The Kingdom of Israel

c. 1000 B.C.David becomes king

722 B.C.Assyriansconquer Israel

597 B.C.Nebuchadnezzarcaptures Jerusalem

1000 B.C. 750 B.C. 500 B.C.1000 B.C. 750 B.C. 500 B.C.

HistorySocial ScienceStandardsWH6.3 Studentsanalyze the geographic,political, economic,religious, and socialstructures of theAncient Hebrews.

Looking Back, Looking AheadIn Section 1, you read about

the constant fighting between theIsraelites and the Canaanites. Thetribes of Israel longed for peace.Many thought the way to peace was to unite as one nation.

Focusing on the • The Israelites chose a king to unite

them against their enemies. (page 207)

• King David built an Israelite empireand made Jerusalem his capital city.(page 209)

• The Israelites were conquered andforced to leave Israel and Judah.(page 210)

Meeting PeoplePhilistine (FIH• luh•STEEN)Saul (SAWL)David

Solomon (SAHL•uh•muhn)Nebuchadnezzar

(NEH•byuh•kuhd•NEH•zuhr)

Locating PlacesJerusalem (juh•ROO•suh• luhm)Judah (JOO•duh)

Content Vocabularyprophet (PRAH• fuht)empire (EHM•PYR)tribute (TRIH•byoot)proverb (PRAH•VUHRB)

Academic Vocabularyinstruct (ihn•STRUHKT)symbol (SIHM•buhl)

Reading StrategyCategorizing Information Completea chart like the one below identifyingcharacteristics of Israel and Judah.

Location

Capital City

Date Conquered

Conquered By

Israel Judah

206 CHAPTER 3 • The Ancient Israelites

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WH6.3.3 Explain the significance of Abraham, Moses, Naomi, Ruth, David, and Yohanan ben Zaccai in the development of the Jewish religion.

Web Activity Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com andclick on Chapter 3—Student Web Activity tolearn more about the ancient Israelites.

The Israelites Choose a KingThe Israelites chose a king to unite

them against their enemies.Reading Connection What does “united we stand,divided we fall” mean to you? Read on to find out whatit meant to the 12 tribes of Israel.

Around 1000 B.C., the strongest peopleliving in Canaan were not the Israelites, but the Philistines (FIH • luh • STEENS). ThePhilistines had strong cities, and they knewhow to make iron tools and weapons.

According to the Hebrew Bible, someIsraelites began copying the Philistine reli-gion. It suggests the Israelites began tothink they needed a king of their own toprevent this problem. They probablybelieved a king would unite the tribes andhelp them fight off the Philistines.

The Rule of King Saul In 1020 B.C. theIsraelites asked Samuel to choose a king.Samuel was a judge and a prophet (PRAH •fuht). A prophet is a person who the ancient Israelites thought was instructed byGod. Samuel warned that a king would tax the Israelites and make them slaves. TheIsraelites still demanded a king, so theychose a warrior-farmer named Saul (SAWL).

Samuel anointed Saul as king. In otherwords, he blessed him with oil to show thatGod had chosen him. Saul was tall andhandsome and had won many battles.

Saul defeated the Israelites’ enemies inbattle after battle. However, according tothe Hebrew Bible, the king displeased Godby disobeying some of his commands. Godthen chose another king and instructedSamuel to anoint him in secret. The newking was a young shepherd named David.

Explain Why did theIsraelites want a king?

According to the Hebrew Bible, David had to becalled in from the fields where he was tendinghis sheep when Samuel arrived to anoint him.Why did God have Samuel anoint David?

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WH6.3.3 Explain the significance ofAbraham, Moses, Naomi, Ruth, David, andYohanan ben Zaccai in the development ofthe Jewish religion.

DAVIDReigned c. 1000–970 B.C. The story of David’s life is told in several books of the

Hebrew Bible, including Samuel I and II and Psalms. During hisyouth, David worked as an aide in King Saul’s court.While atcourt, he formed a close friendship with the king’s son, Jonathan.David fought courageously against the Philistines as a soldier inSaul’s army. He also killed the Philistine giant, Goliath, with onlya slingshot and stones. The first book of Samuel tells how David’sharp playing pleased King Saul. But the king grew jealous ofDavid’s growing popularity as a brave soldier. He decided to haveDavid killed.

To save his own life, David fled into the desert. During thistime, David led a group of other people who were hiding fromthe king. David and his band protected people from raiders andreturned possessions that had been stolen. By the time Davidreturned to Jerusalem, he was well-known throughout theland.

After the death of King Saul, according to the Hebrew Bible,David became the second king of Israel. David successfullyunited all the tribes of Israel. He then conquered Jerusalem andmade it the kingdom’s capital. During his reign, David builtIsrael into an empire and dominated neighboring kingdoms.

David was not only a brave warrior and successful leader,he was also a talented poet. Many of the hymns in the HebrewBible’s book of Psalms have been credited to David, includingPsalm 23, which begins “The Lord is my shepherd, I shall notwant; he makes me lie down in green pastures. He leads mebeside still waters; he restores my soul. He leads me in pathsof righteousness for his name’s sake.”

King David

“The sweet psalmistof Israel”

—David, 2 Samuel 23:1

In David’s time, kings were expected to excel inbattle. Use your research skills to find at leastthree U.S. presidents who built theirreputations in the military.

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WH6.3.3 Explain the significance of Abraham, Moses, Naomi, Ruth, David, and Yohanan ben Zaccai in the development of the Jewish religion.

David and Solomon King David built an Israelite empire and

made Jerusalem his capital city. Reading Connection What person do you think wasmost important in the history of the United States?Read to learn why King David is so important to the his-tory of the Jewish people.

Even before he became king of Israel,David was known for his bravery and lead-ership. The Hebrew Bible describes how hebecame famous by telling the story ofDavid and Goliath. Before a battle againstthe Philistines, a giant Philistine namedGoliath dared any Israelite to fight him one-on-one. David stepped forward with hisshepherd’s staff, a slingshot, and fivesmooth stones.

Goliath roared and rushed forward witha heavy spear. David hurled one stonestraight at the giant’s forehead, and Goliathdropped dead on the spot.

Saul put David in charge of the army. Ashis victories grew, Israelite women sang hispraises. “Saul has slain his thousands, andDavid his ten thousands.” Saul grew envi-ous and plotted to kill David.

David hid out in enemy territory untilSaul and his three sons were killed in battle.The bitter rivalry was over. David was ableto take the throne in about 1000 B.C.

Once in power, according to the HebrewBible, David drove the Philistines from thearea. He conquered other neighboringnations and created an empire (EHM • PYR).An empire is a nation that rules severalother nations. Conquered peoples had topay David tribute (TRIH • byoot). Tribute ismoney or slaves given to a stronger ruler.

David made the Israelites pay heavytaxes. He needed money to expand Israel’scapital, Jerusalem (juh •ROO • suh • luhm). Hewanted a fine temple there so that sacred

CHAPTER 3 • The Ancient Israelites 209

ProverbsSolomon’s proverbs are recorded in theHebrew Bible. Read these three, then answer the question.“What you gain by doing evil won’t help you at all, but beinggood can save youfrom death.

At harvest seasonit’s smart to workhard, but [unwise] to sleep.

You will be safe,if you always doright, but you will get caught, if you are dishonest.”

—Proverbs 10: 2, 5, 9

How would the third proverb above convince people to tell the truth?

King Solomon

religious objects cherished by the Israeliteswould finally have a permanent home.David died before he built the temple, butthe Israelites remembered him as theirgreatest king, as do Jews today.

The Rule of King Solomon When Daviddied, his son Solomon (SAHL • uh • muhn)became king. It was Solomon who built asplendid stone temple in Jerusalem. Itbecame the symbol and center of the Jewishreligion. In the Hebrew Bible, Solomon wasknown for his wise sayings, or proverbs(PRAH • VUHRBS), but many Israelites hated hisrule. Solomon taxed the people to pay for hisgreat buildings.

Stock Montage/SuperStock

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WH6.3.2 Identify the sources of the ethical teachings and central beliefs of Judaism (the Hebrew Bible, the Commentaries): belief inGod, observance of law, practice of the concepts of righteousness and justice, and importance of study; and describe how the ideas ofthe Hebrew traditions are reflected in the moral and ethical traditions of Western civilization. WH6.3.4 Discuss the locations of thesettlements and movements of Hebrew peoples, including the Exodus and their movement to and from Egypt, and outline thesignificance of the Exodus to the Jewish and other people.

The Israelites in the north were espe-cially unhappy with Solomon. To get moremoney, Solomon had made many of theiryoung men work in the mines of a neigh-boring country.

When Solomon died, the northernersrebelled and fighting broke out. Ten of the12 tribes set up their own nation in the north.It was called the kingdom of Israel, and itscapital was Samaria. In the south, the othertwo tribes founded the smaller kingdom ofJudah (JOO •duh). Its capital was Jerusalem,and its people were called Jews.

Explain What did KingDavid accomplish for Israel?

A Troubled TimeThe Israelites were conquered and

forced to leave Israel and Judah.Reading Connection Have you ever moved and left ahome you loved? Read to find out why many Israeliteswere forced to leave their home.

While the Israelites were dividing theirkingdom, the Assyrians and Chaldeans (kal • DEE • uhns) were building empires insouthwest Asia. These peoples wanted tocontrol the trade routes that ran through theIsraelite kingdoms. Small and weak, thekingdoms of Israel and Judah felt threat-ened by their powerful neighbors.

210

The temple built by Solomon is thoughtto have been about 180 feet long. Itcontained large quantities of importedcedar wood and fine stone. Why did someIsraelites become unhappy with Solomon?

100 km0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Areaprojection

100 mi.0

N

S

W E

33°N

30°N

33°E 36°E

Jord

an

R.

MediterraneanSea

DeadSea

Cyprus

SINAI

SYRIANDESERT

Mt.Sinai

Jerusalem

Samaria

Tyre

Sidon

Byblos

Damascus

1. Movement Which kingdom lostaccess to the Mediterranean?

2. Location Which kingdom shares aborder with Phoenicia?

Find NGS online map resources @www.nationalgeographic.com/maps

PhoeniciansKingdom of IsraelKingdom of Judah

KEY

Ancient Israel

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Elijah

Time PeriodName

874–840 B.C.

597–571 B.C.

626–586 B.C.

735–700 B.C.

738–700 B.C.

750–722 B.C.

780–740 B.C.

Teachings

Amos

Micah

Jeremiah

Only God should be worshiped—not idols or false gods.

Both rich and poor have to do what is right and follow God.

The kingdom of King David will be restored and will prosper.

Hosea God is loving and forgiving.

Isaiah God wants us to help others and promote justice.

God is just and kind—he rewards as well as punishes.

Ezekiel Someone who has done wrong can choose to change.

Hebrew ProphetsHebrew Prophets

Who Were the Prophets? During thistroubled time, people who became knownas prophets brought hope to the kingdomof Israel. The prophets emphasized reli-gious ideals of leading a moral life andhelping others so as to connect with God.Their special message was that being faith-ful meant more than going to a temple toworship. It meant working for a just society.The prophet Amos said that justice should“roll down like waters and righteousness asa mighty stream.” The Jewish goal of a justsociety also became an important part ofChristianity and Islam.

What Caused the Fall of Israel? The war-like Assyrians were feared everywhere inthe region. When they conquered a nation,the Assyrians destroyed its main buildingsand scattered the population. Assyriansthen settled in the territory.

In 722 B.C. the Assyrians conqueredIsrael and scattered the 10 tribes across their

CHAPTER 3 • The Ancient Israelites 211

The Israelites believed that God shared hisword with them through a series of prophets.1. Which prophet taught that both the rich and

the poor needed to obey God’s word?2. Compare What do the teachings of Isaiah,

Micah, and Ezekiel have in common?

empire. Over time, the Israelites who wereforced to move lost contact with those whoremained in Israel and Judah. Historians donot yet know what happened to thesetribes. They are often called the “lost tribesof Israel.”

The Assyrians brought people fromelsewhere in their empire to live in Samaria.These settlers mixed with the survivingIsraelites who had not been killed or forcedto move. A new culture developed and thepeople became known as Samaritans.

The Samaritans adopted many Israelitebeliefs. They worshiped the God of Israel,read the Torah, and followed the Israelites’religious laws. Over time their religiouspractices developed separately, and they

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Reading SummaryReview the • Saul was the first king of the

Israelites. He united the 12 tribesinto one kingdom.

• King David built an Israeliteempire and made Jerusalem his capital. Solomon built a great temple at Jerusalem, butafter he died, the Israelites split into two kingdoms—Israeland Judah.

• The Assyrians and then theChaldeans conquered Israel andJudah, and forced many Israelitesto leave their homeland.

1. Why was David anointed kingwhile Saul was still in charge of the Israelites?

2. Who were the prophets, andwhy were they important tothe Israelites?

Critical Thinking3. Draw a chart like

the one below. Use it to com-pare the accomplishments ofKing David and King Solomon.

4. Summarize What happenedto the Israelites after the deathof Solomon?

5. Describe Who were theSamaritans?

6. Infer Why do you think the Assyrians and Chaldeansmoved Jews away from Israeland Judah?

7. Understandingthe Past Create a summary ofthe major events and impor-tant people in this section. Usethis summary to help youunderstand the history of theIsraelites. CA HI1.

CA CS3.

CA HR5.

CA HI2.

CA 6RC2.4

What Did You Learn?

212 CHAPTER 3 • The Ancient Israelites

had little contact. Today’s Judaism devel-oped from the religious practices of thetribes of Judah.

Why Did Judah Fall? Now, only the smallkingdom of Judah was left of the onceproud empire of David. It did not last long,because the Egyptians conquered it about620 B.C. The Jews were able to keep theirking but paid tribute to Egypt.

However, Egyptian rule was cut shortwhen the Chaldeans conquered Egypt in605 B.C. The Chaldeans became the newrulers of Judah. At first, the Chaldeanstreated the Israelites like the Egyptians hadbefore. They allowed the Jews to keep theirking as long as they paid tribute.

Several years later, the Jews united withthe Egyptians to rebel against the Chaldeans.Judah held out against the Chaldean invasion until 597 B.C. That year, King

Nebuchadnezzar (NEH • byuh • kuhd • NEH •zuhr) of the Chaldeans captured Jerusalem.He punished the Jews severely. He made10,000 Jews leave the city and live inBabylon, the Chaldean capital. Then heappointed a new Jewish king.

Soon the new king of Judah was planninga revolt against the Chaldeans. A prophetnamed Jeremiah warned the king thatanother revolt was dangerous, but the kingdid not listen. In 586 B.C. he revolted. Thistime, the Chaldean ruler crushed Jerusalem.He destroyed the temple, captured the king,and took him and thousands of Jews toBabylon. In Jewish history, this time becameknown as the Babylonian Captivity.

Explain Why did theAssyrians and Chaldeans want to control the landbelonging to the Israelites?

King David King Solomon

Study Central Need help understanding thereigns of David and Solomon? Visitca.hss.glencoe.com and click on Study Central.

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Discovering Our Past: Ancient CivilizationsTable of ContentsA Guide to California Content StandardsCorrelation to the California StandardsPreviewing Your TextbookScavenger HuntReading Skills HandbookNational Geographic Reference AtlasWorld: PoliticalWorld: PhysicalEurope: PoliticalEurope: PhysicalMiddle East: Physical/PoliticalAfrica: PoliticalAfrica: PhysicalAsia: PoliticalAsia: PhysicalNorth America: PoliticalNorth America: PhysicalMiddle America: Physical/PoliticalSouth America: PoliticalSouth America: PhysicalPacific Rim: Physical/PoliticalWorld's PeopleWorld: Land UsePolar Regions

National Geographic Geography HandbookHow Do I Study Geography?How Do I Use Maps and Globes?Understanding Latitude and LongitudeFrom Globes to MapsCommon Map ProjectionsParts of MapsTypes of MapsUsing Graphs, Charts, and DiagramsGeographic Dictionary

Tools of the HistorianMeasuring TimeOrganizing TimeHistory and GeographyWhat Is a Historical Atlas?How Does a Historian Work?Making Sense of the PastLinks Across Time

Unit 1: Mesopotamia, Egypt, and IsraelChapter 1: The First CivilizationsReading Skill: Previewing Section 1: Early HumansSection 2: Mesopotamian CivilizationSection 3: New EmpiresChapter 1 Assessment

Chapter 2: Ancient Egypt and KushReading Skill: SummarizingSection 1: The Nile ValleySection 2: Egypt's Old KingdomSection 3: The Egyptian EmpireSection 4: The Civilization of KushChapter 2 Assessment

Chapter 3: The Ancient IsraelitesReading Skill: Making ConnectionsSection 1: The First IsraelitesSection 2: The Kingdom of IsraelSection 3: The Growth of JudaismChapter 3 Assessment

Unit 1 Review

Unit 2: India, China, and the AmericasChapter 4: Early IndiaReading Skill: QuestioningSection 1: India's First CivilizationsSection 2: Hinduism and BuddhismSection 3: India's First EmpiresChapter 4 Assessment

Chapter 5: Early ChinaReading Skill: MonitoringSection 1: China's First CivilizationsSection 2: Life in Ancient ChinaSection 3: The Qin and Han DynastiesChapter 5 Assessment

Chapter 6: The Ancient AmericasReading Skill: Taking NotesSection 1: The First AmericansSection 2: The Mayan PeopleChapter 6 Assessment

Unit 2 Review

Unit 3: The Greeks and RomansChapter 7: The Ancient GreeksReading Skill: Comparing and ContrastingSection 1: The Early GreeksSection 2: Sparta and AthensSection 3: Persia Attacks the GreeksSection 4: The Age of PericlesChapter 7 Assessment

Chapter 8: Greek CivilizationReading Skill: VisualizingSection 1: The Culture of Ancient GreeceSection 2: Greek Philosophy and HistorySection 3: Alexander the GreatSection 4: The Spread of Greek CultureChapter 8 Assessment

Chapter 9: The Rise of RomeReading Skill: Making InferencesSection 1: Rome's BeginningsSection 2: The Roman RepublicSection 3: The Fall of the RepublicSection 4: The Early EmpireChapter 9 Assessment

Chapter 10: Roman CivilizationReading Skill: Making PredictionsSection 1: Life in Ancient RomeSection 2: The Fall of RomeSection 3: The Byzantine EmpireChapter 10 Assessment

Chapter 11: The Rise of Christianity Reading Skill: Identifying Cause and EffectSection 1: The First ChristiansSection 2: The Christian ChurchSection 3: The Spread of Christian IdeasChapter 11 Assessment

Unit 3 Review

AppendixWhat Is an Appendix?SkillBuilder HandbookCalifornia Standards HandbookGlossarySpanish GlossaryGazetteerIndexAcknowledgements and Photo Credits

Feature ContentsPrimary SourceAnalyzing Primary SourcesWorld LiteratureBiographySkillBuilder HandbookNational Geographic: History MakersLinking Past & PresentNational Geographic: The Way It WasYou Decide . . .Primary Source QuotesMaps, Charts, Graphs, and Diagrams

Student WorkbooksActive Reading Note-Taking GuideCalifornia Standards Practice WorkbookReading Essentials and Study GuideSpanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide

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