the large hadron collider by lyndon evans philosophical transactions a volume 370(1961):831-858...
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![Page 1: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Large Hadron Collider
by Lyndon Evans
Philosophical Transactions AVolume 370(1961):831-858
February 28, 2012
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 2: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The history of colliders.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 3: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Large Hadron Collider.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 4: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
A cross section of the two-in-one LHC bending magnet.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 5: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
LHC superconductor and cable.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 6: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The regular lattice.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 7: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
(a) Cross-sectional model of the LHC dipole without the cryostat.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 8: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Schematic of the LHC magnet cooling system.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 9: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Excavation of ATLAS. The cavern is the largest ever built in the type of rock encountered in the Geneva basin.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 10: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Aerial view of point 5 in 1998.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 11: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Roman coins found during archaeological excavations at point 5.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 12: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
An underground river made the excavation of the shaft of the CMS cavern very difficult.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 13: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Schematic of the machine layout.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 14: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The superconducting radio frequency cavities at point 4.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 15: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The ‘inner triplet’ in the long straight sections left of point 1 (ATLAS).
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 16: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Cooling down of the LHC sectors.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 17: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Beam on turns 1 and 2.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 18: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
A few hundred turns.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
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(a) No RF, de-bunching in approximately 25×10 turns, i.e. approximately 25 ms.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 20: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Corrected closed orbit on B2.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
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Equivalent thermal conductivity of He II. (Online version in colour.).
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
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Effective thermal conductivity of He II.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 23: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Sub-sector magnet cooling scheme.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 24: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Experimental validation: temperature evolution.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 25: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Powering example: 15R1 powering at 5000 A.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 26: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Snapshots in sectors 67 and 78 of all 154 dipoles during a current ramp to 5 kA—B32.R6 with a high (47 nΩ, top trace) joint resistance between the poles of one aperture.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 27: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Loss maps for collimation.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 28: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The electron cloud effect.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society
![Page 29: The Large Hadron Collider by Lyndon Evans Philosophical Transactions A Volume 370(1961):831-858 February 28, 2012 ©2012 by The Royal Society](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649e6c5503460f94b6ae0e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Improvement in vacuum pressure during ‘scrubbing’.
Lyndon Evans Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2012;370:831-858
©2012 by The Royal Society