich PhD
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PART 1 Frank Lloyd Wright, Age 0-19 (1867-1886) Formative Years
Historical & Social Context: Post-Civil War recession, Industrial revolution, Farm life, Preacher/Musician Father, Teacher/Mother, Mother's large influential Unitarian farming family, Unitarian beliefs, Nature, Parent’s divorce
ARCHITECTURE: Froebel education (blocks, etc), Barns & Farm houses, Roots of his organic architecture
PART 2 Frank Lloyd Wright, Age 20-33 (1887-1900) Formative Years THIS LECTURE
Historical & Social Context: The rebuilding of Chicago after the Great Fire, Wife Anna and first five children
ARCHITECTURE: Louis Sullivan, Beginnings of his organic architecture
PART 3 Frank Lloyd Wright, Age 34-41 (1901-1908)
Historical & Social Context: Post-mid-1800’s opening of Japan, Pre-WW1 Europe, Arts &Crafts, Six children
ARCHITECTURE: Began his Prairie Style, First trip to Japan (1905)
PART 4 Frank Lloyd Wright, Age 42-47 (1909-1914)
Historical & Social Context: Secession movement in Austria, Living in Italy (1909/10), Returning to his mother's family's farmland to build Taliesin, Mistress murdered
ARCHITECTURE: Continued prairie style while seeking other inspirations and social philosophies, Taliesin
PART 5 Frank Lloyd Wright, Age 48-62 (1915-1929)
Historical & Social Context: WWI, Roaring 20’s, A short 2nd marriage, 3rd marriage to Olgivanna (Olga), CA, Japan
ARCHITECTURE: California (and Arizona) Textile Houses, Designs in Japan
PART 6 Frank Lloyd Wright, Age 63-78 (1930-1945)
Historical & Social Context: The Great Depression(1930's), WWII(1939-45), Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan; Modernism, Living with no money, Taliesin Fellowship (Olga's idea)
ARCHITECTURE: Broadacre city, Usonian Houses, Taliesin West
PART 7 Frank Lloyd Wright, Age 79-91 (1946-1958) -- died in 1958
Historical & Social Context: Post WWII economic boom, Cold War, Communal living at Taliesin, Modernism
ARCHITECTURE: Modern materials and methods
PART 8 Post Frank Lloyd Wright -- Olga continues Taliesin Fellowship (1958-1985)
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AGES 20 TO 33 (1887-1900)
First, a quick review of PART 1, up to Age 19 . . .
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INFLUENCES PRINCIPLES up to Age 19
PLACES
Mostly Wisconsin
New England
PEOPLE
Father Preacher / Musician
Mother Teacher, large family of Unitarian farmers
Architects:
EVENTS
Post-Civil War
Industrial Revolution
Parents Divorce
RESULTING PRINCIPLES
Architecture = Music; Wood block geometries
His later “Organic Architecture”: From Unitarians: Love of nature; From
Conover’s Science Hall: Innovative materials, Less ornamentation, Build into hillsides,
Open interiors, Materials in natural state, Interior space defines exterior; And cramped
entry for drama at destination = “Compression/Embrace & Release”
Farms
Allan Conover
Unity Chapel Science Hall
Joseph Silsbee
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2O YEARS OLD [WRIGHT 1957]
“A visit to pawn broker old
man Perry made exodus
possible. My Father’s
(books) Gibbon’s Rome
and Plutarch’s Lives, and
the mink cape collar my
mother had sewed to my
overcoat financed the
enterprise”
Frank Lloyd Wright
Moved to Chicago
1887 CHICAGO HTTPS://IMGUR.COM/GALLERY/2UCBF
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2O YEARS OLD [WRIGHT 1957, BURNS 2001, STORRER 2017]
City-wide fire in 1871
created many
opportunities for
architects
Initially worked for
Architect Joseph Silsbee
Frank Lloyd Wright
Moved to Chicago
1887 CHICAGO HTTPS://IMGUR.COM/GALLERY/2UCBF
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S.001 HILLSIDE HOME SCHOOL (1886/87), Wisconsin
“Shingle Style”
Apprenticing with Joseph Silsbee, well known for this style
Aunt's were teachers here
Progressive private school; one of first coed boarding schools
Architect
Joseph Silsbee
Frank Lloyd Wright
2O YEARS OLD (1887) [STORRER 2017]
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21 & 22 YEARS OLD (1888,89)
[WRIGHT 1957]
At age 21, approached most famous architect in Chicago, Louis Sullivan
“I was accepted by Mr. Sullivan and went to work for Adler and Sullivan, then the only
moderns in architecture, and with whom, for that reason, I wanted to work.”
Frank Lloyd Wright
Architect Louis Sullivan
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22 YEARS OLD (1889)
[STORRER 2017]
Louis Sullivan’s was mostly a Commercial (Non-residential) Architect that designed
some of the first high-rises
Frank Lloyd Wright (FLW)
Architect Louis Sullivan
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Architect Louis Sullivan
Auditorium Building
Chicago, 1889, Adler and Sullivan
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Architect Louis Sullivan
Wainwright Building,
St Louis, 1891, Adler and Sullivan
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Architect Louis Sullivan
705 Olive building, St Louis,
1893, Adler and Sullivan
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Architect Louis Sullivan
The Guaranty Building (now the Prudential Building)
Buffalo, New York, 1895, Adler and Sullivan
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22 YEARS OLD (1889)
[STORRER 2017]
Frank Lloyd Wright originally worked on ornamentation on large commercial
buildings (High Rises), but soon worked mostly on Residential projects
Architect Louis Sullivan
Frank Lloyd Wright (FLW)
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21 & 22 YEARS OLD (1888,89)
[BURNS 2001, STORRER 2017]
Rose to chief draftsman in charge of 49 others
Referred to Louis Sullivan as Liebermeister (“Dear Master”)
Given five year contract
At age 22, asked Louis Sullivan for personal loan against
contract to build a house for himself and his bride Catherine
Frank Lloyd Wright and wife Catherine Tobin who he
met at a church social at age 21 when she was age 17
Architect Louis Sullivan
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S.002 His House
Front façade has strong triangular high-gable roof
Perhaps influenced by wood blocks of his youth
22 YEARS OLD (1889)
[KRAMER 2017, STORRER 2017]
Frank Lloyd Wright and wife Catherine
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S.002 His House (Entry)
Frank Lloyd Wright and wife Catherine
22 YEARS OLD (1889)
[KRAMER 2017, STORRER 2017]
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S.002 His House
The fireplace/hearth is an important centrally-located
feature in many of his homes
Frank Lloyd Wright and wife Catherine
22 YEARS OLD (1889)
[KRAMER 2017, STORRER 2017]
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S.002 His House (Living Room)
Octagons of Bay windows break up the “Box”
He would often make use of octagons Frank Lloyd Wright and wife Catherine
22 YEARS OLD (1889)
[KRAMER 2017, STORRER 2017]
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S.002 His House (Dining Room)
Frank Lloyd Wright and wife Catherine
22 YEARS OLD (1889)
[KRAMER 2017, STORRER 2017]
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S.002 His House (Dining Room)
Frank Lloyd Wright and wife Catherine
22 YEARS OLD (1889)
[KRAMER 2017, STORRER 2017]
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S.002 His House (Master Bedroom & Bath)
- Soon the only bath for everybody, including 6 children
Frank Lloyd Wright and wife Catherine
22 YEARS OLD (1889)
[KRAMER 2017, STORRER 2017]
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23 YEARS OLD (1890)
Their first baby, Lloyd, is born; The first of 6 children over the next 13 years
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23 YEARS OLD (1890)
Their first baby, Lloyd, is born; The first of 6 children over the next 13 years
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~23 YEARS OLD (~1890)
[STORRER 2017]
Put in charge of Residential projects of the Adler and Sullivan firm
Partly to help pay back the private loan from Louis Sullivan
Frank Lloyd Wright
Architect Louis Sullivan
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26 YEARS OLD (1893)
[WRIGHT 1967]
Neither FLW or Loius Sullivan liked Neoclassicism (Greek or Roman)
Both annoyed by “White City” built for 1893 Worlds Fair in Chicago
FLW, when criticizing Neoclassicism, quoted French poet Victor Hugo:
“The setting Sun all mistook for Dawn”
Both Architects in search of an entirely new American Architecture
Frank Lloyd Wright Architect Louis Sullivan “White City” built for 1893 Worlds Fair in Chicago
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26 YEARS OLD (1893)
[HO-O-DEN 2018]
He did however like the Japanese Pavilion at the 1983 Worlds Fair in Chicago
Replica of Ho-O-Den Phoenix Hall in Japan
He was also very interested in Japanese wood-block prints
And later, he would collect Japanese Screens, Kimonos, Ceramics, and textiles
And in 1910 published a book “The Japanese Print”
Frank Lloyd Wright
Japanese Pavilion (Phoenix Hall replica) at1893 Worlds Fair in Chicago
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26 YEARS OLD (1893)
[HO-O-DEN 2018]
Frank Lloyd Wright Actual Phoenix Hall in Kyoto Japan, 2018
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26 YEARS OLD (1893)
[HO-O-DEN 2018]
Frank Lloyd Wright Japanese Pavilion (Phoenix Hall replica) at 1893 Worlds Fair in Chicago
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26 YEARS OLD (1893)
[HO-O-DEN 2018]
Frank Lloyd Wright
OPEN FLOOR PLAN
Japanese Pavilion (Phoenix Hall replica) at 1893 Worlds Fair in Chicago
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26 YEARS OLD (1893)
[HO-O-DEN 2018]
Frank Lloyd Wright
SCREEN
Japanese Pavilion (Phoenix Hall replica) at 1893 Worlds Fair in Chicago
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26 YEARS OLD (1893)
[HO-O-DEN 2018]
Frank Lloyd Wright Japanese Pavilion (Phoenix Hall replica) at1893 Worlds Fair in Chicago
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26 YEARS OLD (1893)
[STORRER 2017]
Did “Bootleg” residential projects on his own, primarily to pay his
mounting bills due to his expensive tastes, and his home loan from Louis
Sullivan
Frank Lloyd Wright
Architect Louis Sullivan
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26 YEARS OLD (1893)
[STORRER 2017]
Example “Bootleg” project
Likely influences:
Colonial Architecture
Strong Geometries of childhood wood blocks
Frank Lloyd Wright
S.013 W. Irving Clark Residence
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26 YEARS OLD (1893)
[STORRER 2017]
Example “Bootleg” projects
Likely influences:
Victorian Architecture, but without typical Victorian
(especially Queen Anne) gingerbread trim
Strong Geometries of childhood wood blocks
S.016 Thomas H. Gale Residence
Frank Lloyd Wright
S.0156 Robert G. Emmond Residence
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26 YEARS OLD (1893)
[STORRER 2017]
Louis Sullivan found out about the “Bootleg” residential projects and
had no choice but to let Frank Lloyd Wright go.
But even though he was fired, he always spoke highly of Louis
Sullivan and referred to him as his “Liebermeister” (Dear Master)
Frank Lloyd Wright
Architect Louis Sullivan
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26 YEARS OLD (1893)
[STORRER 2017]
First project of his own Practice
Likely Influences:
Victorian without Queen Anne Victorian gingerbread
Strong Geometries of childhood wood blocks
His signature Window Banding and long roof overhang
Frank Lloyd Wright
S.020
Walter H. Gale Residence
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26 YEARS OLD (1893)
[STORRER 2017]
First project of his own Practice
Frank Lloyd Wright
S.020
Walter H. Gale Residence
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20 TO 26 YEARS OLD (1887-1893)
[WRIGHT 1954]
Begins developing his “ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE”
“The American house had no sense of unity … nor … sense of space as should
belong to a free people. The thing was more of a hive than a home.”
“ A box with a fuzzy lid …. cut up with … holes to let in light and air … with an
especially ugly hole to go in and come out”
“Floors were the only part of the house left plain after Queen Anne had swept past.”
“ Bowels, circulation, and nerves were new in buildings.”
Frank Lloyd Wright
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As he reminisced about his youth on the Wisconsin farm:
“All this seemed affectation, nonsense, or profane.
The first feeling was hunger for reality, for sincerity.”
“A desire for simplicity that would yield a broader
deeper comfort as organic… Organic simplicity…
Ruthless but harmonious order I was taught to call
nature … on the farm… Beauty in growing things.”
Frank Lloyd Wright
20 TO 26++ YEARS OLD (1887-1893)
[WRIGHT 1954]
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ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES [WRIGHT 1954, WRIGHT 1957]
Farms “Form and Function are one” … he referred to the Barn and it’s Post & Beam
framed interior like the skin of your hand defined by the skeleton beneath
Wunderlich Pennsylvania farm project:
Frank Lloyd Wright
Before (1877 farmhouse)
After
SEE:
“Skeleton Beneath the Skin”
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S.003 Playroom addition in his house (for the children)
28 YEARS OLD (1895)
[KRAMER 2017, STORRER 2017]
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S.003 Playroom
Perhaps influenced by wood block geometries of his youth
28 YEARS OLD (1895)
[KRAMER 2017, STORRER 2017]
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One bedroom for the children, created from original
studio space; Partition added in the middle; boys on one
side, girls on the other -- A common feature in his later
“Usonian Homes” – and common in Japan
28 YEARS OLD (1895)
[KRAMER 2017, STORRER 2017]
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S.004 Studio Addition for his house
28 YEARS OLD (1895)
[KRAMER 2017, STORRER 2017]
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S.033 Chauncey L. Williams Residence
Japanese inspiration
28 YEARS OLD (1895)
[HO-O-DEN 2018]
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30 YEARS OLD (1897)
[STORRER 2017]
S.044
Rollin Furbeck Residence
Precursor to his “Prairie Style,” and part of his “Organic Architecture”
Central Chimney
Broad Low Hip Roof with Long
Overhangs
Brickface up to windowsill
Limestone Trim
Symmetrical
Windows
Picture Windows
Cantilever
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30 YEARS OLD (1897)
[STORRER 2017]
S.044
Rollin Furbeck Residence
Central Chimney
Broad Low Hip Roof with Long
Overhangs
Brickface up to windowsill
Limestone Trim
Symmetrical
Windows
Picture Windows
Cantilever
Precursor to his “Prairie Style,” and part of his “Organic Architecture”
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30 YEARS OLD (1897)
[STORRER 2017]
S.044
Rollin Furbeck Residence
Central Chimney
Broad Low Hip Roof with Long
Overhangs
Brickface up to windowsill
Limestone Trim
Symmetrical
Windows
Picture Windows
Cantilever
Precursor to his “Prairie Style,” and part of his “Organic Architecture”
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30 YEARS OLD (1897)
[STORRER 2017]
S.044 Rollin Furbeck
Residence
Precursor to his Prairie Style, and part of his “Organic Architecture”
“A transitional work from early square and rectangle plans to upcoming
Prairie Cruciform and pinwheeled-planes designs” [Storrer 2017]
Later (early1900’s) FLW Prairie Cruciform pinwheeled-plane type floor plan
http://www.steinerag.com/flw/Artifact%20Pages/PhRtS142.htm
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S.049 S. A Foster Residence
Japanese inspiration (Gate, and roof gables extend further at peak)
33 YEARS OLD (1900)
[STORRER 2017]
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S.053 Edward R. Hills Residence
Japanese inspiration (roofs like pagoda’s)
33 YEARS OLD (1900)
[STORRER 2017]
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ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES [WRIGHT 1954, WRIGHT 1957]
Fine Wood Craftsmanship Although exposed to much craftsmanship in America (Post & Beam, fine trim work
of period styles, American Arts & Crafts woodwork), the carpentry of Japan also
influenced him through:
His interest in Japanese prints
His visit to Japanese Phoenix Hall Pavilion at 1893 Worlds Fair
And soon his first visit to Japan (in 1906)
See videos of traditional Japanese carpentry today: Masters (including Phoenix Hall): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7PCOZkByBDg
Visiting Apprentice: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4kiIpeVaMC4
“Engawa” (Carpentry, and cultural insights): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1EFyca7MHQ
Frank Lloyd Wright
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ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES [WRIGHT 1954]
“Their way of doing things was always …organic. The Japanese
house is the closest thing to our organic house… adapting
and incorporating everything. When we speak of organic
architecture we are speaking of something more oriental then
western… My work is in that deeper philosophic sense,
oriental.”
“Ancient Greece came nearest, but not very close. And since later
western civilizations went too heavily…Greek, the west could not
have easily seen an indigenous organic architecture… civilizations
based on … cultural inspiration, chiefly Buddhism… could. But it is
not so much Faith, but the principles of Laotse, the Chinese
philosopher ”
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ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES [HO-O-DEN 2018, STORRER 2017]
Japanese Architecture seen by Frank Lloyd Wright:
Frank Lloyd Wright architecture showing Japanese influence:
Frank Lloyd Wright
OPEN FLOOR PLAN
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ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES [WRIGHT 1908, WRIGHT 1957]
JAPAN
“A sense of the organic… Japanese art knows this… The word
edaburi means a formative arrangement of the branches of a
tree. We have no such word in English.”
Frank Lloyd Wright
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J WUNDERLICH 2013 JAPAN HERE
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ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE INFLUENCES [WRIGHT 1954, WRIGHT 1957]
Wisconsin Farms
Unitarian love of nature, God in everything
Mother’s Froebel teaching (blocks, nature)
Father’s music and preaching
Architects/Mentors Conover, Silsbee, Sullivan
JAPAN
Soon, Arts & Crafts from England
Soon, Secession Movement in Austria
Later, Social Engineering (Usonian House, Initial Taliesin Fellowship)
Frank Lloyd Wright
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ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE PHILOSOPHY [WRIGHT 1908, WRIGHT 1914]
“A sense of the organic is indispensable to an architect…
Knowledge of… form and function lies at the root of the
practice; where else can we find the pertinent object
lessons Nature so readily furnishes?”
“By organic architecture I mean an architecture that develops
from within outward in harmony …. as distinguished from
one that is applied from without”
Frank Lloyd Wright
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ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE PHILOSOPHY [WRIGHT 1954, WRIGHT 1957]
“Nature had become my Bible”
“Grow Form in realm of human spirit”
“Forms more naturally significant of idea and purpose”
Oppose:
Neoclassicism
“Senseless excess”
“Senseless expedience”
Victorian ornamentation and compartmentilization
“True ornament had to mean something … Integral ornament”
Building “Plasticity… like skin surface defined by skeleton”
“Esthetic and structure become one” “ Form and Function are one”
Entry “Compression/Embrace and Release”
"I don't build a house without predicting the end of the present social order“
Frank Lloyd Wright
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ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE DESIGN PRINCIPLES [WRIGHT 1908]
Frank Lloyd Wright
“In 1894, I formulated the following:
I. Simplicity … true value of any work of art ... few rooms... Openings as integral
features of the structure .... Excessive love of detail ruins fine things … Decoration
is dangerous unless you understand it… fixtures assimilated into the design
of the structure… Furniture built in
II. There should be as many kinds (styles) of houses as there are kinds (styles) of
people
III. The building should appear to grow easily from its site and be shaped to harmonize
with its surroundings
IV. Go to the woods for color schemes. Use the soft warm optimistic tones of
earths and autumn leaves in preference to the pessimistic blues, purples, or cold
greens and grays
V. Bring out the nature of the materials… Reveal the nature of the wood, plaster,
brick, or stone
VI. A House that has good character stands good chance of growing more valuable as it
grows older, while a house in the prevailing mode… is soon out of fashion”
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ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE DESIGN PRINCIPLES [WRIGHT 1908 , WRIGHT 1954, WRIGHT 1957, WRIGHT 1908]
Conform to site, sun, hillsides, “planes close to earth identify with ground”
Pinwheeled Planes (mostly in later Prairie Style)
Often orient house 90 degrees to street (with entry on side)
“Folded Plane” like origami … “Continuity”…”walls, ceilings, and floors become one”
“Fixtures assimilated into structure… Furniture built in”
Open floor plan -"a unified whole“ - inside and out - orchestrate sun
"Destroy the box" -- eliminate Victorian box-type rooms
Only “Integral ornament”
“Interior space made exterior as architecture”
Flow between interior and exterior “Walls become screens” – Bands of windows
Use materials in natural state; same on exterior and interior
“Bring out nature of materials.” Also, later, innovate materials.
“color schemes…soft warm optimistic tones of earths and autumn leaves”
“Human scale is true building scale”
Frank Lloyd Wright
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ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE TODAY !
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Standards (mostly in U.S.)
Present day “Green” (Organic) Architecture in Japan Ancient + Hi-Tech SEE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LUcK3EtVrnI
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[STORRER 2017. HOFFMAN 2010]
SEE PART 3 “Ages 34 to 42 (1901 to 1918)” including:
His “Prairie Style” expanding on his “Organic Architecture”
And influences from:
Japan
American Arts & Crafts movement
Secession Movement in Vienna, Austria
Frank Lloyd Wright
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Burns, Ken, and Novick, Lynn. Frank Lloyd Wright: A Film by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick DVD. PBS Home Video, August 28, 2001.
Curtis, Stanley James. Friedrich Froebel; German educator. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2018. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Friedrich-Froebel
Find a grave; William Carey Wright, 2018. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/55462361/william-carey-wright
Frank Lloyd Wright Trust. 1905: Japan through the Lens of Frank Lloyd Wright, 2017. https://www.wrightsjapan1905.org/
Frank Lloyd Wright Trust. Unity Temple, 2018. https://flwright.org/researchexplore/unitytemple
Froebel; Brief History of the Kindergarten. Froebel Gifts, 2013. http://www.froebelgifts.com/history.htm
Ho-o-Den ,. An Illustrated Description of the Buildings Erected by the Japanese Government at the World´s Columbian Exposition, Jackson
Park, Chicago, Tokyo, K. Ogawa, publisher, 2018. http://www.baxleystamps.com/litho/ogawa/ogawa_hooden.shtml
Hoffman, Anna. Gustav Stickley: the American Arts & Crafts Movement. Sept 16, 2010. https://www.apartmenttherapy.com/gustav-stickley-the-american-a-127060
Huxtable, Ada Louise. Frank Lloyd Wright. New York Times, Oct. 31, 2004. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/31/books/chapters/frank-lloyd-wright.html
Kaufman, Clare. The History of Higher Education in the United States. WoroldWideLearn. 2018. https://www.worldwidelearn.com/education-advisor/indepth/history-higher-education.php
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), The United States Green Building Council, 2018. https://new.usgbc.org/leed
Life of Olgivanna Lloyd Wright Reviewed by Architects and Artisans. ORO Editions. Sep 12, 2017. https://www.oroeditions.com/2017/09/12/the-life-of-olgivanna-lloyd-wright-reviewed-by-architects-and-artisans/
PENN Rare Book and Manuscript: Frank Lloyd Wright’s Paternal Family. Penn Library. University of Pennsylvania, Feb. 20, 2014.
http://www.library.upenn.edu/rbm/featured/mscoll822.html
Storrer, William Allin. The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, a Complete Catalog, 4th edition. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2017.
Pearson, David. The Breaking Wave: New Organic Architecture. Stroud: Gaia, 2001.
Zerbey, Nancy. New England Architecture | Guide to House Styles in New England. New England Today Living, May 9, 2018.
https://newengland.com/today/living/homes/new-england-architecture/
Unity Chapel, Unity Chapel Inc. 2018. http://www.unitychapel.org/familyhistory/
Wright, Frank Lloyd. The Art and Craft of the Machine, Vol. 8, No. 2 pp. 77-81, 83-85, 87-90, May, 1901. tps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25505640.pdf
Wright, Frank Lloyd. In the Cause of Architecture. Architectural Record, vol. XXIII, March 1908.
Wright, Frank Lloyd. In the Cause of Architecture; Second Paper. Architectural Record, May 1914.
Wright, Frank Lloyd. The Natural House. New York, Penguin Books , 1954.
Wright, Frank Lloyd. Testament. New York, Bramhall House, 1957.