The Later Middle AgesTurn to page 538 in SS Textbook

England

• Began to get organized under William the Conqueror, in 1066

• Finally, after 600-700 years, trials return• Trial by jury now

• King John signs the Magna Carta• This document takes away some of the powers of the kings• Gives citizens, specifically nobles more rights• Written guarantee of a trial by jury

France

• Charlemagne’s empire broken up

• Nobles and various factions are in control

• Phillip II takes control and unifies the Kingdom of France in the late 1100’s

• The French took some of their land back from England

• French set up a representative government from different classes

Holy Roman Empire

• Not really Roman, not really an empire

• Made of Germany and northern Italy

• Were united under Otto I for a brief period of time

• Quickly fell apart into separate kingdoms all the way to the 1800’s

Trade and Cities

• After the fall of Rome trade and large cities collapsed

• Roads and villages fell apart

• No system of money

• For all of its negatives, feudalism made life in Europe safer

• In the 1100’s trade between manors and towns began to resume

• Towns turned into cities

• As trade between cities increased, a money system became necessary

• The use of gold and silver coins came back