the italian renaissance -key concepts-. i. why in italy at this time? revival of commerce and town...
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The Italian RenaissanceThe Italian Renaissance
-Key Concepts--Key Concepts-
I. Why in Italy at this Time?I. Why in Italy at this Time?
Revival of Commerce Revival of Commerce and Town Building was and Town Building was more intense in Italymore intense in Italy
Feudalism had less of a Feudalism had less of a grip on Italygrip on Italy
Two competing lords Two competing lords for control of Italy were for control of Italy were losing influencelosing influence
Presence of antiquity Presence of antiquity was stronger in Italy was stronger in Italy than elsewhere in than elsewhere in EuropeEurope
II. European Economic II. European Economic RecoveryRecovery
Dramatic recovery of Dramatic recovery of European commerceEuropean commerce
Important industries Important industries flourish in Northern Italyflourish in Northern Italy
The significance of The significance of printing and mining as printing and mining as new industriesnew industries
The fifteenth-century The fifteenth-century banking empire of the banking empire of the Medici family in Medici family in FlorenceFlorence
III. Renaissance EconomicsIII. Renaissance Economics
Profit-making became Profit-making became more important than more important than Church doctrineChurch doctrine
To overcome guilt, To overcome guilt, profit-makers indulge profit-makers indulge in philanthropyin philanthropy
Influence of guilds Influence of guilds decliningdeclining
High profits led to High profits led to economic economic diversificationdiversification
III. Renaissance Economics III. Renaissance Economics (cont)(cont)
““Cottage Industry”Cottage Industry” Art became the Art became the
way to advertise way to advertise economic successeconomic success
Intensified Intensified commercial commercial competition competition created the need created the need to be efficientto be efficient
IV. Renaissance SocietyIV. Renaissance Society
Renaissance is an elitist Renaissance is an elitist historical phenomenonhistorical phenomenon
Northern Italy was Northern Italy was urban and commercial urban and commercial while Southern Italy while Southern Italy mostly was notmostly was not
Very family-oriented Very family-oriented societysociety
Marriages were Marriages were frequently arranged to frequently arranged to strengthen business strengthen business tiesties
IV. Renaissance Society IV. Renaissance Society (cont)(cont)
Father’s authority over Father’s authority over his familyhis family
Some wealthy women Some wealthy women played an important played an important role in Italian city-role in Italian city-statesstates
--Isabella d’Este of --Isabella d’Este of MantuaMantua
Concentration of wealth Concentration of wealth among great familiesamong great families
-- “populo grosso”-- “populo grosso”
IV. Renaissance Society IV. Renaissance Society (cont)(cont)
Extreme social Extreme social stratification divided stratification divided into factions around into factions around the wealthiest familiesthe wealthiest families
Poor increasingly Poor increasingly attempting to improve attempting to improve their social statustheir social status--The Ciompi Revolt --The Ciompi Revolt (1378)(1378)-- “populo minuto”-- “populo minuto”
““The Cult of the The Cult of the Individual”Individual”
IV. Renaissance Society IV. Renaissance Society (cont)(cont)
Number of portraits Number of portraits painted during this era painted during this era illustrates focus on the illustrates focus on the individualindividual
A true noblemanA true nobleman Growing humanism Growing humanism
and secularism in a and secularism in a Christian contextChristian context
Focus on man’s free Focus on man’s free willwill
Rewards for living Rewards for living excellently came in excellently came in this lifethis life
V. Renaissance PoliticsV. Renaissance Politics
Same pattern and Same pattern and problems as those of problems as those of the Greek city-statesthe Greek city-states
Inter-city warfare led to Inter-city warfare led to new advances in new advances in diplomacydiplomacy
-- “balance of power”-- “balance of power” Northern Italian Northern Italian
“communes”“communes” The Peace of Lodi The Peace of Lodi
(1454)(1454)
V. Renaissance Politics V. Renaissance Politics (cont)(cont)
Rome, Venice, Milan, Rome, Venice, Milan, Florence, and the Florence, and the Kingdom of NaplesKingdom of Naples
Renaissance VeniceRenaissance Venice Renaissance FlorenceRenaissance Florence
--Lorenzo the --Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449-Magnificent (1449-1492)1492)
1300’s republicanism 1300’s republicanism became 1400’s became 1400’s despotism—with the despotism—with the exception of Veniceexception of Venice
V. Renaissance Politics V. Renaissance Politics (cont)(cont)
Niccolo Machiavelli Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)(1469-1527)-- “The Prince”-- “The Prince”
The goal of the prince The goal of the prince must be powermust be power
Cynical view of human Cynical view of human naturenature
Fear is a better Fear is a better motivator than motivator than affectionaffection
Politics as the art of Politics as the art of deceptiondeception
V. Renaissance Politics V. Renaissance Politics (cont)(cont)
Ancient and Ancient and contemporary contemporary examples of effective examples of effective political leaderspolitical leaders--Cesare Borgia--Cesare Borgia
A new realism in A new realism in political thoughtpolitical thought
1400’s “Civic” 1400’s “Civic” humanismhumanism
Leonardo Bruni’s Leonardo Bruni’s The The New CiceroNew Cicero
Henry VIII as a Henry VIII as a Renaissance princeRenaissance prince
VI. Renaissance Art and VI. Renaissance Art and ArchitectureArchitecture
The proliferation of The proliferation of portraiture and its portraiture and its significancesignificance
The depiction of nudesThe depiction of nudes Nudity in medieval artNudity in medieval art Imitation of nature was Imitation of nature was
a primary goala primary goal Pagan scenes and Pagan scenes and
myths were popular myths were popular subjects with no subjects with no apologies to the apologies to the ChurchChurch
VI. Renaissance Art and VI. Renaissance Art and Architecture (cont)Architecture (cont)
Boticelli’s “Birth of Boticelli’s “Birth of Venus”Venus”
Giotto’s admiration for Giotto’s admiration for Saint FrancisSaint Francis
Status of artist is Status of artist is elevated to cultural heroelevated to cultural hero
Renaissance art stressed Renaissance art stressed proportion, balance and proportion, balance and harmony—and was not harmony—and was not otherworldlyotherworldly
Artistic problems of Artistic problems of perspective and perspective and composition addressedcomposition addressed
VI. Renaissance Art and VI. Renaissance Art and Architecture (cont)Architecture (cont)
These problems were These problems were solved by emphasizing solved by emphasizing the mathematical side the mathematical side of paintingof painting
--Brunelleschi’s “linear --Brunelleschi’s “linear perspective”perspective”
Innovations in Innovations in Renaissance paintingRenaissance painting
-- “chiaroscuro”-- “chiaroscuro”
-- “sfumato”-- “sfumato”
VI. Renaissance Art and VI. Renaissance Art and Architecture (cont)Architecture (cont)
Differences between Differences between Italian and Northern Italian and Northern European paintingEuropean painting
--Italian frescoes vs. --Italian frescoes vs. Northern European altar Northern European altar piecespieces
Van Eyck’s oil paintingsVan Eyck’s oil paintings Rome became the Rome became the
center of the High center of the High Renaissance (1480-Renaissance (1480-1520)1520)
VI. Renaissance Art and VI. Renaissance Art and Architecture (cont)Architecture (cont)
Raphael (1483-1520)Raphael (1483-1520) Man of great Man of great
sensitivity and sensitivity and kindnesskindness
Died at the age of 37Died at the age of 37 ““The School of The School of
Athens”Athens” Famous for frescoes Famous for frescoes
in the Vatican Palacein the Vatican Palace
VI. Renaissance Art and VI. Renaissance Art and Architecture (cont)Architecture (cont)
Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)(1452-1519)
True Renaissance True Renaissance ManMan
Scientist, inventor, Scientist, inventor, engineer and engineer and naturalistnaturalist
Dissected CorpsesDissected Corpses Short attention Short attention
spanspan
VI. Renaissance Art and VI. Renaissance Art and Architecture (cont)Architecture (cont)
MichelangeloMichelangelo Neo-PlatonistNeo-Platonist Ceiling of the Ceiling of the
Sistine ChapelSistine Chapel Conflict with Pope Conflict with Pope
Julius IIJulius II Incredible energy Incredible energy
and enduranceand endurance ““Mannerism”Mannerism”
VI. Renaissance Art and VI. Renaissance Art and Architecture (cont)Architecture (cont)
Mannerism’s Mannerism’s greatest greatest representative: El representative: El Greco (1541-1614)Greco (1541-1614)
Romanesque Romanesque architecture was architecture was revived in revived in Renaissance building Renaissance building projectsprojects
Brunelleschi’s Church Brunelleschi’s Church of San Lorenzoof San Lorenzo
VII. Renaissance Education VII. Renaissance Education and Philosophyand Philosophy
Humanistic ageHumanistic age Various types of Various types of
humanismhumanism Great fervor displayed Great fervor displayed
in finding and in finding and collecting old collecting old documentsdocuments
Leads to critical Leads to critical examination of examination of documentsdocuments--Lorenzo Valla--Lorenzo Valla
Education produces Education produces moral upliftmoral uplift
VII. Renaissance Education VII. Renaissance Education and Philosophy (cont)and Philosophy (cont)
A true liberal educationA true liberal education Humanist education for Humanist education for
womenwomen Love for the study of Love for the study of
history most of allhistory most of all A Greek language fad A Greek language fad
after 1454after 1454 Petrarch (1304-1374): Petrarch (1304-1374):
the Father of Italian the Father of Italian Renaissance Renaissance humanismhumanism
Focus on the individual Focus on the individual and his dignityand his dignity
VII. Renaissance Education VII. Renaissance Education and Philosophy (cont)and Philosophy (cont)
First influenced First influenced secondary educationsecondary education
Extreme vanity of Extreme vanity of Renaissance scholarsRenaissance scholars
The importance of law The importance of law and rhetoric in and rhetoric in Renaissance educationRenaissance education
Classical political ideals Classical political ideals were cultivatedwere cultivated
Knowledge needed to Knowledge needed to be usefulbe useful
VII. Renaissance Philosophy VII. Renaissance Philosophy (cont)(cont)
Renaissance Renaissance philosophy flourishes philosophy flourishes during Greek revival during Greek revival after 1450after 1450
Marsilio Ficino (1433-Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499)1499)
The teachings of The teachings of HermeticismHermeticism
Giovanni Pico Giovanni Pico Mirandola (1463-1494)Mirandola (1463-1494)----Oration on the Dignity Oration on the Dignity of Manof Man
VIII. The Renaissance VIII. The Renaissance PapacyPapacy
Loss of influence over Loss of influence over European nation-statesEuropean nation-states
Decline in moral prestige Decline in moral prestige and leadershipand leadership
Pope Julius II (1503-1513)Pope Julius II (1503-1513) Popes as patrons of Popes as patrons of
Renaissance artRenaissance art--Leo X (1513-1521)--Leo X (1513-1521)
Nepotism used to Nepotism used to promote family interestpromote family interest
IX. Spread of Humanism to the IX. Spread of Humanism to the Rest of EuropeRest of Europe
The significance of The significance of Gutenberg’s printing Gutenberg’s printing presspress
Explosion of printed Explosion of printed materialsmaterials--By 1500, 40,000 titles --By 1500, 40,000 titles printed and between 8-printed and between 8-10 million copies10 million copies
The impact of movable-The impact of movable-type printing presses: type printing presses: research and literacyresearch and literacy
IX. Spread of Humanism to the IX. Spread of Humanism to the Rest of Europe (cont)Rest of Europe (cont)
Popular Popular publications in the publications in the early days of the early days of the printing pressprinting press
Thomas MoreThomas More----UtopiaUtopia----Executed by Executed by Henry VIII in 1535Henry VIII in 1535
Erasmus—Dutch Erasmus—Dutch Christian HumanistChristian Humanist
IX. Spread of Humanism to the IX. Spread of Humanism to the Rest of Europe (cont)Rest of Europe (cont)
William Shakespeare William Shakespeare (1564-1616)(1564-1616)--Globe Theater--Globe Theater
Shakespeare returns to Shakespeare returns to classical subjects and classical subjects and genresgenres
His history plays were His history plays were the most popular at the the most popular at the timetime
MacbethMacbeth: ambition: ambition HamletHamlet: individualism: individualism Keen sensitivity to Keen sensitivity to
sounds and meanings of sounds and meanings of wordswords