the lichen flora in the environs of gangotri and gomukh india

8/12/2019 The Lichen Flora in the Environs of Gangotri and Gomukh India

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THE LICHEN FLORA IN THE ENVIRONS OFGANGOTRI AND GOMUKH, INDIA.I THE MACROLICHENS

ByDHARANI DHAR AWASTHI SHRI RAM SINGH

Lichenology Laboratory Deprtment o Botany, Lucknow University. Lucknow

. Abstract'".te paper reports the occurrence of 74 macrolichen taxa belonging to s ~ n c r a from the environs oriGangotfl and Gomukh Anaprychia pseudoroem rj Awasthi S. Singh and Physcia gomukhensis Awasthi 1S. Singh arc new to ,science, Phaeophyscia hispidllJa (Ach.) Awasthi S. Singh is a new combination, and

14 species marginally marked with an asterisk (*) are new reports from India. ~

IntroductionAn e.Xhaustive collection of lichens fromthe environs of Gangotri and Gomukh, situatedin the trans-Himalayan region in Uttarkashidistrict of Uttar Pradesh, was made by us inJune/July 1976. Gornukh (alt. ca 3800 mis the place from where the mighty river Ganga(Bhagirathi) takes its origin from the mouthof the Gangotri glacier. Gangotri town (alt.ca. 3150 m) is situated downstream at about18 km from Garnukh a:1d has a temple bythe bank of the BhagirathL About 2 kmfurther down, 3 km beyond Bhairon G 1ati,is the place called Lanka (alt. ca 2700 mwhich was then the terminus of the motorableroad. B tween Lanka and Bhairon Ghati theBhagirathi and its tributory Nilong river havetheir confluence in a deep gorge.

Lichen collection were made along theway from Lanka to Gomukh via Gangotri,and rather exhaustively from . the differentmoraines near Gomukh. At Lanka andBhairon Ghati t h e r ~ is predominance of Cedrusdeodara whose trunks and branches are densely inhabited by foliose and fruticose lichensmostly belonging to the genera EI'ernia, Helero-'dermia, P..Jrmelia, Physcia, Rama/ina and

:Usnea From Bhairon Ghati to a n g o t r ~Pinus excelsa, Pinus sylvestris and species oPicea become more common but there ~apparently no appreciable change in the licheutaxa growing on them. About half way toGomukh from Gangotri is the place calledChirbasa (alt. ca. 3300 m), which literallymeans Pinus (Chir) grows (basa), and it (Pinw)does not grow beyond. Along with the P i n u ~grow Rhododendron, Aesculus, Acer, R O S Q ~Spiraea, Berberis etc. Beyond Chirbasa andupto Bhojbasa (alt. ca 3600 m), which is 3before Gomukh, it is Betula that predominatedin association with Berberis, Rosa, Spiraeaand shrubby Rhododendron. Like Chirbasa,Bhojbasa also literally means Betu/a (Bhoj)grows (basa), and Betula does not grow beyon4that place. The chief c?rticolous lichen taxagrowing on the bark of these plants en route,are the species of Heterodermia, Parine/jo,Physcia, Rama/ina, UJnea, Xantho;ia etc.Between Bhojbasa and Gomukh the area isshrubby to scrubby with grasses, CotoneasterCupressus, Juniperus, Ephedra growing a m o n ~gst the boulders. The corticoJous forms arcrather rare though the few interesting formsbelonging to Hypogymnla, Cetraria and s o ~

138Indian Journal of Forestry 1: 138-146, 1978


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FLOR OF G NGOTRI ND GOMUKH

~ t o s e forms gcow on the old stems of~ r e s 5 u s Juniperus and Ephedra. Majorityi i c h ~ n s are saxicolous or terricolous. Theer the m o r a i n ~ s the more densely inhabited.lichens t h ~ y are. The older moraines have'ose and fruticose forms belonging to A lee-I .a Cetraria Cladonia Cornicularis Parmelia

o ~ n and yellow), Peitigera Physcia Rama.I StereOCQlI[on, Thamnolia Umbilicaria andnthoria. while the crustose forms are mostly'Lecanorace:;te, Lecideaceae, Caloplacaceaei B u e 1 l i a c e a ~ : The younger moraines arelerally inhabited by crustose forms only.)ser to the snout of the glacier few crustose 3.I S were present in their initial stages ofrelopment on the boulders but none grow

~ g r o u n d .'The lichens collected from this region, werelnd to exhibit a close relationship to the

~ e n s o ~ c u r r i n g in the temperate-alpineindinavia Dahl Krog, 1973), and several

~ r o l i c h e n species are common between theo areas.l

~ : T h ~ following account pertains to the sodetermined 74 macrolichen taxa belongingb genera arranged alphabetically inclusive

Ispecies. The species marked with an aste are new reports from India and are~ v i d e d with diagnotic details. The speci-rns belong to Herb. Awasthi. AWAS).

'1 Alectoria Ach. Usneaceae)Alectoria smithii DR.Corticolous or terricolous in shade. Be-tween Chirbasa and Gomukh area.Alectoria tenuis DahlThallus small, dark brown, loosely branched, branch: s thin, apical branchesattenuate and capillaceous, fibrils presentand diverge from the main axis orbranch at almost rig 1t angles; youngbranches and fibrils olivaceous green.

P s e u d o c y p h e l l a ~ isidia and soredia

absent. Thallus and medulla .K -, C-,KC-, P-.This species is closely related toA. bieolor Ehrh.) Nyl. from which itis distinguished by loosely branchedthallus, attenuate and capiIJaceous apicalbranches and negative P reaction in themedulla. On rocky soil, 5th and 6thmoraines in Gomukh area.This species is so far known from Greenland and Scandinavia.

pAnaptychia Korb. (Physciaceae)Anaptychia pseudoroemeri Awasthi andS. Singh, sp; nov. (Figs. 1 & 2).Subsimilis Anapt) chic r ) meri PoeIt,differt a thallus apice non denticulatus,subtus pauce rhizinatus, corticatus,cortice inferne crassus et hyphae parallelae.Thallus terrico ous, several cm wide,foliose, growing in the form of reddishbrown to dark brown dense tufts, den-sely and intlicately lobed, lobes ascend-ing, 0.4-0.75 (1.0) mm wide, tips darkerand often swollen; upper surfacesmooth; pruina, soredia and isidiaabsent; under surface pale brown withsparse, simple rhizinae, but marginalrhizinae simple to squarrosely branched.Upper cortex 20-76 Lm thick composedof longitudinally and paralleJlyarranged confluent hyphae; algal zone38-76 Lm thick, interrupted by corticalsepta; alga green, cells spherical,6-15 Lm in diam; medulla very thi nto insignificant; lower cortex hyaline,57-105 Lm thick, formed of longitudi-nally parallelly dispersed conglutinatedhypbae. Apothecia absent. Thallusand m.. dul1a K-, C-, KC-, P-; nochemical substance demonstrated byTLC.



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5.

INDIAN JOURNAL OF FORESTRYThis species resembles A roemeri Poeltin most of the characters but differsfrom that in the non denticulate t i p ~of lacinae, thin to almost ins:gnificantmedulla and the presence of a thicklower cortex. A. roemeri is reportedto have ca. 50 ILm thick medulla without lower cortex (Poelt, t968). Loc:Uttar Pradesh, Uttarkashi district,Gomukh area, right bank, 5th moraine,al1. ca 378() m, on grouud, July 4, 1976.D.D. Awasthi and S.R. Singh 8501(Holotype: A WAS).f> Cetraria Ach. (Parmeliaceae)Cetraria chlorophylla (Willd.) Vain.Thallus corticolous, foliose, reddishbrown, loosely attached to the substratum, dichotomously to irregularlybranched; lobes flat, 2 3 mm wide;surface smooth; margin irregular toundulate and densely sorediate; sorediafarinose and yellowish. A pothecia veryrare on the ends of the branches, notmature. Medulla white, K-, C-, KCP-, 1-. Gomukh area, 6th moraine.This species is so far known fromEurope, America and Japan.Cetraria cllcculata (Bel1.) Ach. InGomukh ar.::a on sandy soil, growingwith C. nh'ulis.Cetraria everniella (Ny .) Kremp.Common on rocky soil of the o l ~ rmoraines in Gcmukh.Cetraria hepatizon (Ach.) Vain. On rocksin open areas in Gangotri and Gomukh.Cetraria isJandica L.) Ach. Frequenton ground in ledges of older morainesin Gomukh area.Cetraria nivalis L.) Ach. Frequent onsandy s0il in Gomukh area.Cetraria pinas ri (Scop.) RohI. Acommon corticolous lichen from Gangotri to Gomukh.

fJ Cetrelia Culb. et Culb. (Parmeliaceae)1I. Cetrelia olive/orum (Ny .) Culb.

Culb. On bark between Bhairon 0 1and Gangotri.

l,./Cladonia (Hill). Vain. (Cladoniaceae)12 Cladonia pyxidata L.) Fr. On soili

shady place 2km beyond Chirbasa. 1NB : Several other s p e ~ i m e n s ofdonia are under study.Cornicularia Ach. (Parmeliaccae)

13. 'fCornicu aria 'aculeata (Schreb.) Ach. 1sandy soil below big boulders iQGomukh area.*14 y Cornicularia.muricata (A.ch.) Ach.

. Thallus terncolous, frutlcose pale to r e d ~dish brown, dark brown in the bas&

. ,' densely branched, branches fiat;tened to terete, froncs narrow, uptc1 mm wide, solid, occasionally w i t ~marginal cilia; surface smooth, pseudocyphellae; pseudocyphellae plane, oval toelliptic in shape. Sterile. Medulla whitelK-, C-, KC-, po, 1-. On ground inGomukh area, 5th and 6th morames.This species is so far known fromtemperate and alpine regions of Europe.

*15. 'vCornic.ularia odontella (Ach.) Rohl.Thallus terricoious, fruticose, looselyattached to the s u b s t r t u m ~ dark brownin the basal older parts, pale to reddish'brown above, densely branched; fronds distinctly flattened, solid, upto 1.5 mmwide with blunt apices, marginal cilialong; surface smooth, pseudocyphellate;pseudocyphel ae plane, white, elliptic,and oval in shape. Sterile. Medullawhite, K-, Co, KC., P-, 1-.Gomukh area on soil, 5th and 6thmoraines. This species is so far knownfrom Scandinavia and Russia.

Evernia Ach. (Usneaceae)16. \tEvernia mesomorpha Nyl. Common on

the trunk and twigs of the trees and alsO



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FLORA OF GANGOTRI Al'


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INDIAN JOURNAL OF fORESTRYshade of trees between Chirbasa andBhojbasa.armeUa (Ach.) De Not (Parmeliaceae)

23. Parmelia caperata L.) Ach. Commonon the trunks .of Cedrus, Pinus from

Bhairon Ghati to Gangotri and occasionally on rocks in G o m u ~ h area.

26 Parmelia conspersa (Ach.) Ach. Commonover rocks from Gangotri to Gomukharea.

27 Parmelia exasperatula Nyl. On the trunkof Betula and also on rocks, betweenChirbasa and Gomukh

28 Parmelia jl.1ventior Stirt. Common onthe barf: from Bhairon Ghati to Bhojbasa.

29 Parmelia glabratula Lamy. Common onb3.rk and over ground, Bhairon Ghati toGomukh

30 Parmeliapannijormis (NyL) Vain.Thallus saxicolous, foliose, brown toblack, sub orbicular, closely to loosely

a t t a c h ~ d irregularly lobed; lobes 0.5:-1(1.5) mm wide, discrete to imbricate;upper s u r f a ~ e smooth to irregularlypitted, without pseudocypheUae, shiningnear the tips; initially isidioid later fingerlike dorsiventral lobules present alongthe margin of the lobes; confluentcapitate soralia present in the centralpart of the thallus; soredia granular;under surface black with sparse blackrhizinae. Apothecia absent Thalluscortex K-, HNOa- ; medulla white, K-,C-, KC-, P.This species is distinguished by presenceof m


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Ft.ORA OF GANGOTRJ AND GOMUKH

~ \ / P a r m e l i a sldcata Tayl. Common on. bark and also on rocks from BhaironGhati to Gomukh area.Parmelia taraetlea Kremp. On rocks inthe form of small to large yellowish,loose:y at tached patches, rarely on bark,infrequent between Bhairon Ghati andGangotri, and common between Gangotri and Gomukh.

36. Parmelia tiliaeea (Hoffm.) Ach. On afallen log in Bhairon Ghati near bridgeon Nilong river.

37 Parrnelia tinctina Mah. and Gill. Onboulders near Gapgotri.

38. Parmelia ulophyJIodes (Vain.) Sav. Inassociation with Parmelia eaperata andParrnelia fiaventior. Common in BhaironGhati area on Cedrus deodara bark andextends upto Bhojbasa, occasionally onrocks.

39. Parmelia villosella Essl. Common onbark from Bhairon Ghati to Gomukharea.

Peltigera Pers. (Peltigeraceae)Peltigera eanina L.) Willd. On groundn moist and shady places between2hirbasa and Bhojbasa.

1. Pelligera horizontalis (Huds.) Baumg. Onshady ground near Chirbasa.

42. Peltigera praetextata (Florke) Vain. Onsandy soil in the ledges of big bemldersin Gomukh area.r Peltigera rt1escens (Weiss) Humb. Onground in ledges of big bouldersGomukh area.Phaeophyscia Mobcrg (Physciaceae)Ihe greyish brown species of the genusyscia s l. which do not possess atranorin,lIlY Ltck pruina and possess simple rhizinae,e been transferred under a new genus,eophyscia by Moberg (1977). We havee ollowed Moberg s concept. .

*44.0haeophyscia ciliata (Hoifm.) Moberg.Thallus saxicolous of terricolous foftose,grey brown to dark brown almost ck sclyappressed to substratum, lobes radiating.upto 1 5 mm wide, mostly flat, uppersurface smooth; cilia, soredia and isidiaabsent; underside dark brown to blackwith concolorous rhizinae; uppercortex paraplectenchymatous, unevenlythick, with a thin outer brownish layer;algal layer irregular and reaching deep inthe medulla; medulla white very thin;lower cortex paraplectenchymatous.Apothecia common in the central part ofthe thallus, 1-2.5 mm in diam., with an

.indistinct corona (crown of the rhizinaeat the base of apotheclUm); disc black;margin concolorous with the thallus;spores brown, bicelled, Physeia type,18-28, 5 x 9-15 lim in size. Thallus K-;medulla K-; atranorin absent. On rocksand ground near Gangotri and Gomukharea. This species has so far been

. known from America and Europe.450fraeophyscia eonstipata Norrl.) Moberg.

Thallus terricolous, foliose, greyishbrown, irregular in outline, lacin iaenarrow, long and a ~ c e n d i n ~ very fragile;upper surface smooth; cilia, isidia andsoredia absent; under surface dark brownto black with simple r h ~ z i n a e ; upper

c o r t ~ x paraplectenchymatous, unevenlythick, lo\ver cortex paraplectenchymatous. ~ A p o t h e c i a rare, 1-3 mm indiam. without corona; spores brown,bicelled, Physcia type, 15-27 x 7-13 Lmin size. thallus and medulla K-, atranorin absent. On soil in Gomukh area.The taxon has so far been known fromthe Arctic and Alpine regions of Europeand North America.

46. Phaeophyscia endoeoccina (Korb.)Moberg. On rocks in Gomuk area.



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Figs. 1 2. Anol tyc1zia pseudorocmcri Awasthiand S. Singh Fig. 1. Photo of a part of the holotype insurface view. Fig: 2 Photo of a part of the holotype in lateral view (enlarged).Figs. 3 4. Physcia gomukhcmis Awasthi S. Sing h Fig. 3. Photo of the part of holotype.Fig. 4. Few laciniae enlarged to show p1inute reticulate scrobiculations on surface.

Indian Journal of Forestry 1: 138-146, 1978


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INDIAN JOURNAL OF FORESTRYVt Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.) Awasthi

and S. Singh, comb. nov.-Basionym:Parmelia hispidula Ach. in Lichenographia Universalis, Gottingen, 1810; 468.Physcia hispidu/a (Ach.) Frey. Ber.Schweiz Bot. Ges 1963, 73: 389-503.Physcia setosa (Ach.) Nyl. Synops.Meth. 'Lich., 1, 18 0; 429. On rocks andsoil between Bhairon Gh,ati and Gango-tri.

48 Phaeophyscia kairamoi (Vain.) Moberg(Syn. Ehyscia karakorina Poelt)Thallus corticolous, foliose, lobes marginally white ciliate, isidia marginal andbroken into small granular fragmentsprovided with hyaline hairs. Under sidedark brown to black with long, blacksimple rhizinae which usually projectbeyond the margins. Both the corticesare paraplectenchymatous.Apothecia 2-5 mm in diam., youngapothecia concave with dark brown toblack disc and a prominent thallinemargin, hyaline cilia present at the baseof apothecia but not in the form of adistinct corona, older apothecia flattened; spores brown, bicdled. Physciatype. 15 -26 X 7-15 /Lm in size. On barkbetween Gangotri to Gomukh. Thisspecimen confirms to the description ofPlzyscia karakorina Poelt reported fromKarakorum by Poelt (1961), in most ofthe characters except in the corticoloushabit, larger apothecia and imperfectcorona of few cilia. The taxon hashowever been s y n o n y m i ~ ~ with Phaeo-physcia kairamoi (Vain.) Moberg byMoberg (1977) and has been reportedto be corticolous as well.

.49. Phaeophyscia sciastra (Ach.) Moberg. Onsandy soil in Gomukh area.Phy:;::ia (Ach.) Vain. (Physciaceae)

50. Physcia adscendens (Fr.) Olivoin Gomukh area.51. Pi1yscia caesia (Hoffm.)

Common on rocks from Bhaironto Gomukh area, rarely onBetula.

52. Physcia dubia (Hoffm.) Lett: Onin Gomukh area.

53. Physcia gomukhellsis AwasthiS. Singh, sp. nov. (Figs. 3 4).Thallus foliaceus, orbiculatus,laciniae adpressae, convexae,diseretae 0.7-1.5 mm latae,emaculatae, reticulate-seromarginibus albociliatae; subtuscens; rhizinae simplices. Z ,i ;tatis, cortice supernematice, inferne prosoplectApothecia desunt.Thallus saxicolous, foliose,orbicular, ca. 5 cm in diam.,slate grey, adpressed to the susympodially branched, laciniae1.5 mm wide, 95-171 /Lm thick andsparse hyaline cilia along thein older part of the thallus; upperface smooth to we.akly minutelytely scrobiculated I I I olderemaculate, sorediate; soraliaunder surface pale brown withto dark brown simple rhizinae;cortex paraplectenchymatous, 19-30thick and with an outer brownmen ted layer; a gal zone in theof discontinuous patches, 38-47 66)thick, alga green, cells .4 15 Lm in diam.;38 85 /Lm thick; lower cortex prosotenchymatous (sensu Moberg, 1upto 35 /Lm thick. Apothecia aThallus K + yeHow; medullayellow, C- KC- P-.Zeorin present (TLC).



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54.

58.

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FLORA OF GANGOTRI AND GOMUKH

Uttar Pradesh, . Uttarkashi district,Gomukh .area, right bank, between 3rdand 4th moraine, alt. ca. 38 10m, onbouldeT, July 3, 1976, D.D. Awasthiand S.R. Singh, 8452 ~ H o l o t y p e :AWAS).This species resembles Physcia caesia(Hoffm.) Hampe in the 'nature of capitate soralia but differs from that in thepresence of whitish cilia along themargins and minute reticulate scrobicuJatLm on the surface, which aremore distinct under lens in the centralpart of thallus.Physcia phaea (Tuck.) Thoms. Onboulders from Gangotri to Gomukharea.Physcia stellaris L.) Ny . One of thecommon corticolous species fcomBhairon Ghati to Gomukh area.

Physconia Poelt (Physciaceae)Physconia detersa (Nyl.) Poelt. Commonon bark and on mossy soil from BhaironGhati to Gomukh area.

Physconia enteroxantha (Nyl.) Poelt. Onmossy soil halfway to Gangotri fromBhairon G hati. No. 8178.Physconia muscigella (Ach.) Poelt.Common on soil along with mossesfrom Bhairon Ghati to Gomukh area,Nos. '. 8199, 8303, 8390, 8445, 8507,8520, 8577.Physconia perisidiosa (Erich.) Moberg.Thallus foliose, small, greyish brown,irregularly lobed, lobes short, 1-2.5 mmwide, marginally sorediate; soralia lipshaped, in older lobes soredia becomeisidioid and get aggregated on- t f elamina; under side dark brown to blackwith black, squarrose rhizinae;" tipsof lobes decorticate on lower side;Iupper cortex scleroplectenchymatous;medulla white, K -; lower cortex proso-

plectenchymatous. Apothecia rare; spores brown, bicelled Physconia type,24-42 X 15-27" Lm in size. Thallusand medulla ' both K-. Atranorinabsent. On mossy soil at 4 km fromBhairon Ghati to Gangotri. The taxonis so far known from Europe.

amalina Ach. (Usneaceae)60. Ramalina farinacea L.) Ach. On bark

in Chirbasa area.*61. Ramalina intermedia (Del.) Del.

Thallus small yellowish, much branched,flattened and .finely divided towardsapices, with numerous small soraliairregularly spreading over adjacent areas.Sora1i


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INDIAN JOURNAL OF FORESTRYwith Cornieularia, Stereocaulon, Cetrariasp. .Umilicaria Hoffm. em Frey (Umbilicariaceae).

67 Umbilicaria pustulata L.) Hoffm. Rareon boulders in Chirbasa area.Umbilicaria vel/ea L.) Ach. em Frey.Common on boulders from Gangotrito Gomukh.

69 Umbilicaria virginis Scha,er. Frequenton boulders from Bhojbasa to Gomukharea.Usnea Wigg. em Ach. (Usneaceae)

70 Usnea peetinata Tay . Common on barkfrom Bhairon Ghati to Chirbasa.N B Certain other specimens of Usneaare under study.

Xanthoria Th. Fr. (Teloschistaceae)71 Xanthoria cfr. aureola (Ach.) Erich. f.

congranulala (Cromb.) Erich. Rare inGomukh area.

'j)t: Xalllhoria candelaria L.) Kickx. Rareon rock between 'Bhairon Ghati toGangotri.

13 Xlnthoria jal/ax (Hepp.) Arn. (Syn.Xalllhuriu subsle/laris (Ach.) Vain.)Common on bark. between BhaironGhati and Gangotri.

14 Xal11horia clegans (Link) Th. Fr. Verycommon in the Gomukh area, formingsm.llLlO large circular patches on therocks and boulders.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors are thankful to the Director

ilaciology Division ~ N o r t h . f n Circle Lucknow),ieoiogical Survey of I n d j ~ l for the facilitiesfrovided . to collect lichens in a collaborative6ientific programme. One (S. R.S.) of the

authors is thankful to the University Grant. .Commission, New Delhi for the award of thtTeacher Fe1l9wship to him under the FacultJImprovement Programme enabling him ttcarry out the above investigations.Addendum

Parmelia halei Awasthi, that was describecY Awasthi (1976) was later discovered to be

homonym of Parmelia halei Ahti I 966). Therefore the following correction is proposed.

Parmelia mussooriensis Awasthi, nom. nov.P a r m ~ j a halei Awas. BioI. Memoirs, Lucknow1: 175, 1976 non P halei Ahti.

REFERENCESAht1, T. 1966. Parmelia olivacea and the allied nonisidiate and non sorediate corticolous lichensin the northern hemisphere. Acta Bdsn

Fennica 70, 1-68.Awasthi, D.O. 1976. Lichen genus Parmelia in

India BioI. Mem. Lucknow I I & 2); 155-229.Dahl E. & Krog. H 1973. Macrolichens of Den

mark Finland, Norway and Sweden. Os16:1185.

Esslinger, T.L. 1977. A chemosystematic revisionof the brown Parmeliai . Journ. Haltari Bot.Lab. No. 42: 1-211.Moberg R. 1977. The lichen genus Physcia andallied genera in Fennoscandia. Symp. Bot.Upsal 22 1): 1-108.

Poelt J. 1961. Flechten aus dem NW Karakorum.Mitt Bot. Staats- Munchen, 4: 83-94.

- 1968. Flechten aus dem Norc'ostlichen Afgha. nistan. Milt Bot. Mum hen, 7: 219-261.

Skorepa A.C. 1972. A catalog of the lichensreported from Tennessee. The Bryologist 75:481-500.Swinscow, T.D. V. and Krog, H. 1976. The genera

Anaptychia and Heterodtrmia in East Africa.Lichenologist (;: 103138.

Wetmore, C.M. 1960. The lichen genus N. phromain North and Middle America. Pub. MichiState. Unlv. Bioi. ::>er 1 11): 373-452.


the lichen flora in the environs of gangotri and gomukh india

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