The Liberal ReformsW/C 29 June

How important were the Liberal Reforms?

Role of individuals and government important here.

Low stakes test 1. What did Pasteur do? P122/123

2. What did Koch do? P123

3. What did Erlich discover? P123

4. In the Middle Ages, what did people think caused disease? P109

5. What influence did the church have on medieval medicine? P109

Extension Who was the more significant and why . . . Pasteur, Koch, Erlich?

TaskWhat do the images on the next 2 slides reveal about life for the poor in the late 19th and early 20th centuries? Write down some ideas.

Slum housing c1900

The Penny Sit UpFor a penny, homeless people were allowed to sit a bench all night, they were not allowed to go to sleep. This one was set up by the Salvation Army and was in Blackfriars in about 1900.

Twopenny Hang OverFor an extra penny, people could hang over a rope and sleep. The rope was cut at 5am to send people on their way.

Fourpenny CoffinHomeless people could also stay in a ‘coffin house’ where, for four pennies a night, they could lie in a flat coffin sized area. They might get food too. This one was for men in Bourne Street, London in c1900.

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How did the Government try to improve public health in the early 1900s?

Problem :The Boer War

1899-190240% of all young

men who volunteered to

fight were deemed unfit to serve. In some

cities 90% were unfit to serve

Solution:The government set

up a special committee to

enquire into the “Physical

Deterioration of the People”. In 1904 it published that too

many men had unhealthy lives, poor food, crippling jobs

etc….

Problem:Charles Booth

• He refused official reports that 25% of the Working population were living in poverty.

• He employed his own team of investigators.

• Between 1886 and 1903 he investigated over 4000 families and published Life and Labour of the People of London.

• He found that nearly 31% of Londoners were living below the Poverty Line i.e. they did not have enough money to buy food, shelter and clothing.

• He also discovered that 85% of poverty was due to unemployment and low wages.

Problem:Seebohm Rowntree

• He liked Booth’s findings and wanted to see if the same was true of York.

• He found that 28% of York was in poverty.

• Poverty was divided into 2 groups.• Primary Poverty – They would

never earn enough to provide themselves with adequate food, clothes and shelter. They didn’t stand a chance.

• Secondary Poverty - They could survive so long as there were no more calls on their resources. They were on the edge.

• About 10% of York was in primary poverty with 18% in secondary.

• His work highlighted that Britain had fallen behind Germany and USA in industrial power because our workers were too weak. Germany already had a welfare system to help the poor.

Solution:Some people were beginning to feel that the government should take responsibility. Some politicians from the Liberal Party (Churchill and Lloyd George) wanted direct government

action. They were worried about the Labour Party (formed in 1900) which would get workers votes, so felt they had to help the poor to get votes. It worked and in 1906 the Liberals were

elected on a manifesto which promised social reform.

H

Task1. Make a list of reasons for the Liberal government getting involved with poverty by 1906.

2. Explain why these reasons showed that the government needed to get involved.Remember words like political, economic etc.

3.What was the solution to these problems?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rN3WG1SMss

David Lloyd George

* Following the 1906 General Election, Lloyd George became President of the Board of Trade* In 1908 the new Liberal Prime Minister, Henry Asquith, promoted him to the post of Chancellor of the Exchequer.* He was important to passing the Liberal reforms but these changes had to be paid for and this meant taxing the wealthy more heavily-there were lots of objections to this.*Winston Churchill also thought that the government should intervene to help the poor.However, it must be remembered that the Liberal government was worried about the rise in popularity of the Labour Party which had been established in 1900 to look after the poor. *Role of government and individuals!*Liberal reforms important because they laid the foundations for the welfare state and the NHS.

Task1. Why is Lloyd George important to the passing of the Liberal reforms?2. Why were there objections to paying for the Liberal reforms?3. Was the Liberal party simply being generous or, were there other reasons

that they decided to pass the Liberal reforms. Explain your answer.

Task1. Read through the next slide on the Liberal reforms. It would be a good idea to print it and glue it in your books. 2. Explain how the Liberal reforms affected each of the following groups• Children• Elderly people• Unemployed people• Workers

Extension1. Which Act would have done the most for improving health in the short term? Explain your answer. 2. Which Act would have done the most for improving health in the long term? Explain your answer.

Remember that, until this point, rich people had always said it was the fault of the poor that they were poor!

Josh Hunt Liberal Reforms YouTube (also in heLengunn Liberal Reforms)

Acts dealing

with . . .Before Reform

What did Act say?

Positive Negative

Children

Hunger.

Illness.

Child abuse.

No system to help,

some in workhouse

1906 Free School Meals Act

1907 School medical inspections.

Doctors and nurses went to schools

to give compulsory medical checks,

1907 Education Act

1908 Children and Young Person’s

Act (Children’s Charter)

• 1906 Act Children would be given free school meals paid for by local rates.

In 1914, 14 million free school meals were given out.

• 1907 Medical Inspections Act By 1914 most local councils had set up clinics

• 1907 Education Act scholarships for children from poor families.

• 1908 Act Children were protected by the law-neglected children visited,

children’s homes inspected, under 14s sent to borstal rather than adult

prison, illegal to insure children, under 16s no cigarettes, under 14s not

allowed in pubs.

Only half of education authorities set

up free school meals, not compulsory

until 1914. Children still went hungry in

school holidays.

School medical inspections were free

but parents had to pay for treatment

until 1912-many couldn’t afford it.

Medical care varied up and down the

country.

Old people

No medical care.

Poor housing.

Prone to illness.

Could be a burden

on family.

Workhouse.

1908 Pensions Act

People over 70 got a state pension.

5s a week if single.

7s 6d a week if married (later went up to 10s)

The average age of death was

50.

You had to prove that you had

worked all your life and that

you were not a drunkard.

Workers

Underpaid.

Irregular work.

No health and

safety so lots of

work related illness

and accidents.

1911 National Insurance Act

Part I

All manual workers and those in low paid jobs had to join.

Workers could insure themselves against against poverty resulting

from illness by paying 4d for insurance stamps that were put on a

special card.

Employers gave 3d for each worker in the scheme.

If worker became ill, they got sick pay of 10s a week for 13 weeks

and then 5s a week for another 13 weeks in any one year.

Workers in scheme could also get free medical treatment and

maternity care.

Meant that the very poor supported through illness without starving to

death.

• Only helped the very poorest,

other low paid workers were not

covered

• Did not cover dependents

• Widows did not receive pensions

if the man died.

Unemployed

Lived in poverty.

1912 National Insurance Act

Part II

At start, scheme open to people (mainly men) in trades like

shipbuilding and engineering.

Aimed to prevent poverty when people out of work as

demand for these workers fluctuated.

Workers, employers and the government each paid 2d a

week for insurance stamps.

When unemployed, workers could be paid 7s 6d a week for

up to 15 weeks in any one year.

Didn’t cover many women.

Was a very small amount to

receive (this was deliberate so

that people did not get

dependant on the ‘dole’ money

and not want to work.

Task1. Look at Source 2 (above). What were the benefits of free school meals?

2. What was hindering free school meals being more successful?

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Question 18 marks10 minutes

How useful is Source 2 to a historian studying the impact of the Liberal Social reforms?• Look at CONTENT – What information does it give you about the key issue?• Look at CONTEXT – Does the information match your own knowledge? • Look at PROVENANCE – Does NOP (nature, origin, purpose) affect the information?

The source is useful because it shows that . . .

* the reforms made an immediate and positive impact on children’s weight because it increased. The reforms were introduced in mid April 1907 and, even though the children were gaining weight before this date, it went up rapidly when the free school meals were introduced.

* Another reason that the source is useful is that it also shows that the children’s weight dropped when the children were not at school. This illustrates that that this part of the Liberal reforms were effective where they were carried out but that there were still problems with children not having enough to eat when they were not at school. However, it did not become compulsory for local authorities to provide free school meals until 1914.

* The provenance of the source makes it useful because it demonstrates that the government was interested in following up and measuring the impact of their reforms, we know this because the medical officer for the city of Bradford has created the report

Task• On the next slide, are a series of cartoons about the

Liberal reforms. • If you are able to, print them out and glue them into your

books. • Annotate them as if we were in a lesson, there are clues

by the side of each one to help you. • You can blow them up in size to see the detail. • ‘Dawn of Hope’ - has a link to a cartoon analysis on

YouTube, the mark scheme is different to our exam board so ignore that but the content of the cartoon is the same.

Philanthropist-person who is concerned about the welfare of others, they often donate large sums of money to good causes.Pitiless-cruelPlutocrat-someone who has became powerful because they are rich. Man with moustache on 4 of the cartoons is David Lloyd George ie one of the Big Three who negotiated the Treaty of Versailles. Dawn of Hope cartoon-analysis on YouTube, heLengunn Liberal Reforms.

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=28T-dyyoqYQDawn of Hope cartoon-analysis on YouTube, heLengunn Liberal Reforms.

A cartoonist’s of Lloyd George’s Old Age Pension Act of 1908.The caption says ‘Mr Lloyd George: “I’ll make ‘em pity the aged poor!”‘.

* What is Lloyd George doing in the cartoon? Clue-what is he holding? What does it say on the box?* Where is he standing and what sort of person might come past him?* what famous 18th century character does he remind you of?* What is the cartoonist trying to say about the funding of the pension changes? Where does the cartoonist think that Lloyd George is going to get money from? How does this compare with the reactions of others to the reforms?

A cartoon from Punch in 1909The caption says ‘Rich Fare. The Giant Lloyd-GorgbusterFEE FI FO FAT, I SMELL THE BLOOD OF A PLUTOCRAT. BE HE ALIVE OR BE HE DEAD, I WILL GRIND HIS Bones TO MAKE MY BREAD.’* What is Lloyd George doing in the cartoon? Clue-what is he holding? It says ‘budget’ on what he is holding. * What sort of person could be hiding under the table?* What is the cartoonist trying to say about the reforms? Where does the cartoonist think that Lloyd George is going to get money from? How does this compare with the reactions of others to the reforms?

A cartoon from 1911The caption says ‘The Pitiless Phalanthropist. Mr Lloyd George ‘Now understand, I’ve brought you out to do you good, whether you like it or not.* What is Lloyd George doing in the cartoon? Clue-what is he

steering? It says ‘National Insurance Bill’ on it, what could this mean?* What does the sea look like? What could this represent?* What sort of people is he in the boat with? Why do some look like they’re seasick? Clue . . . mix of people* What is the cartoonist trying to say about the reforms? How does this compare with the reactions of others to the reforms?

• A British cartoon published in Punch magazine in 1858.

• Note the caption. • The strange looking figures

represent diphtheria, scrofula and cholera rising from the River Thames.

• Another name for the River Thames that runs through London.

• 1858 - date of Great Stink also shows cholera still a problem 2 decades after reached GB in 1831.

• Factories bellow out smoke in background, looks overcrowded and filthy.

• St Paul’s Cathedral in background.

• Steamboat-lots on Thames, used to carry industrial goods and passengers.

• Old Father Thames looks filthy-metaphor for the state of the river. He is pushing his children (ie diseases) forwards just like the river pushed forward illness.

• Woman representing London has shield by her side suggesting that nothing can be done about these diseases. Could reflect failings of the government to take effective action against cholera despite outbreaks in 1843 & 1853-4. This makes source useful.

• Dead animals washed up showing how dirty river is. A link between cholera and filthy water has been made by cartoonist, shows old ideas about miasma receding-connected to work of Dr John Snow in 1853-4. This was even before Pasteur’s work on germ theory. Makes the source useful.

• Fresco = wall painting. Sarcasm at inability of government to deal with cholera.

• Punch was popular magazine so could reflect widespread views about cholera.

• Please send your answer to your History teacher

• gunnh@bishopperowne.co.uk• reevemckewv@bishopperowne.co.uk

How useful is Source A to a historian studying cholera outbreaks in the 19th century? Explain your answer using Source A and your contextual knowledge. 8 marks.

Stuck?For ‘how useful’ look at content and contextual knowledge - how much does what you know match what’s in the source? Look at provenance - where is the source from, is it from the time, would this make it useful?‘I know that . . .’. There are clues on the next slide.

Low stakes test answers1. What did Pasteur do? P122/123Germ theory, vaccines anthrax and rabies2. What did Koch do? P123Used dyes to identify microbes, linked specific disease to specific microbe eg anthrax, called ‘microbe hunting’. 3. What did Erlich discover? P123The first magic bullet salvarson 606 ie chemicals that could attack specific germs (microbes) without damaging other parts of the body.4. In the Middle Ages, what did people think caused disease? P109 Punishment from God5. What influence did the church have on medieval medicine? P109 Huge, RCC dominant throughout Europe and it suited them to make people believe that God caused disease as this made them obey the church and pay it lots of money to have their sins forgiven. ExtensionWho was the more significant and why . . . Pasteur, Koch, Erlich?

FACTORS FOR CHANGEThere are 7 key factors.We will use these to discover change over time. Sometimes these factors HELP, sometimes they HINDER change.

HOW could each FACTOR create change?

. WARSometimes medical procedures or hygiene were improved as a result of lessons learnt in war such as hygiene in the Crimean War.

SUPERSTITION AND RELIGIONThe setting up of medical schools and universities in medieval times where usually by religious groups but this helped further knowledge.

GOVERNMENT

Some governments have insisted on change e.g. the Liberals and their reforms or Labour and the NHS.

COMMUNICATION

Inventions such as William Caxton’s printing press has allowed new ideas

about medicine and hygiene to be spread fast.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYInventors developing things such the microscope in the Netherlands in the 1590s has allowedmedical developments.

INDIVIDUALS

Some people have pushed through ideas which seemed crazy to many people such as Edward Jenner and his smallpox vaccination.

CHANCE

Sometimes medical and health improvements have been stumbled upon by accident e.g. Fleming’s discovery of penicillin.

Individual

Conclusion-Main Factor

Government

Chance

Answers from last week . . . Has chance been the most important factor in the development of medicine in Britainin the 19th century?Explain your answer with reference to chance and other factors. 16 marks+4 SPaG

Chance was an important factor in the development of medicine in the 19th century, however, on its own it could not have created as much change as it did in combination with other factors. Examples of chance leading to medical discovery include Pasteur inadvertently finding a vaccine against chicken cholera. This happened when his assistant, Charles Chamberland, accidentally gave chickens an old and weak dose of cholera germs in an experiment. Had they been given the correct dose, the chickens would have died. Instead, Pasteur and Chamberland were able to work out that a weak dose of the disease gave chickens immunity to chicken cholera and therefore, Chamberland’s error gave rise to a chance discovery. This demonstrates one impact that chance had on 19th century medicine, another example of chance creating medical development was James Simpson’s accidental discovery of chloroform as an anaesthetic in 1847. He knocked a container off a table in his lab and found that it put him to sleep. This really was a chance discovery because too much chloroform would have killed him, too little and it would have had no effect. However, through chance, the age old problem of pain relief during surgery was solved and the use of chloroform became very popular after Queen Victoria used it to give birth to her eighth child in 1853.

The role of the government was also a factor in the progress of medicine in the 19th century. In 1848, a cholera epidemic forced the government to act to try to improve the health of the people. Until this point, it was thought that the poor were poor because of their own actions. However, in 1842, Edwin Chadwick was asked to lead an inquiry into the health and the working conditions of the poor and his findings shocked Britain. Although Chadwick mistakenly believed in the theory of miasma, his report highlighted the need for cleaner streets and clean water. He a said that the government should pass laws to improve sewers and drainage and that this should be funded by local taxpayers. He also said that medical officers should be appointed to take charge of each district. Initially, the government did not act on Chadwick’s report because if its laissez-fair attitude and the fact that MPs were often the ones who rented out slum houses and did not want the expense of improving them. However, another cholera epidemic on 1848 forced them to act and the government passed the 1848 Public Health Act. It said that towns could set up Local Boards of Health and a central Board if Health was set up to improve the public health in towns. However, none of this was compulsory; towns like Liverpool, Sunderland and Birmingham made lots of improvements but many others didn’t bother. Further government action was required in the field of public health if medicine was to improve. In 1875, another public health act was passed and this time,

there was an element of compulsion to it. In 1867, working class men were given the vote and political parties realised that, if they promised to improve public health conditions, they would get votes. In this public health act, local councils had to appoint Medical Officers to be in charge of public health. Councils were also ordered to build sewers, supply fresh water and collect rubbish. This shows that the government had a very important role to play in improving medicine in the 19th century; it was the only body powerful enough to actually force councils to act to improve the health of the local people who lived under their control and as such, government actions effected the lives of every body in the country. Government insistence that public health conditions improve meant that medicine was able to develop in the 19th century.

The genius of individuals also progressed medicine in the 19th century. Louis Pasteur came up with germ theory; he proved that germs caused decay, not spontaneous generation, with his swan necked flask experiment. He published his work in 1861 but people were reluctant to believe him because the theory of spontaneous generation and miasma was so entrenched. However, people started to accept his ideas in the 1870s and his discovery of germ theory went on to have a major impact on medicine. For example, it confirmed the findings of John Snow about cholera in the 1850s, it inspired Joseph Lister to develop antiseptics and Robert Koch was inspired to take Pasteur’s ideas even further. Koch opposed the prevalent idea that, if germs did cause disease, there was only one germ responsible for all illnesses. He proved that specific bacteria were responsible for specific diseases. He did this by staining certain bacteria a certain colour so that they stood out underneath a microscope. He also perfected a lens to photograph bacteria so that other scientists (microbe hunters) could recognise them and develop the work on germ theory further. This, the role of the individual had a huge role to play in the development of medicine in the 19th century. .

In conclusion, chance has been a very important factor in many medical discoveries but it had to be used in combination with other factors to lead to progress. For example, had Simpson not discovered chloroform, more complex operations (leading to those that can be carried out today) would not have been able to happen. However, despite starting to solve the problem of pain relief during operations, there was still a very high chance of dying because of infection. Joseph Lister went some way towards solving this with his use of carbolic acid and the spraying machine that he invented to be used in the operating theatre. He was the father of antiseptic surgery which resulted in the aseptic surgery that is so successfully used today. The government was also extremely important in creating change which meant that medicine could progress. However, I believe that the most important factor in advancing medicine in the 19th century was the role of the individual; had Pasteur not discovered germ theory and the likes of Koch and the microbe hunters not taken this idea further, vaccination against so many diseases in the 1800s would not have been possible; germ theory went on to inform the government whose decisions and actions over medical matters impacted the lives millions of people such is its reach. Therefore, the role of the individual is at the root of all medical development in the 19th century and is the most important factor.