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880

glacial sequence is covered disconform-ably by a widespread Silurian transgres-sion, shalles with graptolites. This in-volves a curious contradiction to tra-ditional ideas of the meaning ofgraptolitic shales, usually taken to bea deep-water facies with a pelagicfauna. Fairbridge pointed out that therewere two sorts of transgression (apartfrom those involving crustal move-ment): eustatic and geoidal. A glacio-eustatic rise would only be expectedto replace the water glacially removedfrom the ocean, but an important polarshift would call for a readjustment ofthe geoid, that would be instantaneousin the case of the ocean, while thecrustal adjustment would be quite slow.The Silurian transgression seemed to beone of the second type. As observed inthe field, the sub-Tassili (that is, pre-Ordovician) erosion surface lacks majorconglomerates, but is marked by smallquartz gravels, often "eolized," evenwith some small "dreikanters." Theunderlying Precambrian is chemicallyweathered and leached to a depth of 3to 4 meters and is capped by a residualhematitic crust or paleosol. Bogdanovpointed out that the age of the lastmajor folding in the shield hereaboutwas 1.5 to 1.6 X 109 years, but therewere some dates indicating 4 to 5 x 108years. The latter were clearly incom-patible with the fossil and structuralevidence of unwarped Ordovician.

It is interesting that there is wide-spread evidence of eolian conditionsjust prior to the Ordovician in northAfrica [a subpolar(?) desert, for exam-ple, Gobi], and there is also a wide-spread Eocambrian glaciation. It seemslikely that the hematitic crust (residuallateritic paleosol) and bleaching are relicsof seasonably warm wet weathering con-ditions from well back in the Precam-brian. In this environment a semiaridpedimentational history could well havebeen the last important event beforethe arid conditions descended. PercyAllen pointed out that wherever we sawthe contact there were no fragments ofthe underlying basement in the trans-gressive Ordovician pebble conglomer-ate, which suggested a long interveningperiod of subaerial history associatedwith a great climate change. De Charpalnoted that the kaolinitic weatheringobserved by us east of Hoggar becamegradually replaced by illite farther tothe northwest; this might suggest a latePrecambrian pole position still fartherto the northwest.

Paul Potter (University of Indiana)presented a clear analysis of the geom-

etry of the sand bodies, emphasizingthe distinction between the piedmontfan type that thins distally and paralictype that thins landward. Jean-PhilippeMangin (University of Nice) stressed theunusual relationship in the Ordovicianglacials where both the underlying bedswere sandstones and so were the tillites.Indeed it seems clear that often theonly major difference in lithology wasthat the underlying sands were frozen,and therefore temporarily "lithified" bypermafrost, while the overlying tillswere mostly laid down during retreatstages; then, after total deglaciation,the slight differences between "bedrock"and "drift" require very close inspec-tion. Fairbridge questioned the "fluvia-tile" interpretation of some of the "bed-rock" (Ordovician) sands. It was notenough to find them unfossiliferous(actually, they are not), but the struc-ture, granulometry, and gross distri-bution must be considered. Mixturewith both eolian and marine conditionsmust be regarded as normal. Statisticallythe chances for continental preservationare always less than for marine. Indesert regions such as eastern SaudiArabia, the desert dune sands (thatstarted as fluvial sands) are regularlydumped onto the beach by the westerlywinds and then they are redistributedas offshore bars. Many of the so-called"eolian" sandstones of the AmericanWest are regarded by Fairbridge asmarine, although the grains may wellbe "eolized." In the case of the SaharanOrdovician the near-parallel division ofmost of the cross-bedded units (and theless-than-25-degree dips) speak for amarine setting. The current is systemati-cally north to northwest, which seemsto be general paleoslope of the craton,followed later by the ice, and later stillby the outwash sandurs. Jao Jose Biga-rella (University of Parana, Brazil) con-firmed that the structural form of mostof the cross-bedding (except in the gla-cial outwash) was marine.

Adolf Seilacher (University of Tub-ingen, Germany) demonstrated how hefound fossils or tracks of trilobites andtraces of other marine life systemati-cally almost through the entire mid-Saharan Ordovician section. The Lossilssuggest that the glaciation was in orimmediately followed the Upper Cara-docian. These observations offered fur-ther confirmation that the cross-beddingwas marine and that the continentalglaciers came down to form ice shelvescomparable, say, with those of the RossSea and the Weddell Sea today.The last session was devoted to talks

SCIENCE, VOL. 168

about platform sedimentation in otherregions and the drawing of analogieswith the mid-Saharan situation. Biga-rella presented a fine series of slides ofthe South American and South AfricanCarboniferous and earlier Paleozoicglacial records, and demonstrated de-finitive methods for recognizing thevarious environments of cross-beddingby the geometry of the fine structure.Bogdanov spoke on the Russian craton.And Andre Vatan (France) spoke onIran. The Permian glaciation of Aus-tralia, traces of which occur in everystate of the Commonwealth, was sum-marized by Fairbridge. Tasmania waspossibly unique in having Precambrian,Permian, and Pleistocene glacials (andincidentally separated by periods of sub-tropical climate). Polar shift shouldnever be regarded as a "one-shot" affair.Fairbridge spoke also on the origin ofice ages. He supports the old Lyell-Ramsay relief theory which argues thatwhen the global paleogeography leadsto a blocking of oceanographic circu-lation (as in the blocked radiator of acar) the heat balance becomes upset;when poles coincide with open seasthere is no ice age, but when wide con-tinental and mountainous areas come tocoincide with poles, the snows of winterdo not melt and the Kukla albedotheory takes over. Cyclism of 25,000to 90,000 years is introduced by celes-tial mechanics (the Milankovitch theory)and short-term modulations are super-imposed by solar variations of the ultra-violet transmission (and thereby theozone density in the stratospheric"greenhouse").

RHODES W. FAIRBRIDGEColumiibia UniiersitV, New Yor-k 10027

Courses

Basic Processes in Neurontal Networks,Avalon, Calif., 22 June-25 Jtuly. Thiscourse will be devoted to the study ofbasic neturonal mechanisms operating atthe celILilar and small network level. Em-phasis will be placed on direct experi-mental demonstr-ation of the properties ofmembr-anes and synapses, receptors andreceptor networ-ks, networks for controlof motor function, pattern generation innetworks, and learning in simple networks.(Dr. Russell L. Zimmer, Resident Director,Santa Catalina Marine Biological Labora-tory, P.O. Box 398, Avalon, Calif. 90704)

X-ray Spectrometry, Albany, N.Y., 8-19 Jtune (two sessions). This is an inte-grated coturse in the fundamentals, applica-tions, and advanced techniques of x-rayspectrometry, including computer automa-tion methods. The course covers the com-plete range of x-ray spectrometric tech-

15 MAY 1970

niquies and theory from beginning ele-mentar-y principles to the most advancedmethods and latest developments. Is in-tended for those who are working or in-tend to work in x-ray spectrometric analy-sis. The course was established to meetthe increasing demands of the x-ray spec-troscopist who requires an introductionand thorough grounding in basics and forthe spectroscopist who wants to expandhis capabilities. Persons may register forindividuial sessions or for the entire 2-weekcourse. Session 1 (8-12 June) will coverfundamentals, experimental techniques andprocedures of x-ray spectrometry. No pre-vious knowledge or experience is requiredor assumed. Session 2 is a continuation offuLndamentals, advanced methods, and re-cent developments. A background equalto Session 1 is assuLmed. Tluitiont: $250 persession; $450 for both sessions. (PhysicsDepartment, State University of New Yorkat Albany, Albany 12203)Wear in Theory and in Practice, Cam-

bridge, Mass., 22-27 JuLne. This course willdeal with wear-a description of the vari-ous forms of wear, an evaluation of theequations for analyzing wear quantita-tively, and a discuission of methods avail-able for minimizing the amount of wearand the size of wear debris. Related topicslike friction, sliding temperatures, andlutbrication will be covered. Experimentaltechniques will be demonstrated and theirapplication to solving industrial problemswill be stressed. (Director of the SummerSession, Room E19-356, Massachusetts In-stitute of Technology, Cambridge 02139)Odor Perception: Multidisciplinary Re-

search Methods, Utrecht, Netherlands, 23August-5 September. The physicochemi-cal, biological, physiological, and psycho-logical methods in olfactory research willbe demonstrated and discussed. It will beorganized in the form of a large experi-ment in which all these methods will beapplied to a central problem-odor mix-ing. The course is open to chemists, biol-ogists, physiologists, and food technolo-gists with an active interest in the funda-mental pr-oblems of olfaction. [Dr. J.Wiederhold, Course Registrar, Nether-lands Universities Foundation for Inter-national Co-Operation (NUFFIC), 27 Mo-lenstraat, The Hague, Netherlands]

Design and Analysis of Scientific Ex-periments, Cambridge, Mass., 6-17 July.This course will focus on factorial designswsith each factor at two or at three levels.Applications will be taken from the physi-cal, chemical, biological, and medical sci-ences, as well as from engineering anddevelopment. (Director of the SuLmmerSession, Room E19-356, Massachusetts In-stitute of Technology, Cambridge 02139)

Laser Raman Spectroscopy, CollegePark, Md., 8-12 June. Is intended forparticipants fr-om industr-ial, government,and academic laboratories. Topics includethe theory of Raman spectroscopy, appli-cations to studies of molecular structureaind dynamics in single crystals, polycrys-talline and amorphous materials, liquidsand gases, correlation with infrared spec-tra, and recent advances in instrumenta-tion and microsampling techniques. Stressis placed on developing an understandingof fundamentals. (Prof. Ellis R. Lippin-cott, Center of Materials Research, Univer-sity of Maryland, College Park 20742)

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PersonnelIPlaement

Austrian Engineer, 9 years of English-languageindustrial experience, available for technical, sci-entific, and commercial translations from/intoGerman. Professional, prompt. Rudi Payer, Wil-liamstown, Ontario, Canada. 5/15, 22

Biologist, Ph.D., 34, desires 1-year or longerappointment; 8 years of full-time universityteaching. Genetics, general biology, cell biology,evolution, invertebrate, zoology, physiology. Box195, SCIENCE. X

Biomedical Engineer (42), university research anddevelopment (20 years). Biomechanics, fluidmechanics, blood flow, instrumentation, creepingflow aerodynamics. Desires similar position, parttime or full time, within commuting New YorkCity. Leon Bennett, 5800 Arlington Avenue, NewYork, N.Y. 10471. X

Botanist, Ph.D., strong background in genetics,evolutionary biology and systematics. Researchexperience in cytogenetics and organ culture,several publications. Teaching/research position.Box 196, SCIENCE.

Consultant. Ph.D. Retired Insect Toxicologist-Department Head. Thirty years' experience aschemist, economic entomologist and insect toxi-cologist in government of ten insecticides. De-sires consulting work in insecticide research anddevelopment; unique means of finding new toxicstructures. Patents and scientific publications.Box 197, SCIENCE. X

Enzymologist. Ph.D. 10 years. Research. Teach-ing. Consulting. Purification, Protein primarystructure. Collagen. Mucopolysaccharide. Bloodcoagulation. Publications. Grants. Prefer NewYork metropolitan area. Available immediately.Box 198, SCIENCE. X

Expert Electron Microscopist/Chief Technician/Research Assistant/Teacher. Style cramped bybigots, seeks research position in medical orbiological sciences. E.M.S.A. member. Excellentreferences. Box 199, SCIENCE. X

Psychologist, Ph.D., 31. General-experimental,learning. Publications, teaching experience. Seeksteaching position in Chicago or New York area,in a university, college, or junior college. Box200, SCIENCE. X

Retired Ph.D., human anatomist, comparativeanatomist, neuroanatomist, biologist. Numerouspublications. Active teaching-research. Desiresmedical school or small college association inSouth, Southwest, or West. Attractive financialarrangement available, Box 173, SCIENCE. 5/15

882

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RATE CHANGEEffective 1 Jan. 1970

POSITIONS WANTED: 40¢ per word, mini-mum charge $10. Use of Box Numbercounts as 10 additional words. Paymentin advance is required. These rates applyto individuals only. Personnel agencies andcompanies take display rate for all adver-tising.

POSITIONS OPEN: $7 per column line, ifpublisher's type is used (12 lines = 1 inch).Minimum ad is 12 lines or $84. All adsusing larger than 6 point type will bebilled as display ads at $100 per inch.No charge for Box Number. Rates net. Noagency commission allowed for ads under4 inches. No cash discount. Ads over 1inch will be billed to the nearest half inch.Payment in advance is required exceptwhere satisfactory credit has been estab-lished.

COPY for ads must reach SCIENCE 4 weeksbefore issue date (Friday of every week).Send copy for Personnel Placement adver-tising tor

SCIENCE, Room 2111515 Massachusetts Ave., NW

Washington, D.C. 20005Replies to blind ads should be addressed

as follows:Box (give number)SCIENCE1515 Massachusetts Ave., NWWashington, D.C. 20005

position of Senior Scientist. Please send curricu-lum vitae to Mr. Bice Clemow, Chairman, Selec-tion Committee, c/o Mrs. Jane B. Cheney, Execu-tive Director, Children's Museum of Hartford,950 Trout Brook Drive, West Hartford, Conn.06119.

Physicist-Data Analyst, Ph.D. teaching, researchand administrative experience. Author of recentcontroversial works. Desires administrative posi-tion in academic or industrial institution. Box201, SCIENCE. X

Renal Physiologist-Physician. Experienced micro-puncture. Publications, grants. Seeks researchand teaching position. Box 202, SCIENCE. X

Statistician, research design behavioral sciences.Measurement. Ph.D. 1970. Know Fortran. Seeksposition vicinity of Chicago teaching or researchproject profit or nonprofit. Box 203, SCIENCE. X

Virologist-Mental Disorders, M.D., Broad ex-perience, clinical laboratory, teaching, neuro-tropic viruses. Desires research/teaching vir-ology related to mental disorders. Box 204,SCIENCE. X

||||||||||||||| POSMuONS OPEN|||||||||||||||||

Ph.D. BIOCHEMIST

Bioorganic chemist or natural product chemistinterested in entering the field of immunochem-istry as trainee at Eastern metropolitan medicalschool. Send detailed curriculum to

Box 185, SCIENCE

DIRECTEUR SCIENTIFIQUEDirection de recherches dans le nouvel Institut

National de la Recherche Scientifique de l'Uni-versit6 du Qu6bec, direction des programmes derecherches et d'enseignement gradues dans lesdomaines de la pollution et du "socio-engineer-ing.o"

Faites parvenir votre curriculum vitae Al'adresse suivante:

Dr. Charles-E. Beaulieu. Directeur INRS,Universite du Quebec,

2525 boulevard Laurier, Ste-Foy, P.Q., Canada

Senior research position available: Director-ship of fully equipped Infectious Disease Re-search Laboratories at the new Izaak WaltonKillam Hospital for Children, opening May1970. Appointment will be at the full Profes-sorial level at Dalhousie University in Micro-biology or Pediatrics with commensurate salary.Applicants should be well-established investiga-tors in microbiology or immunology, preferablywith a special interest in infectious or immu-nological problems of childhood.The investigative unit comprises a group of

fully equipped research laboratories with amplefacilities for fellowship trainees and graduatestudents. The laboratories will be partly staffedby established research personnel from the De-partments of Microbiology and Pediatrics.

Applications may be made to Professor R.Goldbloom, Head, Department of Pediatrics,Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Hali-fax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Letters of applicationshould be accompanied by a curriculum vitae,bibliography, and the names of three referees.

INSTRUCTORSHIP ORASSISTANT PROFESSORSHIPIN IMMUNOCHEMISTRY

at an Eastern metropolitan medical school openimmediately. Send application with detailed cur-riculum to

Box 186, SCIENCE

PRESIDENT (EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR)For large, East Coast Children's Museum withnew $1,000,000 Planetarium, annual budget ap-proximately $250,000. Qualities desired: adminis-trative and managerial ability in natural scienceand education-oriented field, including public re-lations and fund raising. Salary to mid twentiesfor person of exceptional ability and experience.Man in late 30's or early 40's preferred. Museumbackground and experience valuable but not es-sential. Present Executive Director wishes to dropadministration and return to academic-oriented

POSTDOCTORAL TRAINEESHIPS IN CLINI-CAL CHEMISTRY OR TOXICOLOGY in theDepartment of Clinical Pathology, University ofOregon Medical School. Applications are invitedfor a 1-year training program with the possi-bility of extension for a second year. Stipend$500 per month. For further information writeJ. R. Swanson, Ph.D., Department of ClinicalPathology, University of Oregon Medical School,Portland, Oregon 97201. Telephone 503-228-9181,Extension 641.

POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATEFor project on ionic fluxes in neural tissue. Newwell-equipped laboratory. Neurophysiology and/or biochemistry background desirable. Start inJuly. Stipend open. Send curriculm vitae toStanley Buckser, Ph.D., Southern CoUege ofOptometry, 1245 Madison Avenue, Memphis, Ten-nessee 38104.

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SCIENCE, VOL. 168

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGISTLiberal arts, undergraduate college with eight-man biology department needs a botanist or,zoologist with a Ph.D. to offer developmentalbiology, an advanced development course, andparticipate in the introductory biology course.Opening at assistant professor level, salary andbenefits competitive. Research encouraged. Con-tact Chairman, Biology Department, Utica Col-lege of Syracuse University, Utica, New York13502.

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