the japanese era

8/6/2019 The Japanese Era

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Japanese Era(Fall of the Philippines into Japan)

Submitted by:

Stephanie Amaba

Ellyn Estrada

Carla Lugue

Samantha Von Giese

Section: Mkt-11

Subject Schedule: Wednesday,1:30-3 :30

Submitted to:

Prof. Bella Victoriano


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INTRODUCTION

JAPANESE ERA

The Japanese occupation of the Philippines was the period in the history

of the Philippines between 1942 and 1945, when the Empire of Japan occupied

the previously American-controlled Philippines during World War II.

The invasion of the Philippines started on December 8, 1941, ten hours after

the attack on Pearl Harbor. As at Pearl Harbor, the American aircraft were

severely damaged in the initial Japanese attack. Lacking air cover,

the American Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines withdrew to Java on December 12,

1941. General Douglas MacArthurescaped Corregidoron the night of March

11, 1942 forAustralia, 4,000 km away. The 76,000 starving and sick American andFilipino defenders on Bataan surrendered on April 9, 1942, and were forced to

endure the infamous Bataan Death March on which 7-10,000 died or were

murdered. The 13,000 survivors on Corregidor surrendered on May 6.

For over three years, right to the day of the surrender of Japan, the Philippines

were to suffer grievously under military occupation. General MacArthur

discharged his promise to return to the Philippines on October 20, 1944.

The landings on the island of Leyte were accomplished by a force of 700 vessels

and 174,000 men. Through December 1944, the islands of Leyte andMindoro were cleared of Japanese soldiers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippines_(1941%E2%80%9342)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Asiatic_Fleethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corregidorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataan_Death_Marchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindorohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindorohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataan_Death_Marchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corregidorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Asiatic_Fleethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippines_(1941%E2%80%9342)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines


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JAPANESE INVASION

The Philippines is the north-eastern part of the Malayan Archipelago. It is

made up of around 7,000 islands and on the outbreak of the Second World War

had a population of around 19,000,000 people. Manila, is the capital and chief

port and other important cities include Cebu, Davao and Zamboanga. Theterritory was ceded to the United States in 1898 under the terms of the Treaty of

Paris.

During the first half of the 20th century the Philippines became of great strategic

importance to the defence of the United States. President Franklin D. Roosevelt

became increasingly concerned about the possibility of the Japanese Army

invading the islands and in 1935 sent General Douglas MacArthur to organize

the defence of the Philippines. He retired from the army in 1937 but stayed on

the island where he became the country's military adviser.

When negotiations with the Japanese government broke down in June 1941,

Roosevelt recalled MacArthur to active duty as a major general and was

granted $10 million to mobilize the Philippine Army. It was also decided to send

MacArthur 100 B-17 Flying Fortress to help defend the Philippines.


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Most of MacArthur's troops were deployed to protect the two main islands of

Luzon and Mindanao and by October 1941, MacArthur informed General

George Marshall that he now had 135,000 troops, 227 assorted fighters, bombers

and reconnaissance aircraft and this provided a "tremendously strong offensive

and defensive force" and claimed that the Philippines was now the "key or base

point of the US defence line."

The Japanese Air Force attacked the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor on the 7th

December 1941. The following day they carried out air strikes on the Philippines

and destroyed half of MacArthur's air force. MacArthur was much criticized for

this as he had been told to move his airforce after the raid on Hawaii the

previous day.

The Japanese Army also invaded the Philippines and they soon held the three

air bases in northern Luzon. On 22nd December the 14th Army landed at

Lingayen Gulf and quickly gained control of Manila from the inexperienced

Filipino troops. Although only 57,000 Japanese soldiers were landed on Luzon it

had little difficulty capturing the island.

General Douglas MacArthur now ordered a general retreat to the Bataan

peninsula. A series of Japanese assaults forced the US defensive lines back and

on 22nd February, 1942, MacArthur was ordered to leave Bataan and go to

Australia. General Jonathan Wainright remained behind with 11,000 soldiers and

managed to hold out until the beginning of May.

Within a few months of leaving MacArthur argued that the US Army should make

an attempt to recapture the Philippines. However, Admiral Chester Nimitz, US

Pacific Commander and Admiral Ernest King, the Chief of Naval Operations,

argued that this should wait until the US forces were guaranteed of victory.

It was not until 1944 that MacArthur was given permission to begin the

campaign to recapture the Philippines. The first objective was the capture of

Leyte, an island situated between Luzon and Mindanao. After a two day naval

bombardment General Walter Krueger and the 6th Army landed on 22nd

October, 1944.


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The Japanese Navy now made a strenuous effort to save the Philippines.

Admiral Soemu Toyoda, Commander in Chief of the Combined Fleet, deployed

every surviving Japanese warship in two groups under Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita

and Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa. The strategy was to use Ozawa's smaller fleet

to draw the US Navy away from Leyte.

On 24th October 1944 Admiral William Halsey fell into a Japanese trap when he

headed north with 64 ships to attack Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa leaving the San

Bernardino Strait unprotected.

Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita and his fleet now moved in to attack the Allied

invasion force. However Vice-Admiral Thomas Kinkaid and the 7th Fleet was still

in the area providing cover for the 175,000 members of the US Army landing on

Leyte.

The battle of Leyte Gulf was the largest naval engagement in history. It was a

decisive victory for the Allies with the Japanese Navy lost four carriers, three

battleships and ten cruisers. It was now clear that the US Navy had control of the

Pacific and that further Allied landings in the region were likely to be successful.

After the successful amphibious landings General Douglas MacArthur and

General Walter Krueger pushed the Japanese 35th Army out of the central

valley onto the mountainous inland backbone of Leyte. After bitter fighting the

US forces captured the important port of Ormoc on 10th December. By the time

the island was completely secured the US Army had lost 3,500 men. It is

estimated that over 55,000 Japanese soldiers were killed during the campaign.

On 9th January 1945 Allied troops landed on Luzon, the largest of the islands in

the Philippines. The Japanese Army, under General Tomoyuki Yamashita, fought

a vigorous rearguard action but within a month General Douglas MacArthur

and his troops had crossed the Central Plain and were approaching Manila.

Yamashita and his main army now withdrew to the mountains but left enough

troops in Manila to make the capture of the city as difficult as possible. An

estimated 16,000 Japanese soldiers were killed before it was taken on 4th March

1945.


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General Robert Eichelberger and the US 8th Army landed on Mindanao on 10th

March and began advancing through the southern Philippines. This included the

capture of Panay, Cebu, Negros and Bohol.

Yamashita and his remaining men continued to fight from isolated mountainpositions on Luzon. After hearing that Emperor Hirohito had announced that

Japan had surrendered Yamashita and his 50,000 troops stopped fighting on

2nd September 1945.


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OCCUPATION

The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new

government structure in the Philippines. Although the Japanese had promised

independence for the islands after occupation, they initially organized

a Council of State through which they directed civil affairs until October 1943,

when they declared the Philippines an independent republic. Most of the

Philippine elite, with a few notable exceptions, served under the Japanese.

Philippine collaboration in Japanese-sponsored political institutions-which later

became a major domestic political issue-was motivated by several

considerations. Among them was the effort to protect the people from the

harshness of Japanese rule (an effort that Quezon himself had advocated),

protection of family and personal interests, and a belief that Philippine

nationalism would be advanced by solidarity with fellow Asians. Manycollaborated to pass information to the Allies. The Japanese-sponsored

republic headed by President Jos P. Laurel proved to be unpopular.

Main Objectives of the Attack

Intended to destroy important American fleet units, thereby preventingthe Pacific Fleet from interfering with Japanese conquest of the Dutch

East Indies and Malaya.

Hoped to buy time for Japan to consolidate its position and increase itsnaval strength before shipbuilding authorized by the 1940 Vinson-Walsh

Act erased any chance of victory.

To deliver a severe blow to American morale, one which woulddiscourage Americans from committing to a war extending into the

western Pacific Ocean and Dutch East Indies.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Laurelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Laurelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State


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GREATER EAST ASIA

It isalso known as Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. In August 1,

1940 a concept created by the government and military Empire of Japan. To

represents the desire of a self-sufficient "bloc of Asian nations led by theJapanese and free of Western powers. Japan intended to exclude both

European imperialism and Communist influence from the entire Far East, while

ensuring Japanese political and industrial hegemony.

The Sphere was initiated by Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe, in an attempt

to create a Great East Asia, comprised of Japan, Manchukuo, China, and parts

of Southeast Asia, that would, according to imperial propaganda, establish a

new international order seeking co prosperity for Asian countries which would

share prosperity and peace, free from Western colonialism and domination.


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OPEN CITY

On 26 December, Manila was declared an open city. All newspapers

published the text of the proclamation and radio stations broadcast the news

through the day. A huge banner bearing the words Open City and No Shooting

was strung across the front of the city hall. That night the blackout ended and

Manila was ablaze with lights.

With the evacuation of the government and the army, a feeling offoreboding and terror spread through the city, and the exodus, which had

ceased after the first confusion of war, began again. "The roads back into the

hills," noted one observer, "were black with people striving to reach their native

villages . . . . The few trains still running into the provinces were literally jammed to

the car tops." The business district was deserted and there were few cars along

Dewey Boulevard.

Here and there a few shops made a brave attempt at a holiday spirit with

displays of tinsel and brightly wrapped gifts. On the Escolta, two Santa Clauseswith the traditional white beards and red costumes looked strangely out of

place. One walked up and down as if dazed while the other, more practical,

piled sandbags before the entrance to his shop. "No girls in slacks and shorts

were bicycling along the water front," wrote Maj. Carlos Romulo reminiscently,

"and there were no horseback riders on the bridle path . . . the Yacht Club, the

night clubs and hotels ... all looked like funeral parlors." "Let it be known,"


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reported NBC correspondent Bert Silen, "that our Christmas Eve was the darkest

and gloomiest I ever hope to spend."

Late on the night of 26 December Radio Tokyo acknowledged receipt of

the Manila broadcasts declaring the capital an open city.5Official notification

to 14th Army came later, either on the 28th or after, when Imperial General

Headquarters forwarded the information from Tokyo. Apparently MacArthur

made no attempt to notify the Japanese forces in the Philippines of his

intentions, but a mimeographed announcement of the open city declaration

was in the hands of the Japanese troops by 31 December.

Either the Japanese in the Philippines were unaware of the open city

declaration or they chose to ignore it, for enemy aircraft were over the Manila

area on 27 December. The Army's 5th Air Group sent 7 light and 4 heavy

bombers against Nichols Field, and at least 2 fighters over the port district that

day.7But the main bombing strikes, directed against the Manila Bay and Pasig

River areas, were made by naval aircraft. For three hours at midday, successive

waves of unopposed bombers over Manila wrought great destruction on port

installations and buildings in the Intramuros, the ancient walled city of the

Spaniards. The attacks against shipping continued the next day, with additional

damage to the port area.
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PUPPET GOVERNMENT

The Puppet Government, or the Second Philippine Republic, is aJapanese-imperial-sponsored government established during the Japaneseoccupation and World War II in the Philippines. This government sought to

legitimize Japanese occupation in the country and promised independence forthe Filipino people but Imperial government failed to commit to this pledge.

Established in October 14, 1943, Jose P. Laurel was inaugurated as the firstPresident of the Second Philippine Republic after leaving his post as the ChiefJustice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. The Japanese's choice forpresident was based on Laurel's open criticisms against the U.S administration inthe Philippines and his degree from Tokyo International University. BenignoAquino Sr. and Ramon Avancena were also elected as vice-presidents, andManuel Roxas and General Jorge Vargas were appointed as the cabinet

member and chair of the Executive Commission, respectively.

The first act of the puppet regime was to sign a military alliance with Japan. Thesecond act appealed for the sympathy of the United States but was denied bythe said country. US President Franklin Roosevelt refused to recognized thepuppet government.

The Puppet Government was established in the pursuit of creating the GreaterEast Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere under the chairmanship of the Japanese Imperialgovernment. Manuel Roxas and Jose Laurel wrote and signed the Philippinepuppet constitution which was an act of rebellion against the U.S. and a

testament of allegiance to Japan.

Those who pledged their loyalty to Japan were showered with supply of the bestfood, luxuries and finest accommodations while the Filipino who did notpledged suffered under the harsh Japanese rule.[1]The sons of Laurel were sentto Japan to study. Consequently, the Puppet Government gained littlepopularity amongst the Filipino people.

The Americans through General Douglas MacArthur led a war against theJapanese in the Philippines. Manila was liberated in March 4, 1945 and on

March 22 of the same year President Laurel and the Second Republic officialsdeparted forJapan.
http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Filipino_peoplehttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Jose_P._Laurelhttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Philippineshttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxashttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Jorge_Vargashttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Japan&action=edithttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=United_States&action=edithttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Franklin_Roosevelt&action=edithttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxashttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Jose_Laurelhttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Japan&action=edithttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Japan&action=edithttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Puppet_Government#_note-test1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Puppet_Government#_note-test1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Puppet_Government#_note-test1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Japan&action=edithttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Douglas_MacArthurhttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Philippineshttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Manilahttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Japan&action=edithttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Japan&action=edithttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Manilahttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Philippineshttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Douglas_MacArthurhttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Japan&action=edithttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Puppet_Government#_note-test1http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Japan&action=edithttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Japan&action=edithttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Jose_Laurelhttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxashttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Franklin_Roosevelt&action=edithttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=United_States&action=edithttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Japan&action=edithttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Jorge_Vargashttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Manuel_Roxashttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Philippineshttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Jose_P._Laurelhttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Filipino_people


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BATAAN DEATH MARCH

The Bataan Death March orThe Death

March of Bataan was the march of captured

American and Filipino troops from the Battle

of Bataan in 1942. They were forced by the

Japanese to walk from Mariveles at the

southern tip of Bataan Peninsula to Camp

O'Donnell. The route of the march measured

about a hundred miles and it took six days for

the surviving prisoners to reach the camp,

with many dying along the way.

The Battle of Bataan was led by a major general in the United States

Army, Edward P. King, who was the commanding general of the Philippine-

American forces on 11 March 1942. After a month defending against the

Japanese invaders, exhausted and lacking food and medicine, King

surrendered to Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma on 9 April 1942, along with

his more than 70,000 American and Filipino troops. This was known as the Fall of

Bataan. The Japanese were unprepared for the number of prisoners and had

expected the fight to last longer. Lacking the proper facilities to handle them,

they moved the prisoners to Camp O'Donnell. The march, involving the forcible

transfer of 75,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war[1]captured by the

Japanese in the Philippines from the Bataan peninsula to prison camps, was

characterized by wide-ranging physical abuse and murder, and resulted in very

high fatalities inflicted upon the prisoners and civilians along the route by

the armed forces of the Empire of Japan. Beheadings, cutting of throats and

casual shootings were the more common actionscompared to instances of

bayonet stabbing, rape, disembowelment, rifle butt beating and a deliberate

refusal to allow the prisoners food or water while keeping them continually

marching for nearly a week in tropical heat. Falling down or inability to continue

moving was tantamount to a death sentence, as was any degree of protest or

expression of displeasure.
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The march began on 12 April 1942. Troops of injured and ailing POWs

marched in a long column along the dusty road with no food or water during

the first four days of their travel. They were mandated to walk the whole day

long, even under the intense heat of the sun. Some of the men, weakened by

fatigue and hunger, stumbled and fell out of l ine, usually leading to their deaths.

Some of them were hit by the Japanese trucks passing by, or flattened by tanks.

Others were hit by the "sparkling metal pieces" that were dropped by the

Japanese planes. Some POWs tried to run to nearby fresh streams to drink and

were struck down by the swords of the Japanese guards. They were only

allowed to drink from dirty and contaminated streams. A large portion of the

POWs died along the road without reaching their destination. The route starts

fromMariveles, Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga by marching , from San

Fernando, Pampanga to Capas, Tarlac through train and Capas,

Tarlacto Camp O' Donnell through marching. Many soldiers are died and suffer

from heat, dehydration and sickness. However, some survived by "playing

dead".
http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Mariveles%2C_Bataanhttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=San_Fernando%2C_Pampangahttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=San_Fernando%2C_Pampangahttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=San_Fernando%2C_Pampangahttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Capas%2C_Tarlachttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Capas%2C_Tarlachttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Capas%2C_Tarlachttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Camp_O%27_Donnell&action=edithttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Camp_O%27_Donnell&action=edithttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Capas%2C_Tarlachttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Capas%2C_Tarlachttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Capas%2C_Tarlachttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Capas%2C_Tarlachttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=San_Fernando%2C_Pampangahttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=San_Fernando%2C_Pampangahttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=San_Fernando%2C_Pampangahttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=San_Fernando%2C_Pampangahttp://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Mariveles%2C_Bataan


14/18

END OF JAPANESE OCCUPATION

MacArthur's Allied forces landed on the island of Leyte on October 20,

1944, accompanied by Osmea, who had succeeded to the commonwealth

presidency upon the death of Quezon on August 1, 1944. Landings then

followed on the island of Mindoro and around the Lingayen Gulf on the westside of Luzon, and the push towardManila was initiated. The Commonwealth of

the Philippines was restored. Fighting was fierce, particularly in the mountains of

northern Luzon, where Japanese troops had retreated, and in Manila, where

they put up a last-ditch resistance. The Philippine Commonwealth troops and

the recognized guerrilla fighter units rose up everywhere for the final offensive.

Fighting continued until Japan's formal surrender on September 2, 1945. The

Philippines had suffered great loss of life and tremendous physical destruction by

the time the war was over. An estimated 1 million Filipinos had been killed, a

large proportion during the final months of the war, and Manila was extensivelydamaged.

LEGACIES OF JAPANESE

ReligionShintos

-Shinto is an ancient Japanese religion.

-It started in 500 BCE and its name was derived from the Chinese word shin

tao which means the way of the gods

-Unlike other religions, Shinto has no real founder, scriptures or religious law.

-Shinto creation stories tell of the lives of Kami (gods).

Japanese names and surnames- adopted by the Filipinos

Education and love of laborEducational Policies of Japan1. Spiritual and moral rejuvenation emphasizing honesty and hard work

2. Promotion of nationalism and patriotism

3. Emphasized dignity of labor and love for work introducing vocational

and technical educational.

4. Presentation/preservation and promotion of Filipino culture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mindanaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Luzonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Luzonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mindanaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte


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Japanese culture and arts

-traditions, foods and games

Introduction of Japanese Culture:

1. Language(Niponggo)2. Food3. Arts4. Sports

Etc.

Filipino learn to value their rights and freedom


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PERSONALITIES IN CORREGIDOR'S HISTORICAL PAST

In the defense and siege of Bataan and Corregidor, the principalparticipants included the United States government, the PhilippineCommonwealth, the American and Filipino forces in the Philippines, and the

Japanese invading forces stationed in the island of Luzon. President Franklin D.Roosevelt, President Manuel L. Quezon, Gen. Douglas MacArthur, Gen.Jonathan M. Wainwright, Gen. George F. Moore, and Gen. Masaharu Hommarepresented these principal participants, respectively.

Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32nd president of the United States and a strongally and supporter of the Philippines. Assuming the Presidency at the depth ofthe Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt helped the American people regainfaith in them. He brought hope as he promised prompt, vigorous action, andasserted in his Inaugural Address, "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself."

Roosevelt was elected President in November 1932, to the first of four terms. In1935, he sent Gen. Douglas MacArthur to be the military advisor to ManuelQuezon, president of the Philippine Commonwealth. MacArthur's job was tobuild an army, because it was expected that someday the Japanese wouldattack and the Philippines had to be ready. When the Japanese finallyattacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Roosevelt directed organization ofthe Nation's manpower and resources for global war. He designated Gen.MacArthur as Supreme Allied Commander of the Southwest Pacific Theater andplaced in charge of the American Forces in the Philippines. Prior to the fall ofCorregidor in 1942, it was Roosevelt who directed MacArthur to leaveCorregidor and proceed to Australia for the purpose of organizing the American

offensive against the Japanese forces. As the war drew to a close, Roosevelt'shealth deteriorated, and on April 12, 1945, while at Warm Springs, Georgia, hedied of a cerebral hemorrhage.

Manuel L. Quezon, the president of the Commonwealth Government of thePhilippines, was advised by Gen. MacArthur to evacuate to Corregidor. Thepresidential party left Manila on December 24, 1941 and became refugees inthe island fortress. With President Quezon were his wife, Dona Aurora; his twodaughters, Maria Aurora and Zenaida, and his son Manuel, Jr. Also in the partywere Vice President Sergio Osmena, Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos, Maj. Gen.

Basilio J. Valdes, the Philippine Army Chief of Staff, Col. Manuel Nieto, thePresident's aide; and Serapio D. Canceran, the president's private secretary. Atthe Malinta Tunnel in Corregidor, the quarters of Pres. Quezon and his family wasa lateral beside the 1st lateral and nearest the East entrance to the tunnel.

The inauguration of President Quezon for his second term as President of thePhilippine Commonwealth on December 30, 1941 provided a strange break inthe routine of life in the tunnel. The ceremony was simple, and though seeming


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pathetic, partook of a special dignity. President Quezon in his speech said: "Oursis a great cause. We are fighting for human liberty and justice, for thoseprinciples of individual freedom which we all cherish and without which lifewould not be worth living. Indeed, we are fighting for our own independence. Itis to maintain this independence, these liberties, and these freedoms that we

are sacrificing our lives and all that we possess." When Quezon left Corregidor bysubmarine on February 20, he gave MacArthur his ring, saying, "When they findyour body, I want them to know you fought for my country." While he led thePhilippine government-in-exile in the U.S. for the next two years, Quezon'stuberculosis steadily worsened. He died on August 1, 1944, less than threemonths before MacArthur's dramatic return to Philippine soil.

Douglas MacArthur was a brilliant, controversial, and highly intelligent five-starU.S. Army General. In 1930, President Herbert Hoover appointed Gen. MacArthurChief of Staff, U.S. Army. President Franklin D. Roosevelt retained him in this post

until the fall of 1935, when MacArthur returned to the Philippines as militaryadvisor to the newly established Philippine Commonwealth. MacArthursprincipal task was to organize and train a Philippine Army. Although he retiredfrom the U.S. Army at the end of 1937, General MacArthur remained militaryadvisor to the Philippine Commonwealth, and was named Field Marshall of itsarmy.

Due to the spread of the war in Europe and the accelerating JapaneseExpansion in the Far East, the U.S.Army Forces, Far East, were created. PresidentRoosevelt recalled General MacArthur to active duty to command these forces.The President also directed that the Philippine army be called upon to serve with

United States forces. Mobilization, planning, organization, training, re-equipping,and supplying his command occupied the General until Dec 8, 1941. Althoughbuilt up considerably prior to the outbreak of war, especially in their air strength,the U.S.Philippine units were no match for the combined naval-air-groundassault by the Japanese. Having fallen back on the Bataan peninsula and thefortress islands blocking Manila Bay, most notably Corregidor Island, theAmericans and Filipinos under General MacArthur brought the Japanese to astandstill.

Since no significant reinforcement could reach Bataan and Corregidor and the

disease ravaged, ammunition-short Filipinos and Americans could not beexpected to hold out much longer, President Roosevelt ordered GeneralMacArthur to leave the Philippines and to proceed to Australia. The General, hisfamily, and a nucleus staff left Corrigidor in a torpedo boat for Mindanao,whence they flew to Australia. From April 1942 to October 1944, GeneralMacArthur trained, organized, planned for, and led his Southwest PacificCommand through New Guinea, New Britain, the Bismarcks, and Morotai to anenormously successful landing in Leyte in the central Philippines which ultimately


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led to the defeat of the Japanese forces in the Philippines. For his dogged,brave defense of the Philippines, General MacArthur was awarded theCongressional Medal of Honor. He died at Walter Reed Army Hospital inWashington, D.C. on April 5, 1964.

Gen. Jonathan M. Wainwright was the Commander of the Filipino-Americanforces in the Island of Luzon. When MacArthur was ordered off Bataan in March1942, Wainwright, promoted to temporary Lieutenant General, succeeded tocommand of US Army Forces in the Far East, a command immediately afterwardredesignated US Forces in the Philippines. When Corregidor was still under siege,Wainwright's concern became twofold: to preserve the morale and fighting spiritof his men, and to try to arrange for the evacuation by submarine of selectedpersonnel, including intelligence specialists, grounded aviators, and nurses. Hisremaining duty was to tie up the Japanese for as long as possible. He chosed tostick it out in Corregidor and stay with his men. His last duty was to surrender

Corregidor to the Japanese on May 6, 1942 which turned out to be the mostpainful and shattering experience in his military career. He was then held inprison camps in northern Luzon, Formosa, and Manchuria until he was liberatedby Russian troops in August 1945. After witnessing the Japanese surrenderaboard the USS Missouri on September 2, 1945 he returned to the Philippines toreceive the surrender of the local Japanese commander. On his return to theUnited States, he was given a hero's welcome, promoted to General, andawarded the Medal of Honor. He retired from active duty in August 1947 anddied at San Antonio, Texas on September 2, 1953.

Maj. Gen. George F. Moore was the commander of the Philippine Coast Artillery

Command and the defense of Corregidor was his responsibility. He wasdescribed by those who served under him as a soft-spoken, self-possessedperson. Gen. MacArthur had earlier informed Gen. Moore that negotiations withJapan were breaking down and that he should prepare his men for war. Gen.Moore's unit was organized into three commands: Seaward Defense, withresponsibility for keeping Japanese warships out of the bay and away fromManila; Anti-aircraft Defense, with responsibility for repelling air attacks; andBeach Defense, with responsibility for defeating enemy landings on the shores ofCorridor.

Lt. Gen. Masaharu Homma was the commander of the Japanese forces inBataan and Corregidor. He launched the final battle to capture Bataan andCorregidor on April 3, 1942 with 50,000 Japanese troops, including 15,000 newarrivals from the 4th Japanese Army Division and the Nagano Detachment. In hismeeting with Gen. Wainwright in Bataan, Gen. Homma demanded theunconditional surrender of all American and Filipino forces in the PhilippineIslands.

the japanese era

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